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Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana
State University State University
Volume 1 Number 92 Article 1
2023
History, Annotated Gazetteer, and Bibliography of Sarawak History, Annotated Gazetteer, and Bibliography of Sarawak
Ornithology Ornithology
Frederick H. Sheldon
Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University
Dency F. Gawain
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Daisy G. S. Kho
Rosalina Regai
Sarawak Forestry Corporation
Subir B. Shakya
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
See next page for additional authors
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/opmns
Part of the Genetics and Genomics Commons, and the Population Biology Commons
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation
Sheldon, Frederick H.; Gawain, Dency F.; Kho, Daisy G. S.; Regai, Rosalina; Shakya, Subir B.; and Yeap, Chin
Aik (2023) "History, Annotated Gazetteer, and Bibliography of Sarawak Ornithology,"
Occasional Papers of
the Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University
: No. 92 , Article 1.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/opmns/vol1/iss92/1
History, Annotated Gazetteer, and Bibliography of Sarawak Ornithology History, Annotated Gazetteer, and Bibliography of Sarawak Ornithology
Authors Authors
Frederick H. Sheldon, Dency F. Gawain, Daisy G. S. Kho, Rosalina Regai, Subir B. Shakya, and Chin Aik
Yeap
This article is available in Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University:
https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/opmns/vol1/iss92/1
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCE
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY
BATON ROUGE, LA
HISTORY, ANNOTATED GAZETTEER, AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SARAWAK ORNITHOLOGY
Frederick H. Sheldon,1 Dency F. Gawin,2 Daisy G. S. Kho,3 Roslina Ragai,4 Subir B. Shakya,5 and Yeap
Chin Aik6
1Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
2Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan,
Sarawak, Malaysia
321 Jalan Pengiran Matusin, 97000 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
4Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Kota Sentosa, 93250 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
5Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
6277 Jalan Kajang Jaya 6, Taman Kajang Jaya, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
Correspondence:
Frederick H. Sheldon: Email: fsheld@lsu.edu
Number 922023 ISSN 2474-8935
INTRODUCTION
The Malaysian state of Sarawak in northwestern Borneo has
been an important center of bird study for 175 years. Much of
its ornithology was captured in the four editions of Bertram
Smythies’ landmark book, The Birds of Borneo (1960, 1968,
1981, 1999), and Mann’s (2008) checklist. In recent years,
however, research on birds in Sarawak has exploded, and
undoubtedly it will continue to grow apace for years to come.
Given this level of interest, we decided to compile a gazetteer
of bird fieldwork in the state. It includes the location of as
many sites as we could find where birds have been collected,
studied, or regularly observed, and it lists publications,
reports, and museum collections related to those sites.
The purpose of the gazetteer is to help ornithologists plan
research on birds and to help museum curators geolocate
specimens. To set the stage for the gazetteer (and to include
references in the bibliography that are not site-specific), we
begin by describing the factors that helped shape ornithology
in Sarawak, including geography, history, the swiftlet nest
trade, conservation, and methods of scientific inquiry.
Geography and ornithology
Sarawak is Malaysia’s largest state (124,450 km2, about the
size of Java) and can be divided into six topographical zones:
coastal mangrove and nipa mudflats (c. 1.4%); peat swamp (c.
12%); and recent marine beach deposits and alluvium, recent
riverine alluvium, rolling and moderately steep low hills
(slope of 15-30 degrees), and steep hilly and mountainous
country with slopes of more than 30 degrees (c. 70%) (Scott
1989:810). Sarawak also has several geographic features
that have particularly influenced the study of its birds. Rivers:
Rivers traditionally supplied access to the interior of Sarawak
and, thus, served as the main conduits for exploration and
discovery in the early years (Low 1848, St. John 1862, Crocker
1881, Hose 1893a). The longest of Sarawak’s many rivers is the
Rajang, c. 350 km. Mountains: The wide lowlands and hills of
Sarawak were the first areas to be explored by ornithologists
but, with respect to discovery, birds in these areas were much
the same as those already known from elsewhere in Borneo.
Not until ornithologists reached Sarawak’s high mountains in
the northeast, e.g., Dulit, Mulu, and Murud (Sarawak’s highest
mountain at 2024 m), did they find new species and realize the
true extent of Sarawak’s bird diversity (Hose 1893a, Mjöberg
1925). Shoreline: Sarawak’s long, north-facing shoreline is a
key stopping place for migrating shore and water birds. Early
on, ornithologists working from Kuching collected regularly
in the Santubong-Buntal area, but not until the 1980s did
ornithologists and conservationists start focusing intensively
on habitats and the distribution of migrants along Sarawak’s
long shoreline (e.g., Parish 1987, Bakewell et al. 2017, Teepol
et al. 2021, Yong et al. 2022). Limestone: Sarawak is rich in
limestone outcrops, with more than 250 limestone hills, half
of which are located in Bau and Serian districts (Marzuki et al.
2021). Other outcrops occur in the Mulu-Buda area, middle
Baram River, Batu Tuju-Batu Siman area, Niah National Park,
Ulu Kakus, Bukit Sarang, and Klingkang Range. Many of these
outcrops are nesting sites for edible-nest swiftlets, which are
the source of Sarawak’s long-standing swiftlet-nest industry
(Lim and Cranbrook 2002, 2014). Because of the number
of caves and importance of the nest industry, literature on
Sarawak’s swiftlets is far more extensive than that of any
other group of birds.
History of ornithology
Several authors have reviewed the history and progress of
Sarawak ornithology. Foremost among these was Smythies,
who supplied a “History of Borneo Ornithology” in three
editions of his book (1960, 1968, 1999). Others who have
described the history of fieldwork in Borneo include Das
(2004), who — though focused on herpetology — provided
many details about early collectors working on birds. Tom
Harrisson, first curator of the Sarawak Museum after World
War II, produced a variety of articles updating the public on
progress in ornithology during his tenure (e.g., Harrisson
1956, 1959a). Thereafter, several authors described Tom
Harrisson’s role in Bornean ornithology and the origins of
Smythies’ The Birds of Borneo (Hughes 1958, Banks 1961,
Medway 1976, Cranbrook 1981, Sreedharan 1996, Davison
1999c, Heimann 1999, Sheldon et al. 2013). Since the last
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 2
ABSTRACT
Sarawak is Malaysia’s largest state, covering most of northern Borneo. It has a remarkable history of scientific bird study,
starting in the 1840s and growing ever since. To set the stage for the gazetteer, which is the core of this paper, we start
with a review of this history and discuss various forces that have influenced the direction of bird research in the state.
Following this introduction comes the gazetteer, which is an annotated list of c. 865 sites in Sarawak where birds have been
collected, studied, or regularly observed. The gazetteer provides the latitude, longitude, and elevation of each site, and it lists
publications, reports, and museum collections associated with each site. The purpose of the gazetteer is to help interested
parties locate sites and investigate their research history. It is also intended to help museum curators geolocate specimens
for various kinds of studies, including the assessment of bird distributions in relation to habitat change over time. A notable
byproduct of the historical review and gazetteer is a bibliography of c. 750 references related to Sarawak ornithology. Another
is the identification of areas in Sarawak where birds are better known and areas where they are not.
KEY WORDS: Bird, Borneo, Collection, Conservation, Expedition, Museum
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 3
Figure 1: Map of Sarawak (Department of Survey and Mapping, Malaysia, 2017).
edition of Smythies (1999), considerable attention has been
focused on Sarawak’s most famous natural history explorer,
Alfred Russel Wallace (Cranbrook et al. 2005, Tuen and Das
2005, Collar and Prys-Jones 2013, Cranbrook and Mann
2016), but little has been written about other aspects of the
history of Sarawak ornithology. One exception is Davison
(2022), who took a retrospective view of the previous 60 years
-- i.e., since Smythies’ first edition -- describing changes in
“perceptions and attitudes toward birds in Borneo,” including
scientific, cultural, economic, environmental, and political.
Sarawak holds a key position in the development of Bornean
ornithology largely because of Smythies’ (1960) book, which
was written in Kuching and emphasized the birds of Sarawak.
The scientific study of Sarawak’s birds, however, started
nearly 120 years earlier, towards the beginning of the reign of
Rajah James Brooke (1841-1868). From 1845-1848, Hugh Low
collected the first bird specimens from Sarawak (Moulton
1914a, Smythies 1999) and published Borneo’s first list of
birds as an appendix to his book about Sarawak geography
and people (Low 1848). Tommaso Salvadori (1874) produced
a formal catalog of Bornean birds, which included, among
other records, specimens collected in Sarawak by Giacomo
Doria and Odoardo Beccari from 1865-1868 (Beccari 1904,
Poggi 2020). Early fieldwork in Sarawak was conducted
mainly in easily and safely accessed sites, including those
near Kuching, in the mining region of Bau, along western
rivers (e.g., Samarahan, Sadong, Lupar, and lower Rajang),
and on the coast up to Bintulu (e.g., Wallace 1869, Beccari
1904). Alfred H. Everett was an especially important collector
during this period (Walden 1872, Sharpe 1876, 1877b, Everett
1889).
Toward the end of the 19th century, collectors also reached
Mt. Penrissen in western Sarawak and Mts. Dulit, Mulu, Batu
Song, and Kalulong in eastern Sarawak. On these mountains
they discovered species previously known only from the
mountains of Sabah, as well as three new Bornean endemics:
Dulit Partridge, Hose’s Broadbill, and Black Oriole. During this
time period, Charles Hose was the most important collector
(Hose 1893a, 1927, 1929). As a government employee from
1884-1907, who spent most of his time in the Baram region,
he not only was the first bird collector to explore Sarawak’s
eastern mountains, but he also contributed to Sarawak’s
ornithology by facilitating the work of other collectors in the
region (e.g., Harrisson 1933, Katz 1988, Smythies 1999).
With the founding of the Sarawak Museum in 1888,
knowledge about the distribution of Bornean birds increased
substantially. At that time, the Sarawak Gazette served as
the main local outlet for ornithological information (Cotter
1966). Edward Bartlett, Curator of the Sarawak Museum
from 1893-1897, published a series of notes on birds in the
Gazette in 1895 and 1896. These were then compiled into
a book (Bartlett 1896b). (For completeness, all of Bartlett’s
Gazette articles are listed in the References section, but
for simplicity only his book is cited in the gazetteer.) J.C.
Moulton, curator of the Sarawak Museum from 1909-1915,
also published in the Sarawak Gazette and compiled a book
based on those articles (Moulton 1915b). Moulton’s most
substantial contributions, however, were a description of bird
specimens in the Sarawak Museum (Moulton 1914b) and an
updated Bornean bird list with a thorough set of citations
(Moulton 1914c). Also, in 1911, Moulton founded the Sarawak
Museum Journal. From 1922-1924, E.P. Mjöberg, a Swedish
zoologist and ethnographer, was curator of the Sarawak
Museum. During his short tenure, he explored Mts. Murud,
Dulit, and Pueh, and subsequently Batu Tibang (Mjöberg
1923, 1925, 1926, Smythies 1960). European naturalists
working in Sarawak in those early years also produced a
steady stream of books about their experiences (Low 1848,
St. John 1862, Wallace 1869, Shelford 1916, Hose 1926, 1927,
1929, Mjöberg 1930). These books, though illuminating the
state of scientific and geographic knowledge in the 19th and
early 20th centuries, did not impart much specific information
about birds.
In the 1930s until World War II, research on birds took a
more modern turn. From June 1932 – January 1933, Oxford
University conducted a major expedition to Mt. Dulit, and it
also sent researchers to Mts. Mulu, Kalulong, and Batu Song.
This expedition yielded a tremendous amount of zoological,
botanical, and geographic information (Harrisson 1933,
1955c, Harrisson et al. 1938, Richards 1936, 1952, Ford et al.
1938, Banks 1949b, Shackleton 1938, 1966). Edward Banks, as
curator of the Sarawak Museum prior to the War, participated
in the Oxford expedition. He also wrote extensively about
Bornean bird distribution and biogeography (e.g., Banks
1933a, 1935b, 1937a,b, 1950) and a memoir of his experiences
in Sarawak (Banks 1949a).
After the War, Tom Harrisson took over as curator of the
Sarawak Museum. This started a rich 20-year period of
ornithology in Sarawak: dozens of bird papers were published
in the Sarawak Museum Journal and other journals; Oxford
University conducted a major expedition to the Usun Apau
Plateau (Arnold 1957); Smythies produced his checklist
(1957a) and book (1960); Lord Medway (later to become the
Earl of Cranbrook) joined the Sarawak Museum sta to start
his long, productive career in Malaysia; and Michael Fogden
initiated bird ringing and undertook his ground-breaking
ecological studies (Fogden 1970, 1972, 1976, McClure and
Leelavit 1972).
From the 1970s-1990s, the pace of bird research in Sarawak
slowed, but there were definite high points. From June
1977 – September 1978, the Royal Geographical Society
led an expedition to Mount Mulu National Park (Hanbury-
Tenison and Jermy 1979, Hanbury-Tenison 1980, Anderson
et al. 1982, Jermy and Kavanagh 1982), and this expedition
featured a substantial ornithological component. In the 1980s,
conservation-oriented NGOs started to conduct surveys of
birds and habitats, usually working in partnership with the
Sarawak Forest Department’s National Parks and Wildlife
Oce (NPWO). These NGOs included INTERWADER and its
later incarnation the Asian Wetland Bureau, the Malaysian
Nature Society (MNS), the Wildlife Conservation Society
(WCS), and World Wide Fund for Nature Malaysia (WWFM)
(e.g., Kavanagh 1981, 1982, Edwards et al. 1986a,b, Howes
and NPWO 1986a,b, Bennett 1986, 1989, Parish 1987).
In 1992, basic scientific research in Sarawak received a
major boost with the establishment of the Universiti Malaysia
Sarawak (UNIMAS). At first, bird research at UNIMAS moved
slowly, but in the last two decades dozens of publications
and theses have been produced by its faculty and students.
Other advances in the 1990s included the establishment of
the Sarawak Forestry Corporation and Sarawak Biodiversity
Centre and implementation of conservation programs by the
Japanese-based NGO, ITTO (International Tropical Timber
Organization). These organizations promoted conservation
and research at key locations, such as Lanjak-Entimau
Wildlife Sanctuary and Batang Ai National Park (Grubh
1994, ITTO 1996, 1999, Meredith 1993, 1995). Combined
government, NGO, and UNIMAS eorts inspired a series
of conferences and publications highlighting advances in
Sarawak natural history (e.g., Sebastian 2000, Tuen and Das
2005, Hon et al. 2007, Das and Tuen 2016). Also starting
in the 1990s, bird research was boosted by the ecotourism
boom and its associated bird literature (MacKinnon and
Phillipps 1993, 1999, Pope 1994, Myers 2009, Phillipps and
Phillipps 2009, 2011, 2014, Orenstein et al. 2010, Eaton et al.
2016, 2021, Sivadasan 2017, Wong 2018, Puan et al. 2020).
Another factor promoting natural history research has
been the interest of plantation developers and foresters to
promote wildlife diversity by establishing High Conservation
Value (HCV) holdings (e.g., Stuebing 2007, Stuebing 2015,
Hon et al. 2020, Styring et al. 2022). Finally, public access
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 4
to natural history information in Sarawak has been advanced
by the rapid publication of informative and attractive books
by UNIMAS and Natural History Publications (Borneo) (e.g.,
Rahman et al. 2015b, Mohd-Azlan et al. 2020).
Specimen collecting
Sarawak has experienced three basic periods during which
bird specimens have been collected for scientific purposes.
The first — in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries―was
a long era of exploration, when ornithology consisted mainly
of collecting specimens to determine bird distributions and
discover new taxa (species and subspecies) and, in some
cases, provide income for the collectors. Most of these
early specimens went to the British Museum (now called
the Natural History Museum, UK), the Sarawak Museum,
the Raes Museum collection (now at the Lee Kong Chian
Natural History Museum, Singapore), and private collections,
e.g., that of Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild (Stresemann 1975).
New taxa described on the basis of these early collections
were thoroughly summarized by Chasen (1935c). Nowadays,
almost all specimens once held in private collections have
been moved to public and governmental museums. As a
result, many of Sarawak’s early specimens, especially those
collected by Wallace, Everett, and Hose, are scattered widely
among museums around the world.
The second period of collecting in Sarawak occurred after
World War II, during the reign of Tom Harrisson as curator of
the Sarawak Museum, 1947-1966 (Heimann 1999). Harrisson
wanted to improve Bornean bird taxonomy and classification
in preparation for Smythies’ checklist (1957a) and book (1960).
Thus, from 1951-1954, with funding from Loke Wan Tho — the
airline magnate, amateur ornithologist, bird photographer,
and natural history philanthropist — the Sarawak Museum
collected and sent a large number of specimens (called the
“Loke/Harrisson Collection”) to Yale University’s Peabody
Museum, where S. Dillon Ripley was curator (e.g., Ripley
1942). James Bangga, whose name features prominently in
the gazetteer, was appointed senior collector and directed
the training and fieldwork associated with this enterprise
(Medway 1976). Harrisson also sent specimens to the
American Museum of Natural History and the U.S. National
Museum for study by Dean Amadon and Herbert Deignan,
respectively (e.g., Amadon and Harrisson 1956, Deignan
1957). The quality of Harrisson-era specimens was generally
better than those collected before the war, as their labels
contained more accurate localities and often information on
habitat, food, and other aspects of ecology.
After Harrisson left the Sarawak Museum, very little
collecting occurred in Sarawak until the 2000s, when the
need for specimens for molecular phylogenetic, population
genetic, and ecological studies became critical (Remsen
1995, Sheldon and Whittingham 1997, Rocha et al. 2014).
These third-era specimens are particularly valuable, as they
are usually accompanied by preserved tissues and blood,
stomach contents, endo- and ecto-parasites, photographs,
and extensive data (age, molt, fat, habitat, gonad, etc.). Most
of these modern specimens are located at UNIMAS, the
University of Kansas, Louisiana State University, University
of Washington, and the U.S. National Museum. Information
about them is available to the public via VertNet.org and
iDigBio.org.
Edible-nest swiftlets
For centuries, Sarawak has been a major center of trade in
edible-nests made by swiftlets, and over the last 90 years
a substantial literature has developed on all aspects of
swiftlet biology, culture, and economics. Studies pertaining
to swiftlets at particular localities are cited in the gazetteer,
but there are many non-site-specific publications about
swiftlets and their nests. Here are examples based largely on
work conducted in Sarawak: general information (Banks 1931,
Sims 1959, Medway 1960, Cranbrook and Lim 1999, Lim and
Cranbrook 2002, 2014); nesting (Banks 1933b, 1937c, Medway
1969, Leh 1993); nest collecting techniques (Medway 1957);
identification and taxonomy (Medway 1961, 1966, Sims 1961,
Cranbrook et al. 2013); feeding ecology (Fujita and Leh 2020,
Harrisson 1974); echo-location (Medway 1959, Harrisson
1966b); zooarchaeology (Stimpson 2013, 2016); molecular
genetic comparisons (Lim and Rahman 2005, Cranbrook
et al. 2013, Goh et al. 2018); artificial nest sites (Asma et al.
2022, Cranbrook et al. 2013), nutritional content of edible
nests (Quek et al. 2015), and allergens in edible swiftlet nests
(Goh et al. 2001).
In Sarawak, there are dozens if not hundreds of swiftlet
nesting sites. Many are in caves accessed (by birds and
people) through relatively small holes in limestone hills,
called lobang. Information on the location of many of these
nesting sites is dicult to obtain. Therefore, the gazetteer
only includes swiftlet nesting sites that have been identified
in published literature.
Bird Conservation
The earliest conservation concern with respect to Sarawak’s
birds was that uncontrolled collecting of edible swiftlet nests
might deplete populations (Banks 1933b, 1937c, Gausset
2004). Not surprisingly, hornbills have also been of interest
to conservationists for a long time because of their cultural
importance in Sarawak (Harrisson 1951a, 1960a). In the
1960s, Harrisson wrote the first article mentioning possible
over-hunting of hornbills (Harrisson 1965a), and that issue —
and hornbill conservation in general — have become more
pressing through time (Bennett et al. 1997, Yeap et al. 2016,
Anon 2017, Amin and Ripot 2018, Jain et al. 2019, Philovenny
and Mohd-Azlan 2021). Indeed, shooting Helmeted Hornbills
for their casques has reached a crisis stage, threatening the
survival of the species (Collar 2015, Beastall et al. 2016).
In the 1960s, conservationists also started to worry about the
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 5
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 6
Figure 2. Map of Totally Protected Areas (TPAs) in Sarawak (Sarawak Forestry Corporation, April 2023).
fate of Sarawak’s forests. A major conference in Bangkok
on “Conservation in South East Asia” notably emphasized
Sarawak (Anderson 1968a,b). At that time, only nine bird
species in Sarawak were fully protected (see also the “First
Schedule” in Chin 1971). Despite this relatively early start, not
until the 1980s did the rapid destruction of Sarawak’s forests
and the pace of coastal development generate serious
concern and consequent action, especially among NGOs,
about the future of all birds in the state (Malaysian Wetland
Working Group 1987, Parish 1987, Scott 1989, Bennett et al.
