ArticlePDF Available

Recent Progress and Perspectives of Phase-field Modeling in Metal Additive Manufacturing

Authors:
Liu Jia at Central South University
Liu Jia
Jianbao Gao at Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Jianbao Gao
Zhicheng Li at Central South University
Zhicheng Li
Sa Ma at Central South University
Sa Ma
Show all 6 authorsHide
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

金属增材制造涉及传热与传质、相变、晶粒生长、熔体流动等多个复杂物理过程，实现其微结构演变的定量模拟难度大。相场法采用序参量可描述气/液/固相、晶粒形状/取向等复杂微结构，且能直接引入描述各物理过程的场变量（如浓度、温度、熔体流速等），在金属增材制造过程微结构模拟方面显示出巨大优势。本文简要介绍了相场法的发展和分类，归纳了不同相场模型的特点，详细综述了不同相场模型在金属增材制造凝固过程中微结构演化模拟的研究进展，重点探讨了不同相场模型在金属增材制造领域应用的优势与局限性。最后，展望了相场法在金属增材制造领域的应用前景，并指出其发展方向。 Metal additive manufacturing involves many complex physical processes such as heat and mass transfer, phase transformation, grain growth, fluid flow, etc. It is difficult to quantitatively simulate the microstructure evolution of metal additive manufacturing. The phase field method can describe complex microstructure such as gas/liquid/solid phase and grain shape/orientation by using order parameters, and can directly introduce field variables describing physical processes (such as concentration, temperature, fluid flow rate, etc.), showing great advantages in the simulation of microstructure of metal additive manufacturing process. In this paper, the development and classification of phase field method are briefly introduced, the characteristics of different phase field models are summarized, and the research progress of different phase field models in the simulation of microstructure evolution during the solidification process of metal additive manufacturing is reviewed in detail. The advantages and limitations of different phase field models in the application of metal additive manufacturing are emphatically discussed. Finally, the application prospect of phase field method in metal additive manufacturing is prospected, and its development direction is pointed out.
Content uploaded by Lijun Zhang
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Lijun Zhang on Jul 20, 2023
Content may be subject to copyright.
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0
1 2!3 45 !67 8!9 : !; <!=>?
!!"#$ %&'()*+,-./01" 23 "#$$%&'
@ A"! "#$%& '( )*+), !-. !/0 12!345 67 89: ;< = >? "@ AB CDE F.G HI
JKLMN#-OPQRSTIUVW!X!Y- !/0 Z[ !\] ^: ;CD E"_`abcdUVe<=>?GfgI
!hi M!jM!34 5k ^'"l !" #m%&> ?C DE JKnop qr stuv$wxyz{|}-fP~
" }-f J ~" V } -fJ l! "# m%& Y > ? CDE FJ K~  "
 }- fJ l!"# m% & RGu v+  $ " }-f Pl! "#m %& G R¡
¢"£¤ rBn ]$
BCD"!" #m%&%-fP%¥ ¦ o§¨-f J %CDEF%©! ª«
EFGHI"()***+!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
JKLMN",++++++++++++++++++J OP I"*$$$-%&./01$1&'$1-$$%2-*"
!"#"$% &'()'"** +$, &"'*-".%/0"* (1 &23*"45/"6, 7(,"66/$) /$
7"%36 8,,/%/0" 7+$91+.%9'/$)
345+6789:),;+678<=8>9:34:?@7A@B<C9:D,:E89:?F;G):67<C9:?F,G):37HI<
0EJ8JB:KBL:38=:>M:N>OPBQ+DBJ8RRIQCLS+TB<JQ8R+E>IJ@+5<7UBQV7JLS+T@8<CV@8+"*$$%&S+T@7<8'
:;*%'+.%&DBJ8R+ 8PP7J7UB+ W8<IM8AJIQ7<C+ 7<U>RUBV+ W8<L+ A>WXRBY+ X@LV7A8R+ XQ>ABVVBV+ VIA@+ 8V+ @B8J+ 8<P+ W8VV+ JQ8<VMBQS+ X@8VB+
JQ8<VM>QW8J7><S+ CQ87<+ CQ>OJ@S+ MRI7P+ MR>OS+ BJAZ+ 4J+ 7V+ P7MM7AIRJ+ J>+ [I8<J7J8J7UBRL+ V7WIR8JB+ J@B+ W7AQ>VJQIAJIQB+ BU>RIJ7><+ >M+ WBJ8R+
8PP7J7UB+ W8<IM8AJIQ7<CZ+ (@B+ X@8VB-M7BRP+ WBJ@>P+ A8<+ PBVAQ7=B+ A>WXRBY+ W7AQ>VJQIAJIQBV+ VIA@+ 8V+ J@B+ C8V\R7[I7P\V>R7P+ X@8VB+
8<P+ CQ87<+ V@8XB\>Q7B<J8J7><+ =L+ IV7<C+ >QPBQ+ X8Q8WBJBQVS+ 8<P+ P7QBAJRL+ 7<JQ>PIAB+ M7BRP+ U8Q78=RBV+ PBVAQ7=7<C+ X@LV7A8R+ XQ>ABVVBV+
]VIA@+ 8V+ A><AB<JQ8J7><S+ JBWXBQ8JIQBS+ MRI7P+ MR>O+ Q8JBS+ BJAZ'S+ V@>O7<C+ CQB8J+ 8PU8<J8CBV+ 7<+ J@B+ V7WIR8J7><+ >M+ J@B+ W7AQ>VJQIAJIQB+
>M+J@B+WBJ8R+ 8PP7J7UB+W8<IM8AJIQ7<C+XQ>ABVVZ+ 4<+ J@7V+X8XBQS+J@B+ PBUBR>XWB<J+ 8<P+AR8VV7M7A8J7><+>M+ J@B+X@8VB-M7BRP+WBJ@>P+ 8QB+
=Q7BMRL+7<JQ>PIABPS+J@B+ A@8Q8AJBQ7VJ7AV+ >M+ P7MMBQB<J+X@8VB-M7BRP+W>PBRV+ 8QB+ VIWW8Q7^BPS: 8<P:J@B:QBVB8QA@:XQ>CQBVV: >M: P7MMBQB<J:
X@8VB-M7BRP: W>PBRV: 7<: J@B: V7WIR8J7><: >M: W7AQ>VJQIAJIQB: BU>RIJ7><: PIQ7<C: J@B: V>R7P7M7A8J7><: XQ>ABVV: >M: WBJ8R: 8PP7J7UB:
W8<IM8AJIQ7<C: 7V: QBU7BOBP: 7<: PBJ87RZ: (@B: 8PU8<J8CBV: 8<P: R7W7J8J7><V: >M: P7MMBQB<J: X@8VB-M7BRP: W>PBRV: 7<: J@B: 8XXR7A8J7><: >M:
WBJ8R: 8PP7J7UB: W8<IM8AJIQ7<C: 8QB: BWX@8J7A8RRL: P7VAIVVBPZ: _7<8RRLS: J@B: 8XXR7A8J7><: XQ>VXBAJ: >M: J@B: X@8VB: M7BRP-WBJ@>P: 7<:
WBJ8R:8PP7J7UB:W8<IM8AJIQ7<C:7V:XQ>VXBAJBPS: 8<P:7JV: PBUBR>XWB<J:P7QBAJ7><: 7V:X>7<JBP:>IJZ
<"= >(',*&WBJ8R: 8PP7J7UB: W8<IM8AJIQ7<C`: X@8VB-M7BRP: WBJ@>PV`: M7<7JB: 7<JBQM8AB: P7VV7X8J7><`: W7AQ>VJQIAJIQB: BU>RIJ7><`:
8RR>L: PBV7C<
QRST!1$1&-$*-1$
U!VW!¬  « ®],a1*11$$1%'%¯° ± «®] 1$*bc_a1$$./$$'%² ³´µ ¶·¸ ¹!º r»¼½¾]1$1*66*$$.1'%
¯°µ¶·¸ ¹!]/*b11$"" '% ¯ ¿À ·¸ ¹ ! oÁ ½ ¾]1$1*D2$*1b&'
XYZ[! Ã"*bbb ¼ 1 "ÄÀ1 Z:Å]&!" # m% & -fC D EJ K Z:dW87Re:1*&&**$*2fAVIZBPIZA<
\]XY!ÆÇÈ"*b%& ¼1 "¿ À"ÉÊ Z:Å]&«Ë * ̸ !« ËÍÌ ¸ ÎB Ï ÍGÐ `m Ñ ª«+ % Ò Z:
ÓÔ&$2&*%%%&.%*1S:dW87Re:R7HI<Z^@8<CfAVIZBPIZA<
^_`a!ÂÃ "Õ Ö×"Ø Ù Ú"7Z:!"#m%&G-fJKA[Îg6hZ:Û& Ü Ý"1$1& S:""]1iS:%2-*$$Z
345:6S:),;:6:aS:34:?:TS:BJ:8RZ:jBAB<J:XQ>CQBVV:8<P:XBQVXBAJ7UBV:>M:X@8VB-M7BRP:W>PBRR7<C:7<:WBJ8R:8PP7J7UB:W8<IM8AJIQ7<Cg6hZ:_>I<PQL:
(BA@<>R>CLS:1$1&S:""]1'S:%2-*$$Z
!" #m%&Ü Ý"Þ ßà! " &k áâÜ Ý"
ã ä d å æ çè G é ê N ë ì Ü Ý í î "ï ð ñ
"Z$ òóGôõÜ Ýg*-1h$#m% & ÜÝï ö>÷ø
ùú J QR mÑ ûü ýþæ%&ÿ!GÜÝ$-
"#$%G&Ñ'(Ü Ý "#&% & Ü Ý ï î )
'µ*+ Á(Gý þn P$, #- î ±"!"#.%
&/z$ %GJ0!10 !2 0Î8 3þððS "
ö>÷øE 456k+7 89 %&:;Z [G ð
!"0¥ª«µ ,MÕ!`<%&:; =!H%
>? 7u vg&-"h$¾¡"! "# .%& ¬@ R# AB
?@A&*$Z*."*$\HZ7VV<*$$$-%&./Z1$1&Z&$*b: :
b& cd
_;5Gkjc::(dTFG;3;)c
l>RZ"":::G>Z$1
_B=Z::1$1&
!efghijklm%& 73%"'/36BA$%")'3%", C(D-9%/$) 3$, A$%"66/)"$% 73$913#%9'/$) !
%2
) )
!"!#$!% &!'()!*+ ,-.!"#$%"/ 012
3 4 51 6 7 8 9 : ; <!&%!= > ?@ABCD 7
EFGH !'%!I JK L E F 7 M N O P Q > R 6S
TU VW 7X YZ [\ ]^_`!(%a#
b89 cd1 2ef g "h%i &jkl e d
mno"dmp @qr jks 6!t uef "vws
xy .Q>zh 7{T|T LAB k}!$)*+%"~
  7 $ "8 P
7  s x 7 %i !t e f g
7AB k}O {T |T2  " Z
7 ¡ "¢£¤7¥%$¦§"¨0©e
f"ª0 « ¬I7 8 ® ¯° «
 ± ²/ 0cd12 ef!**%$³ ´1µ¶¥%
~·"¬I8 9 cd12¸/ 78 ¯ ° «
¹ °U º!*,#*"%$»¼O½"cd12/87
«¬I ¾º¿À0 7&Á à '!*$#,+%$Á
Â Ã Ä º C e Å 7 Æ Ç È Á ½ É Ê 8 P
 ËÌ Í¼Î 7¥% ÏÐ$Ñ"8 9 cd
1 2 1 µ ef Ò 8 Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ä É Ø 7
Ù!,*%"Ú º ÛV 8 b  ÜÝÞ
®7ÆÇßà"áĺ âãÛ V7äå Læå"
× Æ Ç ß à ç¼ » "è 1 ´ 8 9 c d 1 2 7 j k
Ié!,,#,-%$
ê ë t ì í L î ï K ð ñ 7 ò ó ô õ L
ö"Ce÷øù 7úÃ ûOÆ üd m te f
Z  ý7 þÿ $tefgZÝÞ
÷ ø ù û O® !ß à "8 7 t ê
7 ý #$ " % & ' 8 9 c d 1 2 e
f Ý Þ(î")Ìh¥% ~·$*/ 7Z øù
úÃ + , ¯-Ã!,"#,(% %.Ï/0Ã! .+#.,% \1 2 '
J3!*,)..#.$%$.Ï/ 0Ã456ª 07} î ìí 7
÷úÃ"8%øù9:7 Û;\ <$12'J
3456_=J å>ø© "Q>ø ù ÕÖ® ?
