Available via license: CC BY 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
DOI: 10.2478/picbe-2023-0147
© 2023 C. A. Teodorescu; A. N. Ciucu (Durnoi); V. M. Vargas, published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The Rise of the Mobile Internet: Tracing the Evolution
of Portable Devices
Cosmin Alexandru TEODORESCU
Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
teodorescucosmin22@stud.ase.ro
Alexandra-Nicoleta CIUCU (DURNOI)
Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
durnoialexandra17@stud.ase.ro
Vanesa Mădălina VARGAS
Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
vanesa.vargas@fabiz.ase.ro
Abstract. The rapid advancement of technology in recent years has led to an increasing dependence on
mobile devices for communication, entertainment and access to information. The rise of the mobile internet
has fundamentally transformed the way we live, work, and interact with each other. This paper examines
the evolution of portable devices, from the first mobile phones to modern smartphones and tablets, and
explores the impact of these devices on the development of the mobile Internet. We trace the evolution of
mobile technologies, from the early days of cellular networks to the emergence of 3G, 4G, and 5G networks,
and the development of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies. We also explore the impact of mobile devices on
various industries, including advertising, entertainment, and e-commerce. Through this analysis, we aim to
provide a comprehensive understanding of the rise of the mobile internet and the transformative effect it
has had on society.
Keywords: Mobile internet, portable devices, smartphones, mobile evolution.
Introduction
The emergence of mobile devices has revolutionized the way people interact with the Internet,
making it possible for them to access information and communicate with others from anywhere
and at any time. With the rapid growth of mobile devices, the mobile Internet has become an
essential part of our daily lives. In recent years, mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets
have become more sophisticated, offering advanced features and functions that were previously
only available on desktop computers.
This paper aims to trace the evolution of portable devices and examine the rise of the mobile
Internet. The paper will begin by providing an overview of the history of portable devices, from
the first handheld calculators to the latest smartphones and tablets. We will then examine the
development of wireless communication technologies, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and cellular
networks, which have enabled mobile devices to connect to the Internet and each other.
Next, we will explore the impact of mobile devices on the way people access and use the
Internet, including changes in browsing behavior, online shopping, and social networking. We will
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also discuss the challenges associated with the mobile Internet, such as security and privacy
concerns, and how they have been addressed.
The main results of the study will focus on the process of connecting a portable device to
the Internet and its evolution.
Finally, we will look forward and consider the potential of emerging technologies, such as
5G networks, virtual and augmented reality and also artificial intelligence, to further transform the
mobile Internet and the way we interact with it.
Overall, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of
portable devices and the rise of the mobile Internet, highlighting the key technological and societal
trends that have shaped this transformative phenomenon.
Literature review
The history of portable devices
The history of portable devices dates back to the 1960s when the first handheld calculator was
introduced (Chiba et al., 2012). Since then, portable devices have evolved rapidly, becoming more
powerful and versatile. One of the earliest portable devices that could access the Internet was the
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), which was introduced in the 1990s (Wiggins, 2014). PDAs were
small, handheld devices that could be used to store and retrieve information, as well as connect to
the internet via a wireless modem.
The next significant development in portable devices was the introduction of smartphones,
which combined the functionality of a PDA with that of a mobile phone. The first smartphones,
such as the Nokia 9000 Communicator and the Ericsson R380, were introduced in the late 1990s
and early 2000s (West and Mace, 2010). These early smartphones were limited in their capabilities,
but subsequent iterations, such as the iPhone and the Android devices, have become more powerful,
offering advanced features such as high-quality cameras, voice assistants and biometric
authentication.
The Rise of the Mobile Internet
The rise of the mobile Internet can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing
availability of mobile devices, the development of wireless communication technologies and the
growth of mobile applications. The widespread adoption of smartphones has been a key driver of
the mobile Internet, with over 6.56 billion smartphone users worldwide as of 2021 (Statista, 2023a).
Wireless communication technologies have also played a significant role in enabling
mobile devices to connect to the Internet. Wi-Fi and cellular networks, such as 3G, 4G and
nowadays 5G, have become faster and more reliable, making it easier for users to access the
Internet on the go.
The growth of mobile applications has also contributed to the rise of the mobile Internet.
Mobile apps allow users to access a wide range of services, including social networking, online
shopping, and mobile banking from their smartphones. As of 2021, there were over 3.3 million
mobile apps available on the Google Play Store, and over 2.2 million on the Apple App Store
(Dogtiev, 2022).
Impact of the Mobile Internet
The mobile Internet has had a significant impact on the way people access and use the Internet.