1996, Chin 2000, Sebastian 2000, Sreedharan 2004, 2006b,
2010, Lang et al. 2014, Davison 1999a). This action helped spur
the gazettement of an increasing number of Totally Protected
Areas (TPAs) by the Sarawak government (Madeline and
Rowina Ruth 2020). Unfortunately, despite these eorts, only
3% of Sarawak’s land area retains intact, protected forest
(Bryan et al. 2013). An especially important step in Sarawak
bird conservation occurred when the Malaysian Nature
Society designated Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)
in the state (Yeap et al. 2007). The designation of IBAs has
helped government ocials prioritize areas for particular
conservation attention.
In addition to hornbill hunting, the most serious current threat
to individual bird species, especially song bird species,
is the Southeast Asian cage-bird industry. Straw-headed
Bulbul, once among the most common birds in Sarawak (e.g.,
Smythies 1981), has been all but wiped-out in the state (Yong
et al. 2018, Chiok et al. 2019, Sheldon 2022a) and could be
the first modern bird species to become extinct in the wild on
Borneo. White-rumped Shama is also under serious pressure
from the pet trade (Leupen et al. 2018), but fortunately it is not
so easily extirpated as the bulbul (Sheldon 2022b). Finally,
there is the looming problem of climate change. Its most
immediate impact will likely be on montane bird populations,
which can go only so high — as rising temperatures push
montane forest uphill — before running out of space (Harris et
al. 2012, Burner et al. 2019). And, sea level rise will eventually
cause a whole new set of problems in Sarawak’s extensive,
flat, coastal areas.
The current state of bird research
Most bird research in Sarawak is aimed at understanding the
evolutionary forces that created its diverse forest populations
and the ecological forces that maintain that diversity.
Great strides have been made in determining the basic
biogeographic history of Sarawak’s birds. This progress is
based on the combined eorts of geologists, paleontologists,
botanists, and zoologists over many years and, most
recently, advances in genetics and habitat modeling. Genetic
comparisons provide sophisticated information on the history
of bird species and populations (e.g., Lim et al. 2011, Sheldon
et al. 2015, Sheldon 2016, Boyce et al. 2019), while habitat
modeling helps predict the occurrence of individual bird
species, both in the past and present (e.g., Lim et al. 2011,
2015, Puan et al. 2015). Together these methods provide
insight into how populations have moved and interacted over
time, given the complex climatic history of Borneo and recent
changes in forest extent and structure.
As with evolutionary studies, ecological studies have also
benefited from technological advances. The advent of
camera trapping in Sarawak (e.g., Mohd-Azlan and Lading
2006, Jailan et al. 2018) has allowed the detection of poorly
documented species, particularly ground birds, such as
Bulwer’s Pheasant and Bornean Ground-Cuckoo. Automated
sound-recording devices and voice-identification analysis
not only detect and identify bird species, respectively, but
also permit relatively easy study of their daily, monthly, and
yearly song activity (e.g., Styring et al. 2022). In addition
to technology, the creation of “natural experiments” in
areas where logged native forest is preserved to promote
biodiversity within or adjacent to plantations (Stuebing 2007)
enables study of the influence of plantations on forest bird
populations and vice versa (e.g., Sheldon and Styring 2011,
Styring et al. 2018, Amit et al. 2019).
Many other types of ecological studies have been conducted
in Sarawak and are cited in the gazetteer, but there is a long
way to go before we fully understand the forces that maintain
bird diversity in Sarawak’s forests. Most studies to date have
tried to determine what birds do by applying indirect, rapid
analytical methods that take advantage of technology and
modeling (e.g., Styring et al. 2011, Mohd-Azlan et al. 2022).
Such methods are necessitated by the diculty and time
required to observe the activity of individual bird species. But,
if ecology is to inform wildlife managers about maintaining
bird diversity, we need to know the direct relationship
between forest-disturbance and bird-disturbance. The fact
is, unfortunately, that we know very little about what most
forest birds in Borneo actually do; we know almost nothing
about their foraging, food, nesting, microhabitats, parasites,
predators, competition, and so on. The only moderately
well-known groups of Southeast Asian forest birds are
woodpeckers (e.g., Styring and Zakaria 2004, Lammertink
2004) and hornbills (e.g., Poonswad et al. 2013, Kaur 2020).
Although some researchers have started to examine some
other groups more closely (e.g., babblers; Mansor et al. 2015,
Styring et al. 2016), much work remains. On the positive side,
however, while this dearth of knowledge is frustrating when
it comes to understanding bird diversity, it is a goldmine
for students of ornithology; literally every species of bird in
Bornean forests merits more study.
Apart from general ecology, another area in need of study
is forest bird migration. Whereas the activities of migratory
shore and water birds are reasonably well known do to the
vigilance of coastal conservationists and birdwatchers and
the relative ease of observing these species (e.g., Bakewell
et al. 2017, Teepol et al. 2021), the movement and other
activities of forest migrants is poorly understood (Davison
1999b). Judging from the few references on the subject
(e.g., Harrisson 1960a,b, Smythies 1963:appendix c, Fogden
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 7
1965a, Wells 1985, 1990) almost nothing has been published
in the last 25 years on this subject, except a few site-lists that
happen to contain migratory species.
GAZETTEER
The gazetteer consists of an annotated list of sites organized
alphabetically. The best way to find a specific location,
however, is by using a search function, as sites may be listed
under dierent headings, spellings, and contexts (e.g., Sungai
Baram, “Barram,” Baram District, Kuala Baram, Middle Baram,
Ulu Baram).
A typical entry has (in this order) the site name, synonyms,
latitude, longitude, elevation above sea level, a list of
museums with specimens from the site, a list of specimen
collectors, and a list of references about the site and its birds.
An entry may also include remarks about habitat, history,
and other characteristics. If no latitude and longitude are
included with a site, we could not locate the position of that
site but its name appears on specimens or in the literature.
Some especially important sites (e.g., Gunung Mulu National
Park) are provided with an “overview” entry consisting of
general information. Locations within that site are entered
alphabetically elsewhere in the gazetteer (e.g., Deer Cave,
Gunung Mulu National Park).
Sites included in the gazetteer
Sites listed in the gazetteer were gleaned from the literature
and museum-specimen data (see below). We determined the
latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of each site
with the help of Google Earth Pro, the gazetteers of Mohizah
et al. (2006) and BirdLife International (2001), old maps
(e.g., from Hose 1893a, Moulton 1912, themaphouse.com,
digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl), personal experience,
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 8
Division District (old division) Subdistrict
Kuching Kuching (Kuching Division/1st Division) Padawan
Lundu (Kuching Division /1st Division) Sematan
Bau (Kuching Division/1st Division)
Samarahan Samarahan (Kota Samarahan Division/9th Division)
Asajaya (Kota Samarahan Division/9th Division)
Simunjan (Kota Samarahan Division/9th Division) Sebuyau
Serian (Kota Samarahan Division/9th Division) Tebedu
Sri Aman Sri Aman (Sri Aman Division/2nd Division) Lingga, Pantu
Lubok Antu (Sri Aman Division/2nd Division) Engkilili
Betong Betong (Sri Aman Division/2nd Division) Pusa, Spaoh, Debak, Maludam
Saratok (Sri Aman Division/2nd Division) Roban, Kabong, Budu
Sarikei Sarikei (Sarikei Division/6th Division)
Meradong (Sarikei Division/6th Division)
Julau (Sarikei Division/6th Division)
Pakan (Sarikei Division/6th Division)
Sibu Sibu (Sibu Division/3rd Division)
Kanowit (Sibu Division/3rd Division)
Selangau (Sibu Division/3rd Division)
Mukah Mukah (Sibu Division/3rd Division) Balingian
Dalat (Sibu Division/3rd Division) Oya
Daro (Sibu Division/3rd Division) Belawai
Matu (Sibu Division/3rd Division) Igan
Miri Miri (Miri Division/4th Division) Sibuti, Niah-Suai,
Marudi (Miri Division/4th Division) Beluru, Long Lama
Bintulu Bintulu (Bintulu Division/8th Division) Sebauh
Tatau (Bintulu Division/8th Division)
Limbang Limbang (Limbang Division/5th Division) Nanga Medamit
Lawas (Limbang Division/5th Division) Sundar, Trusan
Kapit Kapit (Kapit Division/7th Division) Nanga Merit
Song (Kapit Division/7th Division)
Belaga (Kapit Division/7th Division)
Table 1. Current administrative divisions, districts, and subdistricts in Sarawak arranged west to east, effective from
2003 (Mohizah et al. 2006).
and (in more dicult cases) educated guesses. All latitude
and longitude values are approximations, but should be
close enough to guide researchers and visitors eectively.
The coordinates and elevations of major mountain peaks
(and many minor peaks) have been double checked with
Peakvisor.com and should be accurate. Synonyms of site
names are included so that workers encountering alternative
spellings can find sites in the gazetteer. Variations in site
names were often caused by mis-transcription of specimen
labels or field notes, e.g., “Kucking” for “Kuching” (Sharpe
1876) and “Busan” for “Busau” (Moulton 1914a). Odd spellings
were also caused by a lack of formalized names in older
times and consequent phonetic guesses by explorers, e.g.,
“Long Akar” for Long Akah (Hose 1893a).
Usually in the gazetteer, site names are not translated into
English. This simplifies reference to many places where
geographic descriptors are fundamental to proper names. For
example, because of the historic importance of river travel in
Sarawak, many names contain the terms kuala, muara, long,
and nanga, all of which refer to river junctions, mouths, or
estuaries. Thus, we retain these terms and do not abbreviate
them in the gazetteer (e.g., Muara Tebas, Long Akah, and
Nanga Joh). To help researchers unfamiliar with Sarawak
terms, we translate commonly used words in Table 2.
References included in the bibliography
References are limited to publications and formal government
and NGO reports. We located them by searching through
books on Bornean birds (Smythies 1960, 1968, 1981, 1999,
MacKinnon and Phillipps 1993, 1999, Mann 2008, Myers
2009, Phillipps and Phillipps 2009, 2011, 2014, Eaton et al.
2016, 2021, Puan et al. 2020), in bibliographies (Cotter 1966,
Wells 1972, Loh 1980, Rousseau 1988, Ping 1990), via Google,
and in journals specializing in Malaysian or Bornean natural
history (e.g., the Sarawak Museum Journal, Malayan Nature
Journal, and Suara Enggang).
Although references that accompany sites in the gazetteer
have been exhaustively compiled, inevitably some are
missing, especially unpublished government and NGO
reports. Also, we usually do not cite Smythies’ checklist
(1957a) and book (1960, 1968, 1981, 1999) or Mann’s checklist
(2008) in the gazetteer because to be readily useful such
citations need to be accompanied by page numbers or
bird species, and that proved too dicult for this project.
Instead, like those authors, we rely on original literature and
specimen data. Researchers interested in the distribution of
individual bird species in Sarawak should consult Smythies
and Mann, BirdLife International (2001), and internet sources
like birdsoftheworld.com.
Museum data
The lists of museums and collectors accompanying each site
in the gazetteer have not been exhaustively researched. We
include this information mainly for historical context. Two of
the most important collections of Sarawak birds are at the
Sarawak Museum and the Natural History Museum, UK.
Unfortunately, these two museums do not have specimen
databases, which are necessary to assess specimen holdings
in a reasonable amount of time. Thus, we do not include
these two museums in the gazetteer unless their specimens
are mentioned in the literature or are otherwise evident. For
example, Yale Peabody Museum and the Sarawak Museum
shared specimens from the Loke-Harrisson collection in the
early 1950s (Medway 1976). Thus, if Yale has specimens from
a site, the Sarawak Museum likely does as well. Also, Oxford
University donated the specimens from its two major Sarawak
Ba (=Bah, B’): Ricefield (Lun Bawang) Kerangas: Heath/sandy soil forest
Bahagian: Division or area Kuala: Rivermouth
Banjaran: Mountain range Loagan: Oxbow or seasonal lake (Berawan)
Batang: Large river Lobang (=Lubang): Hole leading to a larger cave
Batu: Rock (or stone mileage marker) Long: Rivermouth (Kayan/Kenyah)
Besar: Large Muara: Estuary
Bukit: Hill Nanga: Longhouse, often at a rivermouth (Iban)
Bung: Hilltop (Bidayuh) Pa (=P’): Stream and its catchment area (Kelabit)
Burung (=Burong): Bird Padang: Field
Danau: Lake Pangkalan (=Pengkalan): Landing place
Giam (=Giram): River rapids (Bidayuh) Pulau (=Pulo): Island
Gua: Cave Rumah: House, often a longhouse in Sarawak
Gunung (=Gunong): Mountain Sungai (=Sungei): River
Jalan: Road Taman: Park
Jambatan: Bridge Telok (=Teluk): Bay or gulf
Kampung (=Kampong): Village Tanjung (Tanjong): Promontory or peninsula
Kecil (=Kechil, Ketchil): Small Ulu: Headwaters of a river
Table 2. English translation of common Sarawak terms appearing in the gazetteer. Most are from the Malay lan-
guage; other language sources are noted in parentheses.
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 9
expeditions (1932 and 1955) to the Natural History Museum,
UK. Thus, that museum is listed as having specimens from
Oxford’s collecting sites. One further note, the collaboration
among UNIMAS, the University of Kansas, and Louisiana State
University has been thoroughly documented by Sheldon et
al. (2019) and, thus, lists of personnel are not repeated here.
Abbreviations
AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY,
USA
ANSP: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
AWC: Asian Waterbird Census
BCL: Borneo Company, Ltd.
Bk: Bukit (hill)
DMNH: Delaware Museum of Natural History, Wilmington,
DE, USA
DWNP: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kuala
Lumpur
FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
FMU: Forestry Management Unit
Gn: Gunung (mountain)
HCV: High Conservation Value
IBA: Important Bird & Biodiversity Area
Kg: Kampung (village)
KU: Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS,
USA
LSU: Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science,
Baton Rouge, LA, USA
MCSNG: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria,
Genoa, Italy
MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 10
Figure 3. Heat map of the c. 865 localities in the gazetteer. Each square represents 1/10 degree latitude x longi-
tude, and the color reects the number of distinct research sites in each square. Note that square color does not
indicate the intensity or quality of work at individual sites. For example, although a great deal of research has
been conducted in Niah National Park, it is a relatively small area represented by only a few distinct sites. Thus, it
is green on the map, rather than yellow or red. Overall, the map indicates areas in Sarawak where most research
has been conducted, i.e., near Kuching and Bau, along the coast and rivers, in some parks, and in the Kelabit
Highlands. The map also indicates areas that have not received much attention, e.g., the highlands of Belaga
and Kapit.
Cambridge, MA, USA
MJC: The Batu Kawa section of Kuching recently developed
by the Mudajaya Corporation
MNHN: Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
MNS: Malaysian Nature Society
MNS-BCC: Malaysian Nature Society – Bird Conservation
Committee
NHMUK: Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
NMB: Naturhistorisches Museum Braunschweig,
Braunschweig, Germany
NMS: Natural History Museum Stockholm (Naturhistoriska
riksmuseet Stockholm), Sweden
NPWO: National Parks and Wildlife Oce of the Sarawak
Forest Department
OUMNH: Oxford University Museum of Natural History,
Oxford, UK
RMC: Raes Museum Collection at Lee Kong Chian Natural
History Museum, Singapore
RMNH: Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Rijksmuseum van
Natuurlijke Historie), Leiden, Netherlands
ROM: Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
RSNB: Institute Royal des Sciences Naturels, Bruxelles,
Belgium
Sg: Sungai (river)
SL: Sea level
SMK: Sarawak Museum, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
SMKK: Sabah Museum, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
SMTD: Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany
SNMS: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart,
Germany
UCMZ: University of Cambridge Museum of Zoology,
Cambridge, UK
UF: University of Florida Museum of Natural History,
Gainesville, FL, USA
UNIMAS: Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan,
Sarawak, Malaysia
USNM: United States National Museum (Smithsonian),
Washington, DC, USA
UWBU: University of Washington Burke Museum, Seattle,
WA, USA
WIAP: Wetlands International – Asia Pacific
YPM: Yale University Peabody Museum, New Haven, CT, USA
ZMB: Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, Germany
Sites
Anap Sustainable Development Unit (=ASDU): 2.5 112.8333
100-300 m. References: Hon et al. (2020), Samejima and
Hon (2020). Remarks: A managed forest area encompassing
the Anap-Muput Forest Management Unit (AMFMU), related
to Sg. Anap. YPM has a specimen collected at “ANAP HQ” by
Smythies in 1949. This was long before ASDU and perhaps
came from Long Anap on Sg. Baram (3.062 114.820 130 m).
Ansok (=Lake Ansok, Long Ansok, Loagan Ansok, Logan
Ansok, Loaga Ansok): 4.228 114.279 5 m. References: Hose
(1893b:420). Remarks: Hose found Black-crowned Night
Herons breeding here, but Smythies (1957a) could not locate
this site. It is shown clearly on maps in Hose (1893a) and
Haddon (1901:295).
Arang Road, Kuching: 1.51 110.331 10 m. References: Yeap
(2002a).
Arent: Museums: NHMUK. Collectors: T. Harrisson.
References: Stresemann (1937). Remarks: This site relates
to a Bornean Frogmouth specimen. Stresemann (or perhaps
Harrisson before him) noted the locality with a question mark.
Arur Buluh Betung: 3.8353 115.5483 1100 m. References:
Sreedharan (2010).
Arur Tumuh: 3.7161 115.4536 1100 m. References: Sreedharan
(2010).
Asajaya: 1.54 110.52 SL. References: Gregory-Smith (1995,
1999), MNS-BCC (2001a), Wei et al. (2006), Yeap et al. (2007),
Bakewell et al. (2017), Rahman and Tuen (2020). Remarks:
The Asajaya coast is part of the Bako-Buntal Bay IBA.
Asal Longhouse, Bario (=Asel): 3.7500 115.4500 1050 m.
Museums: UWBM. Collectors: L.K. Wang. References: Wang
(2004).
Astana Road, Kuching, Overview: Museums: SMK, YPM.
Collectors: Sliman, Junaidi, A. Abon, Lemin, Kolang, L. Labang.
References: Harrisson (1951b). Remarks: SMJ collected many
Loke/Harrisson specimens along this road during 1951-1952.
Astana Road Mile 2: 1.57 110.33 5 m. Museums: SMK, YPM.
Astana Road Mile 3: 1.58 110.346 10 m. Museums: SMK, YPM.
Astana Road Mile 4: 1.57 110.35 20 m. Museums: SMK, YPM.
Astana Road Mile 6: Museums: SMK, YPM.
Ba’Buboi (=Ba’ Buboi): 3.1772 115.0403 220 m. References:
Chin (2000, 2002). Remarks: This is a Penan village, which
served as a center for Chin’s study.
B’akelalan-Bario Road: 3.9410 115.5830 1600 m. References:
Yeo and Yong (2021). Remarks: Forested mountains.
Ba Kelalan (=Bah Kalalan, Ba’kelalan, Ba’ Kelalan, B’akelalan,
Bakelalan): 4.0000 115.6230 920 m. References: Harrisson
(1949a:134, 1955a), Morrisson (1950), Shanahan et al. (2000),
Moyle et al. (2005), Orenstein et al. (2010), MNS-BCC (2011a),
Low et al. (2014).
Bako-Buntal Bay, Overview (=Bako Bay, Buntal Bay; includes
Kampung Buntal and the coast of Bako National Park): 1.6950
110.4180 SL. Museums: MCSNG, SMK, RMC, YPM. Collectors:
O. Beccari, E. Bartlett, A. Abon, Junaidi, Nyandoh, Gaing,
Padan, Kebing, S. Slamgah, J. Bangga. References: Everett
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 11
Yeap (2001b, 2002b, 2003), Wilson (2002), Sebastian (2003,
2004a), Yeap et al. (2003, 2007), Mizutani et al. (2006a,
2007), Wei et al. (2006, 2009), Bakewell and Cheung (2009),
Cheung (2009, 2010), Orenstein et al. (2010), Bakewell et al.
(2017), Margaret (2017), Teepol et al. (2021). Remarks: Bako-
Buntal Bay is an IBA. It stretches along the coast from the
Santubong peninsula eastward to Kuala Samarahan.
Bako National Park, Overview: 1.7160 110.4440 SL. Museums:
NHMUK, UWBM. Collectors: L.K. Wang. References: Anon
(1958), Fogden (1965b, 1966b), Croxall (1969), McCormick
(1976), Thiollay (1983), Radclie and Tyler (1984), Edwards and
Polshek (1987), Sreedharan (1987), Good (1988), Pope (1994),
Witt and Sheldon (1994b), Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997b,d),
MNS-BCC (2001c), Sebastian and Kong (2001a), Wilson
(2002), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Mizutani et al.
(2006a, 2007), Yeap et al. (2007), Zin et al. (2007), Phillipps
and Phillipps (2011), Muhamad Aidil et al. (2016), Zahidin et al.
(2016), Cros and Rheindt (2017), Philovenny et al. (2018), Aziz
and Laman (2020), Cros et al. (2020). Remarks: A 2727 ha
park and part of the Bako-Buntal Bay IBA.
Bako National Park, Site 1: 1.6760 110.4910 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: A mangrove roosting site.
Bako National Park, Site 2: 1.6659 110.4967 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: A small rock on mudflats.
Bako Road (=Jalan Bako): 1.587 110.410 5 m. References:
MNS-BCC (2002b).
Bako-Semera Coastline: References: Sebastian (2005).
Remarks: Sebastian surveyed from Bako National Park (1.7
110.5) to Kuala Semera (1.57 110.67).