¡e f 7%å !.&%"û O @Aø ù B 9 9 :
CD ¡!.'#-+%$¯-ÃE´ %)Ì9: F GHI
:7¡ %B97 <%JK aLMN "O%5Vþ
ÿt e fg 7PQR\STUa!-*%$¦§"b
8 9 c d 1 2 Z ø ù g * V/¯-Ã Z
¡ÝÞßà"Wà "8 \ 
t Z 7 "³"8  (îX
YZv$
89cd1 2 [ i Q%¯ ý %9 :
»%s \JÙ]<ì e f " Z ¡ 7 ¦
^ÕÖ"_ `cd 12"8(î\¥% É Ø=½ ´
ab$¯-ÃV/cV þÿ d"e"¯ %9: <
"CD af6ÕÖ7Z"g%h ij; þÿf 6
< ì ef 7 -ý V /4Ôå"Ôý %s \k%{ T %
kT%l"m-a0"b cd1 2ef Zøù 3ì
WàúoSnopÛRq$¦§"rstºuv´¯
-Ã7 Ié  w"xÿ´yz ½¯ -úÃb89
cd 12 -. 7ß àÝ é"g {|U¯-ø
©b8 9cd 1 2Z øù g7Rq }$
¢~"¯ -Ãb 89 cd12Zý 7h
%5V øù ¹"8(îg 7Ô/ÝÞéÎ "gZ
oIé úD$
!!"#$%
'(+ zO½"¯-ÃÔ/0 f6dm
ef 7 Z ýøù!,')-,#-$%$¯-ÃC5"²
7-ýV ® 7' ¨% /+, ®7 ¡>
'¨% %o%a1"ª 0 ýìb ÷îïef
g® 7' ¨% ¢;"Æü´® Z
ý 7 ø ù $¯-Ãj;-ý V þ ÿ o 7 ý
¡"´ 7 o ø © g Ä º ¯
o 7÷"û OÝÞ ÕÖ Z7 ø
ù!-&#-'%$¯-þº ³Ûw!-(%"5w 4¨2345!"+%
\6758!"*%ª 0 937:37;<=>75 Xo7 ì í I é
½ 7 ¯ -ø© "_w¯-¾ºÔ/0 ¯
ýe f"4 cªgUo>c89¯%
¯ ý a $§N"2345 c V ¡ ´ Ù . Z
/?<@;A#BC?7A5DE;=<:;<=41"/ 0ßàÙ9Z 7 9:
» 9 :» Ûe f!",#"'%$¢5w4£¤¯-ø ©"
¨F7584=!"(%ª 0 GC345H4=8 a!$+%X o 7?CB4@D2 I
é ½"_ w¯-ø ©¾ºÔ/0tef"4ßà
ÕÖ B9  7»%P Q1^ TU a!,"),'%$r¥¾
ºuv /0 t ef 7£ ¤¯-ø©$
*/7£¤¯-ø©+,6344@4=#IC4;;A584=#J:
K7BB45 L6IJ1 ¯-ø © !$*#$,%%9A?#9A?#M<N<OA L99M0
¯-ø © ! $.#$- % %97=?7 ¯-ø © ! -' ) $"#$$ % %Ù ¯ -ø
©!,()$&#$'%a$6344@4= a!$*#$,%ª0iå>¦§5$ ¨
<Q7¯-ø © ¡ ´© 1 " 8 ® " ª ´
6IJ ¯-ø©"«ø ©ûO ±üh tk }Ü7
PQ ¬ ü®$}74"6IJ ¯-ø©!$*%¯ (
o°7±² ³´ 4Q >¯  7 ¯\e¯µ"
<"v wo°oü £¤7 ¡>q ·(§
N"6IJ ¯-ø © 7 ø ù o¸T¹º ø ù
Z»#6IJ ¯-ø© ¼b7½¾ "9A? a!$.%b
6IJ ¯-ø © 7 ª ¿ ° Ý Þ ´ À Á "gI é ´
99M ¯-ø© #99M ¯-ø© ³o°Ã]³Q
>Ī 7 ¯ \ e¯ "b p@ÅÆ7¯ (
PC@Q--RDDSCQ+,
K4HQDD,+,.
KTUSVWXDDYZ2GSTFT[X
''
) )
!!"# $%&'( &) *&+ ,-. /"!!" &
012 345 678 9:; <=> ? ,@A !BC
DEFGHIJ!K@L EMN 1 ,OP 1Q!R
ST &U VW ,X YZ[\]^L"_T`a1Q
HI,bc!!#$%# ]&#''()*++,5 defg % , &
01 2h ij klmn< =, eojkl m -pq
r.s\tuqrv!wwx yT zGHI] 1Q{
m"4| !5} ~g %h!DE%(&,-.
? O & !5 i j k s \ u q { m !jk9
,8/ K , ! jk9 f ,
!n| } o,O Pf  "
Yb c!!#$%# 5L E def & 12 h
f  !¡¢ £¤j ks\ ¥ ¦,O P
fn |i1 Qs\ tTu q rv!= T
§¨ © (, ªA1Q"«¬!/01(2#$$3# *+4,
® ; ¯ ° ± ² T f , & 1 2 ³
£´j k9, 8/ µ¶ !· ¸ nOP 1 Q
¹² Tº f  1Q»¼*²½,¾¿"4
|!!#$%# &1 2  f C_T £ ´
jkÀ ÁÂÃ ,8 / !Ä1Q » ¼:; Å Æ
ÇÈ "É¡!!#$%# & 12 Ê W Ë Ì ª A Í Î Ï
Å Æ Ç È ! , u » Ð Ñ Ò"
PÓY x,C!"5(362#01 *+7,ÔEËÅÆ;Õ
Ö × T ³ Í Î) * Ø Ù O Ú Û Ü + , Ý Þ >
?,&U12 !ßà& U12 "º12 ³ áâ ã
ÍÎ <= >? ,u »ÐÑÀÒ"äåæà&U1
2ç ÔE èé 8ËÅÆê ë!çìª f¯í?O !
î LE ÍÎ ÏÅ ÆÇÈ!,u»ÐÑÀÒ"
Ybc!"5(362#01 ]91#6:*;<=;>,5à&U12ï
ð! [\ T* Rjkñ.& U12"º12_"#
&òm¥Y #ÑÀVÒ!£ ´Tj k 9,6 7 8
RS!@ ó 1Q Ø Ù 6 7 8 Ç È ! , u ô » Ð Ñ
À"¡ õ !* R j k ñ . & U 1 2 ö ³ £ ´ '
?@ABC@D 6 7 8 O ÷ ø ù } Ò ú û , Å Æ F
G!= §ü ýþ ,ÿ:ù}*;>,!x yT1Q, ËÌ
!]HI"
!!"#$%&'()*+,-
5~"#$S Â%h!}~ï& ' ()O
,*+, -./ #g% %,012 I &3
m4m  à 56!n| 5 6 u » Ð Ñ %!78
56' 9,!@"_T :Óy!@ ,;<!& UW
5 ~ "#=S Â h , >E g % u » Ð Ñ & ?
@.ÃAo, BC D#"ÚE&UW5~"#
=SÂh,^LFG¯ _w H$YHCDÝ Þ I
w& U1 2[ \| ¢!ºH1 2JL à#K)AL
MÝÞ!NOP Þ#QRK S ALMTU!= > !VW
i H&U 12 X_à KS A& U1 2"àKSA
&U 12 YZ Tòm,À![\TFGA!³ X
]^ w_m, 1Q !³Í Î~ "# `SÂ%h,
-a b,? @#Ý ÞçNOPÞ,Ñ!äCÊW :
Óû c,dÝ. / # f ¯e& f f°"|
gYHC ^ L E g % %h , µ & U 1 2 !º
H& U 1 2 L & U À A L M ( & ç % & !+ h
iT, - h ò m U , Ñ !³ L E ª A Í Î # $
SÂg %%h, -jé ûc,u »ÐÑ -dÝ!
kÝI.&ï¯ e- f f°."ä D E f
,-.%lm!nFG H I ^J!É | 1 Q _m
&^o"
!"# ./ 01 ()
àK S A & U 1 2 C Ô E ?1(6 çEF()#6G
*H>=HIJKH;=H7,xp,ÝÞ Iw &U1 2 [\|¢ !qL
àrKSALM ÝÞ!NOçü+ÇÈ,& "àK
SA& U1 2s÷K SAtÍÎ,&OAu³ ¯
_ H$YHCv&à KSA& U1 2!ºH& U1
2whi%& !qLà rKSAL M+,ÝÞÛ
Ü%gYHCà&àKS A& U1 2!ºH& U12
hi %#( &ç %#(#x y&!Ä LrKS A¯
vLM+ ,& ] +, ÝÞ ÛÜ "
!"$%$ v&à KS A& U1 2
v&KS A& U1 2D EwhiT%& !É¡
èREÍÎÝÞ,Ñ%"A3L *;I,qLà#KS
AÍ ÎÝ Þ!+ ù }* R¨z`,3mU!1QT
* { | } ~ , -G()(053M(K ()(05$F6K 2(#%K %()536:JK
"/NE.KO3=+@)=PQ } ~à v Í%h ,ÝÞ
I%!:ÓT + Í2I! ,Ý Þ./$!
 R-#.tM "«¬!A3L *;P,iº &U1 2'.
12&»}! C + Í Z ! ~ " # ` S Â
ST;R7 }~«3m4m &01 2IÀ,g %
" R-2.tM!º g % l â ã MT# `
S Â ST;R7 ,Ç Ý "kÝÀ-0F)L%6#$K5FK(=
UL3#V(WK5$#6G353F6JK?/O.ÀAo"?1#WX30Y *;H,Ô
EEF()#6G ,ÝÞIw12[\TY#hi%(j
k2  #»} ,È63mU,&U 1
2"º1 2h iT )*Ü!,jk78SO
-jk I.ÝÞ. / ,56!LE 1 Q v
ÍIR+A y ÝÞ. / ,Ñ!ÓtT +
þ !, ,- {bÝÞ./Ñ->-#..!+i 1
Q, ÝÞ j'z`,!» ¼
}^â->-2.."¡ õ!5ì ª Ü!)O!
!2& 34"&!'!&!(
5 6#7$! "#8 %& 9( )* +,-:; <
74
& &
!!"""#$ %& #$%& ' () *+, -. /0 12345 67 89 :;< => ?@ &AB!'()"34C'DEF&56AG0
1"'*)+H%&34IJKL7MNOPQRSTU"',)"8 9: ;"T J; VW X'!'!)!!-)YEZ &B G./01
2345!++6789:;38<"8="4>(3<+?8>@A8984B+(<C+D3<E;3,+@(>(?E;E>+7(>3(;38<+C:>3<4+?E;(9+(CC3;37E+?(<:=(,;:>3<4+8=+#F%&+G;(3<9EGG+G;EE9+
(,,8>C3<4+;8+@A(GEH=3E9C+G3?:9(;38<GI+J()+E789:;38<+8=+4>(3<+?8>@A8984B+(;+C3==E>E<;+?8?E<;GK+'*)+,8?@(>3G8<+*E;LEE<+G3?:9(;EC+4>(3<+
*8:<C(>B+;>(ME,;8>B+(<C+;AE+>EG:9;+=>8?+GE?3HE?@3>3,(9+=8>?:9(K+',)+7(>3(;38<G+3<+;AE+7(9:E+8=+>E9(;37E+?8*393;3EG+'!'!)!!-)+(98<4+;AE+?E9;+
@889+G:>=(,E+87E>+;3?E./01
!F++"[\ ]^ Y' D_` ?@ BG &3456 !'()+abc de 8G .f N3H%O9HPQ g*01 23 45 6&h B7 cd ei
jk l&mn"J*)R*+,-./.o ST/FU g*0123456Yplql ""rskX #B G& rs !t./#H/P1
2345F++Q(>3(;38<+8=+4>(3<+?8>@A89843EG+L3;A+C3==E>E<;+@>8,EGG+@(>(?E;E>G+@>EC3,;EC+*B+;AE+@A(GEH=3E9C+?E;A8CI+'()+;AE+;>(<G3;38<+8=+4>(3<+
G;>:,;:>E+(G+(+=:<,;38<+8=+;AE+E9E,;>8<+*E(?+G,(<<3<4+G@EEC+C:>3<4+;AE+@>8,EGG+8=+V6WX+=(*>3,(;38<+8=+N3H%O9HPQK+'*)+G893C3=3,(;38<+
?(@+8=+4>(3<+G;>:,;:>E+8=+(CC3;37E+?(<:=(,;:>3<4+ST/FU+7(>3EC+L3;A+;AE>?(9+4>(C3E<;+"K+G893C3=3,(;38<+>(;E+$./#H/P1
89 :;&<= >? @'" TJ; VWX)uY EZ
vw xB "y! !',)z{ #|} ~ ~ & 
 ?@ <=>?@T3 4 w& "
{ 89 23 4 w & #
!"#"! "  ? "[ H
" ? " [ H C 3 4 " [
H &   "  ¡"#¢£"¤¥
H %345 6A¦} 1§ ¨¥ H% ©ª«¬ &
5® " ¯° ±²'D_` ?@T© ³X$´µl
& #
Y(<4 «./%1 ¶¯· ?¸:{ s$¹ "
º' D3 4» "  89 2&¼"8½¾<"D
Q895PP+++T85-!