One of the most significant changes has been the shift from desktop to mobile browsing (Chinie et
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al., 2022. In 2022, over 59% of all website traffic worldwide came from mobile devices (Statista,
2023b). The mobile Internet has also transformed the way people shop online, with mobile
commerce accounting for over 65% of all e-commerce sales in 2022 (Statista, 2023; Hoang and
Nguyen 2022; Paraschiv et al., 2022).
The mobile Internet has also had a significant impact on social networking, with platforms such
as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, all experiencing explosive growth on mobile devices
(Matušínská and Stoklasa, 2022). In 2021, over 98% of Facebook's active users accessed the
platform via mobile devices (Statista, 2023d).
Results and discussions
Evolution of smartphones
The evolution of smartphones has been a remarkable journey that has transformed the way we
communicate and interact with technology. The Nokia 5120, released in 1998, was one of the
earliest examples of a mobile phone with limited functionality. Today, smartphones have become
an essential part of modern life, offering a multitude of features and capabilities that were once
unimaginable. The Nokia 5120 was a simple mobile phone that allowed users to make calls and
send text messages. It featured a monochrome display, a physical keypad, and a small form factor
that made it easy to carry. Although it lacked the advanced features of modern smartphones, the
Nokia 5120 was a revolutionary device that paved the way for future mobile phones. The first
browser battle was being fought at the time between Microsoft and Netscape. The Internet was
fresh and intriguing. On a phone, though, who could enter lengthy URLs? What would be the real
purpose of that?
The BlackBerry, released in 2002, was one of the first smartphones that introduced email
functionality. It featured a full QWERTY keyboard and a small screen that displayed email
messages. The BlackBerry quickly became popular among business users, who appreciated the
ability to access email on the go.
The iPhone, released in 2007, was a game-changer in the smartphone industry. It featured
a touch screen display, a sleek design, and a wide range of features such as a camera, web browser,
and music player. The iPhone was the first smartphone that offered a user-friendly interface and a
wide range of applications. The world would change when a touchscreen took the place of a
keyboard and mouse - this was Steve Jobs's concept. The first iPhone purchases were astounding.
The initial version sold more than 6 million copies (Apple, 2007). The App Store, launched in
2008, allowed developers to create a wide range of applications that could be downloaded and
installed on the iPhone. However, significant challenges remained:
• Cellular and Wi-Fi networks weren't very quick.
• Processors were unable to create 2D and 3D images with the same speed that PCs and
notebooks could.
• Although smartphone displays have improved, they still didn’t have the appropriate
resolution for easy reading.
Android, released in 2008, was a direct competitor to the iPhone. It offered a similar user
interface and a wide range of features. Android was open-source, which allowed developers to
customize and modify the operating system to suit their needs. Android quickly became popular
among manufacturers such as Samsung, LG, and HTC, who developed their own smartphones
based on the Android operating system. Android became the second most popular smartphone
platform in the world after iOS in 2010, with a market share that increased from less than 5% in
2009 to 13.8% in the first half and 24.5% in the second half. Shipments of cellphones with Android
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operating systems increased by 561% from 2009 to 2010, reaching over 55 million units
(Computerworld, 2022). Around Android, developer groups emerged in 2010 and created what
was called the Android Open Source Initiative (AOSP). A sustained era of development helped to
solidify Android's dominance. From 2010 to 2017, the number of project submissions per month
more than quadrupled.
Figure 1 presented below shows the global market share held by various mobile operating
systems from the year 2009 to 2022. The market share is represented by percentages on the y-axis,
while the x-axis displays the timeline.
In 2009, Symbian was the leading mobile operating system, holding a 46.9% market share.
However, with the introduction of Android in 2010, the market share of Symbian started to decline,
and Android began to dominate the market by 2012. As of 2022, Android holds the highest market
share at 72.2%, followed by iOS with a 26.4% market share. Other operating systems such as
Windows and Blackberry have a minimal market share.
The graphic shows that the mobile operating system market is highly competitive, with
dominant players constantly changing over time. Additionally, it highlights the importance of
innovation and adaptation in technology, as newer and more advanced operating systems continue
to replace older ones.
Figure 1. Mobile operating systems' market share worldwide
from 1st quarter 2009 to 4th quarter 2022
Source: Statista, 2023e.
The Development of Wireless Communication Technologies
Wireless communication technologies have revolutionized the way we communicate and access
information. From Bluetooth to Wi-Fi and cellular networks, these technologies have made it
possible for mobile devices to connect to the Internet and each other without the need for physical
cables.
The first wireless communication technology was the radio, invented by Guglielmo
Marconi in the late 19th century (Bondyopadhyay, 1995). The radio was primarily used for point-
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to-point communication over long distances. The first public radio broadcast took place in 1920
(Woodsmoke Productions and Vermont Historical Society, n.d.), and the radio became a popular
form of entertainment and news dissemination in the following years.