Bakun Hydro-Electric Power Zone (HEP): 2.8333 109.5-
115.667 70 m. References: Tuen (2006), Dagang et al. (2017).
Bakun Islands National Park: 2.5200 113.8300 200-470 m.
Remarks: A park consisting of 5528 ha of islands in a huge
lake.
Balai Ringin: 1.0470 110.7490 15 m. References: Banks
(1935b).
**Baleh National Park (=Ulu Baleh, Baleh Headwaters IBA):
1.5700 114.3500 400 m. References: Yeap et al. (2007),
Mohd-Azlan et al. (2019a). Remarks: A 66,721 ha park and
Malaysian IBA.
Balingian (=Balingean, Balinean, Belingean, Belingau,
Belingeau, Balanian): 2.9291 112.5375 10 m. Museums:
AMNH, MCZ, MNS, RMC, SMK. Collectors: Mangga, C.B.
Kloss, W. Brooks, F. Adelborg. References: Moulton (1914a),
Rothschild (1917), Robinson and Kloss (1919), Gibson-Hill
(1949:158), Voous (1950a), Hill (1960), Sheldon (1987), Witt and
Sheldon (1994a), BirdLife International (2001), Gawin (2014),
Rheindt et al. (2022).
Bampfylde Road, Kuching: 1.5410 110.3500 20 m. References:
Gregory-Smith (1995).
Bangunan Sultan Iskandar, Kuching: 1.5332 110.3590 15 m.
References: MNS-BCC (2001a).
Ban Hock Wharf, Kuching: 1.5600 110.3410 3 m. References:
Harrisson (1967), Chin (1968), McClure and Leelavit (1972:338).
Remarks: A site on Sg. Sarawak in Kuching where swallows
and swifts were ringed by SMK in 1966-1968. The wharf has
since been removed.
Banjaran Derian (=Derian Range): 3.8780 115.2710 1740
m. Museums: SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References:
Moulton (1912, 1914a), Harrisson and Hartley (1934). Remarks:
This range is within modern-day Pulong Tau National Park.
See also Selinguid.
Banting (=Banting Lingga, Banteng, Bangkang): 1.2833
111.2000 5-55 m. Museums: MCMSG, YPM. Collectors: O.
Beccari and G. Doria, J. Gaun. References: St. John (1862),
Beccari (1904).
Baram District (=Sungai Baram, Batang Baram, Barram):
Museums: AMNH, ANSP, FMNH, RSNB, MCZ, MNHN, MNS,
NHMUK, RMC, RMNH, ROM, RSNB, SMK, SMTD, UCMZ, USNM.
Collectors: C. and E. Hose, A.H. Everett, W.H. Furness, J.C.
Moulton, Janitan, Gerard, E. P. Mjöberg. References: Everett
(1889), Meyer (1891), Sclater and Shelley (1891), Hose (1893a,b),
Sharpe (1892c, 1893a:part IV), Forbes and Robinson (1898),
Hartert (1902), Moulton (1914a, 1915), Williams (1914), Hartert
(1916), Chasen and Kloss (1929), Harrisson and Hartley (1934),
Banks (1935b), Stresemann (1938), Gibson-Hill (1949:160),
Voous (1950b, 1951), Harrisson (1957), Harrisson and Smythies
(1959), Duckett (1985), Katz (1988), Witt and Sheldon (1994a),
Gregory-Smith (1997b), Long and Collar (2002), Gawin (2014).
Fischer et al. (2017). Remarks: Baram district is not a modern
political unit. However, in the days of Charles Hose, it was.
The district covered the river and its tributaries, which were
administered by Hose as a government ocer in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries.
Barawak, Kuching: 1.5833 110.3333 10 m. Museums: YPM.
Bario and the Kelabit Highlands, Overview (=Bareo, Bairio,
Ba’rio, Ba Rio, Kelabit Uplands, Kelabit Plateau, Kalabit, Plain
of Bah, Bar Plain): 3.7500 115.4500 1150 m. Museums: AMNH,
RMC, ROM, SMK, UWBM, YPM. Collectors: E.P. Mjöberg, T.
Harrisson, L.K. Wang. References: Moulton (1912), Mjöberg
(1925), Harrisson (1949a,b, 1950a,c, 1951c, 1957, 1959, 1960b,
1962b, 1964c), Voous (1950b, 1951, 1959), Amadon (1953,
1974), Amadon and Harrisson (1956), Anon (1958), Smythies
(1963), Fogden (1965a), Medway (1970), Sheldon (1985, 2022),
Sreedharan (1995), Morioka and Yang (1996), Gregory-Smith
(1996, 1998b, 1999), Ghazally (1998), Shanahan et al. (2000),
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 12
Wang (2004), Moyle et al. (2005), Yeap et al. (2007), MNS-
BCC (2009b), Abghani (2010), Yong and King (2010), Sheldon
et al. (2013, 2019), Boyce et al. (2019). Remarks: The Kelabit
Highlands is an IBA. It comprises a high elevation plateau (c.
1000-1100 m) surrounded by higher mountains. It is centered,
politically, at Bario.
Batang Ai National Park: 1.2400 111.9900 75-800 m.
References: NPWO (1984), Meredith (1993, 1995), Gregory-
Smith (1995, 1996, 1997b, 1999), ITTO (1999), Prayogo et al.
(1999), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Yeap et al.
(2007), Phillipps and Phillipps (2011), Akin (2017), Philovenny
et al. (2018), Shakya et al. (2019, 2020), Sheldon and Shakya
(2019). Remarks: A 24,040 ha park contiguous with Lanjak-
Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary. Together, the park and the
sanctuary constitute the Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary
IBA.
Baton, Belawai: 2.2947 111.1915 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017). Remarks: Features a stream running through a
sand flat.
Batu Buli National Park (includes Batu Buli Hill, Bukit Batu
Buli): 3.8111 115.4403 2040 m. Remarks: A 1128 ha park next
to Pulong Tau National Park.
Batu Bungan: 4.0530 114.8150 30 m. Remarks: Gunung Mulu
National Park airport and a Penan long house are located
here.
Batu Gading: 3.8000 114.4500 90 m. References: St. John
(1862), Hose (1893a). Remarks: A limestone outcrop in the
Baram district, now a quarry.
Batu Gong: 1.6477 112.2267 140 m. References: Tuen (2006).
Remarks: Riverine and primary forest.
Batu Iran National Park (includes Bukit Batu Iran): 3.8491
115.2840 1400-1979 m. Remarks: A 4953 ha park.
Batu Kawa (=MJC): 1.5167 110.3270 15 m. Museums: SMK,
YPM. Collectors: Dasar, Junaidi. References: Fogden (1965b),
Harrisson (1967), McClure and Leelavit (1972). Remarks: A
section of western Kuching where Stapok Road crosses Sg.
Sarawak. There was a hill and forest along Stephen Yong
Road at Batu Kawa (Bk. Stapok, Stapok Hill, Abg Cheng Ho
Quarry) where birds were commonly collected or ringed by
SMK sta (McClure and Leelavit 1972:338-340). The hill has
been completely leveled for construction material. More
recently, a new Kuching township (MJC) has been developed
in this area by the Mudajaya Corporation, and Batu Kawa is
now commonly called MJC. Birds are often watched in the
undeveloped land north of this area (see MJC Forest).
Batu Kitang: 1.4333 110.2667 60 m. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: Junaidi. Remarks: Previously a rocky (limestone?)
hill, now totally quarried.
Batu Laga National Park: 2.4500 113.9167 1128 m. References:
Yeap et al. (2007). Remarks: A 38,874 ha park and part of the
Hose-Laga IBA, adjacent to the northeastern side of Hose
Range. This park lies on the Batu Laga Plateau and is part
of the Sarawak Wildlife Corridors project (Brodie et al. 2015).
Batu Lang, Sungai Baram: Museums: NHMUK. Collectors:
C. Hose. References: Neumann (1908). Remarks: Neumann
described a Yellow-crowned Barbet subspecies from here.
Batu Lintang, Kuching: 1.5333 110.3333 10 m. Museums:
DMNH, RMC, RMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson,
Anis, A. Anyi, Ahjuon, Sliman, B.J.C. Spurway, Narawi,
Junaidi. References: Harrisson (1950c), Anon (1958), Voous
(1959), Fogden (1965a,b, 1966), Harrisson (1967), Morioka and
Yang (1996). Remarks: This is the location of an agricultural
research station and teacher training college, where migrants
were regularly recorded.
Batu Mandi: 1.7289 109.9386 SL. References: Anon (1958).
Remarks: An emergent rock and lighthouse with nesting
terns located c. 2.6 km N of Kuala Lundu.
Batu Niah (=Kampung Batu Niah): 3.7393 113.7894 10 m.
Museums: LSU. References: Duckett (1985, 1987), Lim et al.
(2014, 2017), Sheldon et al. (2019).
5 km south of Batu Niah: 3.7550 113.7690 20 m. Museums:
LSU. References: Sheldon et al. (2019). Remarks: Secondary
forest, river-edge bamboo.
Batu Niah Estate: 3.8000 113.7500 100 m. References:
Duckett (1985, 1987, 1990), Smythies (1999). Remarks: Barn
Owls were introduced into the plantation here (Smythies
1999).
Batu Patong (=Batu Paton): 3.5333 115.5500 1005 m.
Museums: AMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors: Kebing, Jala, T.
Harrisson. References: Amadon and Harrisson (1956).
Batu Siman (=Bukit Siman): 3.124 115.013 750 m. Remarks:
Along with Batu Tuju, a swiftlet nesting area.
Batu Song (=Bukit Batu Song, Gunung Batu Song, Gunung
Song, Batu Sang): 3.7317 114.8256 1161 m. Museums: AMNH,
ANSP, NHMUK, RMNH, SMK. Collectors: C. Hose, A.H.
Everett, Oxford University 1932. References: Hose (1983b,
1929), Moulton (1914a), Harrisson (1933), Banks (1937a,b),
Amadon and Harrisson (1956), Davison (1999d), Berryman
and Boakes (2023).
Batu Tuju: 3.03 114.95 750 m. Remarks: Along with Batu
Siman, a swiftlet nesting area.
Bau, Overview (=Bow, Ban): 1.41 110.15 15 m. Remarks: A major
area for 19th century collecting and modern-day research and
birdwatching. In the early Brooke era, mineral deposits near
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 13
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 14
Bau (e.g., gold and cinnabar), easily accessed via the west
branch of Sg. Sarawak, led to the development of mining
operations, which provided amenities for collectors.
Bau Lake (=Tasik Biru): 1.4140 110.1500 13 m. References:
Anon (1958).
Bau Limestone Area, Overview (=Bau Caves): 1.4100 110.1500
20-400 m. Museums: NHKUK, RMNH, SMK. References:
Wallace (1869), Williams (1914), Harrisson (1950a, 1958b,
1962b), Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996), MNS-BCC (2002b), Lee
(2004), Cranbrook (2004), Sim and Kong (2004), Rahman et
al. (2004), Yeap et al. (2007). Remarks: A Malaysian IBA (Yeap
et al. 2007), the Bau limestone hills make up a narrow band
starting at Bau and extending approximately 23 km to the
southwest, reaching the Kalimantan border. The limestone
also extends along a portion of the east branch of Sg. Sarawak
and southeast to the Sg. Kayan (=Ulu Sadong), upstream of
Tebakang. Isolated outcrops are also found at several points
along the Bau-Serian road. Lee (2004) includes a map of the
outcrops near Bau.
Bawang Takung (=Tekum, Takon): 3.667 114.75 1000-1433 m.
Museums: RMC, SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton, Jantan, Ketib.
Beach East of Mukah Town: 2.9150 112.1060 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Bejalong: 2.4333 112.6500 180 m. Museums: AMNH, NHMUK.
Collectors: Brook, H.C. Robinson. References: Stresemann
(1937).
Bekenu: 4.0583 113.8416 10 m. References: Harrisson (1963a).
Belaga (=Kuala Belaga, Balaga): 2.7000 113.7833 55 m.
Museums: SMK. References: Chasen and Kloss (1929),
Smythies (1957a), Gawin (2014). Remarks: Smythies’ reference
is in regard to Gray-headed Fish-Eagle.
Belansat (=Belangsat, Balingsat, Melipat): 4.9042 115.3958 10
m. References: Banks (1935b), Sim et al. (2006). Remarks:
Mentioned by Banks (1935b) as a nesting site for Lesser
Adjutant. Sim et al. (2006) noted that Sg. Belansat is actually
Sg. Melipat. There is also a Belansat Forest Reserve (4.9070
115.3910 20 m).
Belawai: 2.2333 111.2167 5 m. References: Voous (1959).
Belawai Beach: 2.0469 111.1905 SL. References: Mizutani et
al. (2006a, 2007), Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: Extensive
sand bar.
Belidah (=Belida, Bilida, Blida, Bellida): 1.44 110.22 5 m.
Museums: NHMUK, MCSNG. Collectors: O. Beccari and
G. Doria, A.H. Everett. References: Sharpe (1877a), Beccari
(1904). Remarks: Belidah was a fort built opposite Siniawan
on Sg. Sarawak and was the disembarkation point for trips to
Rajah Brooke’s bungalow (Peninjau) on Gn. Serumbu. In 1871,
the fort was moved to Paku, Bau.
Beraya Beach: 4.2114 113.8954 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Betong: 1.4125 111.525 10 m. Museums: NHMUK, MNS, RMC,
SMK. Collectors: H.C. Robinson, S. Mengga, F. Adelborg.
References: Robinson and Kloss (1919), Hill (1960), Yeap
(2002a).
Bidang (=Kampung Bidang): 4.6900 114.8200 10 m. Museums:
SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912).
Bintulu: 3.1667 113.0333 5 m. Museums: AMNH, NHMUK,
SMK. Collectors: A.H. Everett. References: Sharpe (1877b),
Everett (1889), Beccari (1904), Moulton (1914a), Williams (1914),
Banks (1926, 1935b), Roe (1953a), Smythies and Harrisson
(1956), Anon (1958), Solomonsen (1960), Smythies (1963),
Harrisson (1964c, 1966a), Medway (1970), Duckett (1985),
Sheldon (1985, 1987), Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997b),
Fujita and Leh (2020). Remarks: Everett worked from the
mouth of the “main Bintulu river” (=Sg. Kemena) to the
“Jilalong” (=Jelalong) and Tubau branches (Sharpe 1877b).
The Bintulu airport visited by Duckett (1985) and Gregory-
Smith (1996) was in the middle of the town. The new airport
was build in 2003.
Bongkisam, Santubong: 1.7192 110.3225 5 m. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: Junaidi, Puding, A. Anyi, Jamili, Padan. Remarks:
Tom Harrisson had an archaeological dig at Bongkisam on
Sg. Jaong.
Brooketon (=Muara in Brunei): 5.0000 115.0600 5 m.
Museums: SMK. References: Moulton (1912, 1914a). Remarks:
Moulton (1914a) attributes a Brooketon specimen of Cinnamon
Bittern to Sarawak, but it is really from Brunei (see Map in
Moulton 1912). Confusion stems from the odd history of the
Brooketon coal mine.
Bruit National Park, Overview (=Pulau Bruit National
Park, Pulau Patok-Bruit): 2.35-2.78 111.28-111.42 SL – 20 m.
Museums: NHMUK, YPM, SMK. Collectors: A.H. Everett.
References: Sharpe (1876:52, 1877b), Everett (1889), Edwards
et al. (1986a,b, 1989), Howes and NPWO (1986b), Edwards
and Polshek (1987), Howes (1987), Bennett (1989), Scott
(1989), WIAP (1997), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006),
Mizutani et al. (2006a,b, 2007), Yeap et al. (2007), Bakewell
and Cheung (2009), MNS-BCC (2011b), Wei et al. (2009),
Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: An 8071 ha park and IBA on
the Mukah coast.
Brunei Bay, Overview: 4.9600 115.4500 SL. References:
Haji Sahat (1987), Yeap et al. (2007), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Remarks: A Malaysian IBA bordering Brunei, the Limbang
and Lawas Districts of Sarawak, and southwestern Sabah.
Brunei Bay is one of the most important wintering sites for
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 15
migratory waterbirds along Borneo’s northern coastline. Its
large expanses of mudflats and numerous small islands and
exposed sand/mud banks, located within a large, deep bay,
provide a sheltered, food-rich environment with numerous
high-tide roosts (Yeap et al. 2007).
Brayun Road, Sri Aman (=Bryon): 1.22 111.48 20 m. Museums:
SMK, YPM. Collectors: R. Nangang.
Bukar: 1.2500 110.4800 10 m. Museums: RMC. References:
Garg et al. (2022), Rheindt et al. (2022). Remarks: Bukar
refers to a Bidayuh lingual group in Samarahan (as opposed
to Sadong). This collecting site, therefore, probably refers to
a general area in Samarahan.
Bukitan Road, Kuching (Jalan Bukitan): 1.530 110.531 15 m.
References: Deakin (1964).
Bukit Batu, Hose Mountain National Park: 2.2500 113.7180
2040 m. References: Kirk (1954), MNS-BCC (2009b, 2011d,
2012c). Remarks: The highest of the Hose mountains (Fogden
1964) at the NW end of the range.
Bukit Batu Bora, Usun Apau National Park: 2.7160 114.7160
1465 m. References: Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006).
Bukit Batu Lawi (Gunung Batu Lawi): 3.8706 115.3864 2046
m. References: Moulton (1911, 1912), Yeap et al. (2007),
Orenstein et al. (2010). Remarks: This mountain in the Tama
Abu Range consists of twin peaks of 2015 and 2008 m
(https://www.mountain-forecast.com/peaks/Bukit-Batu-Lawi).
Bukit Batu Tiban (=Bukit Tibang, Gunung Tibang): 1.5346
114.5847 1774 m. References: Mjöberg (1926, 1930), Smythies
(1956), Haile and Kirk (1957), Yeap et al. (2007). Remarks:
An iconic mountain near the Kalimantan Border, now within
Baleh National Park and Baleh Headwaters IBA.
Bukit Buan: 2.9167 112.9167 630 m. Remarks: A proposed
nature reserve c. 8 km NE of Tatau.
Bukit Buan Bidi (=Gunung Buan Bidi, Bidi Caves, Lobang
Bidi, Bede, Bedi): 1.3990 110.1028 161 m. Museums: FMNH,
NHMUK, RMNH, ROM, SMK, YPM. Collectors: A.H. Everett,
C.J. Brooks, J. Gaun, Junaidi, Ibu Ahim. References: Wallace
(1869), Sharpe (1877b, 1878), Bartlett (1896:46), Williams (1914),
Banks (1931, 1935b, 1949a), Stresemann (1937).
Bukit Doa, Payeh Maga Highlands: 3.956 115.612 1110 m.
Remarks: This site is dierent from Gunung Doa near Bario.
Bukit Entimau, Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary: 1.6333
112.1333 486 m. References: Yeap et al. (2007).
Bukit Hantu, Kuching: 1.540 110.352 35 m. References:
Sebastian (2010).
Bukit Hitam: 4.7288 114.9970 25 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Gawin (2014), Lim et al. (2017), Sheldon et al.
(2019).
Bukit Jawang (=Lobang Jawang): References: Banks (1931,
1935b:318). Remarks: Banks described it as a minor but
productive swiftlet-nesting cave in the Bau area -- a Bidi cave
about ¾ of an hour walk from the Bau to Dahan Road. This
may be Gunung Jebong (1.4000 110.1499 124 m).
Bukit Kana National Park: 2.6667 112.8667 100-1000 m.
Remarks: A 4923 ha park c. 24 km S of Tatau.
Bukit Kanawang, Usun Apau National Park (=Mudung):
2.9667 114.6167 1100 m. References: Arnold (1957).
Bukit Kapur Summit (=Gunung Kapur, Batu Kapur, Kapor):
1.3828 110.1200 285 m. Remarks: See Fairy Cave.
Bukit Lawan (=Laiun): 3.3300 114.3600 1113 m. Collectors:
P.W. Richards. References: Harrisson (1933).
Bukit Lesong: 3.0666 114.3958 551 m. References: Gregory-
Smith (1997b). Remarks: This could also be Bukit Lesung near
Gunung Lesong National Park (1.266 111.150 460 m).
Bukit Lintang, Semunjan (includes Kampung Lintang): 1.5167
110.9167 60 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: J. Gaun.
Bukit Mata Kuching (=B.C.L. Hill, BCL Hill): 1.5573 110.3505
20 m. Museums: YPM.
Bukit Melabing (=Melabing Hills): 4.8528 115.4453 250 m.
References: Banks (1935b).
Bukit Mersing National Park: 2.5179 113.1023 200-884.
References: Harrisson (1966a), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim
(2006). Remarks: A 5729 ha park c. 75 km S of Bintulu.
Bukit Metang: 1.3417 110. 8292 130 m. Museums: YPM.
Remarks: This is probably the same as “Sakawan, Metang,”
another YPM site.
Bukit Mina Wildlife Corridor, Grand Perfect Pusaka Planted
Forest Area (Ulu Mina): 2.8345 113.2130 30 m. Museums:
USNM. References: Sheldon and Styring (2011), Styring et al.
(2011, 2016, 2018, 2022).
Bukit Raya, Pelagus National Park Area: 2.1666 113.1166 237
m. References: Fogden (1965b), Medway (1970).
Bukit Saban Resort: 1.5434 111.5341 30 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Gregory-Smith (1997b), Lim (2010), Lim et al.