2E*5++!-!#
2Z[T\]Y++N6^_TZ&Z`Y
a-
% %
!!"""#$ %& #$% ' () !" *+,-./!&'("0)12 )3 4"&*("5)10 +6 4"&,("5)70 !6 4"&-(""&,()89
:; <=>,- ./ "&.("?@5 +7 A"&/("?@5 !7A#B9:;C;DE2 )7F5 !1? @3 G> HIJ K"B 9: ;
L;ME5 +75 )64>HIJK#&*(F&,()B 9NO P, -Q RSTUV W) ,- PX/ "&.(F&/() Y9 NO >,- Q
RSTU5 !7? @Z5 +7[\H]^P,-./#&.(F&/()P Y9 _` ME,-a bc d0123
4567!""89'5:".;<=>?5<:"5:"?@."!" ,9<AA"A.,?5<:"->95:6"?@."B@'A.C/5.=-"A5D>='?.-"#$%"B9<,.AAE"&'(")A?"?9',F"5:"?@.")A?"='G.9H"&*("+:-"?9',F"5:"
?@.")A?"='G.9H"&,("!9-"?9',F"5:"?@.")A?"='G.9H"&-("69'5:".;<=>?5<:"5:"?@."*=',F"-'A@.-"*<I"5:"&,(H"&.("'/?.9"A,'::5:6"?@."+:-"='G.9H"&/("'/?.9"
A,'::5:6"?@."!9-"='G.97"J@."K@5?."-'A@.-",>9;.A"9.B9.A.:?"?@."D<=?.:"B<<="*<>:-'95.A"</"?@."A,'::5:6"?9',FA"5:"?@.")A?"':-"!9-"='G.9AH"':-"
?@."K@5?."-'A@.-"A?9'56@?"=5:."9.B9.A.:?A"?@."D<=?.:"B<<="*<>:-'9G"</"?@.")A?"?9',F"5:"?@."+:-"='G.97"J@."69'5:"D<9B@<=<65.A"5:"?@."K@5?."
,59,=.A"5:"&*("':-"&,("5==>A?9'?."?@."69'5:",<'9A.:5:6"5:"?@."A>*A?9'?.H"':-"?@."69'5:"D<9B@<=<65.A"5:"?@."9.-",59,=.A"5:"&.("':-"&/("5==>A?9'?."
?@."69'5:".;<=>?5<:"5:"?@.">:9.D.=?.-"9.65<:"</""?@."+:-"='G.9"->95:6"?@."!9-"='G.9"A,'::5:60123
Z e f U Q g hi j h % k l m Q g "h%U !
7!no]pqH / &A.=.,?5;." ='A.9"D.=?5:6H"#$%(
rs#t pq? @&r s)", -kl u Qgv w
xL yH z{ K> cd ab#|! !&*L,(}E "~
?@ 4> ",-$M%H /" ' a
b 0 !4 Hz &|! !&*L-(}E "Z  
! !&*L,() > Hz{ K >, - a / ',
- &9NO]^(( 5 +7pq?@Z"
5)7,-a\H&! !&.(9c<]^(&
5 !7?@Z",-> da &! !&.L/(
)Y9_ `()h%¡¢ £"¤hi h%¥
7¥4?@¦§¨>,-Qgb'©ªab'
ab',- \ H « , - / ¬ ® "¯ °± ² t
y¤hi³´ µ¶· "¸¹ >ºm »¼"½· "¸
¹> ¾ ¿À ÁÂÃ,-> ab#
$> ¬0113 ÄU ¥ " ¥ Å Æ Ç " È h i j h%
¥7 ¥4 ÉÊ Ë ÌÍrs#¤hiÎÏ¥ÐÅÆ
ÇDE,- d «Ñ'Ò'Ó!""Z ÔÕÖ
È Çj ME ×Ø #¤h i±Ù@Ú,-QR
>./rs"Û  h% ÜÝ >Q ¾rs#|! N}
E"¤ Þ ß h % U¥ 7 ¥ 4 p q É Ê Ë Ì Í r
s"&'(à&.(?@7áâ#~pq>?@"
Hz ±ã äå "[H /] ^æ U Òçè¡®"
H /] ^ aU ,- b "Z Àéà ê
H/ ëì 'í/ ëì 'ëî¬ÜÝ#Vy" Èh %¡
¢"$> ¬0113 ïð U± pqñ ò« ?@ó òôH
zõ ö'ë î «,-QR>ÂÃ#÷½"¤hi ø
§U ùú ôù > Ã"û üÏ yý þ)¬pq ñò
>Þ ÿr s#
O':6 ¬01PCPQ3ÎÏ ¥ÐÅÆÇ MEÉ!" -«
ÒÓ Ñ#"" ÄUÉ! ËÌÍ>$*H ú*%
¡&ef>k¬'"È hi "h% Uo ]pqH/
É!ËÌÍrs"(EUHz = ,-d+, -
Q)¬%¡ &./ 'Ñë Q¾ *$ +?@ Æ ¸
¹> ,- #!R}E.o]pqH/%¡/*p q
+ñò #'?@ó Ø $¸¹>01 #2!R&'( 3
æ"4×Ø ¬5;v±w L; #S$c d6"M T
$ + >7é Ç #S$v±é8 9 : ; < = % ¡/ >
?#@ô! R&'(>ABC DE  !F#F$
G²#!Q7+R$!)QQTQ"Z"o ]H/H IJyUQV
>4×Ø #!R&*(} E.o]H/ a¾>KL Mi
>%¡/&!R&*)L*+(}E . NOP ) ,-"vQ´
RÇÑë &!R&*!L*R(}E. P),-"@S tJÇ
±T U Ñ ë & ! R&*2( o ] [ a J+VH
!!" #$"!"#"!"$
% &#'$( )*+ ," -. /0 12345 6
U)
, ,
!!"""#$ %& '( )*+ ,- ./ 0!#$%&'"123(456789:;<("=>8?@"ABCDE#)*%+',1)F (4 56
78 9<;:$= >8 ABCDE-../
0123!,,45*16+78197$:";<$8+5=1+:*"816>:$?197,@+8>:?8,9=,?<+,$**1?1A+,6$7>=$&?>@172,;@9&+88B,)$%&',C+2177172(,61**:+,$7*,+7*,9=,?<+,=1@8?,
:$D+@3,E<+,8&$77172,*1@+&?197,18,=@96,?<+,:+=?,81*+,?9,?<+,@12<?,81*+(,)*%+',61**:+,$7*,+7*,9=,?<+,8+&97*,:$D+@3,E<+,8&$77172,*1@+&?197,18,
=@96,?<+,@12<?,81*+,?9,?<+,:+=?,81*+-../
!F,,GH4 5I JK LMN GHIJ G OP QD (RSTC U/ VW X!#$',RSTYZ[\]C45^T(_N`a!$
#CH%C.
',GHZ[45IJbc(U/Vde$fA#CH'45^T8 4,KKK,66L8$gh\]8 IKK,M$#C4
',45^T8 H,4FK,66L8$gh\
]8 !KK,M(,#CG',45^T8 4,KKK,66L8 $gh \] 8 FKK,M$#C!',45^T8 4,FKK,66L8$gh\]8 FKK,M$#CF',45^T8
4,FKK,66L8$g h\ ]8 !KK,M$#CI',45^T8 G,KKK,66L8$gh\]8 !KK,M$#C.',45^T8 G,KKK,66L8$gh\]8
4FK,M$#&',i jk lmn $#*%+',GHop( qr LG qr st-NK/
0123F""O+781=1&$?197"=$&?9@"$7*"61&@98?@>&?>@+"9="8+:+&?1A+"6+:?+*"GHIJ"8?$17:+88"8?++:";9P*+@">7*+@"*1==+@+7?"8&$77172";$@$6+?+@8B"
)$'"*18?@1C>?197"9="8?@>&?>@$:"*+781=1&$?197"=$&?9@"P1?<"<+$?"C+$6";9P+@"$7*"8&$77172"8;++*(")CH%C.'"61&@98?@>&?>@+">7*+@"*1==+@+7?"
8&$77172";$@$6+?+@8(")CH'"8&$77172"8;++*"18"4"KKK"66L8"$7*":$8+@";9P+@" 18"IKK"M(")C4'"8&$77172"8;++*"18"H"4FK"66L8"$7*":$8+@";9P+@"
18"!KK"M(")CG'"8&$77172"8;++*"18"4"KKK"66L8"$7*":$8+@";9P+@"18"FKK"M(")C!'"8&$77172"8;++*"18"4"FKK"66L8(":$8+@";9P+@"18"FKK"M("
)CF'"8&$77172"8;++*"18"4"FKK"66L8(":$8+@";9P+@"18"!KK"M(" )CI'"8&$77172"8;++*"18"G"KKK"66L8(":$8+@";9P+@"18"!KK"M"$7*" )C.'"8&$77172"
8;++*"18"G"KKK"66L8(":$8+@";9P+@"18"4FK"M(")&'"17&:17+*"&9:>67$@"2@$17(")*%+'"@+2>:$@L1@@+2>:$@";9@+8"P1?<"*1==+@+7?"81Q+8-NK/
R9:3!!"""S93K4
0+C3""4K4G
0TUSOVW""EXYZSTJT[W
\4
% &
!!""#$%&$ "# $%& '( )* +, '()'* -./012!+$,"34 56 78"-*,"9 45678 "-.,/:;4<"#560=>
?@ ABCD"-0,""#560EFGHIJK:;DLMN5%OP780CD1234256
7(89!//:;;<(.$=(>?@">A"#$%&$B@";C$@D4A(D<0"&>0D<"(?"E4FG7/'(4'*/$<<>HI/-$,/=J>40(&D?@(>?$</@(&K<$=(>?/%D@K<=@L/-*,/=C%DD40(&D?@(>?$</
@(&K<$=(>?/%D@K<=@L/-.,/.>&;$%(@>?/>A/@><K=D/@D8%D8$=(>?/.>DAA(.(D?=@/>A/;C$@D/A(D<0/@(&K<$=(>?/(?/0(AAD%D?=/0(&D?@(>?@L/-0,/;C$@D4A(D<0/
@(&K<$=D0/.D<</@;$.(?8/0$=$/.>&;$%D0/J(=C/0(AAD%D?=/@.$<(?8/;%D0(.=(>?@1234256/
,"+QIR#S! M-*N,TUVWX+,$YZ[5
6 \ ]0 ^ _ ` a H b cX d e f g h i 7 j k
l"Kmn78" Co-"p ! M-.OD,qr$
!"! !"#$
&.stuv wvxy z/"+{|} ~
< "    a "=>  & "/ 0
=<a"y c="CZ
0 Z0V ¡¢1P6$
£¤¥¦~ yz/+ {|}§ <0 ¨,"Ct u
vwyz 0  ~ © ª« ¬ ®¯ °± $²
³ C ´ " µ 5 % & t uv w / 0 1 2 ª « ·
7"²¸¹"µ 5%º% ª«»F¼½ $
!"!"# #$%&$ "µ 5%
&tuvwi 7j56 /1 2¾ ¿0À #$%&$
"µ5% $Y5 %Á ±2 5 6+ {Â }W ÃG H
Ä0Å, =>§< ÆÇ"ÈÉÊ\ 0ËÌi 7
jÍÎKmnB¹ ª «CD n Ï$7$<<$C h12Q6 ÐÑ
É#$%&$ "µ5%1 2] '(ÌÒ Ó R('* -.
