THE IMPACT OF PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS TO THE SOCIETY NIGERIA AS A CASE STUDY

Abstract

Mathematics, both pure and applied, plays a crucial role in shaping societies and driving advancements in various fields. This research paper explores the impact of pure and applied mathematics on Nigerian society, examining their individual contributions and the synergy that emerges from their interplay. The introduction highlights the importance of mathematics in general and provides a context for understanding its significance in the Nigerian context. The subsequent sections delve into the specific impacts of pure and applied mathematics, focusing on their contributions to Nigerian society. The section on pure mathematics discusses its role in fostering critical thinking, logical reasoning, and problem-solving skills, while also showcasing the accomplishments of Nigerian mathematicians in the global mathematical community. The section on applied mathematics explores its applications in sectors such as finance, telecommunications, and engineering, and its contribution to addressing societal challenges and promoting economic development in Nigeria. The paper further investigates the synergy between pure and applied mathematics, illustrating how abstract mathematical concepts often find unexpected practical applications and how real-world challenges drive theoretical advancements. It emphasizes the collaborative efforts between researchers in both fields, the benefits of interdisciplinary perspectives, and the impact on mathematical education and pedagogy. Lastly, the paper addresses the challenges and future directions of pure and applied mathematics in Nigeria, focusing on infrastructure limitations, shortage of skilled mathematicians, integration of mathematics in industry, and the promotion of women's participation. It proposes strategies such as investment in research infrastructure, strengthening mathematics education, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and promoting public awareness and engagement. By addressing these challenges and charting future directions, Nigeria can harness the full potential of mathematics as a transformative force in society.

Full text

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THE IMPACT OF PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS TO THE SOCIETY
NIGERIA AS A CASE STUDY
*Imran Umar Faruq
Paper Received: 20.08.2023 / Paper Accepted: 10.10.2023 / Paper Published: 12.10.2023
Corresponding Author: Imran Umar Faruq; Email: Imranumarfaruq@proton.me; doi:10.46360/cosmos.et.620232006
Introduction
Mathematics, both in its pure and applied forms,
holds a pivotal position in human civilization. Its
profound influence stretches across a wide array of
domains, from science and technology to economics
and social sciences (Adebayo, O.S. & Oyediran, O.
2018). Pure mathematics, characterized by its
pursuit of abstract principles and logical reasoning,
intertwines with applied mathematics, which
focuses on the practical utilization of mathematical
concepts to solve real-world problems. Together,
these branches have contributed significantly to
society, fostering innovation, enabling technological
advancements, and shaping our understanding of the
world (Adebiyi, F.O. & Olusola, O. 2019).
The aim of this research paper is to explore the
impact of pure and applied mathematics on society,
shedding light on their individual contributions and
the synergies that arise between them (Adekoya, O.
2017). By investigating historical examples, key
applications, and the interplay between these
disciplines, we will uncover the far-reaching
consequences of mathematical inquiry and its
implications for various fields (Adelakun, T.O. &
Adebisi, T.O. 2019).
Pure mathematics, often regarded as the bedrock of
mathematical knowledge, encompasses areas such
as number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis.
Though its abstract nature may appear disconnected
from the practical world, pure mathematics has
consistently proven its profound influence on the
society. Historical examples abound, from the
fundamental theorems of calculus, which underpin
modern physics and engineering, to the elegance of
prime numbers that forms the basis of cryptographic
algorithms safeguarding digital communication.
Applied mathematics, on the other hand, thrives on
the intersection of mathematical theory and real-
world problems. Its applications permeate numerous
domains, ranging from engineering and
telecommunications to finance and social sciences.
By harnessing mathematical tools, such as
differential equations, optimization algorithms, and
statistical models, applied mathematics has
propelled technological innovations, enabled
accurate economic forecasts, and guided decision-
making processes in various industries.
While pure and applied mathematics may seem
distinct, they are inherently interconnected.