(2011), Chua et al. (2015), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Bukit Sarang National Park (=Bukit Sarang Conservation
Area): 2.6597 113.05 140 m. Museums: SMK. References:
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 16
Fogden (1966a), Harrisson and Reavis (1966), Lim (2000), Lim
and Cranbrook (2002, 2014), MNS-BCC (2009c). Remarks:
A 4968 ha park with limestone caves c. 55 km S of Bintulu.
Bukit Sari: 4.9390 115.3920 130 m. References: Sim et al.
(2006).
Bukit Selidang, Usun Apau National Park (=Seludang):
2.8698 114.6179 1391 m. Museums: NHMUK. Collectors:
Oxford University 1955. References: Arnold (1957), Hazebroek
and Abang Kashim (2006), Yeap et al. (2007). Remarks: This
is the highest mountain on the Usun Apau Plateau.
Bukit Selikan (=Silikan, Salikan): 3.5083 114.0667 801 m.
Museums: ANSP, NHMUK, RMNH, USNM. Collectors: C. and
E. Hose. References: Harrisson and Hartley (1934). Remarks:
This mountain is on the inside of the curve as Sg. Tinjar turns
sharply from northwest to northeast.
Bukit Semabang: 1.225 110.8875 338 m. References: Wallace
(1869).
Bukit Sengayoh, Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary: 1.5866
112.2824 871 m. References: Yeap et al. (2007).
Bukit Setian (=Setian Hill): 2.9903 112.9311 100. Museums:
LSU. References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Bukit Siban: 1.833 111.5166 255 m. Museums: AMNH.
Bukit Sibau: Museums: AMNH. Remarks: The AMNH
specimen could be from any number of Sibau hills, e.g., in
Betong (1.3999 111.5332 47 m), south of Kuching (1.2236
110.4115 418 m), or south of Serian (0.9970, 110.5743 531
m). Bukit Sibau on the specimen label could also be a mis-
transcription of Bk. Siban.
Bukit Siol (=Sioul, Siul): 1.586 110.335 48 m. Museums:
MCSNG. Collectors: O. Beccari and G. Doria. References:
Beccari (1904).
Bukit Tiang Laju: 1.071 111.6537 899 m. Museums: MCSNG,
SMK. Collectors: O. Beccari. References: Beccari (1904).
Remarks: Beccari spent 3 nights on the top of Bk. Tiang Laju.
Tiang Laju is close to Bk. Tangga Saran (895 m).
Bukit Tiban National Park: 3.4516 113.4313 50-212 m.
Remarks: An 8000 ha park 20 km SE of Bintulu. It consists of
logged forest surrounded by oil palm.
Bukit Tundong (=Tondong): 1.45 110.167 15 m. References:
MNS-BCC (2002b,c).
Bunan Gega (=Bunan Gaga): 0.8208 110.5333 60 m.
References: Fogden (1965b).
Bungai Beach: 4.0670 113.7880 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Bungo Range National Park (=Bengo, Bungoh, Benguh,
Bungal Hills, Gua Bungoh, Bongo): 1.2667 110.1500 60–993
m. Museums: AMNH, NHMUK, YPM. Collectors: H.H. & A.H.
Everett, H.H. Slater, T. Harrisson, J. Gaun, Junaidi. References:
Slater (1885), Harrisson (1950a), Fogden (1965c), Yeap et al.
(2007), Laverty (2011), Sarawak Forest Department (2018a).
Remarks: An 8096 ha park and IBA south of Bau near the
Kalimantan border. It features limestone and submontane
forest, and includes Gunung Tegora, the 19th century
antimony and cinnabar (mercury) mine site of the Borneo
Company LTD (Laverty 2011).
Busau (=Buso, Busan): 1.452 110.183 10 m. Museums: NHMUK,
SMK, USNM. Collectors: A.H. Everett, H.H. Everett, C.C.
Platen. References: Walden (1872), Sharpe (1877b), Everett
(1889), Bartlett (1896), Moulton (1914a), Laverty (2011), Porritt
(2013), Marzuki et al. (2021). Remarks: Busau is the modern
town of Buso on Sg. Sarawak. It was an important mining site
for the Borneo Company Ltd (Porritt 2013).
Camp 1, Summit Trail, Gunung Mulu National Park: 4.0510
114.8570 240 m. Museums: LSU. References: Burner et al.
(2016), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Camp 2, Summit Trail, Gunung Mulu National Park: 4.0430
114.8710 520 m. Museums: LSU. References: Burner et al.
(2016), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Camp 3, Summit Trail, Gunung Mulu National Park: 4.0380
114.8880 m. Museums: LSU. References: Burner et al. (2016),
Sheldon et al. (2019).
Camp 4, Summit Trail, Gunung Mulu National Park: 4.0450
114.9140 1820 m. Museums: LSU. References: Burner et al.
(2016), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Camp 7, Summit Trail, Gunung Mulu National Park: 4.0340
114.8770 880 m. Museums: LSU. References: Burner et al.
(2016), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Camp Belia: 2.7074 111.4697 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017). Remarks: Recreation area near a school.
Church Camp, Gunung Murud: 3.9260 115.5146 2110 m.
Museums: UNIMAS. References: Rahman et al. (2005),
Orenstein et al. (2010), MNS-BCC (2011a,c), Ramji et al.
(2012b), Sreedharan (2014).
City South Park, Kuching (=Kuching South City Council
Garden Park, Majlis Bandar Kuching Selatan, MBKS): 1.550
110.363 5 m. References: Tan (2017b). Remarks: This park is
in the same area as the city swimming pool.
Damai Beach, Santubong National Park: 1.7480 110.3120
SL. References: Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997b, 1999),
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 17
Phillipps and Phillipps (2011).
Danau Mujan National Park (=Binyo-Penyilam Wetlands;
includes Binyo-Penyilam Swamp Forest): 2.90 113.36 30 m.
References: Yong (2006), Styring et al. (2022). Remarks:
A 3841 ha park of peat swamp and freshwater swamp
associated with Sg. Penyilam. Yong (2006) found Bonaparte’s
Nightjar within this area at Pengkalan Keropok (=Pangkalan
Keropok).
Danu, Padawan Limestone Area: 1.2920 110.2250 125
m. References: Mansor et al. (2011). Remarks: Primary and
secondary forest, and kerangas,
Danum-Linau IBA: 2.5000 114.9167 200-1846 m. References:
Harrisson (1966a), Rahman et al. (2002), Yeap et al. (2007).
Deer Cave, Gunung Mulu National Park (=Lubang Rusa,
Lobang Piau, Gua Payau, Gua Payan): 4.0233 114.8206 90
m. Museums: UNIMAS, LSU, KU, SMK. Collectors: E. Banks,
T. Harrisson. References: Banks (1935a), Harrisson (1952a),
Kemp and Kemp (1974, 1976), Wells et al. (1979), Chapman
(1985), Hall (1996), Sheldon et al. (2019). Remarks: A famous
limestone cave and birdwatching site near park headquarters.
Dered Krian National Park, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3800
110.1600 50-300 m. References: Pang et al. (2018), Juliana
and Gawin (2020). Remarks: A 1339 ha park.
Dewan Suarah: 1.4136 110.1569 20 m. References: Shazali et
al. (2016). Remarks: Urban building.
Durafarm Oil Palm Plantation: 1.3993 111.4073 12 m.
References: Amit et al. (2012, 2014, 2015, 2021), Amit (2015),
Ramji et al. (2016). Remarks: This site is c. 12 km west of
Betong. It consists of oil palm planted over drained peat
swamp. Cermat Ceria Forest is next to Durafarm Oil Palm
Plantation.
East of Sampadi Beach: 1.6980 110.0130 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Elite Honour Camp: 1.5600 114.1880 250 m. References:
Pang et al. (2018), Tuen et al. (2018). Remarks: Logged forest.
Fairy Cave Nature Reserve, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3817
110.1171 50 m. References: Sarawak Forest Department (1992),
MNS-BCC (2001b,c, 2002b,c), Yeap (2002a), Sim and Kong
(2004). Remarks: A 56 ha nature reserve. See Bukit Kapur,
where Fairy Cave is located.
First Count Camp: 1.5949 113.7881 125 m. References: Pang
et al. (2018).
Gedong (=Kampung Gedong): 1.2500 110.6800 5 m.
Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: Narawi, Junaidi, Nyandoh,
Junaidi. References: Witt and Sheldon (1994b), Moyle et al.
(2005).
Golf Club Sarawak, Kuching: 1.5920 110.3470 10 m.
References: Wei et al. (2009). Remarks: This is the current
location of Kuching’s golf club. Gregory-Smith (1999) may
have been referring to this site when he reported a bird
record at Santubong golf course.
Grigat Beach: 2.0372 111.1930 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017). Remarks: Beach, sand flats, and casuarinas.
Gua Bayang, Kampung Kakeng: 1.1583 110.458 100 m.
References: Banks (1935b:319).
Gua Klipi, Gunung Padadan, Pichin: 1.1083 110.47916 100 m.
References: Banks (1935b:319).
Gua Prau, Gunung Miap: References: Banks (1935b:319).
Gunung Apad Runan (=Apud Runan): 3.4505 115.5867 2080
m. Museums: SMK. Collectors: T. Harrisson. References:
Harrisson (1949a), Smythies (1957a).
Gunung Api, Gunung Mulu National Park: 4.1021 114.8930
1750 m. References: Collins et al (1984), Chapman (1985).
Remarks: A limestone peak on the northwest side of the park
and on the south side of Melinau Gorge. Collins et al. (1984)
reported on flora and some mammals, but not birds.
Gunung Aup, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3625 110.05 145 m.
References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop near Gunung Jagoi.
Gunung Buda National Park: 4.2000 114.9500 200-964 m.
References: Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Yeap et
al. (2007). Remarks: An 11,307 ha park and part of the Mulu-
Buda IRA.
Gunung Buda Summit, Gunung Buda National Park: 4.2076
114.9489 963 m.
Gunung Chupak: 1.2389 110.4250 143 m. References: Banks
(1935b). Remarks: A swiftlet nesting site.
Gunung Derian (possibly =Bukit Batu Iran): Museums: SMK.
Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912, 1914a),
Mjöberg (1925). Remarks: Moulton (1912) includes a map
showing Gn. Derian, but according to Mjöberg (1925) the
map in general is inaccurate, and no one has mentioned Gn.
Derian since. See Batu Iran.
Gunung Doa Trailhead, Kelabit Highlands (=Do’a, Prayer
Mountain): 3.75 115.44 1085 m. Remarks: This is a popular
bird watching trail in Pulong Tau National Park.
Gunung Doya, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3823 110.1684 316
m. References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop.
Gunung Dulit, Overview (=Dulit Range, Dulet, Dali): 3.3572
114.1748 30-1284 m. Museums: AMNH, ANSP, FMNH, MNHN,
MNS, NHMUK, RMC, RMNH, ROM, SMK, USNM, YPM, ZMB.
Collectors: C and E. Hose, A.H. Everett, W. H. Furness, T.
Harrisson, E.P. Mjöberg, C.B. Kloss, F. Adelborg, H.C. Robinson,
C. Ulok, Medang, Oxford University 1932. References:
Sharpe (1892a,b,c, 1893b, 1894d), Hose (1893a,b, 1927, 1929),
Ogilvie Grant (1892a,b, 1893, 1895, 1896), Shelford (1899),
Moulton (1914a), Baker (1918), Mjöberg (1923), Robinson and
Kloss (1924), Hachisuka (1926, 1932), Chase and Kloss (1929),
Harrisson (1933, 1938b, 1955c), Harrisson and Hartley (1934),
Richards (1936), Banks (1937a, 1949b), Stresemann (1937,
1938), Ford et al. (1938), Hill (1960), Fogden (1965d), Amadon
(1974), Sheldon (1987), Katz (1988), Witt and Sheldon (1994a),
Morioka and Yang (1996), Davison (1999d), Yeap et al. (2007),
Bakewell (2013), Gawin (2014), Boyce et al. (2019), Berryman
and Boakes (2023). Remarks: A Malaysian IBA. The Dulit
mountains consist of three ranges in a triangle; the center is
plateau-like. Hose conducted the earliest expeditions. Oxford
University undertook a major expedition in 1932.
Gunung Dulit Base Camp: 3.3147 114.2897 50 m. Collectors:
Oxford University 1932. References: Harrisson (1933).
Remarks: The Oxford group camped along a small stream,
Sg. Leju (=Lejok).
Gunung Dulit Summit: 3.3572 114.1748 1284 m.
Gunung Gading National Park, Overview: 1.6742 109.8458
10-965 m. Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: Junaidi, A.
Balang, J. Bangga. References: Beccari (1904), Gregory-
Smith (1996, 1997b), Sreedharan (1998), MNS-BCC (2001c,
2009d), Sodhi (2002a), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim
(2006), Paperna et al. (2008), Phillipps and Phillipps (2011),
Arif and Mohd-Azlan (2014), Kelat et al. (2017), Lit and Mohd-
Azlan (2018), Philovenny et al. (2018), Aziz and Laman (2020).
Remarks: A 5430 ha park overlooking the town of Lundu to
the east.
Gunung Gading Summit, Gunung Gading National Park:
1.7134 109.8362 965 m.
Gunung Gigi (=G. Gilly): 1.3000 110.2667 55 m. Museums:
AMNH, NMB, ZMB. Collectors: C.C. Platen. References:
Blasius (1882), Long and Collar (2002).
Gunung Jagoi (=Jagoi, Jaguay, Bung Jagoi): 1.3667 110.0333
350 m. References: Williams (1914), Banks (1935b), Aziz and
Laman (2020).
Gunung Jebong, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3958 110.1458 80
m. References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop.
Gunung Juita, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3958 110.1333 274
m. References: MNS-BCC (2002b), Sim and Kong (2004).
Remarks: Limestone outcrop.
Gunung Kalulong (=Bukit Kalulong): 3.2183 114.6669 1578 m.
Museums: AMNH, ANSP, FMNH, MNHN, NHMUK, ROM, SMK,
SMKK, USNM. Collectors: C. Hose, E. Banks, A.W. Moore,
Oxford University 1932. References: Sharpe (1893a:part
I, 1893c), Moulton (1914a), Harrisson (1933, 1938a, 1955c,
1963a), Harrisson and Hartley (1934), Amadon and Harrisson
(1956), Arnold (1957), Sheldon (1987), Long and Collar (2002).
Gunung Kawa, Dered Krian National Park (=Gunung Meraja,
Bung Ngiraja, Lobang Kawa, Bat Cave): 1.3855 110.1501
291 m. References: Banks (1935b:318), MNS-BCC (2001c,
2002b,c,d), Yeap (2002a), Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks:
Limestone outcrop. A minor swiftlet-nest cave in the Bau
area. Close by is Bung Ngiraja (1.375 110.140 329 m), a name
that is suspiciously similar to Meraja.
Gunung Krian, Dared Krian National Park and Bau
Limestone Area (=Kerian): 1.4041 110.1458 285 m. References:
Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone outcrop.
Gunung Lanyang, Bau Limestone Area: 1.375 110.1458 338
m. References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop.
Gunung Lasak: 1.6506 110.4903 114 m. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017). Remarks: The highest point on the promontory
forming the south side of Awar Bay (=Telok Awar). It was used
by Bakewell et al. (2017) as a viewpoint.
Gunung Lesong National Park (=Gunung Lesung National
Park): 1.2599 111.1560 300-755 m. References: Sarawak
Forest Department (2018b). Remarks: A 595 ha park in Sri
Aman.
Gunung Matalan, Payeh Maga Highlands (=Matalun,
Matallan): 1860 m. Museums: SMK. References: Sheldon
(1987).
Gunung Matang, Kubah National Park (=Mattang): 1.5990
110.1830 277 m. Museums: MCSNG, SMK, YPM. Collectors:
O. Beccari, J. Bangga, A. Anyi, J. Gaun, Junaidi. References:
Moulton (1914a), Beccari (1904).
Gunung Merinjak, Ulu Sadong (=Merenjak): 1.0330 110.2502
736 m. Museums: SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References:
Moulton (1914c). Remarks: Moulton reached the mountain
“on the Dutch border” by traveling up Sg. Sadong/Kayan and
then Sg. Suhuh. He collected specimens on the mountain for
11 days before heading back past the southern end of Gn.
Sepedang (=Sepadang, 1.090 110.3252 828 m) to Kampung
“Sennah” at the foot of Penrissen. He then reached Kuching
via Sg. Sarawak. Moulton noted that Merinjak held the last
substantial “stretch of old jungle” in the Ulu Sadong.
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 18
Gunung Mulu National Park HQ: 4.0440 114.8140 40 m.
Museums: KU, LSU. References: Davison (1979), Long and
Collar (2002), Moyle et al. (2016), Lim et al. (2017), Oliveros et
al. (2019), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Gunung Mulu National Park, Overview (=Gunong Mulu
National Park, Molu): 4.0453 114.9297 50-2377 m. Museums:
AMNH, KU, LSU, RMC, ROM, SNMS, UCMZ, UNIMAS, USNM.
Collectors: A.H. Everett, C. Hose, B. King, J. Waterstradt.
References: Sharpe (1894c), Hartert (1915), Banks (1935a),
Chasen and Kloss (1931), Chasen (1935b), Shackleton (1938,
1966), Voous (1950a), Gibson-Hill (1949:162), Harrisson (1955b,
1963a), Kemp and Kemp (1974, 1976), McCormick (1976, 1979),
Wells et al. (1978), Davison (1979), Hanbury-Tenison and Jermy
(1979), Labang and Medway (1979), Hanbury-Tenison (1980),
Medway (1980), Anderson et al. (1982), Jermy (1982, 1983),
Jermy and Kavanagh (1982), Proctor (1982), Sarawak Forest
Department (1982), Pope (1994), Sheldon (1987), Bennett
et al. (1995, 1996, 1997, 2000), Gregory-Smith (1996), Choo
(2000), Hobbs (2004), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006),
Gawin (2007, 2014), Ramji (2010), Orenstein et al. (2010),
Ramji and Rahman (2011), MNS-BCC (2012b), Ramji et al.
(2012b), Gawin et al. (2014), Brady and Burner (2015), Burner
et al. (2016, 2018, 2019, 2020), Van Els et al. (2016), Fischer et
al. (2017), King et al. (2017), Manthey et al. (2017), Shakya and
Sheldon (2017), Campillo et al. (2018), Shakya et al. (2018),
Burner (2019), Sheldon et al. (2019), Shakya (2020). Remarks:
A 52,865 ha park, 100 km ESE of Miri, and part of the Mulu-
Buda IBA. Proctor (1982) provided a map with an extensive
list of place names in the park. The Gn. Mulu summit is at
4.0458 114.9300 2377 m.
Gunung Murud, Overview (=Murad): 3.9050 115.4878 2423
m. Museums: NHMUK, RMC, SMK, UNIMAS. Collectors: J.C.
Moulton, E. Mjöberg. References: Moulton (1914a), Mjöberg
(1923, 1925, 1930), Chasen and Kloss (1927), Harrisson (1955b,
1963a), Amadon (1974), Morioka and Yang (1996), Davison
(1999d), Gawin and Rahman (2005), Rahman et al. (2005),
Gawin (2007, 2014), Yeap et al. (2007), Ramji and Rahman
(2011), Harris et al. (2012), Ramji et al. (2012b), Gawin et al.
(2014), Sreedharan (2014), Manthey et al. (2017), Berryman
and Boakes (2023). Remarks: Sarawak’s highest mountain,
and part of the Kelabit Highlands IBA.
Gunung Murud Kecil: 3.3340 115.1310 1626 m. Museums:
NHMUK. Collectors: C. Hose. References: Berryman and
Boakes (2023). Remarks: Specimens purported to be from
Gn. Murud by Hose are more likely from this site, which is
relatively easily accessed from Sg. Baram via Sg. Selungo
(Berryman and Boakes 2023).
Gunung Murud Summit: 3.9050 115.4883 2424 m.
References: Sreedharan (2014). Remarks: Bird ringing site
on the Murud summit trail.
Gunung Nambi (=Gunung Nami): 1.1791 110.4499 322 m.
References: Williams (1914), Banks (1935b), Medway (1958a).
Remarks: Site of a swiftlet-nest cave.
Gunung Ngili (=Ngeli): 1.3760 110.8035 310 m. Collectors:
Wallace (1869). Remarks: Wallace set up house at the Gn.
Ngeli coal mine as a center for collecting.
Gunung Pain, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3958 110.1208 145
m. References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop.
Gunung Payong, Bau Limestone Area: 1.392 110.123 75
m. References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop.
Gunung Penrissen (=Penrisen, Pennerrissen, Penerisan,
Borneo Highlands Resort): 1.1128 110.2242 1332 m. Museums:
AMNH, ANSP, LSU, NHMUK, RMC, ROM, SMK. Collectors:
A.H. Everett, R.W.C. Shelford, E.A.W. Cox, J.C. Moulton, E.P.