/"56+{ Â} :; WÃ 034G H ÄÅ ,
=>§ <ÆÇ$Ô SC>@C h1234256;ÕÖ2 #$%&$
"#5 %C'( )*+, -<$@D%/;>J0D%/*D0/AK@(>?L/
E4FG7,vx '('* - .0~ yzª « 34 1236 c
941256"#56"5678p! !-$O*,qr$EFG
HIJ0× ØTÙ y:;Ú<Û <ÜBÝ Ó0
Þßàá12P6$p! !-0,qr""µ56\]094E
FG HI JD 34 EF GH IJ âã "äå 3æ
:;×BØ 0/I"7 8çè"µ5 6094 E
FGHI Jâ éê × Ø$;ëÉ "µ 5% OP 0
:;4<²0 =>?@ AB ÆìAB ª«
CD-!!-.,,"S!/Tí î"ïð #$%&$ 5% ñ
ò¶ó³ô< w0B Ø=>õ ö¡ ¢"÷øù ú
û=> õö úü "ýç è'() *+ ,0 ~ y
þ?ÿ a $T$C>> h12M6ªE!"# #$%&$
"µ 5% "É$% - &' () 0*<µ 2 56
+,)* +, -D<D.=%>?/*D$&/$00(=(UD/&$?KA$.=K%4
(?8L/VGW:,/ R(4!:<4PX ~ y þ 0 i 7 j Å , "\
]¶ :; *<-<%./ 0²GH Ä=< Æ
Ç$:10À Y5 %2 3ó ³ Â } a ä
45¶"0 67$Ô "#D<<D% h12!6Ù y &' ß
8()9:5 %Ê\ '(+ Q0*<Æ Ç"+
Qç³*<K Y?.>?D</!3M ;0 å ! PÌ 7 8
E<$Ô S*<µ/=> ~ ÜB+p*<-<%
?@0h,/ÆABC ZY[R\: c#$%&$ " µ5 %
/5 6 '('* -. '() *+, yþ/ +QÂ }
i7jÅ,$!N+$,DZY[R\: 5 6O P0 !"
ÆÆÇÔK3FGHEJÿ0 ¨,"F!N+*,D"
µ5 60 GaH §< ÆÇ $S! /T í î" µ8
560 '* 'H ÆÇK ZY[R\: I&èJKL $ý
À£DZY[R\: ÀE456 "F"µ8T ª« 3
456"¥¦ ó³M 0 =>õö0¡¢"#$%&$
"µ 5% 56 07 8â NéêmOØ$¤P"YZ[
É 5 6 \ ] 0 E F G H I J K ]K?= )@)
!%& '("$!%!$!&
) *#+$, -./ 0& 12 34 56789 :
^5
& &
!!"""#$ %& ' #$%&'#()()*+*,- +,-./0 ./01 23 4!)1*"+,-./0 1 256 !/7**89:;<=>?@
AB C'")(*"/ 01 2 #$%&2#()()D+*,-E FG HI J 34"5567 KLM 89:;57 NBO P3 Q")<*"/012RS=>T
@: UV1WX YZ =>?@
A$B9!;;+,-./0;7$5CD1E$FG;1GH;IJ17K;L$KDH;7$5CD1E$FG;FL;M%NOA"#$%&2#()5177"LP1<E$FG*"1DDFQR")1*"<F5IF7$E$FG"IPFL$DK7"$G"!17"1"
LCG<E$FG"FL"H$7E1G<K"LPF5"EJK"7K<FGH1PQ"HKGHP$EK"<FPK"IPKH$<EKH"(Q"+,-./0"7$5CD1E$FGS")(*"<KDDCD1P"5$<PF7EPC<ECPK"$G"#$%&2#()5177"
LP1<E$FG*"IPKH$<EKH"(Q"IJ17K%L$KDH"7$5CD1E$FG"1LEKP"89:"57"FL"BPFTEJ"T$EJ"!7U34"5567S")<*"<F5I1P$7FG"FL"IP$51PQ"HKGHP$EK"1P5"7I1<$GB"
5K17CPKH"LPF5"7$5CD1EKH"5$<PF7EPC<ECPK7"T$EJ"1G1DQE$<1D"5FHKD7=>?@
VCPW%A$7JKP UVU[\YZ#]! !)<*^_"34`,
ab#M$C c=>!@dV1P51 /0 1 W:e>f OFDEW%
51GG gh/ 3 ,12 & ijk lmne opqp
rsXt3QuC"vdwx yz{"#$ |&'
}~ 0D8XY$ ,-" _{ S=> 7 Bt
#
V1P51 /01W y , - P
FGX)12"+sB=>
$RS=>T@. ( Vc#V1P51 /
01W  ( ¡¢ £¤J{ ¥¦ §¨ C© ª7
X'«¬®"¯1 23 4  P #° ±"²
³V1P51 /01W12 ´ µ } ª FGt 3
Qu 'K ¶· { (¡ ¢· ¸" ¹h º) »¼ ´
µ}ª½ LX( ¡¢"¾ ¹ h¿À» ¼
ÁÂ0XD8=>3%>:@#
!"!"! ZO[ /0 1W
V1P51 /01W ExyK ÃÄ ÅÆÇ&i È
Â0X u'ÉjÊ &ij k lmX t3Qu '#
0<J1PQ1 c=>>@ dZO[ 1W / 0Ë: Ì Í Î
Ï /3 ," KÐ ,e nÑ Ë "56 {Ò l" #
&' ,#!8> , -)Ó 'J ,-*FG  &i
Ô Õ¡¨=>.Á Â0u' )!>)1\(**"
vd12X&iÖ ¨t3 Q)!>)<** :×Ø +
Ù)!>)H** [ \ YZ"34Ú _ = > X LMËÛ:
×Ø 34 `, ab #±Ü "/0 12 XR S= >T
@$tV Ý: ×Ø +Ù `,ab #Þß "J{
à(Váâ"ãäåæçL
M1W)<FGE$GCFC7"BPFTEJ"5FHKDS"-][*=>^@ X è é ê
z { ( Vé +"ë ßD ì  (í îE ï
/oG/X Áð"v ±ñò( VXð "ó
(ôv¤å /01 2à Ps¿ ÀX
ÁðD8 #
!"!"# Ä/01W
V1P51 /01W . 0<J1PQ1 cX äjÊ
 ,- "õ× öX ´µ }ª y, -à ÷¤ ÷ ,
-#øùúR ûü "N1P_ c=^X@ýyþ ÷ /0 1W=?>@
ÿ!X[,-/`YY "#1 2{" #$| &'} ~÷
,- 0DY$8X[B &ijk$% u' #^12
XF G= >&Û :×ØR '"õÉ(FG X= >ù
NFG=>X&Û)*+Ã,-#±Ü"VCGH$G c=^8@
þ ÷/ 01 Wÿ !{Æ Çz ^*/.T e/« °
î01X )/ 01W"v d1Wx y YM[ } ~
÷2D34  "12 56HIJ 8!8X4;V67 K"F
Gt3Q u' .7D8#3 4Ö 8"/0 1W 5
6XRS=> T@. 37D8 :× Ø+ Ù` ,
ab#9Þ÷ /0 1W.þ ÷/0 :; X/01
Wy÷ ÷/qé "°wýy{ ¿< ="
¹h¿À»¼ >56HI s´ µ} ª F G
X(D 8"?]5 6H ð@A 8!8X!;V67 XÒl"
#&'#
!"!"$ *椬B C/ 01W
DE"YEK$G(1<J oaJ1GB E ÷/01 WþF
ôÿG{*ʧ¨B C/0=!X%!3@#Hã1W @»
¼÷÷/ qéà P s t3Q u' "E
-I´µ}ªXxyò´÷#V1P1Q1B$W c=^3@d
*ÊJUX Èð 0: *ʧ ¨B C/ 01 W[ \
KÐ, ")1 2{" #$| &' #$#( ,- FG
 X t3 Qu '"v d1 2 zX =>  $R
bFD9&&;;;#F9X3
AK(9;;3X3:
Acd#+/e;;.`-f#cMc]e
^&
% %
!!"""#$%&'()*+, #$%#& - ./ 01 2!'()"()*3456789:*+,-.);< => ?4@ AB CD "*&)"" #
$% &'( )* +* 34EFG HI J !!K/0120 L4 *3M NO PQ R"*3)"ST UV WV#<=> ?X 0Y Z#[\ GH
M] ^_` aG Hb c"*4)"de fg hV*56,)ijX kl mn$4S T< => ?X[\M ]o pq 4bc7!89
:$;<!="->>?$3(@$1A2=1B=>0(2C%B$C?4=D14C?=E$@0=B$A$@C=$A@CFB(3C=4$2>(22$1A=$A=#$%#&=(??1GH='()=@0C=3(?3I?(@C4=>F$D(FG=4CA4F$@C=(FD=2>(3$A;=
'+,-.)=FC4I3C4=(2=@0C=311?$A;=F(@C=$A3FC(2C4J='&)=31D>(F$21A=&C@ECCA=@0C=2$DI?(@C4=2C;FC;(@$1A=31CBB$3$CA@2=!!BF1D=/0120=C@=(?<=
'31AKCA@$1A(?=+:=D14C?)=(A4=@0$2=E1FL='B$A$@C=$A@CFB(3C=4$22$>(@$1A=+:=D14C?)=$A=@0C=MI(2$%&$A(FG=#$%#&=(??1GJ='3)=@0C=K(F$(@$1A=$A=
D1F>01?1;GJ=2$NC"1B"3C??I?(F"2C;FC;(@$1A"2@FI3@IFCJ"(A4"D$3F12C;FC;(@$1A"(2"("BIA3@$1A"1B";F1E@0"F(@C"(A4"@CD>CF(@IFC";F(4$CA@J"
*4)"K(F$(@$1A"$A"@0C"3C??I?(F"2@FI3@IFC"(A4"2$NC"(@"K(FG$A;"311?$A;"F(@C2"(?1A;"@0C"DC?@">11?"&1IA4(FG"IA4CF"0$;0"56,"31A4$@$1A7!89
!O""rst ul cv w P#QRO -.x y/ () *+z{l m| }S T~% M ]Y ZKM NQ R!*()"  ~% `M](
) "*&) ~ % ` M ] ( "*3)" % x < V d 4 7 \ M ] "*4)" V L d e a 4 7
\M]7OO9
:$;<O""S1D>(F$21A"1B">0(2C%B$C?4">FC4$3@C4"D$3F12@FI3@IFC"D1F>01?1;$C2"(?1A;"4$BBCFCA@"3F122"2C3@$1A2"$A"@0C"DC?@">11?"FC;$1A"(A4"@0C"
31FFC2>1A4$A;"CT>CF$DCA@(?"FC2I?@2"4IF$A;"@0C"5%+U:"P#QRO">F13C22H"*()"?1A;$@I4$A(?"3F122"2C3@$1A"31?1FC4"(331F4$A;"@1">0(2C"B$C?4"
*"VW"$A4$3(@C2"?$MI$4J""VR"$A4$3(@C2"21?$4)"201E$A;"4CA4F$@$3"2@FI3@IFC"J"*&)"@F(A2KCF2C"3F122"2C3@$1A"31?1FC4"(331F4$A;"@1">0(2C"B$C?4
"*"VW"$A4$3(@C2"?$MI$4J""VR"$A4$3(@C2"21?$4)"201E$A;"4CA4F$@$3"2@FI3@IFC"B1F"0$;0CF"IA4CF311?$A;"J"*3)"@F(A2KCF2C"3F122"2C3@$1A"201E$A;"
4CA4F$@$3"2@FI3@IFC"B1F"0$;0CF"IA4CF311?$A;J"*4)"4CA4F$@$3"2@FI3@IFC"1&2CFKC4"BF1D"31A3CA@F(@$1A"31A@1IF7OO9
6789:K J OPQR" *34
*!*())$"QR"$ %&'()
*+¡ 4EFGHIJ K /0120 L7O89 ¢2 X(FD(
(*+* 3 4 E F GHIJ*!*&))"M N £ ¤
" $% &' *+ f¥ ¦§¨©ª «xy$T
¬xg*3®¡^UVWVo<=>
!!" #$"!"#"!"$
% &#'$( )*+ ," -. /0 12345 6
!Y
% %
!!"##"#$ %& '( )*+ , $%&'( -. /0 12!)*+,3456789:;"-.+,"< $% &' (9*+* = !" >% ?@ A
B0 (9:;C D8 9:;"-/+,01 *=5E/FGHIJAB2345
1(67!"##$88%(/*9(:;#:<#9=>,8=*?>&<(>%@,A:@>%,B(9=,<(;(9>,(;9>C<*/>,@(?8*??(:;,(;,$%&'(,*%%:DE,-*+,9>A8>C*9FC>,<(>%@,@(?9C(.F9(:;G,
).+,8=*?>&<(>%@,?(AF%*9(:;,C>?F%9?,:<,9=>,8=*?>,<(>%@,@(?9C(.F9(:;,*;@,/:;/>;9C*9(:;,<(>%@,@(?9C(.F9(:;,:<,9=>,/>%%,?9CF/9FC>,9=C:F6=,9=>,
!"&8%*;>G,)/+,A(/C:/>%%F%*C,?9CF/9FC>,<:CA>@,@FC(;6,01,?(AF%*9(:;?G,?%(/>@,9=C:F6=,9=>,!"&8%*;>,:<,9=>,?(AF%*9(:;,@:A*(;G,"7H,!A,
.>%:B,9=>,?:%(@(<(/*9(:;,<C:;92345
KLMNH3 4OPQ CRSTUN V8#RS W
XYKZH[\F])O3)/++$I%J::%> ^2345_`a
bcde8dfg*=hi"A- jke8 H" < $
% & ' *+ l m n o p q r s m n 0t k 7 8 9
)!!")*++*=auvwxyz $%&!"K'(-{N:|+
H3 4I AB }z 56-!!"-.L/++$M:A:9: ^23N5:
~ 2d(9* + "#$ %&' (9*+d
-.)M()O*%7+&$%&P:&PC&Q:&J*&J(&R&P+uvw
yz5RSW Y^ \@\0  a*
="  @H b[\  l
@0A,$
"<$%&' (9*+ 2 rs@
H(IAB }5E "S¡Q12 dd (
p¢H£ N* =$¤ ¥¦ §¨©" <$ %& '( 9
*+Lª«T +"¬i ,®34Y K0¯ °
±{>²³23S&3T5"<´a µ,®3 4Y K¶ ·u v
yz 56 /H12$/ ¸¹sº»¼½ ¾¿2335 ÀÁ
ÂÃ"#$% &'() /2Ä Å$ %Ʊ{ Ç:
È5 6H qr sÉ |"Ê ËB Ìa ÍÎ T+ "< $
%&'()* +"ÏÐÑ a® 34 YKZH ¯
°±{> ² ³" bË ÒÓa" <$ %& '( )
*+H12ÔÕ$
!!"#$%
Ö × Ø ÙÚ Å a . Û Ü Ý ´ Þ ß à ( ) * +
Há Cµ, âAB}*=/ H 12 @ "ãä
a R S( ) * + , . Û ÜÝ ´ Þ ß à 1 2 H å æ
lç <è $éê ëì í( 9i î .Û ÜÝ ´Þ 5
E/H\ï&wð ñ ï &[ \ F ] Q C ò ó ^ } z
5Eôõa b£Há"¤ö ÷ø ùú$L a
û üý - . Ü Ý ´ Þ 5E I A B } H £ N *
=þÿ ®èUÜÝ´Þ- .!m"ö",#d$s
%¾&'() !