Advances in pure mathematics often inspire new
applications in applied fields, fueling scientific
discoveries and technological breakthroughs
(Akinola, O.G. & Babajide, A. 2017). Conversely,
practical challenges frequently drive the
development of new mathematical theories and
tools, expanding the boundaries of pure
mathematics. The synergy between these branches
enables the continuous evolution of mathematical
knowledge, with each area contributing to the
progress of the other.
Abstract
Mathematics, both pure and applied, plays a crucial role in shaping societies and driving advancements in various fields. This
research paper explores the impact of pure and applied mathematics on Nigerian society, examining their individual
contributions and the synergy that emerges from their interplay. The introduction highlights the importance of mathematics in
general and provides a context for understanding its significance in the Nigerian context. The subsequent sections delve into the
specific impacts of pure and applied mathematics, focusing on their contributions to Nigerian society. The section on pure
mathematics discusses its role in fostering critical thinking, logical reasoning, and problem-solving skills, while also showcasing
the accomplishments of Nigerian mathematicians in the global mathematical community. The section on applied mathematics
explores its applications in sectors such as finance, telecommunications, and engineering, and its contribution to addressing
societal challenges and promoting economic development in Nigeria. The paper further investigates the synergy between pure
and applied mathematics, illustrating how abstract mathematical concepts often find unexpected practical applications and how
real-world challenges drive theoretical advancements. It emphasizes the collaborative efforts between researchers in both fields,
the benefits of interdisciplinary perspectives, and the impact on mathematical education and pedagogy. Lastly, the paper
addresses the challenges and future directions of pure and applied mathematics in Nigeria, focusing on infrastructure limitations,
shortage of skilled mathematicians, integration of mathematics in industry, and the promotion of women's participation. It
proposes strategies such as investment in research infrastructure, strengthening mathematics education, fostering
interdisciplinary collaboration, and promoting public awareness and engagement. By addressing these challenges and charting
future directions, Nigeria can harness the full potential of mathematics as a transformative force in society.
Keywords: Mathematics, Pure and Applied, Nigeria.
Cosmos Journal of Engineering & Technology
A Refereed Research Journal
Vol 13 / No 2 / Jul-Dec 2023 ISSN: 2231
-4210
*Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomosho, Nigeria.
.

40
In this research paper, we will explore the
multifaceted impact of pure and applied
mathematics on society. By delving into specific
examples and examining the ways in which these
disciplines have shaped various fields, we will gain
a deeper understanding of their significance.
Furthermore, we will explore the challenges and
future directions in these areas, contemplating the
potential for further societal benefits through
continued advancements in mathematical research.
Through this exploration, it becomes evident that
pure and applied mathematics have far-reaching
consequences that extend beyond the confines of
academia (Ajayi, T.O. & Adeleke, A. 2018). Their
impact on society is profound, fostering innovation,
driving progress, and shaping our understanding of
the world. By analyzing the interplay between pure
and applied mathematics, we can appreciate the
inherent synergy between these branches and the
potential for future developments that will continue
to shape our society.
Pure Mathematics and Society
Pure mathematics, with its emphasis on abstract
principles and logical reasoning, plays a crucial role
in shaping societal progress. In the context of
Nigeria, the impact of pure mathematics can be
observed in various domains, including education,
technology, and scientific research (Johnson, M. &
Smith, R. 2020).
One significant area where pure mathematics
contributes to Nigerian society is education.
Mathematics education forms the foundation for
scientific and technological advancements, and a
strong understanding of pure mathematical
principles is essential for students pursuing careers
in these fields (Taylor, J. & White, E. 2019). In
Nigeria, pure mathematics serves as a fundamental
pillar of the educational system, providing students
with critical thinking skills, logical reasoning
abilities, and problem-solving techniques. It equips
them with the necessary tools to excel in diverse
disciplines, ranging from engineering and computer
science to economics and finance.
Moreover, pure mathematics research conducted by
Nigerian mathematicians has yielded significant
contributions to the global mathematical
community. Nigerian mathematicians have made
notable advancements in areas such as number
theory, algebraic geometry, and functional analysis.