Mjöberg. References: Everett (1890b, 1891), Sharpe (1890d,
1893a:part II), Bartlett (1896b), Shelford (1900a,b, 1916),
Moulton (1910a,b, 1912, 1914a), Robinson and Kloss (1921),
Stresemann (1925), Harrisson and Hartley (1934), Chasen
(1935c), Gibson-Hill (1949:160), Gregory-Smith (1995, 1997b),
MNS-BCC (2001a,b,c, 2002a, 2009b,d, 2011a,c), Sebastian
and Kong (2001b), Yeap et al. (2007), Cheung (2010),
Orenstein (2010), Bakewell (2013), Jeyarajasingam (2013),
Gawin (2014), Chua et al. (2017), Margaret (2017), Pang et
al. (2017b), Campillo et al. (2018), Lit and Mohd-Azlan (2018),
Shakya et al. (2018, 2020, 2021), Boyce et al. (2019), Sheldon
et al. (2019), Shakya (2020), Irham et al. (2022). Remarks:
Penrissen is a Malaysian IBA. Moulton (1910a) reviews early
expeditions to the mountain. The type specimen of Bornean
Blue Flycatcher was collected on Penrissen by A.H. Everett
(Stresemann 1925).
Gunung Podam, Bau Limestone Area: 1.349 110.054 100
m. References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop.
Gunung Poing, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3669 110.0666 52
m. References: MNS-BCC (2001c), Sim and Kong (2004).
Remarks: Limestone outcrop.
Gunung Pueh National Park, Overview (=Poi, Poe, Poè, Puch,
Pueli, Kanyi, Kangi; includes Gunung Berumput, Gunung
Rumput): 1.7859 109.6826 1564 m. Museums: AMNH, ANSP,
LSU, NHMUK, MNS, RMC, RMNH, SMK, UNIMAS, YPM.
Collectors: J.C. Moulton, E.P. Mjöberg, E. Banks, R. Hanitsch,
P.M. de Fontaine, F.N. Chasen, D. Tadam, W. Gau, Langgi.
References: Sharpe (1877a, 1893a:part II), Everett (1889),
Beccari (1904), Moulton (1913, 1914a), Hartert (1925), Mjöberg
(1925), Chasen and Kloss (1927), Harrisson and Hartley (1934),
Chasen (1935c), Gibson-Hill (1949:162), Harrisson (1955b),
Witt and Sheldon (1994a), Gregory-Smith (1997b), MNS-BCC
(2000a), Mawek (2002), Gawin and Rahman (2005), Tuen
et al. (2007), Yeap et al. (2007), Oliveros and Moyle (2010),
Moyle et al. (2011, 2017), Ramji and Rahman (2011), Ramji et al.
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 19
(2012a), Gawin (2014), Gawin et al. (2014), Chua et al. (2015),
Manthey et al. (2017), Shakya and Sheldon (2017), Burner
et al. (2018, 2020), Shakya et al. (2018, 2020, 2021), Boyce
et al. (2019), Burner (2019), Sheldon et al. (2019), Shakya
(2020). Remarks: A 5831 ha park and IBA near Samatan in
westernmost Sarawak. The park has several key peaks --
Pueh (1.7859 109.6826 1296 m), Berumput (1.6992 109.6695
1485 m), and Rumput (1.7206 109.6682 1565 m). The forest
is mostly submontane and has been logged, but Berumput
and Rumput peaks have heath and hold a small population of
Mountain Blackeyes (Ramji et al. 2012a).
Gunung Ropih, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3808 110.1329 57
m. References: MNS-BCC (2002c,d), Sim and Kong (2004).
Remarks: Limestone outcrop.
Gunung Sadung (=Bung Sadung, Sadong, Sidong): 1.1977
110.4854 754 m. Museums: RMC. References: Robinson
and Kloss (1923), Azizi and Adrus (2019), Garg et al. (2022).
Remarks: A 21 m hill just north of Gn. Ngili is also called
Sadong.
Gunung Sagan (=Bukit Sagan): 4.6050 115.0314 529 m.
References: Smythies (1957b). Remarks: Regarding White-
throated Needletail.
Gunung Sambia: Museums: AMNH, FMNH. Collectors: C.
Hose. Remarks: Reached via the “Ladak River.”
Gunung Sekiwa (=Bukit Sekiwa, Skiwa): 3.3898 114.00625
689 m. Museums: AMNH. Collectors: C. Hose. Remarks:
Located at the north end of the Dulit Range.
Gunung Selinguid: Museums: SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton.
References: Moulton (1912). Remarks: Moulton (2012)
includes a map, showing Selinguid as a peak between the
Derian Range and Batu Lawi, but according to Mjöberg (1925)
Moulton’s map is inaccurate.
Gunung Sepali (=Bukit Sepali): 1.7514 112.3667 811 m.
Museums: YPM. Collectors: A.R. Morrison. References:
Smythies (1957a). Remarks: Smythies mentions that Waterfall
Swift was possibly seen by A.R. Morrison on this mountain.
Gunung Serumbu (=Serambu, Sirambu, Serembu, Sirambau,
Sirambo, Saribu, Serambo): 1.4199 110.2246 490 m. Museums:
MCSNG, NHMUK, SMK, YPM. Collectors: O. Beccari and
G. Doria, A.H. and H.H. Everett, Junaidi. References: St.
John (1862), Wallace (1869), Sharpe (1877b), Everett (1889),
Bartlett (1896b), Beccari (1904), Moulton (1914a). Remarks:
Gn. Serambu is the location of Rajah James Brooke’s holiday
cottage, called “Peninjau”, meaning look-out.
Gunung Serapi, Kubah National Park: 1.5844 110.1935 911 m.
References: Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997a,b).
Gunung Siruru (=Seruru): 1.1202 110.2320 1244 m. References:
Shelford (1900a). Remarks: Described by Shelford (1900a:17)
as a spur of Gn. Penrissen at “4300 feet.”
Gunung Sewa, Padawan Limestone Area (=Bukit Sewa,
Sawah): 1.3150 110.2632 70 m. References: Lim and Sait
(2009), Mohd Aris (2009), Mansor et al. (2011). Remarks:
Limestone forest, orchard, secondary forest.
Gunung Silabur (=Bukit Silabur, Selebor; includes Silabur
Cave): 0.9542 110.5013 40 – 410 m. References: Banks
(1935b:319, 1949a), Harrisson (1950a:330). Remarks: This site
has a hiking trail (starting at 0.9693 110.5197 40 m) leading to
Silabur Cave, which is a large swiftlet cave whose nests (at
least in former times) were shared by Kg. Lobang Batu, Kg.
“Semambong,” and Kg. “Seginting.”
Gunung Singai (=Singhi): 1.5043 110.1648 90-562 m.
Museums: LSU. References: Moyle et al. (2017), Boyce et al.
(2019), Oliveros et al. (2019), Sheldon et al. (2019), Aziz and
Laman (2020).
Stulang, Bau Limestone Area (=Setulang): 1.3669 110.0485
75 m. References: Yeap (2002a), Sim and Kong (2004).
Remarks: Limestone outcrop.
Gunung Subis, Niah National Park: 3.7936 113.7873 396
m. Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, J. Gaun,
Naen, J. Bangga. References: Banks (1935b:309), Harrisson
(1963b), Quek et al. (2015). Remarks: A limestone massif and
highest point in Niah National Park.
Gunung Tabai, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3853 110.1344 193
m. References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop.
Gunung Tai Ton, Bau Limestone Area (=Taiton): 1.4000
110.1330 74 m. References: Williams (1914), Sim and Kong
(2004): Remarks: Limestone outcrop. This was an old gold
mining area between Wind and Fairy caves of Bau.
Gunung Tongga, Bau Limestone Area: 1.3689 110.1348 202
m. References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop.
Gunung Trahn, Sibu: Collectors: A.H. Everett. References:
Sharpe (1877b).
Gunung Turan: Museums: SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton.
References: Moulton (1912). Remarks: According to Moulton’s
map, just to the west of Gn. Derian, which in turn is probably
Bk. Batu Iran.
Gunung Umbut, Bau Limestone Area: 1.4015 110.1170 61
m. References: Sim and Kong (2004). Remarks: Limestone
outcrop.
Hydrodam, Bario: References: Ghazally (1998), Wang (2004).
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 20
Remarks: The UNIMAS expedition described in Ghazally
(1998) surveyed and netted birds in the vicinity of the old
Bario water-supply dam.
Hose Mountain National Park (=Hose Mountains National
Park, Gunung Hose): 2.1600 113.7200 300-2040 m. Museums:
SMJ. Collectors: L. Labang. References: Kirk (1954), Fogden
(1964, 1965d), Harrisson (1966a), Gregory-Smith (1996),
Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Brodie et al. (2006),
Yeap et al. (2007), Fischer et al. (2017). Remarks: A 51,342 ha
park and part of the Hose-Laga IBA c. 125 km SE of Bintulu.
The mountains run north-south and form a divide between
the Sg. Balui and Sg. Balleh drainages. They are volcanic and
unusually rugged for Sarawak, which explains why so little
bird research has been undertaken in them.
Industrial area adjacent to Kuching Wetlands National Park:
1.5956 110.4256 SL. References: Sebastian (2004b). Remarks:
Brackish swamps cleared for industrial development.
Jalan Dato’ Ajibah Abol, Kuching: 1.5550 110.4667 10 m.
References: Razak et al. (2019).
Jalan Sabu, Sri Aman: 1.2347 111.4642 15 m. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: R. Nanang.
Jalan Song, Tabuan Jaya: 1.5217 110.3833 10 m. References:
Rahman et al. (2015a), Razak et al. (2019).
Jambusan (=Jambusan Hills): 1.4167 110.1833 30 m. Museums:
AMNH, NHMUK, NMB, RMNH, SMK, USNM, YPM. Collectors:
C.C. Platen, A.H. Everett, H.T. Ussher, J. Gaun. References:
Walden (1872), Sharpe (1876, 1877b), Blasius and Nehrkorn
(1881), Blasius (1882), Everett (1889), Bartlett (1896b), Moulton
(1914a), Witt and Sheldon (1994a), Hussen and Rahman
(2005). Remarks: Jambusan was an important mining site
for the Borneo Company Ltd. Carl Constantin Platen made a
substantial collection here.
Jemukan (=Jamukan): 1.543 110.688 10 m. References: MNS-
BCC (2011b), Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: Aquaculture
farm with a large roost.
Jukon, Paku: Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: J. Bangga.
References: Gawin (2014). Remarks: Many forest and riverine
specimens at SMK and YPM come from this site. It probably is
located along Sg. Paku in the region of Spaoh.
Kampung Ahmad Takong: 4.8190 115.3990 35-60 m.
Museums: LSU. References: Gawin (2014), Sheldon et al.
(2019).
Kampung Alit Beach: 1.9311 111.9459 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: Extensive sand flats.
Kampung Annah Rais: 1.1470 110.2650 70-90 m. Museums:
LSU. References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Awat Awat: 4.94 115.23 SL. Museums: RMC, RMNH,
SMK, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, Sliman. References:
Banks (1935b), Smythies (1957a), Howes and NPWO (1986b),
Caldecott (1987), Morioka and Yang (1996), Yeap et al. (2007),
Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: Part of the Brunei Bay IBA.
Kampung Bako: 1.6640 110.4290 3 m. References: Fogden
(1966b), Nurqamareena et al. (2018b).
Kampung Batanak: References: Edwards and Polshek (1987).
Kampung Batu Danau: 4.6500 114.8333 10 m. Museums:
LSU. References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Batu Satu: 4.1912 113.8791 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Batu Tiga: 4.8490 115.3990 40 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Bebuluh: 4.3172 113.9617 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kampung Belungei: 1.7710 109.8510 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Beruan Besar Beach: 2.7716 111.5571 SL.
References: Mizutani et al. (2006a, 2007), Bakewell et al.
(2017). Remarks: Extensive mud and sandflats at low tide.
Kampung Bharu, Serian (=Baru): 1.220 110.494 25 m.
References: Banks (1935b). Remarks: Banks noted that this
village shares swiftlet nests collected from Gn. Nambi with
Kg. Bukar and Kg. Taee.
Kampung Bidayuh Miri: 4.3070 113.9970 20 m. Museums:
LSU. References: Gawin (2014), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Bintawa: 1.5667 110.3833 5 m. Museums: SMK,
YPM. Collectors: Junaidi, Narawi.
Kampung Bruit: 2.7083 111.375 10 m. References: Wei et al.
(2009).
Kampung Bukar: 1.27 110.45 450 m. Museums: RMC.
Collectors: C. Ulok, C.B. Kloss. References: Banks (1935b),
Morioka and Yang (1996). Remarks: Banks noted that this
village shares swiftlet nests collected from Gn. Nambi with
Kg. Taee and Kg. Bharu.
Kampung Bukit Impas: 4.6750 114.9260 25 m. Museums:
LSU. References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Chupak (=Chupak Ricefields; near Skedup): 1.2333
110.425 10 m. References: MNS-BCC (2001c, 2002a, 2009c,
2011c,d, 2012a,c,d), Yeap (2002b), Yeap et al. (2003), Chan
(2005), Yong and Yeap (2005), Wei et al. (2009), Orenstein
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 21
et al. (2010), Bakewell (2013), Wong (2018). Remarks: An area
of paddy fields with waders that favor freshwater habitats
during migration (Wong 2018).
Kampung Entawa: 1.119 111.53 20 m. Museums: RMC.
Collectors: H.C. Robinson. References: Hill (1960), Garg et al.
(2022). Remarks: RMC has several specimens from “Entawa,
Samarahan.” However, there does not appear to be a Kg.
Entawa in Samarahan. The only Entawa sites we can find
are Tinting Entawa in Serian (1.058 110.721 20 m) and the site
listed here along Sg. Undop, Sri Aman.
Kampung Gaya Lama: 4.8158 115.3742 20 m. Museums:
LSU. References: Gawin (2014), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Gumbang (=Gombang): 1.2753 110.0542 130 m.
References: Danstine (2017), Juliana and Gawin (2020).
Remarks: Mixed dipterocarp forest, kerangas, limestone
shrubs.
Kampung Jaie: 1.5433 110.727 5 m. References: MNS-BCC
(2001a), Yeap (2001b).
Kampung Jepak: 3.1570 113.0030 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017). Remarks: Sandy beach.
Kampung Jerijeh: 2.1416 111.175 SL. References: Edwards et
al. (1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987).
Kampung Kalaka (=Kalakah): 1.3833 110.7416 5 m. Museums:
SMK. Collectors: A.H. Everett. References: Sharpe (1877b),
Moulton (1914a).
Kampung Kuala Sibuti (includes Sungai Sibuti): 3.9833
113.7333 SL. References: MNS-BCC (2002c), Bakewell et al.
(2017). Remarks: Also see Sibuti Wildlife Sanctuary.
Kampung Kuap: 1.4083 110.3625 20 m. References: Asrif et
al. (2018). Remarks: Rice paddy.
Kampung Lidah Tanah (=Ledah Tanah, Pulau Lidah Tanah,
Lida Tana): 1.4500 110.2667 10 m. References: St. John (1862).
Beccari (1904). Remarks: This is where the right (west) and
left (east) branches of Sg. Sarawak split.
Kampung Limpaku Pinang: 4.8791 115.0213 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Litong: 2.9120 112.0970 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kampung Luba: 1.7050 110.1820 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Kampung Lumut: 4.8700 115.3047 15 m. Museums: SMK.
References: Anon (1958).
Kampung Jernang: 1.6333 110.4500 15 m. References: Banks
(1935b:319).
Kampung Masjid: 4.5840 113.986 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kampung Masjid Noor Islam: 4.9557 115.4116 SL. References:
Sim et al. (2006), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Melayu, Miri (=Pulau Melayu): 4.4140 113.9893 SL.
References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Melayu, Samarahan: 1.409 110.525 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Melipat: 4.9230 115.3889 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Mentong Merau (=Mantung Merau): 0.9833
110.6000 25 m. References: Bennett et al. (2000).
Kampung Moyan: 1.5667 110.5833 10 m. References:
Smythies (1963), Gregory-Smith (1995).
Kampung Mujuh-Jelatong (=Kampung Manchu): 4.9793
115.5835 30 m. Museums: LSU. References: Sheldon et al.
(2019).
Kampung Nelayan Bintawak: 1.566 110.3791 5 m. Museums:
SMK, UF. Collectors: Junaidi. References: Harrisson (1951b),
Witt and Sheldon (1994b). Remarks: Kerangas.
Kampung Nyiru (=Nyiru Grait): 1.361 110.274 15 m. Museums:
YPM. Collectors: Dasar.
Kampung Padang Pan (=Plaman Padang Pan): 1.3131 110.0569
40 m. References: Juliana and Gawin (2020). Remarks: Mixed
dipterocarp forest, fruit orchard, secondary forest.
Kampung Paloh (=Kuala Paloh, Palo): 1.7833 111.1000 SL.
References: Banks (1935b), Edwards et al. (1986a,b), Edwards
and Polshek (1887), Wei et al. (2009).
Kampung Pangkalan Kuap: 1.4375 110.3583 10 m.
References: Bartlett (1896b), Lim (1965). Remarks: Rubber
and rice paddy in the 1960s.
Kampung Pangkalan Lobang (=Pankulan Lubang): 3.824
113.76 20 m. Museums: LSU, SMK. References: Harrisson
(1967), Kemp and Kemp (1974), Gawin (2014), Sheldon et al.
(2019). Remarks: This site is adjacent to the Niah National
Park HQ.
Kampung Pasir Pandak (=Pasir Pomolak, Pasir Pondok):
1.6700 110.3200 5 m. Museums: RMC, SMK, YPM. Collectors:
Jamili, T. Harrisson.
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 22
Kampung Pengalih: 4.8267 115.4544 5 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Pengkalan Madang (=Pangkalan Madang): 4.6403
114.8315 10 m. Museums: LSU. References: Gawin (2014), Lim
et al. (2017), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Perian (=Peruan): 4.7807 115.4092 50 m. Museums:
LSU. References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Plaman Bantang (=Plaman Bentang, Penkalan
Bentang): 1.1791 110.4625 30 m. References: Banks (1935b).
Kampung Pueh: 1.8186 109.7064 60 m. Museums: LSU;
References: Chua et al. (2015), Lim et al. (2017), Sheldon et
al. (2019).
Kampung Pugu Beach (=Kampung Pugu): 1.7980 109.8100 10
m. References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Pulau Salak: 1.6667 110.3000 SL. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: Jamili.
Kampung Punang: 4.8937 115.3478 10 m. Museums: RMC.
Collectors: Sliman, T. Harrisson. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Kampung Ranggu: 4.6289 114.8429 20 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Lim et al. (2017), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Sambir: 1.5710 110.5420 2 m. References: Smythies
(1963), Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997b, 1999). Remarks:
Mangrove, nipa.
Kampung Santin: 1.7 110.2166 SL. References: Gregory-Smith
(1995, 1999), Wei et al. (2009).
Kampung Sapit: 1.1770 110.1990 65 m. Museums: LSU, SMK.
References: Lim (2010), Lim and Sheldon (2011), Lim et al.
(2011, 2014, 2017), Chua et al. (2017), Shakya et al. (2018),
Boyce et al. (2019), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Sarabang: 1.9820 109.6500 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Sasa (=Sungai Sesak): 4.9500 115.5620 5 m.
Museums: LSU. References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Sebakau: 2.475 111.3 5 m. References: Edwards
and Polsheck (1987).
Kampung Sebako: 1.7203 109.7170 40 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Gawin (2014), Boyce et al. (2019), Sheldon et al.
(2019).
Kampung Sebangan: 1.5500 110.7667 SL. Museums: USNM.
Collectors: D.C. Worcester, F.S. Bourns. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kampung Sedemak (=Sedenak, Sodomak, Sadomak): 1.67
109.80 30 m. Museums: MCSNG. Collectors: O. Beccari.
References: Beccari (1904).
Kampung Selabat, Muara Tebas: 1.6790 110.4800 SL.
References: Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: Privately owned
fishponds north of Tanjung Selabat.
Kampung Selalang and Kuala Selalang (=Selalong): 2.0944
111.2129 SL. References: Smythies (1950), Edwards and
Polshek (1987), Tuen (2006), Bakewell et al. (2017), Leupen
et al. (2018). Remarks: Mouth of a large river lined with
mangroves, the north side with mud and sand.
Kampung Sembawang: 1.6533 109.8180 20 m. Museums:
YPM. Collectors: Junaidi.
Kampung Semera (including Jaie-Semera Aquaculture
Farm): 1.5602 110.6688 5 m. References: Yeap (2001b), Yeap
et al. (2003, 2004), MNS-BCC (2011b), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Senau: 2.865 111.875 2 m. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kampung Sibu Laut: 1.6916 110.2041 SL. References:
Gregory-Smith (1996, 1997b, 1998a).
Kampung Siniawan (=Kuala Sungai Seniawan, Senjawan,
Sinyawan): 1.44 110.22 5 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors:
Junaidi, Padan, A. Anyi, Gaing, J. Gaun. References: St. John
(1862), Anon (1958), MNS-BCC (2002b,c).
Kampung Stunggang Melayu: 1.6541 109.8583 5
m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: Junaidi. References:
Nurqamareena et al. (2018a).
Kampung Sungai Buah: 1.693 110.312 SL. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: J. Gaun, T. Harrisson.
Kampung Sungai Cina (=Kampung Sungai China): 1.695
110.069 SL. Museums: YPM. Collectors: S. Slamgah, A. Abon.
Kampung Sungai Lumut, Santubong: 1.7167 110.3500 5
m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: Sliman, J. Bangga, Gaing.
References: Fogden (1965b,c), Bakewell and Cheung (2009),
MNS-BCC (2009d).
Kampung Sungai Maong (=Kampung Kudei, Kudai): 1.5406
110.3072 10 m. Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: Sliman.
References: Harrisson (1951b).