)!+2ÜÝ´Þ5EH£N(9*+$£N
H(9*+*û+I AB } £N *= H,_$Ü
Ý´ÞH3 45E /WX YK¹"- .
@-ÿ ./@ "01&23 2
 4Y 34 H£ N( 9* +$5 ,"U*CA* (9
*+67 H d ( 9 * + ¬i £ N Ä Å 5
E/HD 8: ;$"#$%&'(9*+¡QÄÅ
H(5E"¤µª «TF 8¬ iÄÅ ® 3
4YKH ¯° ±{ >² +³23T5$0 1"bË9 "
#$ % &' ( 9 * + ):!Í Î T + " # $ % & '
(9*+2335+";µU 2<=Ó>H 34 YKÔ
V:%7NNW,,M:7"H
1>.7,,H"H4
1IXMYZ[,,J\P]MI^I_[
3`
' '
!!"#$% &' ()*+ ,-./ 01 2345 "
!"#6789:3/;<=>?@4A")*+
,-.BC D=E #FE#2E#G = EH8 I 9:
E!JKLM N/ OI PQ IRST 01 UV )*
+,-.7W/>?@XY"Z[\9:3/]^
_`a<=b "QIc 1d/ef!g h$D=E /
ijk-.lmnop!qG=E /rstu- .
vlwn<="xy !"z {| }678 9: E/ ;
<=>?@4A"~!" D =E 2
E45T6 7/ 4A >?@/ X
-.$%&'%()*+"'+,-!Z "  T '6 7 /
`;<=/8I9:E."%O/l!
~'&  /" ¡ ¢£ ¤¥
¦§!? 7 ./0*12344356783449:5*9:;6<=3>6#¨ }$?+- ©
@/A715<38B9>478<C>6449:57 D:9;#$EFF-ª « H ¬ !P ¥
®o 67 89 :E /; <= 4A ¯ ° }/ ±
²"
!,G)*+,8¡7W/³´µ¶"¥°$%³
·¸ /)*+, 7W!@¹M%¦ !º »!>? @!
·¸ &01 ¼½ b" ¾{ ¿À "2E £6 78 9:
ET®o) Á+,8 ¡7W> ?@ XY/0 14
A!| q ¹ Â 7 W %¦ !º » !>?@&/ 0 1 ¼
½"qà (~ Ä7 W%> ?@!·¸&/01¼½!v
' Å Æ _ Ç ? 7 ® È c É Ê ® o M ³ ´ ¹
Â$EFE'EF"-"x y!ÅÆ _Ç 23£ 2 ?7" #ª«
@¹%¦ !º»!? @!·¸&/01¼½!®o )
Á+ ,8 ¡7 W/ ³´ µ¶ "
!"#$!
$E-7 ËÌ ÍH7) Á+ ,Î Ï' '
'
oÐ  Ê$I-H7NÑ ÅÒ º. !"F"F)7
,E!EGJ7E+'",H
KA7 L7 MH7 NOO9;9P6* 23:D=3>;D<9:5'>D<<6:;* 49;D3;9C:* 3:O* =D;D<6 $I-H*
QB9:3*.6>B3:9>3R*S:59:66<9:5)*"F"F)*,ETEGJ*E+'",H
$"-* NLUAKMN.SSU*V)*NK'NM.NW0*N)*N.SSX*Y)*6;*3RH*NOO9;9P6*
23:D=3>;D<9:5*>B3RR6:564)*;<6:O4)*3:O*388R9>3;9C:4$I-H*NOP3:>64*9:*
.6>B3:9>3R*S:59:66<9:5)*"FE+)*EET"GJ*E'"?H
$,-* ËÌÍ!ÓÔ ÕH*)Á +,T,U Ö×GÎ ÏØÙ$I-H*ÅÒ +,
] !"FE,)*Z"TZGJ*E'ZH
KA*L* M)*K0*U* QH*U6P6RC826:;*C=*;B6*3OO9;9P6* 23:D=3>;D<9:5*T,U*
8<9:;9:5G*;6>B:CRC5[$I-H*.3>B9:6 * LD9RO9:5 * \ * ND;C23;9C: ) * "FE,)*
Z"!ZGJ*E'ZH
$Z-* USLWV]*^)7YS07M7K)7_ALNQ`7I7a)76;73RH7NOO9;9P67 23:D=3>;D<'
9:57C= 7 26;3RR9> 7 >C28C:6:;4'8<C>644) 7 4;<D>;D<67 3:O 7 8<C86<;964 $I-H7
/<C5<64479:7.3;6<93R47a>96:>6)7"FE%)7+"J7EE"'""ZH
$&-7 USLWV]7 ^)7.A`MSWISS7 ^)7 .0KSYa`07I7 V)7 6;73RH7 a>96:;9=9>)7
;6>B:CRC59>3R73:O76>C:C29>7944D6479:726;3R78<9:;9:573:O7;B69<74CRD'
;9C:4$I-H7X3;D<67.3;6<93R4)7"FE+)7E%J7EF"('EF,"H
$(-7 USLWV]7^)7.A`MSWISS7^)7YS07M7K)76;73RH7.6;3RRD<5[)726>B3'
:94;9>72CO6R4 7 3:O7 23>B9:6 7 R63<:9:57 9:7 26;3R 7 8<9:;9:5 $I-H7 X3;D<67
W6P96b47.3;6<93R4)7"F"E)7(J7Z%'(%H
$?-7 LVaS7a)7`S7U7c)7aNMNaWNLAUMS7M)76;73RH7NOO9;9P6723:D=3>'
;D<9:57C=7d9C23;6<93R4$I-H7/<C5<64479:7 .3;6<93R47a>96:>6)7"FE%)7+,J7
Z&'EEEH
$%-7 aM0XUS7 .7 a)7 NaM^NX`NW7 `7 .H7 NOO9;9P67 23:D=3>;D<9:5'34'
494;6O7>C:=C<23R7>CCR9:57>B3::6R479:72CRO723:D=3>;D<9:578<C>644'
64$I-H7NOP3:>6479:7.6>B3:9>3R7S:59:66<9:5)7"FE?)7+T&GJ7E'EZH
$+-7 e07U7c)7]A7M7L)7 K0A7.)76;73RH7 .6>B3:9>3R7d6B3P9C<47C=7aK.73O'
O9;9P67 23:D=3>;D<6O7 C>;6;';<D447 3:O7 ;<D:>3;6O'C>;3B6O<C:7 R3;;9>67
4;<D>;D<647b9;B7D:9=C<2 73:O 7;386< 7d6324 $I-H70:;6<:3;9C:3R7ICD<:3R7
C=7.6>B3:9>3R7a>96:>64)7"FE+)7E(,J7EF&F+EH
$EF-7 YNX@7]7.)7fV0a0X7^)7.Q`SVYX7I7^)76;73RH7NOO9;9P6R[723:D'
=3>;D<6O7B96<3<>B9>3R74;39:R64474;66R47b9;B7B95B74;<6:5;B73:O7OD>;9R9'
;[$I-H7X3;D<67.3;6<93R4)7"FE%)7E?TE#J7(,'?EH
$EE-7 ³ ¹Ú !ÓÛÜ !ÝÞ !HH7 ¶¢ ß à³· ¸ )Á + ,á7 W â
Ø/  oÐ Ù #$I-H7W ã_ ä!"F",)7&+TE#J7%?'EF&H
@NV7I7 L)7 K07_7 Q)7 K0A7I)7 6;7 3RH7QD<<6:;7 49;D3;9C:7 3:O78<C486>;7 C=7
>C28D;3;9C:3RR[734494;6O7O6495:79:7B95B'86<=C<23:>673OO9;9P6723:'
D=3>;D<9:57 C=7 3RD29:D27 3RRC[4J 7 N7 <6P96b $I-H7 N>;37 .6;3RRD<59>37
a9:9>3)7"F",)7&+TE#J7%?'EF&H
$E"-7 YS07M7K)7`XN//7 @7K)7.A`MSWISS7^)76;7 3RH7^B<66'O926:49C:3R7
5<39:75<Cb;B7OD<9:572DR;9'R3[6<78<9:;9:57C=737:9>g6R'd346O73RRC[70:'
>C:6R7?E%$I-H7NOO9;9P67.3:D=3>;D<9:5)7"FE+)7"&J7ZZ%'Z&+H
$E,-7 INUMNf7 a7U)7 UNULN`MaM7a)7 @VVaaSXa7 K)76;7 3RH70:=RD6:>67
C=746R6>;9P67 R346<726R;9:57 8<C>644783<326;6<47C:7;6h;D<676PCRD;9C:7
9:78D<67>C886<$I-H7 ICD<:3R 7 C= 7 .3;6<93R4 7 /<C>6449:5 7 ^6>B:CRC5[)7
"FE+)7"?FJ7Z?'&%H
$EZ-7 NXUWSNA7 V)7 `VA^0W07 0)7 /S]WS7 /)7 6;7 3RH7 ^6h;D<67 >C:;<CR7 C=7
,E(K783<;47 d[7 2CODR3;9C:7C=7;B6 726R; 78CCR72C<8BCRC5[79: 746R6>'
;9P67R346<726R;9:5$I-H7ICD<:3R7 C=7 .3;6<93R47/<C>6449:57^6>B:CRC5[)7
"FE+)7"(ZJ7"E',EH
$E&-7 .NW^0X7 I7M)7 ]NMN^N7L 7U )7MAXUKS] 7I7.) 76;7 3RH7,U78<9:;'
9:57C= 7 B95B'4;<6:5;B 7 3RD29:9D2 7 3RRC[4$I-H77X3;D<6)7"FE?)7&Z+J7,(&'
,(+H
$E(-7 .N7.7.)7YNX@7_7.)7YNX@7U7_)76;73RH7QC:;<CR7C=7 4B38673:O7
86<=C<23:>67 =C<7 O9<6>;7 R346<7 =3d<9>3;9C:7 C=7 8<6>949C:7 R3<56'4>3R67
26;3R783<;47b9;B7,E(K7a;39:R6447a;66R$I-H7V8;9>47\7K346<7^6>B:CRC'
5[)7"FE,)7Z&J7"F+'"E(H
$E?-7 NLU'SK@MNX]7`)7LVAWSKK7 U7KH7/<C86<;[76P3RD3;9C:7C=7 ,FZK7
4;39:R64474;66R7=3d<9>3;6O7d[746R6>;9P67R346<726R;9:5$I-H7W389O7/<C;C'
;[89:57ICD<:3R)7"FE")7E%T&#J7Z"F'Z"%H
$E%-7 _MNX@7L7Q)7US.L0Xa`07K)7QVUUS^7QH7^B674;DO[7C=7;B67R346<7
83<326;6<473:O7 6:P9<C:26:;7P3<93dR647 6==6>;7 C:726>B3:9>3R7 8<C8'
6<;9647 C=7B95 B7>C283>;7 83<;47 6R3dC<3;6O7 d[7 46R6>;9P67 R346<7 26R;9:57
,E(K78CbO6<$I-H7.3;6<93R47a>96:>673:O7S:59:66<9:5J7N)7"FE,)7&%ZJ7
"E',EH
$E+-7 YNX@7/)7USX@7K)7/WNaMNX^M7`7@)76;73RH7.9><C4;<D>;D<673:O7
26>B3:9>3R78<C86<;9647C=7NR'QD7 3RRC[47=3d<9>3;6O7d[746R6>;9P67R346<7
26R;9:57C=78CbO6<729h;D<64 $I-H7ICD<:3R7C=7NRRC[473:O7QC28CD:O4)7
"FE%)7?,&J7""(,'""((H
$"F-7 @AXNaS@NWN.7 U7 W)7 .AW/M]7 N7 L)7 QA..0Xa7 a7 I)7 6;7 3RH7
N929:57=C<7.CO6R9:5'N4494;6O7^39RC<6O7U6495:47=C<7NOO9;9P67.3:'
D=3>;D<9:5J7^.a7"FE?7EZ(;B7 N::D3R7.66;9:57\7ShB9d9;9C:7 aD8'
"%& '(#!"#"!"$
) *$+!, -./ 0& 12 34 56789 :
+?