Their research findings have been published in
prestigious international journals, showcasing
Nigeria’s mathematical prowess and contributing to
the advancement of mathematical knowledge
worldwide.
In the realm of technology, pure mathematics has
played a crucial role in enabling scientific and
technological advancements in Nigeria.
Mathematical concepts and theories serve as the
backbone for various fields, including computer
science, telecommunications, and data analysis. In
Nigeria, the application of pure mathematical
principles has facilitated the development of
efficient algorithms, cryptography techniques, and
optimization models. These advancements have not
only enhanced the efficiency and security of digital
systems but have also fostered innovation in areas
such as e-commerce, telecommunications networks,
and data-driven decision-making processes.
Furthermore, pure mathematics has proven
instrumental in addressing societal challenges in
Nigeria. For instance, mathematical modeling and
statistical analysis have been employed to tackle
pressing issues like disease spread, population
dynamics, and resource allocation. Through
mathematical modeling, policymakers and
researchers can make informed decisions and
develop strategies to mitigate the impact of diseases,
optimize resource allocation, and design effective
policies for sustainable development (Liu, H. &
Wang, X. 2016).
In academia, Nigerian mathematicians have made
significant contributions to pure mathematics
through their research, publications, and
participation in international collaborations. The
presence of Nigerian mathematicians in reputable
mathematical institutions and conferences
worldwide has not only elevated Nigeria’s profile in
the field but has also fostered knowledge exchange,
collaborations, and intellectual growth. These
interactions and contributions have the potential to
inspire future generations of mathematicians in
Nigeria, thereby perpetuating the impact of pure
mathematics on society (Garcia, A., & Martinez, B.
2018).
Challenges remain in the integration of pure
mathematics into broader societal contexts in
Nigeria. Limited resources, inadequate
infrastructure, and insufficient funding for research
and educational initiatives pose obstacles to the full
realization of the potential impact of pure
mathematics. Addressing these challenges requires
concerted efforts from various stakeholders,
including government bodies, educational
institutions, and industry partners, to prioritize
investment in mathematical research, infrastructure,
and educational programs (Kim, S. & Lee, K. 2017).
Pure mathematics plays a crucial role in Nigerian
society, spanning education, technology, research,
and problem-solving. It equips individuals with the
necessary skills to excel in scientific and

41
technological fields, contributes to global
mathematical knowledge through research
contributions, and fosters technological
advancements in areas such as computer science and
telecommunications. However, addressing
challenges and investing in mathematical research
and education are essential for maximizing the
potential impact of pure mathematics on Nigerian
society.
Applied Mathematics and Society
Applied mathematics, with its focus on practical
problem-solving and the application of
mathematical principles to real-world situations, has
made significant contributions to Nigerian society
(Smith, J. & Johnson, A. 2020). From technological
advancements to economic development, applied
mathematics has played a vital role in various
domains within the Nigerian context.
One area where applied mathematics has had a
profound impact on Nigerian society is in
technological advancements. It serves as the
backbone for fields such as computer science,
engineering, and telecommunications (Brown, K. &
Williams, L. 2019). In Nigeria, applied mathematics
has facilitated the development of algorithms for
data analysis, machine learning, and optimization,
driving innovation in sectors like finance,
telecommunications, and e-commerce. These
advancements have improved operational
efficiency, enhanced decision-making processes,
and promoted digital transformation across
industries, contributing to Nigeria’s technological
growth.
Moreover, applied mathematics has played a critical
role in addressing societal challenges in Nigeria.
Mathematical modeling and simulation have been
instrumental in areas such as healthcare,
transportation, and resource management (Lee, S. &
Park, H. 2018). For instance, mathematical models
have been employed to analyze disease outbreaks,
predict their spread, and assess the impact of
intervention strategies. Applied mathematics has
also aided in optimizing transportation networks,
minimizing traffic congestion, and improving
logistics and supply chain management. By
providing quantitative insights and decision support,
applied mathematics helps policymakers and
stakeholders make informed choices that have a
positive impact on society.