Kampung Sungai Merah: 1.0727 111.1117 25 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Lim and Sheldon (2011), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Sungai Merapok (=Merabok River, Merapok Hills,
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 23
Marabok): 4.9725 115.5864 50 m. Museums: AMNH, NHMUK,
NMB. Collectors: J. Waterstradt. References: Blasius (1901),
Smythies (1957a), Stresemann (1937). Remarks: J. Waterstradt
collected extensively on Sg. Merapok and in nearby Sabah.
Kampung Sungai Rait: 4.1000 113.8667 10 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Sungai Tengah (=Sungei Tengah): 1.5500 110.2500
5 m. Museums: SMK. Collectors: G. Dalton. References:
Moulton (1914a).
Kampung Surabaya (=Kampong Sourabaya): 1.5611 110.3528
15 m. Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: Junaidi.
Kampung Taee, Serian (=Tai, Tai’I, Ta’ee, Taie, Ta-ee, Ta-
ii, Munggu Babi, Mungo Babi): 1.2060 110.4670 25 m.
References: Banks (1935b), Anon (1958), Medway (1958a,
1970), Gregory-Smith (1997b), MNS-BCC (2001b). Remarks:
Marsh and limestone caves. This village was previously known
as Munggu Babi (meaning “Cold Hill”) and spelled Mungo
Babi by Banks (1935b). At the time of Banks’ investigation,
the village shared its swiftlet nests collected from Gn. Nambi
with Kg. Bukar and Kg. Bharu.
Kampung Tambirat: 1.5445 110.5326 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Tanjung Bowang: 1.5065 110.1825 90 m. Museums:
LSU. References: Boyce et al. (2019), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kampung Tanjung Bundong: 1.4666 110.4958 5 m.
References: Mansor and Gawin (2020a,b).
Kampung Tapuh, Sungai Kedup (=Sungai Kidup): 0.9333
110.5833 35 m. Museums: DMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors:
George, T. Harrisson, R. Nyandoh, L. Labang, Charles.
References: Harrisson (1950a), BirdLife International (2001),
Gawin (2014).
Kampung Tarat: 1.208 110.53 20 m. References: Smythies
(1957a). Remarks: Regarding White-browed Crake.
Kampung Tebakang (=Tabekang, Tebekang): 1.1000 110.5167
5 m. Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: R.W.C. Shelford, J.
Gaun. References: Moulton (1914c), Shelford (1916), Banks
(1935b), Harrisson (1950a). Remarks: Moulton noted that,
even his day, “practically no old jungle” remained in the hills
near Tebakang.
Kampung Tekajong: 2.7416 111.55 5 m. References: Edwards
et al. (1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987).
Kampung Telaga Air: 1.6760 110.2100 SL. References: Wei et
al. (2009).
Kampung Telok Melano (includes Melano Bay): 2.0083
109.6458 10 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: S. Slamgah, A.
Abon, J. Gaun, Brahim.
Kampung Telok Nipah: 1.7167 110.3500 SL. Museums:
RMC, YPM. Collectors: Junaidi, Padan, Nyandoh, Gaing, T.
Harrisson. References: Morioka and Yang (1996).
Kampung Teluk Bulat: 2.2679 111.6713 10 m. References:
Tuen (2006). Remarks: Secondary forest, rubber garden, and
mixed swamp forest.
Kampung Temenggong, Matang Road (=Temanggong):
1.628 110.214 5m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: Junaidi.
Kampung Teriso (=Trisauh): 1.5333 110.9990 55 m.
References: St. John (1862), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kampung Undop: 4.9586 115.5719 20-60 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Gawin (2014), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Kangking, Kuching: 1.519 110.323 10 m. References: MNS-
BCC (2009c, 2011a).
Kanowit (=Kenawit): 2.1000 112.1500 15 m. Museums: LSU,
USNM. Collectors: A.R. Morrison. References: Smythies
(1950), Anon (1958), Deignan (1957), Lim et al. (2014), Sheldon
et al. (2019).
Kapit (=Fort Kapit, Fort Sylvia, Kuala Kapit): 2.0160 112.9300
20 m. Museums: AMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors: C.A.
Bampfylde, C.W. Beebe, B.E. Smythies. References: Moulton
(1914a), Smythies (1957a).
Kelingkang Range (=Klingkang, Kalingkang, Keling Kang):
0.99 111.53 200 m. Museums: SMK. References: Moulton
(1914a), Sheldon (1987).
Kenyalang Park-Spring Complex, Kuching: 1.5350 110.3550
20 m. References: MNS-BCC (2001c), Razak et al. (2019).
Keresa Plantations Oil Palm Plantation: 3.1519 113.5632 30
m. References: Gervais et al. (2012).
Kubu, Lawas (=Koobos, Kooboo, Kubu near Lawas, “Lawas,
Kubu”): 4.05 115.41 5 m. Museums: AMNH. Collectors: T.
Harrisson. References: Morrison (1950). Remarks: The
latitude and longitude here are for Lawas, since a kubu
(fortress) would likely be at the town.
Kota Samarahan, Overview (=Muara Tuang, Maratuang, Kota
Semarahan, UNIMAS and, at UNIMAS, the Asset Unit, Bunga
Raya College, Dahlia College, Desa Ilmu): 1.4600 110.4800 5
m. Museums: LSU, RMC, UNIMAS, YPM. Collectors: Gaining,
Padan. References: Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1999), Bakar
(1999), Tuen and Darub (1999), Tuen (2004), Ahmad (2006),
Rahman and Tuen (2006), Ghani (2008), Mohd Aris (2009),
Lim (2010), Abdillah (2011), Lim et al. (2011, 2014), Lim and
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 24
Sheldon (2011), MNS-BCC (2012c), Voon et al. (2014), Yong et
al. (2014), Rahman et al. (2015a), Ramji et al. (2016), Shakya
et al. (2018), Luking et al. (2019), Razak et al. (2019), Sheldon
et al. (2019), Mah and Ramji (2020), Mansor and Gawin
(2020a,b). Remarks: Kota Samarahan is the location of the
main campus of the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
Many studies have been conducted on or near the campus,
or with specimens from the campus.
Koyan Valley (=Koyam): 3.2600 114.2300 800 m. Collectors:
Oxford University 1932. Museums: NHMUK. References:
Harrisson and Hartley (1934), Richards (1936, 1952),
Stresemann (1937). Remarks: Sg. Koyan is on the south-
western side of Dulit.
Krokong: 1.3667 110.1167 25 m. Museums: SMK, YPM.
Collectors: T. Harrisson, J. Gaun, T.M.J. Peck, T.K.M. Reda.
Kuala Adang: 4.0820 115.3170 320 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: E. Banks. References: Smythies (1957a). Remarks:
Regarding a Jerdon’s Baza specimen.
Kuala Apoh: 3.9370 114.5230 20 m. References: Hose (1929).
Kuala Bakam: 4.2491 113.9235 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Kuala Baki: 4.0070 115.0920 230 m. Collectors: J.C. Moulton.
References: Moulton (1912).
Kuala Bako: 1.6820 110.4230 SL. References: Edwards et al.
(1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987), MNS-BCC (2001c),
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Balingian (=Balingean, Balinean, Belingean, Belingau,
Belingeau, Balanian): 3.0210 112.5840 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Bangkit, Song (=Nanga Bangkit, Bankit, Bankit Valley):
1.1771 112.637 40 m. References: SMK. YPM. Collectors:
J. Bangga, J. Gaun, B.E. Smythies. Remarks: An eastern
tributary of Sg. Katibas.
Kuala Baram (=Barram, Baram Point): 4.5910 113.9690
SL. Museums: ANSP, SMK, UWBM. Collectors: C. Hose,
L.K. Wang. References: Everett (1890a,b), Moulton (1914a),
Fogden (1965b), Duckett (1985), Yeap (2001b, 2002a), MNS-
BCC (2009a), Cheung (2010), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Baram Lagoon: 4.5740 113.9690 SL. References: Wei
et al. (2009), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Belait (=Blait): 4.5950 114.1778 SL. References:
Harrisson and Smythies (1959), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Remarks: St. John (1862) refers to this as “Blait country.”
Kuala Belawai: 2.2220 111.1920 SL. References: Edwards
et al. (1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Mizutani et al.
(2006a, 2007), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Belepeh (=Baloi Peh): 2.7500 114.0667 100 m.
References: Hose and McDougall (1912:14). Remarks: Hose
and McDougall have a photo of a “gorge in the Rejang River
above the entrance of Baloi Peh.”
Kuala Bena: 2.0040 113.1010 24 m. References: Wong et al.
(2022). Remarks: Mostly a camera-trap study of mammals in
an Acacia plantation but includes Great Argus and Crested
Fireback.
Kuala Bukau (=Long Bukau): 2.3083 113.8750 160 m.
References: Hose and McDougall (1912). Remarks: Hose
and McDougall (1912:138) have a photo of the “Falls at Long
Bukau.”
Kuala Buntal: 1.6940 110.3750 SL. References: Harrisson
(1955a), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Gaat (=Nanga Gaat): 1.645 113.133 40 m. References:
Bennett et al. (2000), Bennett and Gumal (2001).
Kuala Igan: 2.8310 111.6590 SL. References: Edwards et al.
(1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Bakewell et al. (2017),
Wei et al. (2009).
Kuala Jelalong (=Jilalong): 3.1610 113.7090 20 m. Collectors:
A.H. Everett. References: Sharpe (1877b), Samejima and Hon
(2020).
Kuala Jalang Baru: 2.8950 112.0174 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kuala Judan: 2.9010 112.0460 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Kuala Kabong (=Kuala Krian): 1.7880 111.1050 SL. References:
Edwards et al. (1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Mizutani
et al. (2006a, 2007), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Kabulu (=Kabulo): 3.21 113.75 25 m. Collectors: A.H.
Everett. References: Sharpe (1877b).
Kuala Katibas: 2.0100 112.5530 15 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: J. Colebrooke-Robjent. References: Fogden
(1965b). Remarks: Sg. Katibas joins the Rajang here (at Song).
Kuala Kebab: 4.9115 115.2720 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Kuala Kemena: 3.1800 113.0320 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Kuala Kupur: References: Wei et al. (2009). Remarks: This
site must be near the coast.
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 25
Kuala Labang: 3.2500 113.4833 15 m. Collectors: A.H. Everett.
References: Sharpe (1877).
Kuala Lawas: 4.9720 115.4150 SL. References: Howes and
NPWO (1986b), Caldecott (1987), Howes (1987), Sim et al.
(2006), Yeap et al. (2007), Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks:
This is part of the Brunei Bay IBA.
Kuala Liang, Middle Baram Caves: 3.5958 114.4291 20 m.
References: Lim and Wan (2021). Remarks: An important
swiftlet cave area, located near Sg. Kejin and Sg. Tugang on
the east side of Sg. Baram.
Kuala Likau: 3.3490 113.1570 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017). Remarks: Long sandy beach, rugged rocky coastline.
Kuala Limbang (=Limbang Mangroves Wildlife Sanctuary):
4.83 115.04 SL. References: Howes and NPWO (1986a),
Howes (1987), Sebastian (1995), DWNP (1987), Yeap et al.
(2007), MNS-BCC (2011a), Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks:
This is part of the Brunei Bay IBA.
Kuala Lobang, Niah National Park: Museums: SMK.
Collectors: T. Harrisson. References: Harrisson (1961).
Kuala Lundu (=Kuala Kayan): 1.7000 109.9360 SL. Museums:
RMC. Collectors: T. Harrisson. Remarks: Sg. Lundu is also
called Sg. Kayan (or Batang Kayan), not to be confused with
Sg. Kayan of the upper Sg. Sadong.
Kuala Lupar: 1.5200 110.9700 SL. References: Edwards et al.
(1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987). Remarks: Part of the
Sadong-Saribas coast IBA.
Kuala Madihit: 4.1800 115.1400 140 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912),
Harrisson (1963a).
Kuala Magoh (=Long Mago): 3.9800 115.6900 200 m.
Museums: SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References:
Moulton (1912). Remarks: Here, Sg. Seridan joins the Magoh
and takes its name.
Kuala Maludam: 1.6646 111.0238 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kuala Matu: 2.7126 111.7352 SL. Museums: SMK. References:
Sharpe (1876), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Mizutani et al.
(2006a, 2007), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Medamit (=Madamit): 4.4750 114.9228 15 m. Museums:
SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912).
Kuala Melinau, Gunung Mulu National Park (=Long Melinau,
Malinau): 4.028 114.803 30 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors:
D. Sigar. References: Kemp and Kemp (1976), Duckett (1985).
Remarks: Kuala Melinau is where Sg. Melinau, which runs
past the park HQ, meets Sg. Melinau Paku. This junction
is downstream from the park HQ, near the Marriott Resort.
Together they form the Melinau Paku, which runs into Sg.
Tutoh. Some researchers may have confused Kuala Melinau
with Kuala Melinau Paku (see next site). The Sg. Melinau in
this entry should not be confused with the Sg. Melinau in the
Mujong-Baleh drainage.
Kuala Melinau Paku, Gunung Mulu National Park (=Long
Melinau Paku): 2.0958 113.6750 25 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: T. Harrisson. References: Harrisson (1952a),
Fogden (1965b). Remarks: This is where Sg. Melinau Paku
meets Sg. Tutoh. Judging from Fogden’s itinerary, he may
have meant Long Melinau Paku rather than Long Melinau
(same with Harrisson).
Kuala Merit (=Nanga Merit): 2.2850 113.1850 37 m. References:
Bilung et al. (2014), Pang et al. (2017a). Remarks: Sg. Merit is a
tributary of Sg. Rajang upstream from Pelagus National Park.
Kuala Moyan: 1.5970 110.5860 SL. References: Gregory-
Smith (1999).
Kuala Mujong (=Kuala Mujan, Long Mujan, Menjan, Miyong):
2.0220 113.1750 40 m. Museums: AMNH, MCZ, RMC.
Collectors: J.C. Moulton, Gani, C.W. Beebe, F. Shaw Meyer.
References: Beebe (1918-22), Long and Collar (2002).
Kuala Mukah: 2.9130 112.0960 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Kuala Niah: 3.9690 113.7060 SL. Museums: RMC, SMK.
Collectors: J.H. Sliman, T. Harrisson. References: Kemp and
Kemp (1976), Morioka and Yang (1996), MNS-BCC (2002c,d),
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Nyalau: 3.6420 113.3820 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017). Remarks: Sandy beach.
Kuala Oya: 2.8740 111.8810 SL. Museums: RMC. References:
Voous (1950b), Morioka and Yang (1996), Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Kuala Padungan, Kuching (=Pedungan): 1.5580 110.3590 3
m. References: Low (1848).
Kuala Pandan: 3.1500 115.3710 5 m. Collectors: A.H. Everett.
References: Sharpe (1877b).
Kuala Pasir: 1.604 109.833 SL. Museums: YPM. Collectors:
Junaidi.
Kuala Pelagus (=Nanga Pelagus, Palagus): 2.1710 113.055 25
m. References: Smythies (1950), Pang et al. (2018), Mohd-
Azlan et al. (2022). Remarks: Where Sg. Pelagus flows into
Sg. Rajang.
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 26
Kuala Penat: 2.8870 111.9790 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Kuala Penipah (=Sungai Penipak): 2.9450 112.2250 SL.
References: Edwards and Polshek (1987), Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Kuala Petanek: 2.9040 112.0570 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kuala Petian (=Kuala Sungai Petian): 2.8950 112.0210 SL.
References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Plieran: 2.6833 114.5167 500 m. Collectors: Oxford
University 1955. References: Arnold (1957), Harrisson (1965b,
1966a). Remarks: The 1955 Oxford Expedition to the Usun
Apau Plateau traveled up Sg. Rajang to Long Murum and
then overland to the Plieran Valley south of the Usun Apau
Plateau. In February 1965, Harrisson spent 8 days in the
region with several Punan Busang.
Kuala Punang (=Pinang): 4.8920 115.3460 SL. Museums:
RMC, RMNH, SMK. Collectors: J. Waterstraat, T. Harrisson.
References: Morioka and Yang (1996).
Kuala Putai (=Nanga Putai): 1.595 113.791 80 m. References:
Smythies (1950), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2022).
Kuala Rajang: 2.1398 111.2958 SL. References: Edwards et al.
(1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Tuen (2006), Mizutani
et al. (2006a, 2007), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Rangau: 4.8200 115.0350 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Kuala Raso (=Muara Raso): Museums: YPM. Collectors:
Junaidi. Remarks: The point where Sg. Raso meets Sg. Kayan
in the Lundu area.
Kuala Sadong (=Sidong, Sadung): 1.5520 110.7170 SL.
Museums: RMC. Collectors: H.C. Robinson. References:
Harrisson (1950b,c), Hill (1960), Edwards et al. (1986a,b),
Edwards and Polshek (1987), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et al.
(2017). Remarks: Part of Sadong-Saribas coast IBA.
Kuala Salak: 1.6840 110.2890 SL. References: MNS-BCC
(2009b,c), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Salidong (=Salindong, Sulindong): 4.31 115.04 75
m. Museums: SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References:
Moulton (1912). Remarks: This site is shown on Moulton’s map
as a tributary of Sg. Limbang. He stopped here on his way to
Batu Lawi, and some of his collectors spent 5 days collecting
here on the return trip.
Kuala Samarahan (=Muara Baru, Mora Barue, Kuala
Samerahan): 1.5800 110.5360 SL. Museums: NHMUK, RMC.
Collectors: C. Ulok, C.B. Kloss. References: Hill (1960),
Edwards et al. (1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Howes
(1987), Morioka and Yang (1996), Mizutani et al. (2006a,
2007), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et al. (2017), Garg et al.
(2022). Remarks: Bakewell et al. (2017) worked the northern
part of Sg. Samarahan from Kg. Melayu (1.409N 110.525E) to
Kuala Samarahan.
Kuala Sampun: 1.5770 110.6427 SL. References: Sebastian
(2004a), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Samunsam (=Samunsan): 1.9520 109.6450 SL.
References: Wilson (2002).
Kuala Saribas: 1.6920 111.1170 SL. References: Edwards et
al. (1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Howes (1987),
Mizutani et al. (2006a, 2007), Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks:
Part of Sadong-Saribas Coast IBA.
Kuala Sebandi: 1.5900 110.5800 SL. References: Edwards
and Polshek (1987), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Senap: 4.3283 115.0050 65 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912).
Remarks: Moulton called this river “Smarpit.”
Kuala Setuan: 4.2474 115.0758 130 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912).
Remarks: Moulton called this “Sungai Tuan.”
Kuala Sibu Laut: 1.7020 110.2060 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kuala Similajau: 3.5180 113.3020 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Kuala Sirih: 1.9680 109.9320 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Kuala Skrang (=Sakarang, Sakarran, Sakarrang, Sekarong):
1.2430 111.5050 5 m. Museums: SMK. Collectors: A.H.
Everett. References: St. John (1862), Sharpe (1877a,b), Witt
and Sheldon (1994a).
Kuala Suai: 3.7950 113.4920 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Kuala Murut (=Sungai Sangkurum): 4.9249 115.3947 SL.
References: Sim et al. (2006), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Tatau: 3.0860 112.7940 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017). Remarks: Sandy beach.
Kuala Tekalit (=Nanga Tekalit): 1.6333 113.5750 200 m.
Museums: FMNH. Collectors: R. Inger.
Kuala Tekoyang (=Takoyong, Takogong): 1.7173 110.3226
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 27
SL. Museums: LSU, USNM. Collectors: Junaidi. References:
Sheldon et al. (2019). Remarks: Mangrove, coastal scrub.
Kuala Telong (=Kuala Sungai Telong): 3.7700 113.4530 SL.
References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Kuala Tengoa (=Kampung Long Tengoa): 4.6100 115.3320
50-70 m. Museums: LSU, MCZ. Collectors: T. Harrisson.
References: Harrisson (1950a), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Remarks: Harrisson recorded Bornean Treepies near Murut
villages at lowland elevations in the Tengoa Valley.
Kuala Trusan: 4.977 115.182 SL. References: Harrisson
(1963a), Howes and NPWO (1986b), Caldecott (1987), Yeap et
al. (2007), Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: This entry covers
Sg. Trusan delta and is part of the Brunei Bay IBA.
Kuala Trusan Sundar (=Sundar Estuary): 4.9735 115.2150
SL. Museums: SMK. References: Howes and NPWO (1986),
Sebastian (1995), Yeap et al. (2007), Jaaman et al. (2010),
Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: This is part of the Brunei Bay
IBA.
Kuala Tubau (=Tuban): 3.161 113.709 20 m. Collectors: A.H.
Everett References: Sharpe (1877b).
Kuala Tugang, Middle Baram Caves: 3.69 114.45 30 m.
Remarks: Sg. Tugang enters Sg. Kejin here. It is important as
an access river to Lobang Beruang and Lobang Tuking.
Kubaan-Puak Forest Management Unit (=Kuba’an-Puak
Corridor Project, Borlin Forest Management Unit): References:
Ahmad et al. (2017). Remarks: This FMU is part of an eort by
the WWF “Heart of Borneo” project to develop sustainably
managed (certified) forest units connecting Gn. Mulu, Pulong
Tau, and Gunung Buda national parks.
Kubah National Park, Overview: 1.6136 110.1969 20-911 m.