In the 1980s, cellular networks were developed, allowing mobile devices to connect to a
network of cell towers to make calls and send texts. The first cellular network was launched in
Japan in 1979, and the first commercial cellular network was launched in the United States in 1983
(Kano, 2000; Gawas, 2015).
In the 1990s, wireless local area networks (WLANs) were developed, which allowed
devices to connect to a local network without the need for cables. The first WLAN standard, IEEE
802.11, was released in 1997, and first commercial Wi-Fi products were launched in 1999
(Pahlavan and Krishnamurthy, 2021).
Bluetooth technology was developed in the mid-1990s by Ericsson and was first released
in 1999. Bluetooth allows devices to connect to each other over short distances, typically up to 10
meters, and is commonly used for connecting devices such as smartphones, laptops, and
headphones.
In the 2000s, the development of 3G cellular networks allowed mobile devices to connect
to the internet at faster speeds. The first 3G network was launched in Japan in 2001 and 3G
networks were later adopted worldwide.
The development of 4G cellular networks in the 2010s allowed for even faster Internet
speeds and more reliable connections. 4G networks were first launched in Sweden and Norway in
2009 and were later adopted worldwide.
In recent years, the development of 5G cellular networks has been underway, which
promises even faster speeds and lower latency. 5G networks have already been launched in some
parts of the world.
Mobile Internet Evolution
The internet connection on a mobile phone has evolved significantly over time. Starting with the
first models of mobile phones, the Internet connection was limited or absent, which made them
useless for accessing online information.
Before the advent of 2G wireless communication technology, the Internet connection on a
smartphone did not exist or was limited. First mobile phones were used only for voice calls and
sending short messages (SMS), without access to the Internet or other online services.
However, some phone manufacturers have begun to offer models with limited Internet
access capabilities through technologies such as integrated modems and cable or infrared
connections. These were, however, early and expensive technologies, so their use was limited.
Therefore, before the advent of 2G technology, the internet connection on a smartphone
was limited or absent, and these devices were only used for voice calls and short messages. This
aspect has changed with the emerge of 2G wireless communication technology, which allowed
data transmission and Internet access on the phone. However, speed was limited and costs were
high, facts that limited the popularity of this technology.
Over time, technologies such as 3G and 4G were developed, allowing faster data
transmission speeds and wider access to the Internet. This made it possible to use mobile phones
to access online services, such as e-mail, social networks and others.
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With the launch of 5G technology, a significant increase in data transmission speed and
bandwidth is expected, so that it is possible to access a greater number of online services and reach
new levels of efficiency and quality of the Internet connection. Therefore, the Internet connection
on a mobile phone has evolved from the absence or limitation to modern technologies with high
speeds and wide access to the Internet, so that it became an indispensable tool in the daily life of
many people.
Figure 2. Average monthly smartphone traffic worldwide from 2015 to 2027 (in exabytes)
Source: Statista, 2023f.
Figure 2 presented above displays the worldwide monthly data traffic generated by
smartphones from 2015 to an estimation until 2027. The y-axis represents the volume of data traffic
in exabytes, and the x-axis represents the timeline. The graphic reveals that the monthly data traffic
generated by smartphones has been consistently increasing since 2015, with a projected 169
exabytes of data traffic in 2025. This can be attributed to the increased use of smartphones for a
variety of activities such as streaming video content, social media, and online gaming.
The graphic also shows that the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 caused a sudden spike in
data traffic, as people around the world were forced to work, study, and socialize from home. The
pandemic accelerated the adoption of digital technology, leading to an increase in data traffic.
Overall, the graphic suggests that the demand for data traffic generated by smartphones will
continue to increase in the coming years, presenting significant opportunities and challenges for
mobile network operators, service providers, and policymakers. To meet the growing demand for
data traffic, mobile network operators will need to invest in expanding their network capacity and
infrastructure. Policymakers will also need to ensure that adequate regulatory frameworks are in
place to promote consumer protection.
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Impact of Wireless Communication Technologies
The development of wireless communication technologies has had a profound impact on modern
communication. Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets have become essential tools for
communication and access to information, while wireless connectivity has made it possible to
access the Internet and communicate with others from almost anywhere in the world.
Bluetooth technology has also enabled the development of wireless headphones, speakers,
and other devices, making it easier to listen to music and other audio content without the need for
cables.
Wi-Fi technology has revolutionized the way we access the Internet, allowing us to connect
from almost anywhere, including our homes, workplaces and public spaces such as cafes and
airports.