In the field of economics, applied mathematics has
contributed to Nigeria’s economic development and
financial stability. Mathematical models and
statistical analysis have been used to study economic
phenomena, forecast economic trends, and guide
policy formulation. These tools have assisted in
understanding complex economic systems,
managing risks, and optimizing resource allocation.
Applied mathematics has also played a role in
financial modeling, portfolio optimization, and risk
assessment, supporting investment decisions and
improving financial outcomes (Evans, R. & Taylor,
M. 2017).
Furthermore, applied mathematics has contributed
to the development of sustainable solutions in
Nigeria. It has been utilized to analyze energy
systems, optimize resource allocation, and address
environmental challenges. Mathematical models
help assess the impact of alternative energy sources,
optimize energy distribution, and develop
sustainable strategies for resource management. By
providing quantitative analysis and optimization
techniques, applied mathematics assists in achieving
environmental sustainability goals and promoting
responsible resource utilization.
In academia, Nigerian researchers and institutions
have actively engaged in applied mathematics
research and collaborations. The presence of
Nigerian mathematicians in international
conferences and collaborations has facilitated
knowledge exchange and contributed to the
advancement of applied mathematics. These
collaborations have led to the development of new
methodologies, algorithms, and techniques that have
practical applications in Nigeria and beyond.
Additionally, Nigerian academic institutions have
played a pivotal role in training skilled
mathematicians and researchers, fostering the
growth of applied mathematics expertise within the
country.
However, challenges persist in the utilization and
integration of applied mathematics in Nigerian
society. Limited access to data, inadequate research
infrastructure, and the need for specialized expertise
pose hurdles to fully harnessing the potential of
applied mathematics. Addressing these challenges
requires investment in data infrastructure, research
collaborations, and capacity building to cultivate a
strong applied mathematics ecosystem in Nigeria.
Applied mathematics has made significant
contributions to Nigerian society, driving
technological advancements, addressing societal
challenges, promoting economic development, and
fostering sustainability. Its impact is observed in
various sectors, including technology, economics,
and environmental management. However,
overcoming challenges and investing in research
infrastructure and expertise are crucial for
maximizing the potential impact of applied
mathematics on Nigerian society (Chen, G. &
Wang, Y. 2016).

42
Synergy Between Pure and Applied
Mathematics
Pure and applied mathematics, while often seen as
distinct disciplines, share a profound synergy that
fuels innovation, drives scientific progress, and
enhances problem-solving capabilities. This
synergy arises from the interplay between abstract
mathematical concepts and their practical
applications, creating a symbiotic relationship that
benefits both fields (Isah, A.O. & Danjuma, I. A.
2019).
Advances in pure mathematics have frequently
paved the way for new applications in various
disciplines. Abstract mathematical theories, initially
developed for their intrinsic beauty and intellectual
curiosity, often find unexpected practical
applications. For example, the field of number
theory, with its exploration of properties of integers
and prime numbers, laid the foundation for modern
cryptography, which is integral to secure
communication and data protection in today’s
digital age. Additionally, concepts from abstract
algebra have become instrumental in error-
correcting codes used in telecommunications and
data storage. These examples demonstrate how pure
mathematics, driven by curiosity and rigorous
exploration, yields invaluable tools and techniques
that have practical applications in fields far beyond
their original scope.
Conversely, applied mathematics often sparks new
developments and challenges in pure mathematics.
Practical problems necessitate the development of
new mathematical models, algorithms, and
techniques. These challenges push mathematicians
to delve deeper into abstract theories, seeking
innovative solutions to real-world problems. The
need to solve complex optimization problems,
analyze large-scale datasets, or simulate intricate
systems often drives the development of new
mathematical frameworks. As a result, applied
mathematics constantly propels the boundaries of
pure mathematics, generating novel research
questions and driving theoretical advancements.
The synergy between pure and applied mathematics
also extends to collaboration and cross-pollination
between researchers in both fields. Mathematicians
working in pure mathematics gain insights and
inspiration from real-world applications, which can
shape the direction of their research and motivate
new lines of inquiry. Similarly, applied
mathematicians draw upon the wealth of abstract
knowledge and mathematical techniques developed
by pure mathematicians to tackle complex problems
effectively. Collaborative efforts between
researchers in pure and applied mathematics foster
interdisciplinary perspectives, enriching the
exchange of ideas and driving innovation.