( (
!"#$#%&'"()*+,##-.%/01234(5#*".% 67 8!*.%/#*( 9%&#*%'&.+%'" (:;<".0=>
.%/?(@ABC6(DB>BA@4
1@B3( 2EEF7 :7 8G( HIJ:KL( M( 54( 8.$;"'&.+%( +NO $#"&( !++"( <#='P.+;*(
-;*.%/( '--.&.P#( $'%;N',&;*.%/6( I%-#*"Q.%/( !=Q0.,0( '%-( !*+/*#00
1R34(M--.&.P#(H'%;N',&;*.%/S(@A@AS(TB6(BAADAD4
1@@3( !"#4($ %& '() *+ , -. / 012 3 45 6 781U34(
39 !:; <= "@ABD4
V9ME7W7R47H#,='%.0$7+N7-#%-*.&#7/*+X&=7N+*7"'0#*7'--.&.P#7$'%;>
N',&;*.%/7+N7 Y.,Z#"><'0#7 0;!#*'""+Q1U3472='%/0='67K;%'%7I%.P#*>
0.&QS7@ABD4
1@T37 M5EI[FKM9J7Y7 \S789HEY][[97 HS7:MJJL7 [S7#&7 '"47TU7 !*.%&>
.%/7+N7'";$.%.;$7'""+Q067 M--.&.P#7$'%;N',&;*.%/7+N7'";$.%.;$7 '">
"+Q07 ;0.%/7 0#"#,&.P#7 "'0#* 7 $#"&.%/ 1R347:*+/*#00 7 .%7 H'&#*.'"0 7 8,.>
#%,#S7@ABDS7BA^6OBAA_C`4
1@a3O bKMYcORO[GO 8EYcO5GOW]9O dO8GO#&O '"4OMO*#P.#XO +NO0#"#,&.P#O"'0#*O
$#"&.%/O +NO '";$.%;$O '""+Q06O :*+,#00.%/GO $.,*+0&*;,&;*#GO !*+!#*&QO
'%-O-#P#"+!.%/O&*#%-01R34O R+;*%'"O+NOH'&#*.'"0O8,.#%,#Oe7\#,=%+">
+/QS7@ABDS7T_f@g6(@CA>@`a4
1@_3( 5E]\\9Yc]J( W( RS( WMJJ]Y( R( MS( 5] 2F]JHMYY( 2S( #&( '"4(
:='0#>N.#"-(0.$;"'&.+%(+N(0+".-.N.,'&.+% 1R34(M%%;'"(J#P.#X( +N(H'>
&#*.'"0(J#0#'*,=S(@AA@S(T@hBi6(B^T>BDa4
1@^3( :JEjM\M8( YS(][U]J( F4( :='0#>N.#"-($#&=+-0(.%( $'&#*.'"0( 0,.>
#%,#('%-(#%/.%##*.%/ 1H34(W#.%=#.$ 6( W."#Q>j2K( j#*"'/ (c$<K(
k(2+4(Fc'MS(@ABA4
1@C3( cJ!Y"8L( [S( :I8b\M9( \S(WMJJ]Y( R( M4( H+-#"".%/( !+"Q,*Q0>
&'"".%#(0+".-.N.,'&.+%(;0.%/( !='0#(N.#"-(&=#+*Q1R34(R+;*%'"(+N((:=Q0.,06(
2+%-#%0#-(H'&&#*S(@AAaS(B^haBi6(JB@A_4
1@`3( EU](HS(F9H( 8(cS(8IbIF9(\4( J#,#%&('-P'%,#0(.%(&=#( !='0#>N.#"-(
$+-#"(N+*(0+".-.N.,'&.+%1R34(989R( 9%&#*%'&.+%'"S (@AABS(aBhBAi6(BAC^>
BA`@4
1@D3( 8\]9Y5M2K(94(:='0#>N.#"- ($+-#"0(.%($'&#*.'"0( 0,.#%,#1R34( H+->
#"".%/('%-(8.$;"'&.+%( .%(H'&#*.'"0(8,.#%,#('%-( ]%/.%##*.%/S(@AADS(
BChCi6(ACTAAB4
1TA3( HEJU]2KM9( 84( M!!".,'&.+%0( +N( $+%&#( ,'*"+( $#&=+-( .%( 0,.#%,#(
'%-(#%/.%##*.%/1H34([+%-+%6(9%&#,=E!#%S(@ABB4
1TB3( [9I(L(lS(2K]Yc([(lS(b]Yc(d(lS(#&('"4(H+%&#(2'*"+(0.$;"'&.+%(+N(
!+"Q,*Q0&'"".%#( $.,*+0&*;,&;*#0( '%-( N.%.&#( #"#$#%&( 0&*#00( '%'"Q0.0
1R34(H'&#*.'"0(k(U#0./%S(@ABaS(__6(CaA>Ca^4
1T@3( W]9(K([S(][H]J(R(WS(U]5JEL(\4(\=*##>-.$#%0.+%'"($+-#".%/(
+N(/*'.%( 0&*;,&;*#( #P+";&.+%(-;*.%/( X#"-.%/( +N('%( '";$.%;$( '""+Q
1R34(M,&'(H'&#*.'".'S(@ABCS(B@^6(aBT>a@_4
1TT3( [9MY(L(:S(cMY(b(\S(LI(2S(#&('"4(M(,#"";"'*(';&+$'&+%(N.%.&#(P+">
;$#($#&=+-(N+*($.,*+0&*;,&;*#(#P+";&.+%(-;*.%/('--.&.P#($'%;N',>
&;*.%/1R34(H'&#*.'"0(k(U#0./%S(@ABDS(B^D6(BAC^C@4
1Ta3( L9Y( KS( l][92][[9(8( U4(U#%-*.&# ( /*+X&=( 0.$;"'&.+% ( -;*.%/ (0 +>
".-.N.,'&.+%(.%( &=#( []Y8( !*+,#001R34(M,&' (H'&#*.'".'S(@ABAS( _`hai6(
Ba__>Ba^_4
1T_3( b9YEj9]jM( ES( b9YEj9]j( MS( :[E8K9FK9Y( j4( \=*##>- .$#%>
0.+%'"($+-#".%/(+N(&=#($.,*+0&*;,&;*#(#P+";&.+%(-;*.%/($#&'"('--.>
&.P#($'%;N',&;*.%/1R34(2+$!;&'&.+%'"(H'&#*.'"0(8,.#%,#S(@AB`S(BaB6(
@AC>@@A4
1T^3( 2K]Y(JS(VI(d(LS([9I(5(24(M($+-.N.#-(,#"";"'*(';&+$'&+%($+-#"(
N+*(&=#(m;'%&.&'&.P# (!*#-.,&.+% (+N (#m;.'n#- O'%-O,+";$%'*O-#%-*.&>
.,O/*+X&= 1R34OR+; *%'"O +NO H'&#*.'"0 O 8,.#%,#O k O \#,=%+"+/QSO @ABaSO
TAhB@i6OBTBB>BT@A4
1TC3O 82K9llORO [4O2#"";"'*O ';&+$'&'6OMO -.0,*#&#OP.#XO +NO&=#OX+*"- 1H34O
K+<+Z#%6OR+=%OW."#QOkO8+%0SO@ABB4
1T`3O \MYOROKO FSO89YcO8O [SOL]EYcO WO L4OH.,*+0&*;,&;*#O$+-#"".%/O
N+*O$#&'"".,O'--.&.P#O$'%;N',&;*.%/6OMO*#P.#X1R34Oj.*&;'"O'%-O:=Q0.>
,'"O:*+&+&Q!.%/SO@A@ASOB_hBi6O`C>BA_4
1TD3O cMYU9YO2O MSOJM::MbOH4O MOTUO 2#"";"'*OM;&+$'&+%O'"/+*.&=$O
N+*O &=#O!*#-.,&.+% O +NO -#%-*.&.,O /*'.% O /*+X&= 1R34O M,&'OH'&#*.'".'SO
BDDCSOa_h_i6O@B`C>@BD_4
1aA3O JM::MbOHSOcMYU9YO2OM4O:*+<'<.".0&.,O$+-#"".%/O+NO$.,*+0&*;,>
&;*#ON+*$'&.+%O.% O0+".-.N.,'&.+% O!*+,#00#01R34O M,&'OH#&'"";*/.,'O#&O
H'&#*.'".'SOBDDTSOaBh@i6OTa_>T^A4
1aB3O F#JY]JO2SOHMJF[OHSOFE]:lOROM4OH+-#".%/O'%-O0.$;"'&.+%O+NO
$.,*+0&*;,&;*#O #P+";&.+% O N+*O '--.&.P#O $'%;N',&;*.%/O +NO $#&'"0 6O
MO ,*.&.,'"O*#P.#X 1R34OH#&'"";*/.,'" O'%- OH'&#*.'"0O \*'%0',&.+%0O MSO
@A@ASO_B6OaDCA>aD`T4
1a@3O 2K]YO[OdSO WMYcOLOb4O\=#O ,+%&.%;;$ON.#"-O'!!*+',=O &+O$+-#">
.%/O$.,*+0&*;,&;*'"O#P+";&.+%1R34OREHSOBDD^SOa`6OBT>B`4
1aT3O 2K]YO [O d4O :='0#>N.#"-O $+-#"0O N+* O $.,*+0&*;,&;*# #P+";&.+% 1R34O
M%%;'"OJ#P.#XO+NOH'&#*.'"0OJ#0#'*,=SO@AA@SOT@6OBBT>BaA4
1aa3O LIOlOLSOW]9OLOKSOR9OLObSO#&O'"4O:='0#ON.#"-O$+-#".%/O+NO0+".-.N.,'>
&.+%O$.,*+0&*;,&;*#O#P+";&.+%O-;*.%/OX#"-.%/1R34OR+;*%'"O+NOH'&#*.>
'"0O:*+,#00.%/O\#,=%+"+/QSO@AB`SO@__6O@`_>@DT4
1a_3O HE][MY8OYSO5[MY:M9YO 5SOWE[[MY\8O:4OM%O .%&*+-;,&.+%O&+O
!='0#>N.#"-O$+-#".%/O+NO$.,*+0&*;,&;*#O#P+";&.+%1R34O2'"!='-SO@AA`SO
T@h@i6O@^`>@Da4
1a^3O d9YOJO8SO5KMU]8K9MOKOF4O:='0#ON.#"-O$#&=+-1R34OH'&#*.'"0O8,.>
#%,#O'%-O\#,=%+"+/QSO@ABTSO@^hCi6O`AT>`BB4
1aC3O \EIJJ]\O USO [9IO KSO [[EJ2MO R4O :='0#>N.#"-O $+-#".%/O +NO $.>
,*+0&*;,&;*#O#P+";&.+%6O J#,#%&O'!!".,'&.+%0SO !#*0!#,&.P#0O'%-O,='">
"#%/#01R34O:*+/*#00O.%OH'&#*.'"0O8,.#%,#SO@A@@SOB@T6OBAA`BA4
1a`3O FMJHMOMSOE[M59OMOc4O:='0#ON.#"-O$#&=+-01H3ooOJ#N#*#%,#OH+-;"#O
.%OH'&#*.'"0O8,.#%,#O'%-OH'&#*.'"0O]%/.%##*.%/4OM$0&#*-'$6O]"0#>
P.#*SO@AB^4
1aD3O HE][MY8O YS O5[MY:M9Y O5SO WE[[MY\8O :4OM%O.%&*+-;,&.+% O
&+O!='0#>N.#"-O$+-#".%/ O+N OO$.,*+0&*;,&;*# O#P+";&.+%1R34O 2'"!='-SO
@AA`SOT@h@i6O@^`>@Da4
1_A3O 2K]YO [O dSO FKM2KM\IJLMYO MO c4O 2+$!;&#*O 0.$;"'&.+%O +NO
0&*;,&;*'"O &*'%0N+*$'&.+%0O -;*.%/O !*#,.!.&'&.+% O +NO '% O +*-#*#-O.%>
&#*$#&'"".,O!='0#1R34OM,&'OH#&'"";*/.,'O#&OH'&#*.'".'SOBDDBSOTDhBBi6O
@_TT>@__B4