Museums: LSU, MCSNG, SMK, UWBM, YPM. Collectors:
O. Beccari and G. Doria, J. Bangga, A. Anyi. References:
Beccari (1904), Moulton (1914a), Witt and Sheldon (1994a),
Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997b), Bennett et al. (2000),
Rahman (2000), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Fauzi
(2007), Sulaiman (2007), MNS-BCC (2009a,b,d, 2011a,c,
2012a,b,c), Bakewell and Cheung (2009), Cheung (2010),
Lim (2010), Orenstein et al. (2010), Rahman et al. (2010), Lim
et al. (2011, 2014, 2017), Lim and Sheldon (2011), Moyle et al.
(2011, 2017), Phillipps and Phillipps (2011), Bakewell (2013),
Jeyarajasingam (2013), Yong et al. (2014), Chua et al. (2015),
Lesley et al. (2016), Dering et al. (2017), Margaret (2017), Ng et
al. (2017), Tan (2017a), Lit and Mohd-Azlan (2018), Philovenny
et al. (2018), Sheldon et al. (2019), Aziz and Laman (2020),
Cros et al. (2020). Remarks: A 2230 ha park near Kuching
encompassing the Matang Range of sandstone mountains,
including Gn. Matang (403 m) and Gn. Serapi (912 m).
Kuching, Overview (=Kucking, Town of Sarawak): 1.5214
110.3417 0-20 m. Museums: AMNH, ANSP, MCZ, MNHN,
MNS, NHMUK, RMC, RMNH, ROM, SMK, UF, USNM, YPM.
Collectors: A.H. Everett, E. Bartlett, J.B. Bell, E. P. Mjöberg, etc.
References: Wallace (1869), Sharpe (1876, 1877b, 1893a:part
III), Everett (1889), Bartlett (1895h, 1896a), Moulton (1914a),
Harrisson (1950b, 1951b, 1957, 1966a, 1967), Voous (1950a,b,
1951), Smythies (1950, 1963), Anon (1958), Fogden (1965b,c,
1966b), Croxall (1969), Medway (1970), Sheldon (1985, 1987),
Wycherley (1990), Witt and Sheldon (1994b), Gregory-Smith
(1995, 1996, 1997b,c), Morioka and Yang (1996), Yeap (2001a,
2002a), Long and Collar (2002), Wong and Chang (2006),
Gawin (2014), Cros and Rheindt (2017), Sze et al (2018), Garg
et al. (2022).
Kuching-Penrissen Road, Overview: References: Bartlett
(1896d). Remarks: In earlier years, a common route to the
forest from Kuching for collecting and watching birds was
the road south toward Gn. Penrissen. Miles on this road (and
others) were delimited with stone markers, called “batu,”
hence “batu” and “mile” were used interchangeably to
indicate locations on the road. Through the 1950s, records
and specimen labels that said simply, for example, “Mile 3,
Kuching” or “Mile 7, Kuching” referred to the Penrissen Road
(not Stapok, Matang, or other roads). After mile 10 (Padawan),
where the Penrissen and Serian roads split, records and
labels usually indicated the name of the road.
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 1.5 – 2 (=Mile 1.5-2, Batu 2,
Railroad Road Mile 1.5-2): 1.5350 110.3370 5 m. Museums:
SMK, YPM. Collectors: C.S. Yu.
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 3 (=Mile 3, Batu 3, includes
Kampung Sungai Maong): 1.5200 110.3360 10 m. Museums:
SMK, YPM.
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 4 (=Mile 4, Batu 4): 1.511 110.333
10 m. Museums: AMNH, SMK. Collectors: T. Harrisson.
References: Yeap (2002a).
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 6 (=Mile 6, Batu 6): 1.5070
110.3320 20 m. Museums: AMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors: T.
Harrisson, Sliman, C.S. Yu, Narawi, Joram.
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 7 (=Mile 7, Batu 7, Kota Sentosa,
Kuching Airport): 1.4860 110.3380 25 m. Museums: SMK,
YPM. Collectors: Wasil, T. Harrisson, Sliman. References:
Banks (1935b), Harrisson (1950b), Smythies and Harrisson
(1956), Anon (1958), Smythies (1962), Fogden (1965a,b,
1966b), Edwards et al. (1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987),
Gregory-Smith (1996, 1997b, 1999), MNS-BCC (2001c), Wei
et al. (2009). Remarks: Numerous birds were recorded and
ringed at the airport, including migrant waders. Smythies
(1962) provided detailed records of birds seen at the airport
based on 33 visits.
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 12 (=Batu 12): 1.41 110.325 40
m. Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: L. Labang, Junaidi, J.
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 28
Gaun.
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 13 (=Batu 13): 1.40 110.325 30
m. Museums: YPM.
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 17: 1.33 110.3 50 m. Museums:
YPM. Collectors: Junaidi.
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 20: 1.3 110.28 30 m. Museums:
YPM. Collectors: Junaidi.
Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 24: 1.25 110.28 m. Museums:
YPM. Collectors: Junaidi.
Kuching-Samarahan Bridge: 1.499 110.396 5 m. References:
MNS-BCC (2000b).
Kuching-Serian and Muara Tuang Road Junction (=Kuching-
Serian and Kota Samarahan Road Junction, near Padawan):
1.4470 110.3280 10 m. Museums: SMK. References:
McCormick (1976).
Kuching-Serian Road Mile 15 (=Kampung Seratau): 1.378
110.380 15 m. References: MNS-BCC (2001b).
Kuching-Serian Road Mile 17 (=Siburan): 1.362 110.405 10 m.
References: McCormick (1976). Remarks: Paddy.
Kuching-Serian Road Mile 18: 1.336 110.407 10 m. References:
Medway (1970).
Kuching-Serian Road Mile 21 (=Beratok): 1.314 110.407 15 m.
References: Harrisson (1951b).
Kuching Swimming Pool, Padungan (=MBKS Swimming
Pool): 1.5510 110.3640 3 m. References: Fogden (1965b),
Harrisson (1967).
Kuching Waterfront: 1.5583 110.3983 5 m. References: Razak
et al. (2019).
Kuching Wetlands National Park (=Kuching Wetland National
Park, Sarawak Mangroves Forest Reserve): 1.60-1.68 110.18-
110.42 SL. References: Bennett (1989), Scott (1989), Bennett
and Reynolds (1993), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006),
MNS-BCC (2009b,c,d), Cheung (2010), Orenstein et al. (2010),
Nurqamareena et al. (2018b). Remarks: A 6610 ha park
encompassing a deltaic mangrove system interconnecting
Sg. Sibu Laut, Batang Salak, and Sg. Santubong.
Lambir Hills National Park, Overview (includes Bukit
Lambir): 4.2000 114.0417 50-469 m. Museums: AMNH, ANSP,
LSU. Collectors: C. and E. Hose. References: Kemp and
Kemp (1974, 1976), Thiollay (1983), Soepadmo et al. (1984),
Duckett (1985, 1987), Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997b), Kato
(1996), Yumoto et al. (1997), Momose et al. (1998), Shanahan
(2000), Yumoto (2000), MNS-BCC (2001a,c, 2002a,b,c,
2011a), Colenutt (2002), Rahman (2002), Sarawak Forest
Department (2002a), Shanahan and Debski (2002), Yeap
(2002a), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Yeap et al.
(2007), Kamoi et al. (2008), Orenstein et al. (2010), Harrison
(2011), Lang et al. (2014), Rheindt and Eaton (2012), Kulis et
al. (2017), Boyce et al. (2019), Shakya et al. (2019), Sheldon et
al. (2019), Sheldon and Shakya (2019), Shakya et al. (2020).
Remarks: A 6949 ha park and IBA 24 km south of Miri, with a
high point on Bk. Lambir 465 m.
Lambir Hills National Park Highway Pass: 4.2360 114.0600
100 m. Museums: LSU. References: Lim and Sheldon (2011),
Lim et al. (2017), Sheldon et al. (2019).
3 km South of Lambir Hills National Park: 4.1590 114.0340
25 m. Museums: LSU. References: Lim and Sheldon (2011),
Lim et al. (2017), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Lanchang (=Gua Lanchang): 1.1570 110.4920 35 m. References:
Williams (1914), Banks (1935b), Medway (1958a). Remarks: A
swiftlet nesting site situated in Gn. Nambi. Pelaman Lanching
is an oshoot of Lanchang.
Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (=Lanjak Entimau Wildlife
Sanctuary, LEWS): 1.5300 112.1100 100-1285. Museums: LSU,
USNM. References: Kavanagh (1981, 1982), Grubh (1994,
2000), ITTO (1996, 1999), Prayogo et al. (1999), Grubh and
Sim (2000), Rahim et al. (2011), Mohd-Azlan and Engkamat
(2013), Brodie et al. (2015), Grubh et al. (2015), Robi (2017),
Philovenny et al. (2018), Boyce et al. (2019), Saucier et al.
(2019), Sheldon et al. (2019), Shakya et al. (2020). Remarks:
A 182,983 ha wildlife sanctuary and Malaysian IBA. The ITTO
(1996) and Grubh papers include bird lists. Grubh et al. (2015)
provide extensive ringing data.
Lavang: 3.29 113.48 20 m. References: Samejima and Hon
(2020). Remarks: Secondary forest.
Lawas Mangroves (=Lawas Mangroves Wildlife Sanctuary):
4.85-4.98 115.38-115.50 SL. References: Scott (1989),
Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006:451). Remarks: Defined
by Scott (1989) as the lower reaches and estuary of Sg.
Lawas, with associated oxbow lakes, nipa, mangrove, and
muflats. Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006) mentioned
the proposed “Lawas Mangroves Wildlife Sanctuary,” but that
does not yet exist.
Lepo’ Bunga (=Lepo Bunga): 3.9425 115.5444 1740 m.
References: Orenstein et al. (2010), MNS-BCC (2011a),
Sreedharan (2014). Remarks: This is a Sreedharan bird
ringing site on the Murud summit trail.
Lepor Zinc: 3.4844 115.4789 950 m. References: Sreedharan
(2014).
Leppu Aga House, Baram (=Lepu Aga, Umar): Museums:
RMC Collectors: J.C. Moulton, Gani. References: Gawin
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 29
(2014). Remarks: Lepo Aga is a Dayak minority group in the
Miri region of Sarawak. Lepo means tribe.
Limbang (=Linibang, Pangkalan Terap): 4.75 115.00 5 m.
Museums: ANSP, SMK, MCZ, ROM. Collectors: A.H. Everett,
J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912, 1914a), Ripley (1942),
Harrisson (1963a), Gawin (2014). Remarks: These references
probably refer mainly to Sg. Limbang rather than Limbang
itself, although Moulton (1912) specified collecting near the
town.
Limbang Airport: 4.8090 115.0080 15 m. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Limbang Mangrove National Park (=Limbang Mangroves
National Park, Limbang Mangroves Wildlife Sanctuary): 4.78-
4.91 114.92-115.08 SL. References: Bennett (1989), Scott
(1989), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Ramji et al.
(2021). Remarks: A 4360 ha park. The area was defined
by Scott (1989) as an estuarine complex dominated by Sg.
Limbang.
Lingga: 1.3500 111.1667 10 m. Museums: MCSNG, USNM,
YPM. Collectors: O. Beccari, D.C. Worcester, F.S. Bourns.
References: Everett (1889), Beccari (1904), Blaber and Milton
(1994), Gregory-Smith (1996, 1997b). Remarks: Blaber and
Milton (1994) surveyed Black-and-red Broadbill nests while
traveling along Sg. Seterap and Sg. Lingga between Lingga
and Pantu.
Lingit: 1.55 111.5625 50 m. Museums: MNS, NHMUK,
RMC. Collectors: H.C. Robinson, F. Adelborg. References:
Robinson and Kloss (1921), Gibson-Hill (1949:156), Hill (1960),
Gawin (2014).
Lio Mato (=Leo Matoh, Lio Matu, Liu Matu, Liomatu, Lioh
Matu, Lio Mato Fort): 3.1667 115.2333 200-1300 m. Museums:
RMC, SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton, E. Mjöberg, Riji, Jantan.
References: Mjöberg (1925), Hose and McDougall (1912:24),
Harrisson (1949a), Morioka and Yang (1996), Pang et al.
(2018), Sapian et al. (2018), Garg et al. (2022), Mohd-Azlan
et al. (2022), Rheindt et al. (2022). Remarks: This area is
considered the head of Sg. Baram (Hose and McDougall
1912) or the demarkation between the lowland and hills. It
was the location of a small fort in Mjöberg’s time. Nowadays,
at 3.2891N 115.3632E, it is logged secondary and agro forest
with rubber and fruit trees (Sapian et al. 2018, Mohd-Azlan et
al. 2022).
Litut, Gunung Mulu National Park: 4.098 114.837 50 m.
References: Bennett et al. (1996, 1997, 2000).
Loagan Bunut National Park (=Logan Bunut, Logun Bunut,
Lake Bunut): 3.7700 114.2400 5 m. References: Harrisson
(1933, 1952a), Anon (1958), Scott (1989), Sebastian and
Davies (1998), Sebastian (1999), BirdLife International (2001),
Yeap (2001b), Cheang (2004), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim
(2006), Laman et al. (2006), Hon et al. (2007), Yeap et al.
(2007), Wei et al. (2009), Orenstein et al. (2010), MNS-BCC
(2011c), Phillipps and Phillipps (2011), Ramji et al. (2016),
Chong et al. (2017). Remarks: A 10,736 ha park and IBA along
Sg. Tinjar. This wetland holds the largest natural freshwater
lake in Sarawak and 7943 ha of peat swamp forest.
Loagan Tujoh: 4.12 114.35 50 m. References: Hose
(1893b:420), Smythies (1957a). Remarks: This lake appears
on Hose’s maps on the east side of Sg. Baram between
Claudetown (Marudi) and Kuala Tinjar. The course of Sg.
Baram seems to have changed since Hose’s time (or his
maps are inaccurate), and we could not locate the lake on
Google Earth. So, the coordinates here are an approximation.
Loagan Ungar: 4.2300 114.2800 5 m. References: Scott
(1989). Remarks: A small, relatively isolated lagoon adjacent
to the middle Baram, 15 km downstream from Marudi.
Lobang Beruang, Middle Baram Caves (=Bruang): 3.694722
114.4603 150 m. Museums: RMC. References: Banks
(1935b:307, 1949a), Medway (1957). Remarks: A white-nest
swiftlet cave c. one hour by outboard up Sg. Kejin above
Long Laput and near Lobang Tuking.
Lobang Jeragan, Batu Clis, Middle Jeragan, Niah National
Park: Museums: SMK. Collectors: T. Harrisson. References:
Harrisson (1961).
Lobang Lambong: References: Banks (1935b:318). Remarks:
This may be a small swiftlet cave on Gn. Serumbu, near Rajah
James Brooke’s bungalow.
Lobang Salai, Middle Baram Caves (=Salai Cave): 3.6514
114.4158 70 m. Museums: SMK, NHMUK. References: St.
John (1862), Banks (1935b), Medway (1958b), Cranbrook
(1984), Goh et al. (2018), Lim (1999), Cranbrook and Lim (1999),
Lim and Cranbrook (2002, 2014), Lim and Rahman (2005),
Cranbrook et al. (2013), Lim and Wan (2021). Remarks: The
coordinates here are from Lim and Wan (2021). Banks (1935b)
puts this cave in a dierent place -- near Long Laput.
Lobang Sepayang, Middle Baram Caves: References:
Banks (1935b:307, 1949a). Remarks: A white-nest swiftlet
cave opposite Long Laput across Sg. Baram (C.K. Lim, pers.
comm.). Banks appears to have provided incorrect directions
to this cave.
Lobang Tuking, Middle Baram Caves (=Tocking): 3.692778
114.4672 220 m. References: Banks (1935b). Remarks: A large
white-nest swiftlet cave with an underground river, Sg. Tuking
(C.K. Lim, pers. comm.). Banks called this cave “Tocking.”
Loba Slesong: 1.5990 110.4000 5 m. References: Fogden
(1965b), Mizutani et al. (2006a, 2007).
Long Akah (=Akar, Aka, Ayap): 3.3187 114.7870 80 m.
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 30
Museums: AMNH, RMC, SMK. Collectors: C. Hose, J.C.
Moulton, T. Harrisson. References: Hose (1893a, 1927),
Hose and McDougall (1912), Mjöberg (1925), Banks (1935b),
Harrisson (1963a), Sheldon (1987), Morioka and Yang (1996).
Remarks: Akar is the old (or mistaken) name of Sg. Akah.
Long Aya (=Aiah, Ayab): 3.4164 114.1389 20 m. Museums:
RMC. Collectors: A.C. Haddon, W. MacDougall, C. Hose.
References: Haddon (1901), Harrisson (1933).
Long Bakong (=Bakung): 4.3100 114.2600 10 m. Museums:
ANSP, ROM, SMK, UCMZ, USNM. Collectors: C. Hose, T.
Harrisson. References: Hose (1893a), Harrisson (1952a).
Long Baleh: 3.2550 115.3990 442 m. References: Crocker
(1881), Harrisson (1949a).
Long Banga: 3.2250 115.3590 400-600 m. References:
Orenstein et al. (2010), Sapian et al. (2018), Syiahiza-Emida et
al. (2018), Wong (2018). Remarks: Primary forest.
Long Banio (=Long Banyok): 3.8490 114.4400 25 m.
References: Cranbrook (1984).
Long Bawan (=Longbawan, Balawit, Balawit Tableland):
3.90 115.60 950 m. References: Harrisson (1949a), Voous
(1951). Remarks: Balawit is now known as Long Bawan and
is in north Kalimantan, c. 20 km east of Gn. Murud. Tom
Harrisson’s group built a military airstrip here in 1945, which
is now Samaring Airport.
Long Belitak, Sungai Dapoi: Museums: YPM. References:
Harrisson (1954).
Long Belota, Sungai Dapoi: Museums: YPM.
Long Bemang: 3.8500 114.6000 25 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912).
Remarks: Sg. Apoh joins a tributary of Sg. Tutoh here.
Long Buroi: 3.1681 114.4894 95 m. Museums: UF, SMK, YPM.
Collectors: Padan, Madang, Ajun Adak, Lobo. References:
Harrisson (1954), Smythies and Harrisson (1956), Gawin (2014).
Remarks: Long Buroi was the starting point for the 1951 and
1952 trips to the Usun Apau Plateau (Harrisson 1954).
Long Buya, Sungai Pleiran: 2.66 114.70 700 m. Museums:
NHMUK, SMK. Collectors: Oxford University 1955.
References: Smythies (1957a), Gawin (2014).
Long Buyo, Upper Trusan (=Long Bewyu): 915 m. Museums:
YPM. Collectors: Nawan. References: Amadon and Harrisson
(1956).
Long Dapoi: 3.2270 114.4530 74 m. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: Madang (=Medang). References: Harrisson (1954).
Long Ekang (=Ikang, Loagan Ikang): 3.9183 114.4500 20 m.
Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: Nawan. References: Hose
(1893a), Smythies (1957a). Remarks: “Long Ikang” is shown
on a map in Hose (1893a:382).
Long Kachu: 4.7423 115.2844 20 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Lim et al. (2017), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Long Kapah: 3.3500 114.2400 40 m. Collectors: C. Hose,
A.H. Everett. References: Hose (1893a), Harrisson (1933).
Remarks: A village on Sg. Tinjar from which Hose ascended
Dulit. It was “one mile” from the Oxford University 1932 base
camp (Harrisson 1933).
Long Kejin (=Kejun, Keping): 3.7000 114.4400 25 m.
Museums: AMNH. Collectors: T. Harrisson. Remarks: Banks
(1935b) refered to Sg. Kejin as “Keping.”
Long Kelami (=Keliman): 3.3000 114.7800 80 m. Museums:
RMC, SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton, Jantan. References:
Morioki and Yang (1996).
Long Kesseh: 3.7484 114.8508 250 m. References: Sapian
et al. (2018). Remarks: Secondary forest logged several
decades ago.
Long Kinoman (=Kaliman): 4.2625 115.6042 950 m. Museums:
RMC. Collectors: Jantan, Beliau, J.C. Moulton.
Long Kubaan (= Kuala Kubaan): 3.7375 115.1917 350 m.
References: Fogden (1965b).
Long Labid: 3.5500 115.2625 900 m. Museums: AMNH.
Collectors: T. Harrisson.
Long Lama, Middle Baram Caves (=Lana, Hama): 3.7667
114.4000 25 m. Museums: AMNH, NHMUK, SMK. References:
Hose (1893a), Hose and McDougall (1912:50), Banks (1935b,
1949a), Medway (1957), Witt and Sheldon (1994a), Gawin
(2014). Remarks: Banks (1935b) and Medway (1957) noted
that white-nest swiftlets in Sarawak are restricted to the
Middle Baram region, which is centered at Long Lama. The
caves in this area are set back from the main river, and nests
from them are auctioned at Long Lama.
Long Lamai: 3.1375 115.3958 437-1200 m. References:
Orenstein et al. (2010), Wong (2018).
Long Laput, Middle Baram Caves: 3.7347 114.4278 40
m. Collectors: Oxford University 1932. References: Hose
(1935:306), Medway (1957), Fogden (1965b).
Long Lellang (=Lelang): 3.4200 115.1500 475 m. Museums:
AMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson. References:
Smythies and Harrisson (1956), Fogden (1965b), Chin (2000,
2002), Orenstein et al. (2010), Yong et al. (2014), Wong (2018).
Remarks: This is a Kelabit community with an airport.