The synergy between pure and applied mathematics
strengthens mathematical education and pedagogy.
The incorporation of real-world applications into the
teaching of pure mathematics provides students with
a broader perspective, enabling them to appreciate
the relevance and practical utility of abstract
concepts. Conversely, an understanding of
fundamental pure mathematical principles enhances
the analytical and problem-solving abilities of
students in applied mathematics, equipping them
with a solid foundation to tackle complex real-world
challenges (Aderinto, O. & Adeyemo, A. 2016).
The synergy between pure and applied mathematics
is essential for the continuous advancement of
mathematical knowledge and its applications in
society. It blurs the boundaries between the two
disciplines, creating a dynamic ecosystem where
theoretical insights inspire practical solutions and
practical challenges drive theoretical developments.
By embracing this synergy, mathematicians can
leverage the strengths of both fields to address
complex problems, drive innovation, and uncover
new avenues for exploration.
The synergy between pure and applied mathematics
is a powerful force that drives scientific progress and
societal impact. The interplay between abstract
mathematical concepts and their practical
applications fosters innovation, leads to unexpected
discoveries, and enhances problem-solving
capabilities. By recognizing and nurturing this
synergy, mathematicians can unlock the full
potential of mathematics as a transformative force in
society.
Challenges and Future Directions
While pure and applied mathematics have made
significant contributions to Nigerian society, several
challenges persist that hinder the full realization of
their potential impact. Addressing these challenges
and charting future directions is crucial for
advancing mathematical research, education, and
applications in Nigeria (Oluwalana, A. 2018):-
1. Limited Research Infrastructure:
Nigeria faces infrastructure challenges that
impede mathematical research and
collaboration. Inadequate funding, limited
access to high-performance computing
resources, and a scarcity of well-equipped
research facilities hinder the ability of
mathematicians to conduct cutting-edge
research. Addressing these infrastructure
gaps through increased investment, public-
private partnerships, and collaborations
with international institutions can provide
Nigerian mathematicians with the
necessary tools and resources to advance
their work.

43
2. Shortage of Skilled Mathematicians:
Nigeria, like many countries, faces a
shortage of skilled mathematicians. This
shortage is particularly prevalent in
specialized areas of pure and applied
mathematics. To address this, there is a
need to strengthen mathematics education
at all levels, from primary to tertiary
institutions, by improving the quality of
teaching, promoting mathematical
competitions, and offering incentives to
attract talented students into mathematics.
Scholarships and fellowships for advanced
study in mathematics can also help nurture
a new generation of skilled mathematicians
in Nigeria.
3. Integration of Mathematics in Industry:
The integration of mathematics into
various industries is crucial for maximizing
its impact on Nigerian society. However,
there is a need for stronger collaboration
between academia and industry to facilitate
the transfer of mathematical knowledge
and expertise. Establishing research
partnerships, internships, and consultancy
programs that bridge the gap between
mathematical research and practical
applications can foster the utilization of
mathematical techniques in industries
ranging from finance and
telecommunications to healthcare and
engineering.
4. Promoting Women’s Participation in
Mathematics: Encouraging and
empowering women to pursue careers in
mathematics is an important objective for
Nigeria and many other countries. Steps
can be taken to provide equal opportunities
and support for women in mathematics,
such as scholarships, mentorship programs,
and initiatives that promote gender
diversity in mathematical research and
education. By increasing women’s
participation in mathematics, Nigeria can
tap into a broader pool of talent and
expertise, leading to a more vibrant and
inclusive mathematical community.
Looking to the future, several directions can guide
the advancement of pure and applied mathematics in
Nigeria:
1. Strengthening Mathematical Research
Institutions: Investing in research
institutions dedicated to pure and applied
mathematics can provide a platform for
collaboration, knowledge exchange, and
cutting-edge research. Supporting the
establishment and development of research
centers, institutes, and networks that focus
on specific mathematical disciplines can
foster a vibrant and internationally
recognized research community in Nigeria
(Ogunleye, G.O. & Oyenuga, O.O. 2016).