1_B3O WMYcO LSO 2K]YO [O dSO FKM2KM\IJLMYO MO c4O F.%#&.,0O +NO
0&*'.%>.%-;,#-O$+*!=+"+/.,'" O&*'%0N+*$'&.+% O.% O,;<.,O'""+Q0O X.&=O
'O$.0,.<.".&QO/'!1R34OM,&' OH#&'"";*/.,'O#&O H'&#*.'".'S OBDDTSOaBhBi6O
@CD>@D^4
1_@3O 2K]YO[O d4OMO %+P#"O,+$!;&#*O 0.$;"'&.+%O&#,=%.m;#ON+*O $+-#".%/O
/*'.%O/*+X&=1R34O8,*.!&' O H#&'"";*/.,' O #& O H'&#*.'".' S O BDD_SO T@hBi6O
BB_>B@A4
1_T3O 2K]Y O[ O dS O LMYcO W 4O 2+$!;&#* O 0.$;"'&.+%O +N O &=#O-+$'.%O -Q>
%'$.,0O+NO'Om;#%,=#-O0Q0&#$OX.&=O'O"'*/#O%;$<#*O+NO%+%,+%0#*P#-O
+*-#*O!'*'$#&#*0 6O \=# O /*'.%>/*+X&=O Z.%#&.,0 1R34O :=Q0.,'"O J#P.#XO
5SOBDDaSO_Ah@Bi6OB_C_@>B_C_^4
1_a3O lMYOUSO2K]YO[Od4OU.NN;0.+%>,+%&*+""#-O/*'.%O/*+X&=O.%O&X+>!='0#O
0+".-01R34OM,&'OH'&#*.'".'SOBDDCSOa_h`i6OT@DC>TTBA4
j+"4aaOOOY+4A@
l#<4OO@A@T
lEIYUJLOO\]2KYE[EcL
D`
# #
!""#$ %&'&()&*$&$(+$,&*-$)$'+$.(/-0&$1$&+$23$ 456$-7489$:7;<3=$
89$ >?>32@>$ <83=$ 498>;37;A8B$ C;D9E47?$ @;C8583?F$ &945?38B45$ @;E25$
49E$ B;@AD327$ >8@D5438;9 !G#6$ H=?>8B45$ (2I82<$ J+$ KLLM+$ NO PMQRF$
MQSMLK6
!"N#$ %(0TT$ 000$ U$ /+$ UV/*$ T$ W6$ U;@AD327$ >8@D5438;9$ ;X$ OY.$ :7489$
:7;<3=$D>89:$4$A=4>2YX825E$@;E25!G#6$&B34$Z432784584+$KLLK+$"LPMKRF$
OL"[YOL\"6
!"\#$ Z]/T&*1$*+$JT&*H&0*$J+$,]TT&*^1$H6$WD49383438I2$4945?Y
>8>$;X$:7489$C;D9E47?$ A7;A27382>$89$4$:2927458_2E$A=4>2$X825E$@;E25$
X;7$ :7489$ :7;<3=$ 89$ 498>;37;A8B$ >?>32@> !G#6$ H=?>8B45$ (2I82<$ J+$
KLLQ+$\QPKRF$LKSMMO6
!"Q#$ Z]/T&*1$*+$,/*.T/($ `+$*/1^T/($J6$U;@A47438I2$>3DE?$;X$
3<;$A=4>2YX825E$@;E25>$X;7$:7489$:7;<3=!G#6$U;@AD3438;945$Z43278Y
45>$1B829B2+$KLL[+$SNPKRF$S\[YS[L6
!"[#$ T&*-/($G6$Z;E25>$;X$A433279$X;7@438;9$89$X87>3Y;7E27$A=4>2$3749>8Y
38;9>!Z#aa-(0*1/0* $-+$Z&'/*%] $- 6$.872B38;9>$ 89$B;9E29>2E$
@43327$A=?>8B>F$Z2@;7845$I;5D@2$ 89$=;9;7$;X$>=49:Yb29:$@46$ 189Y
:4A;72F$,;75E$1B82938X8B+$M[QNF$MN"YMQN6
!NL#$ V]V/*J/(-$ H$ U+ $V&TH/(0*$ J$ 06$^=2;7?$;X$E?94@8B$B7838B45$
A=29;@294!G#6$(2I82<>$;X$Z;E279$H=?>8B>+$M[\\+$S[PORF$SO"YS\[6
!NM#$ ,V//T/($&$&+$J]/^^0*-/($,$G+$ZU`&../*$-$J6$H=4>2YX825E$
@;E25$X;7$8>;3=27@45$A=4>2$ 3749>838;9>$89$C8947?$455;?>!G#6$ H=?>8B45$
(2I82<$&+$M[[K+$S"PMLRF$\SKSY\SO[6
!NK#$ ,V//T/($&$&+$J]/^^0*-/($,$G+$ZU`&../*$-$J6$H=4>2YX825E$
@;E25$ ;X$ >;5D32$ 374AA89: $ ED789:$ >;58E8X8B438;9 !G#6$ H=?>8B45$ (2Y
I82<$/+$M[[O+$S\PORF$MQ[OYM[L[6
!NO#$ %0Z$1$ -+$%0Z$,$ ^+$1c'c%0$ ^6$H=4>2YX825E$@;E25$X;7$C8947?$ 45Y
5;?>!G#6$H=?>8B45$(2I82<$/+$M[[[+$NLPNRF$\MQNY\M[\6
!NS#$ %0^^T$ G$ &+$ 1&*./(1$ H$ -+$ &'0'$ Z$ G+$ 23$ 456$ U;@A5232$ 2dA278Y
@29345$32>3$;X$ b89238B$@;E25>$X;7$74A8E$455;?$>;58E8X8B438;9 !G#6$&B34$
Z432784584+$KLLL+$SQPKLRF$S\[\YSQMM6
!N"#$ %&(Z&$ &6$ H=4>2YX825E$ X;7@D5438;9$ X;7$ eD49383438I2$ @;E2589:$ ;X$
455;?$>;58E8X8B438;9!G#6$H=?>845$(2I82<$T23327>+$KLLM+$Q\PMMRF$MM"\LM6
!NN#$ %&(Z&$&+$(&HH/T$,$G6$H=4>2YX825E$@23=;E$X;7$B;@AD3438;9455?$
2XX8B8293$@;E2589:$;X$>;58E8X8B438;9$<83=$47C83747?$89327X4B2$b89238B>
!G#6$H=?>8B45$(2I82<$/+$M[[N+$"OPSRF$(OLM\Y(OLKL6
!N\#$ J!^^-/($J+$/0%/*$ G+$1^/0*J&UV$06$ H=4>2$X825E$>8@D5438;9$ ;X$
2eD84d2E$>;58E8X8B438;9$89$32B=98B45$455;?> !G#6$&B34$Z432784584+$KLLN+$
"SPMLRF$KN[\YK\LS6
!NQ#$ 1^/0*J&UV$0+$H/'']TT&$ `+$*/1^T/($ J+$23$ 456$&$A=4>2$ X825E$
B;9B2A3$X;7$@D538A=4>2$>?>32@>!G#6$H=?>8B4$.F$*;9589247$H=29;@Y
294+$M[[N+$[SPORF$MO"YMS\6
!N[#$ /UV/J&((0&$ J+$ `]TUV $ (+$ %&(Z& $ &+$ 23 $ 456$ WD49383438I2$
A=4>2YX825E$@;E25$;X$455;?$ >;58E8X8B438;9!G#6$H=?>845$(2I82<$/+$KLLS+$
\LPNRF$LNMNLS6
!\L#$ 1^/0*J&UV$0+$'V&*-$T$G+$HT&HH$Z6$H=4>2YX825E$@;E25$<83=$X8Y
9832$89327X4B2$ E8>>8A438;9!G#6$&B34$Z432784584+$KLMK+$NLPNY\RF$KNQ[Y
K\LM6
!\M#$ 'V&*-$T$G+$ 1^/0*J&UV$06$H=4>2YX825E$ @;E25$<83=$X89832$ 89327Y
X4B2$E8>>8A438;9F$/d329>8;9$3;$@D538YB;@A;9293$ @D538YA=4>2$455;?>
!G#6$&B34$Z432784584+$KLMK+$NLPNY\RF$K\LKYK\ML6
!\K#$ 'V&*-$ T$ G+$ 1^(&^Z&**$ Z+$ .c$ )+$ 23$ 456$ 09B;7A;74389:$ 3=2$
U&THV&.$ >DC54338B2$ 4AA7;4B=$ ;X$ ;7E2789:$ 893;$ 3=2$ A=4>2YX825E$
@;E25$<83=$X89832$89327X4B2$E8>>8A438;9!G#6$&B34$Z432784584+$KLM"+$QQF$
M"NYMN[6
!\O#$ T0c$H$,+$G0$)$'+$,&*-$'+$23$456$09I2>38:438;9$;9$2I;5D38;9$@2B=Y
498>@>$;X$ >832Y>A2B8X8B$:7489$>37DB3D72>$ED789:$@2345$ 4EE838I2$@49Y
DX4B3D789:!G#6$G;D7945 $;X$ Z4327845>$ H7;B2>>89:$ ^2B=9;5;:?+ $KLMQ+$
K"\F$M[MYKLK6
!\S#$ T0c$H$,+$,&*-$'+$f0&]$)$V+$23$456$09>8:=3$893;$3=2$@2B=498>@>$
;X$ B;5D@947$ 3;$ 2eD84d2E$ :7489$ 3749>838;9$ ED789:$ @234558B$ 4EE838I2$
@49DX4B3D789:!G#6$&EE838I2$Z49DX4B3D789:+$KLM[+$KNF$KKYK[6
!\"#$ UV&.,0U%$ &$ `+$ g]](V//1$ H$ ,6$ ^=2$ E2I25;A@293$ ;X$ :7489$
>37DB3D72$ED789:$ 4EE838I2$@49DX4B3D789: !G#6$&B34$ Z432784584+$KLKM+$
KMMF$MMNQNK6
!\N#$ )&*-$ Z+$ ,&*-$ T+$ )&*$ ,$ ^6$ H=4>2YX825E$ @;E2589:$ ;X$ :7489$
2I;5D38;9>$ 89$ 4EE838I2$ @49DX4B3D789:$ X7;@$ 9DB52438;9+$ :7;<3=+$ 3;$
B;47>2989:!G#6$9Ah$U;@AD3438;945$Z4327845>+$KLKM+$\F$"N6
!\\#$ Tc$ T$ f+$ 1(0.V&($ *+$ 'V&*-$ )$ ,6$ H=4>2$ X825E$ >8@D543 8;9$ ;X$
A;<E27$C2EYC4>2E$4EE838I2$@49DX4B3D789:!G#6$&B34$Z432784584+$KLMQ+$
MSSF$QLMYQL[6
!\Q#$ )&*-$ )$ )$,+$ ])/./G0$ ^$ .+$ %"V*$ H+$ 23$ 456$ 09I2>38:438;9$ ;9$
32@A2743D72Y:74E8293YE78I29$2XX2B3>$89$D9B;9I2938;945$ >8932789:$I84$
9;9Y8>;3=27@45$A=4>2YX825E$>8@D5438;9!G#6$1B78A34$Z432784584+$KLKL+$
MQNF$M"KYM"\6
!\[#$ )&*-$)$)$,+$(&-*g&T.1/*$]+$J&0$)+$23$456$O.$9;9Y8>;3=27Y
@45$ A=4>2YX825E$ >8@D5438;9$ ;X$@8B7;>37DB3D 72$2I;5D38;9$ ED789:$ > 2Y
52B38I2$54>27$>8932789:!G#6$9Ah$U;@AD3438;945$Z4327845>+$KLM[+$"F$QM6