Cellular networks have also made it possible to communicate with others while on the go,
and have enabled the development of mobile applications and services that would not have been
possible without wireless connectivity.
Process of Connecting a Portable Device to the Internet
The development of cellular technology has made everything nearby and accessible with just a
single touch. It transformed the way we communicate and interact with each other. Digital services
have given people the ability to use them for a variety of socially beneficial purposes. A boom in
linked digital gadgets, which in turn generate enormous amounts of data, is the downside of this
extraordinary growth.
Over the past few decades, cellular technology has grown to become an essential part of
our daily lives, allowing us to stay connected with friends, family, and colleagues, no matter where
we are in the world. From the first generation of analog phones to the latest 5G networks, cellular
technology has evolved rapidly, offering faster data speeds, clearer voice calls, and a more reliable
connection.
The US phones overtook Europe as the global leader as mobile technology advanced into
high-tech instruments, while Europe had pioneered mobiles and was formerly the international
leader on the mobile markets. The story of cellular technology begins in the 1970s, when the first
mobile phone was developed by Motorola. This first generation of mobile phones used analog
technology, which was limited in its capacity and coverage. In the 1980s, the second generation of
mobile phones was introduced, using digital technology, which allowed for greater capacity and
coverage. With the introduction of 3G in the early 2000s, cellular technology began to offer Internet
connectivity, paving the way for the era of smartphones.
Today, with the emergence of 5G, cellular technology is poised to transform the way we
communicate and interact with the world around us. With faster data speeds and lower latency, 5G
promises to enable new applications, such as virtual and augmented reality, autonomous vehicles
and the Internet of Things. The development of cellular technology has been a remarkable journey,
and its future promises to be even more exciting.
Internet on the phone works through wireless communication technology, such as 4G, 5G
or Wi-Fi. These standards allow the phone to connect to an Internet network, so that it can access
information and transmit data.
In essence, when a user accesses the Internet on the phone, his signal is transmitted through
the telecommunications cells that make up the wireless network. This signal is decoded by the base
station and then sent to a data center, where it is processed and transmitted via the Internet.
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When a user requests a web page or an application, this information is transmitted via the
Internet to the service provider's data center, which returns the requested information. Afterwards,
this information is transmitted via the wireless network to the user's phone, where it can be
displayed on the screen.
In addition, modern phones are equipped with browsers and applications that allow users
to access various online services, such as e-mail, social networks, video and audio streaming
services, and many others.
Figure 3. Steps for Internet connection on the smartphone
Source: Authors own research.
As presented in figure 3 above, the steps for connecting a smartphone to the Internet are:
1. Connecting to the wireless network: The phone connects to a wireless network through
a wireless communication technology, such as 4G, 5G or Wi-Fi. When the phone connects to a
network, it receives a unique IP address, which allows its identification in the network.
2. Signal transmission: When a user accesses the Internet on the phone, his signal is
transmitted through the wireless network to the base station. This signal is then transmitted to the
data center of the service provider, where it is processed.
3. Information routing: The data center of the service provider works as a router, which
determines the optimal path through the Internet to deliver the requested information to the user.
4. Data transfer: The information requested by the user is transferred via the Internet to the
data center of the service provider, which returns them via the wireless network to the phone.
5. Information decoding: The returned information is decoded by the phone, so that it can
be displayed on the screen.
6. Communication with web servers: When a user accesses a web page or an application,
his phone sends a request to the respective web server or application. The web server or application
returns the requested information via the Internet.
This is a more detailed process that describes how the Internet can be accessed through a
mobile phone. It is important to emphasize that this process takes place in milliseconds, so that the
user can access the desired information without significant delay.
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Conclusion
The development of wireless communication technologies has transformed the way we
communicate and access information. From the radio to cellular networks, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth,
these technologies have made it possible to communicate and access information from almost
anywhere in the world. As these technologies continue to evolve, we can expect even more
advances in wireless connectivity and communication in the years to come.
Watching the evolution from analog phones to the current era of 5G networks, cellular
technology has continued to evolve and push the boundaries of what is possible. With each new
generation of technology, we have seen faster data speeds, clearer voice calls, and a more reliable
connection.
The impact of cellular technology on our daily lives cannot be overstated. It has transformed
the way we work, learn, and socialize, allowing us to stay connected with people and information
from anywhere in the world. The future of cellular technology promises even more exciting
advancements, as we continue to explore the possibilities of 5G and beyond.
All in all, the development of cellular technology has been a remarkable journey, and we
can only imagine what the future holds. However, one thing is certain: cellular technology will
continue to play a critical role in shaping our world and the way we interact with it.
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