2. Fostering Interdisciplinary Collaboration:
Encouraging interdisciplinary
collaboration between mathematicians and
researchers in other scientific fields can
unlock new frontiers for mathematical
applications. Creating platforms for
collaboration, such as interdisciplinary
research centers and joint research projects,
can facilitate the exchange of ideas,
methodologies, and insights, leading to
novel approaches for tackling complex
societal challenges.
3. Strengthening Mathematics Education:
Enhancing mathematics education at all
levels is crucial for nurturing a strong
mathematical workforce. This can be
achieved through the adoption of modern
teaching methods, curriculum reforms that
emphasize problem-solving and critical
thinking, and the professional development
of mathematics teachers. Emphasizing the
practical applications of mathematics and
promoting mathematical competitions can
also inspire students to pursue careers in
mathematics and related fields.
4. Promoting Public Awareness and
Engagement: Increasing public awareness
of the value and applications of
mathematics is vital for its acceptance and
utilization in society. Public lectures,
outreach programs, and media campaigns
can highlight the impact of mathematics on
everyday life, dispel misconceptions about
the subject, and inspire young minds to
embrace mathematical study and careers.
Engaging policymakers, industry leaders,
and the general
Public in discussions on the importance of
mathematics can also create a conducive
environment for its integration and utilization.
Addressing the challenges and charting future
directions for pure and applied mathematics in
Nigeria requires a multifaceted approach involving
investment in research infrastructure, nurturing
mathematical talent, fostering collaboration
between academia and industry, promoting gender
diversity, and strengthening mathematics education.
By pursuing these directions, Nigeria can unlock the
full potential of mathematics as a catalyst for
scientific advancements, technological innovation,
and societal development.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the impact of both pure and applied
mathematics on Nigerian society is undeniable. Pure

44
mathematics provides the foundation for critical
thinking skills, logical reasoning abilities, and
problem-solving techniques that are essential in
various fields, from engineering and computer
science to economics and finance. Nigerian
mathematicians have made significant contributions
to the global mathematical community through their
research findings, showcasing Nigeria’s
mathematical prowess and advancing mathematical
knowledge worldwide.
Applied mathematics, on the other hand, has played
a vital role in driving technological advancements,
addressing societal challenges, and promoting
economic development in Nigeria. It has facilitated
the development of algorithms, optimization
models, and data analysis techniques that have
improved efficiency, enhanced decision-making
processes, and fostered innovation in sectors such as
finance, telecommunications, and e-commerce.
Applied mathematics has also contributed to
sustainable solutions, enabling the analysis of
energy systems, resource allocation, and
environmental management.
The synergy between pure and applied mathematics
further strengthens the impact of mathematics on
Nigerian society. The interplay between abstract
mathematical concepts and their practical
applications fuels innovation, drives scientific
progress, and enhances problem-solving
capabilities. The collaboration and cross-pollination
between researchers in pure and applied
mathematics lead to interdisciplinary perspectives,
enriching the exchange of ideas and driving
innovation.
However, several challenges persist, including
limited research infrastructure, a shortage of skilled
mathematicians, and the need for stronger
integration of mathematics in industry. To overcome
these challenges, investment in research
infrastructure, improvement of mathematics
education, promotion of interdisciplinary
collaboration, and support for gender diversity are
essential. By addressing these challenges and
charting future directions, Nigeria can unlock the
full potential of mathematics as a transformative
force in society.
Pure and applied mathematics have made significant
contributions to Nigerian society, spanning
education, technology, research, problem-solving,
and economic development. The synergy between
these two disciplines further amplifies their impact.
Overcoming challenges and investing in research
infrastructure, education, and collaboration will
pave the way for a brighter future, where
mathematics continues to drive innovation, solve
complex problems, and contribute to the overall
development of Nigerian society.
Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest between the authors
in this manuscript.
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