!QL#$ !"#$!%& !'()6$ *+ ,- ./0 12 34 567 89
:!G#6$; <=>>?P@AB>CR!KLKL+$"MPMMRF$OLM[YOLOM6
)&*-$)$)$,+$)0$Z+$fc$J$f6$*;9Y8;>3=27@45$A=4>2YX825E$ >8@DY
5438;9$ ;X$ @8B7;>37DB3D72$ 89$ A;<27YC4>2E $ 4EE838I2$ @49DX4B3D789:
!G#6$G;D7945$;X$U293745$1;D3=$c98I27>83?P1B829B2$49E$ ^2B=9;5;:?R+$
KLKL+$"MPMMRF$OLM[YOLOM6
!QM#$ `&TT&V$g+$&Z]](/'&/0$Z+$ H(]g&^&1$*+$23$456$ H=4>2YX825E$
>8@D5438;9$;X$>;58E8X8B438;9$@;7A=;5;:?$89$54>27$A;<E27$E2A;>838;9$
;X$^8Y*C$455;?>!G#6$&B34$Z432784584+$KLMK+$NLPSRF$MNOOYMNSN6
!QK#$ -V]1V$1+$ Z&$T+$]`](0Y]H]%c$ *+$23$ 456$]9$3=2$A78@47?$>A4BY
89:$49E $@8B7;>2:72:438;9 $ ;X $B255D547 $ E29E7832> $ 89 $ 54>27 $E2A;>83Y
2E$*8Y*C$455;?>!G#6$Z;E25589:$49E$18@D5438;9$89$Z4327845>$ 1B829B2$
49E$/9:8922789:+$KLM\+$K"PNRF$LN"LLK6
!QO#$ -V]1V$1+$]`](0Y]H]%c$*+$-c)/($G$/6$18@D5438;9$49E$4945?Y
>8>$ ;X$ !Y*8$ B255D547$ :7;<3=$ ED7 89:$ 54>27$ A;<E27$ E2A;>838;9$ ;X$
*8YC4>2E$>DA27455;?>!G#6$U;@AD3438; 945$ Z4327845> $ 1B829B2 + $KLMQ+$
MSSF$K"NYKNS6
!QS#$ .&*^'0-$G$&+$(&HH&' $Z $6 $1;58E8X8B438;9 !Z#6$1<83_27549EF$/`Y
HT$H72>>+$KLL[6
!Q"#$ 1&V]]$ 1 +$ UV]c$ % 6$ H=4>2YX825E$ >8@D5438;9 $ ;X $@8B7;>37DB3D72$
2I;5D38;9$ ;X$ ^8YN&5YSg$ 89$ 252B37;9$ C24@$ 4EE838I2$ @49DX4B3D789:$
A7;B2>>!G#6$&EE838I2$Z49DX4B3D789:+$KLMN+$[F$MSYKS6
!QN#$ %/TT/($^+$T0*.,&TT$-+$ -V]1V$1+$23$456$&AA58B438;9$;X$X89832$
252@293+$ A=4>2YX825E+$ 49E$ U&THV&.YC4>2E$ @23=;E>$ 3;$ 4EE838I2$
@49DX4B3D789:$;X $ *8YC4>2E$ >DA27455;?> !G#6$ &B34$ Z432784584+$KLM\+$
MO[F$KSSYK"O6
!Q\#$ T0c$.$ V+$,&*-$ )6$Z2>;>B452$ @D538YA=?>8B>$>8@D5438;9$;X$ 74A8E$
>;58E8X8B438;9$;X$^8YN&5YSg$455;?!G#6$&EE838I2$Z49DX4B3D789:+$KLM[+$
K"F$""MY"NK6
!QQ#$ &UV&()&$ (+$ 1V&(]*$ G$&+$ 1^&(]1/T1%)$ &6$ H72E8B38;9$ ;X$
!!" #$"!"#"!"$
% &#'$( )*+ ," -. /0 12345 6
[[
" "
!"#$%&'$(#'($)*"+*,-&)$* .%/01$*210*3(&"%+*.$%#1&&4567*89'-*:-'1$";
-,"-<*=>?@<A?=BC*DE>;D@?F
GHI6A 8JKJA :A 5<A L8MN8OA PFA Q%+'"+(%(&A R$%/' SA !%01,A 3%$A "+'1$3-#1A
!%'"%+A0($"+RA-,,%T A&%,"0"3"9-'"%+ G56FA89'-A:1'-,,($R"9-UA?IHH<ADE
VHWC*=DDX;=DB@F
GI>6* M8YL* 5<* L8OZ* 5* [<* \[* Q* ]F* MS-&);3"),^A &"!(,-'"%+&A -+^A !";
9$%&'$(9'($-,A -+-,T&"&A %3A )."'-_"-,A R$%/'SA ^($"+RA $-."^A &%,"^"3"9-;
'"%+A%3 A -^^"'"`1,TA !-+(3-#'($10 A 8,]"?>:RA -,,%T G56FA :-'1$"-,&A a*
b)&"R+<*=>=><*?IXC*?>HIHXF
GI?6* LcObKO*5<*Y8:8J8OK*8<*MY8[N*c<*1'*-,F*:"9$%&'$(9'($1*1`%;
,('"%+*%3* 2"+-$T* -+^*!(,'"9%!.%+1+'* !-+R-+1&1* &'11,&*^($"+R* &1;
,19'"`1*,-&1$* !1,'"+RC*MS-&1;3"1,^* !%^1,"+R*-+^* 1_.1$"!1+'-,*`-,";
^-'"%+G56F*:1'-,,($R"9-, * -+^ * :-'1$"-,& * P$-+&-9'"%+& * 8< *=>?I<*X>C*
=>==;=>B>F
GI=6 L8Y8d8ZKJ * L< * 5\[O]\O*N<* ]eebe*Y<* 1'* -,F*f"+"'1 A"+'1$3-91A
^"&&".-'"%+A.S-&1A3"1,^A!%^1,"+RA%3AO";O2A(+^1$A-^^"'"`1A!-+(3-9;
'($"+RA9%+^"'"%+&G56FA89'-A:-'1$"-,"-<A=>=><A?HXCAD=>;DDIF
GID6A \!P\\NeAMAK<AM8PeNA:A5<AP8OZAQ<A 1'A-,FA:(,'"&9-,1A&"!(,-'"%+A
%3A$-."^ A &%,"^"3"9-'"%+A %3 A-+ A -,(!"+"(!;&","9%+A -,,%T A (+^1$A -^^";
'"`1A !-+(3-9'($"+R A 9%+^"'"%+& G56FA8^^"'"` 1A:-+(3-9'($"+R<A =>=?<A
BHCA?>=DXDF
GIB6A O\:\P\ A ]< A ]eZ8g8A : <A g8P8O8he A :FA O%+; A -+^A i(-&";
1i(","2$"(!A !(,'";.S-&1A 3"1,^A !1'S%^&A 9%(.,1^A /"'SA Q8NM[8bA
^-'-2-&1A3%$A $-."^;&%,"^"3"9-'"%+A !"9$%&'$(9'($-,A1`%,('"%+A"+A ,-&1$A
.%/^1$A21^A-^^"'"`1A !-+(3-9'($"+RA9%+^"'"%+G56FA :1'-,&<A=>=?<A??
VBWCAE=EF
GIX6A d8OZAj<A P8OZAd<AQ8KAb<A1'A -,FAQ%!.-$-'"`1A -+-,T&"&A%3A ^"331$;
1+'A +(!1$"9-,A &9S1!1&A "+ A &%,('1A '$-.."+RA &"!(,-'"%+& A 2TA (&"+R A
'S1A .S-&1;3"1,^A !%^1,A /"'SA 3"+"'1A "+'1$3-91A ^"&&".-'"%+G56FA5%($+-,A
%3A :"+"+RA -+^A :1'-,,($RT<A ]19'"%+A hCA :1'-,,($RT<A =>?E<A X= V?WCA
@@;HXF
GIE6A d8OZA j<A J[8OZA NA 5<A ]\h\NekA ]<A 1'A -,FA L"+1'"9A .S-&1A ^"-;
R$-!&A %3A '1$+-$TA 8,;Q(;N"A &T&'1!A ^($"+RA $-."^A &%,"^"3"9-'"%+CA 8A
.S-&1;3"1,^A&'(^TG56FA:-'1$"-,&AVh-&1,W<A=>?H<A??V=WCA=E>F
GI@6A d8OZAj<AJ[8OZANA5<AbcAdFAMS-&1A3"1,^A!%^1,"+RA%3A&%,('1A'$-.;
."+RA"+A-A 8,;]+A-,,%TA^($"+R A$-."^A&%,"^"3"9-'"%+G56FA:-'1$"-,&A]9";
1+91Af%$(!<A=>?B<A@IB;@IECA@B>;@BXF
GIH6A J[8OZANA 5<Ab8OKN\k8AeA k<A]PeKOh8Q[A K<A1'A -,FA b"33(&1;"+;
'1$3-91A!%^1,"+RA %3A&%,('1A '$-.."+RA"+A $-."^A&%,"^"3"9-'"%+CAM$1^"9;
'"%+&A %3A 'S1A ST.1$2%,"9 A .S-&1;3"1,^A !%^1,A -+^ A .-$-2%,"9A !%^1, A
/"'SA3"+"'1A"+'1$3-91 A^"&&".-'"%+ G56FA89'-A:-'1$"-,"-<A=>?D<AE?V??WCA
B?XX;B?EHF
GII6A !" FA# $% &' () *+, -. /"0 1. 2 34 56, 7
Gb6FA8 9#:;<6$=>?HF
d8OZA jFA MS-&1;3"1,^A !%^1,<A +(!1$"9-,A &"!(,-'"%+A -+^A l"+1'"9A
.S-&1A ^"-R$-!A 3%$A -,,%T&A ^($"+RA $-."^A &%,"^"3"9-'"%+A .$%91&& Gb6FA
QS-+R&S-CAQ1+'$-,A]%('SAc+"`1$&"'T<A=>?HF
G?>>6A d8OZA ]< A J[\OZA 5< A g8OZA L <A 1'A -, FA K+&"RS'& A "+'%A 9%!.,1_A
S1_-R%+-,A 9,%&1;.-9l1^A ^1+^$"'"9A R$%/'SA ^($"+RA -,,%TA &%,"^"3"9-;
'"%+A-"^1^A 2TAZMc;-991,1$-'1^A 'S$11;^"!1+&"%+-,A.S-&1;3"1,^A&"!;
(,-'"%+&CA-A^1!%A"+A:R;Z^A-,,%TG56FAY-$1A:1'-,&<A=>=D<A8991.'1^F
G?>?6AdKAg<A NKcAZAQ<ANcA J<A1'A-,FA e33"9"1+'A-,,%TA^1&"R+A %3A]$;!%^"3"1^A
8DXEA -,,%T&A ^$"`1+A 2TA 9%!.('-'"%+-,A 'S1$!%^T+-!"9&A -+^A !-;
9S"+1A,1-$+"+RG56FA5%($+-,A%3AA:-'1$"-,&A]9"1+91Am*P19S+%,%RT<*=>==<*
??=C*=@@;=I>F
G?>=6*NKc*n<AgcA[AL<AM8cNA:A5<A1'A-,FA:-9S"+1;,1-$+"+RA-&&"&'1^A,-&1$A
.%/^1$A 21^A 3(&"%+A .$%91&&A %.'"!"o-'"%+A 3%$A 8,]"?>:RCA O1/A !";
9$%&'$(9'($1A^1&9$".'"%+A"+^"91& A-+^ A3$-9'($1 A!19S-+"&!&G56FA89'-A
:-'1$"-,"-<A=>=><A=>?CAD?E;D=HF
k%,FBBAAAO%F>=
f12FAA=>=D
f\cObYdAAPeQ[O\N\Zd
?>>
% %
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.