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 31
Long Lopeng (=Luping, Lopine, Kuala Lupine): 4.2800
115.4900 550 m. Museums: AMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors:
Gaing, D. Sigar, J. Gaun, Abai, Tai Balang, Kolang, T. Harrisson.
References: Banks (1935b), Voous (1959).
Long Luar (=Long Luan): 2.6833 114.5167 500 m. Museums:
NHMUK, SMK. References: Harrisson (1965b), Gawin (2014).
Remarks: Sg. Danum joins joins Sg. Plieran below Long Luar,
south of the Usun Apau Plateau.
Long Magoh (=Mago): 3.8800 114.9800 135 m. Collectors:
J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912).
Long Main: 3.4100 115.1800 500 m. References: Chin (2000,
2002). Remarks: A Penan village serving as a center for
Chin’s study of bird and mammal hunting. Chin’s campsite
was at 3.43, 115.18 on flat ground near the Sg. Sebelo.
Long Marigau: Museums: ROM, SMK. Collectors: Achi.
Remarks: Placed at 2.658043 112.9482 by ROM.
Long Mendalam (=Kuala Mendalam, Madalam, Medalam,
Madalaun): 4.3870 114.9010 30 m. Museums: ANSP, MCZ,
ROM, SMK, YPM. Collectors: C. Hose, J.C. Moulton, T.
Harrisson, D. Sigar. References: Moulton (1912), Harrisson
(1952a).
Long Miri (=Long Mari): 3.5850 114.4325 50 m. References:
Hose (1893a).
Long Musan, Baram: Museums: RMC. References: Rheindt
et al. (2022).
Long Nibong (=Nibung): 3.2100 114.4090 60 m. Museums:
NHMUK, SMK. Collectors: Oxford University 1932.
References: Harrisson (1932), Gawin (2014).
Long Pala, Gunung Mulu National Park (=Long Palai):
4.0310 114.7990 35 m. Museums: RMC, SMK. Collectors:
J.C. Moulton, H.B. Brocker. References: Medway and Labang
(1977), Wells et al. (1978), Davison (1979), Hanbury-Tenison
and Jermy (1979), Cranbrook and Wells (1981), Anderson etal.
(1982), Proctor (1982), Morioka and Yang (1996). Remarks: Sg.
Pala is a tributary of Sg. Melinau Paku, and Long Pala was the
location of the Royal Geographical Society base camp during
the 1977-1978 expedition.
Long Patah (=Pata, Katih): 3.3500 114.6000 75 m. Museums:
AMNH, RMC, SMK, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, A. Anyi.
References: Hose and McDougall (1912), Smythies (1957a),
Gawin (2014).
Long Pawan (=Pongga Pawan?): 3.3300 114.6500 70 m.
Museums: AMNH. Collectors: T. Harrisson.
Long Peluan: 3.2615 115.4070 440 m. Museums: SMK.
References: Bennett et al. (1996, 1997, 2000), Gawin (2014).
Remarks: Bennett et al. surveyed hornbills and pheasants
here.
Long Pembarang (=Pembaeong, Pembooang): Museums:
RMC. Collectors: C. Chunggat.
Long Pulai, Sungai Baram: Museums: RMC. Collectors: J.C.
Moulton.
Long Sabai: 3.4700 115.2400 700 m. References: Chin
(2000, 2002), Sreedharan (2014). Remarks: A Penan village
serving as the center for Chin’s study of bird and mammal
hunting. Chin’s campsite was at 3.49 115.25.
Long Salai: 3.665 114.421 20 m. References: Hose (1893a).
Remarks: Hose (1893a:382) plotted it on a map and noted
that the Sg. Baram rapids commence here.
Long San: 3.293 114.779 85 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors:
Nawan. References: Pang et al. (2018), Mohd-Azlan et al.
(2022). Remarks: Logged secondary forest near human
settlement.
Long Selaan, Sungai Baram (=Salaan, Selam): 3.092 115.082
200 m. References: Hose (1893a).
Long Semado (=Semadoh): 4.2458 115.5875 850 m.
Museums: AMNH. Collectors: T. Harrisson. References:
Amadon and Harrisson (1956), Harrisson (1963a).
Long Seridan (=Serin): 3.9800 115.6900 200 m. Museums:
SMK. Collector: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912).
Remarks: This site is in the valley to the east of Mulu. Moulton
returned via Sg. Seridan after ascending Batu Lawi.
Long Sikarok (=Sikarak): 1.1167 111.8667 80 m. Museums:
AMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, D. Sigar.
Long Silat: 2.9740 114.9230 170 m. References: Hose (1927),
Hose and McDougall (1912). Remarks: Hose and McDougall
(1912:276, 286) noted that Sg. Silat is the uppermost large
tributary of the Baram and referred to it as “descending from
the Usun Apo to join the Baram,” as “the High Road between
East and West Borneo.”
Long Singut: 1.560 114.202 200 m. References: Mohd-Azlan
et al. (2022). Remarks: Logged secondary forest near human
settlement.
Long Takun, Miri: Museums: RMC. Collectors: J.C. Moulton.
Long Terawan (=Terawan Tutok, Barana Tarawa, Tarawa):
3.9750 114.6417 15 m. Museums: DMNH, SMK, YPM.
Collectors: Padan, Puding, T. Harrisson, Belawa. References:
Fogden (1965b). Remarks: A site on Sg. Tutoh.
Long Tikan: 2.85 114.8833 200 m. References: Kemp and
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 32
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 33
Kemp (1976).
Long Tinjar (=Kuala Tinjar, Tingjir, Tenjar): 4.0370 114.3160 5
m. References: Hose (1893a).
Long Tinkalat: Museums: SMK. References: Sheldon (1985).
Long Tuma: 4.8039 115.4094 10 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Lim et al. (2014), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Long Tutoh (=Tutuh, Kuala Tutoh): 4.0167 114.4100 20 m.
Remarks: This is an important junction for river travel from
Sg. Baram to Gn. Mulu.
Long Ulang, Kelabit Plateau: Museums: AMNH. Collectors:
T. Harrisson.
Luak Bay: 4.3445 113.9715 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Lubang Baya Field Station, Batang Ai National Park: 1.3034
112.0708 200 m. Museums: USNM.
Lubok Antu: 3.8875 113.7375 65 m. Museums: SMK.
References: Smythies (1957a), MNS-BCC (2000a), Gawin
(2014).
Lundu (=Lundup, Lundoo): 1.6667 109.8500 5 m. Museums:
MCSNG, SMK, RMC, ROM, YPM. Collectors: O. Beccari, T.
Harrisson, Narawi, Langgi, Junaidi. References: St. John
(1862), Salvadori (1874), Beccari (1904), Banks (1935b),
Harrisson (1951b), Morioka and Yang (1996), Gregory-Smith
(1997b), Gawin (2014).
Lurdie: Museums: MNS, SMK. Remarks: Specimens collected
in 1924.
Lusut: 4.3322 113.9678 SL. References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Lutong: 4.4579 113.9989 SL. References: Fogden (1965b),
Duckett (1985), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et al. (2017), Ramji
et al. (2022a).
Maludam Coast: 1.7008-1.538 110.817-111.000 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: Extensive mud and sand flats.
Maludam National Park: 1.6022 111.0689 SL. References:
Bennett (1989), Scott (1989), Edwards (1989), Hon and
Gumal (2003), Rahman (2004), Hussen and Rahman (2005),
Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Yeap et al. (2007),
Orenstein et al. (2010), Amit et al. (2012), Bakewell (2013),
Ramji et al. (2016), Keripin and Vernon (2017), Goh et al. (2018),
Philovenny et al. (2018). Remarks: A 43,147 ha park between
Sg. Lupar and Sg. Saribas, plus a 10,421 ha extension. It is
largely a flat peninsula of peat swamp forest.
Mamp: Collectors: A.H. Everett. References: Everett (1889).
Remarks: Everett (1889) noted at Oriental Bay Owl record at
this site.
Marudi (=Claudetown, Baram Station): 4.1833 114.3167 20 m.
Museums: ANSP, ROM, SMK, USNM, UWBM. Collectors: A.H.
Everett, C. and E. Hose, T. Harrisson, L.K. Wang. References:
Sharpe (1892b), Hose (1893a), Hose and McDougall (1912),
Williams (1914), Stresemann (1937), Harrison (1968), Duckett
(1985), Witt and Sheldon (1994a). Remarks: This town was
Charles Hose’s headquarters for much of his time in Sarawak.
Marup (=Marap, Marop, Marup Baroh): 1.1333 111.6500 20 m.
Museums: MCSNG, NHMUK, SMK. Collectors: O. Beccari,
A.H. Everett. References: Walden (1872), Sharpe (1877a,b),
Crocker (1881), Everett (1889), Beccari (1904), Moulton (1914a),
Witt and Sheldon (1994a), Gawin (2014). Remarks: According
to Sharpe (1877a:2), “Marup lies at the base of the Balang and
Tiang Laju mountains….”
Marun, Sungai Baram: Museums: AMNH. Collectors: T.
Harrisson.
Matang Road, Overview (=Rubber Road, Rubber Tree
Road, Lundu Road, Matang Highway; includes Metro City
nowadays): Museums: MCSNG, SMK, RMC, ROM, UF, YPM.
Collectors: O. Beccari and G. Doria, A.H. Everett, E. Bartlett,
J. Bangga, Junaidi, L. Labang, A. Anyi, J. Gaun, Gaing, Sliman,
Puding, Dioscoro S. Rabor, Padan, E. Ferdinand. References:
Walden (1872), Sharpe (1877b, 1893a:part VII), Everett (1889),
Bartlett (1896b), Beccari (1904), Moulton (1914a), Banks
(1935b), Harrisson (1951b), Sheldon (1987), Long and Collar
(2002), MNS-BCC (2000c, 2012c), Yeap (2002a), Chan
(2005), Jeyarajasingam (2013), Gawin (2014). Remarks: This is
the road from Kuching to Kubah National Park and ultimately
Lundu. Many Loke/Harrisson specimens came from here.
Miles on this road (and others) were delimited with stone
markers, called “batu,” hence “batu” and “mile” were used
interchangeably to indicate locations on the road.
Matang Road Mile 2: 1.549 110.308 5 m. Museums: SMK,
YPM.
Matang Road Mile 3: 1.560 110.297 5 m. Museums: SMK,
YPM.
Matang Road Mile 4: 1.573 110.228 10. Museums: SMK, YPM.
Matang Road Mile 5: 1.572 110.272 10. Museums: SMK, YPM.
Matang Road Mile 10 (=Batu 10): 1.592 11.226 10 m. Museums:
SMK, YPM.
Matang Road Mile 12: 1.611 110.211 50 m. Museums: SMK,
YPM.
Matang Road Mile 13: 1.616 110.196 100 m. Museums: SMK,
YPM. References: Gawin (2014).
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 34
Matang Road Mile 16: 1.649 110.181 20 m. Museums: SMK,
YPM.
Matang Wildlife Centre (=Matang Wildlife Sanctuary): 1.6090
110.1600 25 m. References: Rahman (2000), Sodhi (2002a),
Paperna et al. (2008), Cheung (2010), Rahman et al. (2010).
Remarks: The Centre comprises 180 ha of mixed lowland
dipterocarp forest.
Matu-Daro and Sibu Swamp Forest (includes Daro Forest
Reserve): 2.23-2.85 111.40-111.87 SL. References: Scott (1989).
Remarks: A large area of peat swamp forest and mangrove
in the Rajang delta.
Mebugu (probably =Melugu): Museums: YPM. Collectors: R.
Nangang. Remarks: Melugu is 1.120 111.423 25 m.
Medan Universiti, Kuching: 1.4600 110.4210 10 m. References:
Hong and Mohd-Azlan (2018). Remarks: Near to secondary
forest.
Melikin (=Malikin, Sungai Malikin): 1.000 110.798 20.
Museums: SMK. References: Smythies (1957a).
Middle Baram Caves, Overview: References: Banks
(1935b:307, 1949a, 1950), Medway (1957, 1958b, 1966),
Cranbrook (1984), Goh et al. (2018), Lim (1999), Cranbrook
and Lim (1999), Lim and Cranbrook (2002, 2014), Lim and
Rahman (2005), Cranbrook et al. (2013), Lim and Wan (2021).
Remarks: A cave region along Sg. Baram, where swiftlets
produce white nests. In addition to the Middle Baram Caves
listed in the gazetteer are many lesser-known caves (C.K.
Lim, pers. comm.).
Midway Link, Kuching: 1.4860 110.4080 10 m. References:
Hong and Mohd-Azlan (2018). Remarks: Near to secondary
forest.
Ming Chung Road, Batu Kawa (=Jalan Ming Chung): 1.512
110.2672 5 m. References: MNS-BCC (2012b).
Miri, Overview: 4.3900 113.9900 10 m. Museums: ANSP,
MCZ, NHMUK, RMC, SMK, USNM, ZMB. Collectors: C. and
E. Hose, J.C. Moulton, Gani, Jantan, E. Andreini. References:
Smith (1975), Duckett (1985), Witt and Sheldon (1994a),
Morioka and Yang (1996), MNS-BCC (2000c), Yeap (2001b),
Wei et al. (2009). Remarks: Wei et al. (2009) surveyed Miri
peat swamp (=Padang Kerbau).
Miri Airport: 4.3200 113.9800 20 m. References: Duckett
(1987), Edwards and Polshek (1987).
Miri-Bintulu Road: 4.2412 114.0604 65 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Miri-Bintulu Road: 4.1576 114.0337 25 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Lim et al. (2014), Sheldon et al. (2019).
MJC Forest, Batu Kawa, Kuching: 1.53 110.30 5 m. References:
MNS-BCC (2009a, 2012b,c). Remarks: See Batu Kawa.
Muara Lassa: 2.5042 111.4247 SL. References: Edwards et al.
(1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Mizutani et al. (2006a,
2007), Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: Eroding mangroves.
Muara Limau: 1.6870 109.9820 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Muara Payang (near Sarikei): References: Morrison (1950).
Muara Tabo: 1.6890 110.4020 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Muara Tebas (=Muara Tabas, Maura Tebas, Maratabas,
Moratabas, Kuala Tebas, Kuala Sungai Sarawak): 1.64 110.48
SL: Museums: SMK, RMC, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson.
References: Crocker (1881), Edwards et al. (1986a,b), Edwards
and Polshek (1987), Morioka and Yang (1996), Mizutani et al.
(2006a, 2007), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Muara Tuang Road Mile 2 (=Kota Samarahan Road Mile 2):
1.43 110.35 15 m. References: McCormick (1976).
Muara Tuang Road Mile 3 (=Kota Samarahan Road Mile 3):
1.44 110.37 10 m. References: McCormick (1976).
Muara Tuang Road Mile 6 (=Kota Samarahan Road Mile 6):
1.45 110.40 15 m. References: McCormick (1976).
Mukah (=Muka): 2.90 112.09 5 m. Museums: SMK. Collectors:
H.W. Peck, T. Harrisson. References: Moulton (1914a), Smythies
(1963), Fogden (1965b), Bennett et al. (2000), Gregory-Smith
(1996, 1997b, 1999).
Mukah-Balingian Road: 2.9233 112.1540 5 m. Museums:
LSU. References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Mukah Power Station Beach: 2.9730 112.3250 SL.
References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Mulu-Buda IBA: Central coordinates: 4.0333 114.9167 28-
2376 m. References: Yeap et al. (2007). Remarks: A Malaysian
IBA consisting of two contiguous national parks: Gn. Mulu
and Gn. Buda.
Munggu Sabun: 1.2472 111.4528 15 m. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: R. Nangang.
Nanas Road: 1.5500 110.3310 10 m. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: Sliman.
Nanga Benin, Pelagus National Park Area: 2.1650 113.0740
25 m. References: Pang et al. (2018), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2022).
Nanga Bloh, Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary: 1.6450
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 35
112.2760 100 m. Museums: LSU. References: Grubh (2000),
Tuen (2006), Sheldon et al. (2019). Remarks: Primary and
riverine forest.
Nanga Delok: 1.236 112.035 125 m. Museums: SMK.
References: Gawin (2014).
Nanga Dua, Ulu Sebuyau National Park: 1.4062 110.9744 10
m. References: Wound and Sim (2017).
Nanga Gaat: 1.6450 113.1330 125 m. References: Pang et al.
(2018), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2022). Remarks: Logged secondary
forest near human settlement.
Nanga Joh, Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary: 1.6280
112.3030 100 m. Museums: LSU, USNM. References:
Grubh (2000), Tuen (2006), Sheldon et al. (2019). Remarks:
Secondary and riverine forest.
Nanga Peraran, Pelagus National Park Area: 2.193 113.118 40
m. References: Pang et al. (2018), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2022).
Nanga Segerak Research Station, Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife
Sanctuary: 1.4133 112.0044 350-450 m.
Natad Tuan (=Natad, Tuan): Museums: AMNH, YPM.
Collectors: T. Harrisson, D. Sigar, Ulan Kusil. Remarks: This is
an Ulu Trusan site near Long Kerabangan (4.19 115.55 700 m)
and Long Belayu (4.2 115.58 700 m). It is a prayer mountain
of the Borneo Evangelical Church or SIB (Sidang Injil Borneo).
The name apparently means resting place of a notable
person (Wikipedia).
Niah National Park, Overview (=Niah Protected Forest;
includes Bukit Kasut, Gunung Subis): 3.8240 113.7610 15-
394 m. Museums: AMNH, LSU, NHMUK, RMNH, SMK, YPM.
Collectors: C. Hose, T. Harrisson, Medway, J. Gaun, D. Sigar,
J. Bangga, Naen. References: Banks (1937c, 1950), Harrisson
(1947, 1952a, 1958b, 1961, 1962b, 1963,1966a,b, 1967, 1974),
Harrisson and Jumuh (1956), Medway (1957, 1958b, 1962a,b),
Anon (1958), Fogden (1966b), McClure and Leelavit (1972),
Kemp and Kemp (1974, 1976), Burton (1978), Thiollay (1983),
Cranbrook (1984), Duckett (1985), Sheldon (1987), Good
(1993), Witt and Sheldon (1994b), Gregory-Smith (1996,
1998c), Leh and Hall (1996), Sim (1997), Cranbrook and Lim
(1999), Leh and Sim (2001), Marduka (2001), Gausset (2002,
2004), Lim and Cranbrook (2002, 2014), Sarawak Forest
Department (2002b), Yeap (2002a), Hobbs (2004), Khan et
al. (2005, 2008), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Ali
(2007), Yeap et al. (2007), MNS-BCC (2009d), Orenstein et al.
(2010), Lim and Sheldon (2011), Gawin (2014), Lim et al. (2014,
2017), Quek et al. (2015), Naning (2017), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Remarks: A 3139 ha park and IBA c. 75 km SSW of Miri known
for its caves, swiftlet nesting, and archaeology.
Niah National Park, Zooarchaeology: References: Medway
(1958b, 1963), Stimpson (2009, 2013, 2016), Piper and Rabett
(2016), Piper and Tshen (2021). Remarks: Piper and Tshen
(2021) include a chart of species identified from bones at
Niah Caves.
Niah-Suai Forest Reserve (=Suai Forest Reserve): 3.8333
113.60 15 m. References: Duckett (1987).
North of Kampung Limpaku Pinang: 4.8996 115.0294 SL.
References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
North of Pulau Bubunut (includes Pulau Baru-Baru): 4.9020
115.0353 SL. References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Old Mukah Airport Beach: 2.9090 112.0790 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Old Sibu Airport: 2.3400 111.8400 10 m. References: Edwards
and Polshek (1987).
Pa Bangar (=Pa’ Bangar, Pa’Bangar, Pa’ Bengar, Pa’Bengar,
Pabengar): 3.6125 115.5625 900 m. Museums: AMNH, ROM,
SMK. Collectors: T. Harrisson. References: Amadon and
Harrisson (1956), Gawin (2014).
Pa Berang (=Pa-Berang, Pa’ Berang): 3.6417 115.4569 100-
1100 m. Museums: AMNH, UWBM. Collectors: T. Harrisson,
S. Sreedharan, L.K. Wang. References: Wang (2004),
Sreedharan (2010), MNS-BCC (2012b). Remarks: Penan
settlement near Bario.
Pa Brayong, Paya Maga Highlands (=Pa-Brayong, Pa’
Brayong, Po Barayung, Berayong, Kuala Brayong, Pa
Berangan): 4.4400 115.4800 600-1000 m. Museums: AMNH,
SMK, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, Padan, Lobo, Agong, D.
Sigar, Kalasi. References: Harrisson (1950a), Gawin (2014).
Pa Dali (=Pa’ Dali, Pa Dalih, Pa’ Dalih): 3.500 115.5500 1000
m. References: Sreedharan (2014).
Padang Merdeka, Kuching (=Central Padang): 1.5570
110.3430 5 m. References: Edwards and Polchek (1987).
Padawan (=Kuching-Penrissen Road Mile 10, Kota Padawan,
Batu 10): 1.425 110.3208 20 m. Museums: AMNH, RMC, SMK,
YPM. Collectors: Ulok, C.W. Beebe, L. Labang, E. Bartlett.
References: Bartlett (1896a,b:113), Moulton (1914a), Harrisson
(1950a), Gawin (2014).
Pa Di’it: 3.4833 115.6 1362 m. References: Leh (2004),
Sreedharan (2014).
Padungan Racecourse, Kuching (=Padang Kudah, Padang
Kuda, Race Course): 1.5500 110.3600 5 m. Museums: RMC,
SMK, YPM. Collectors: Sliman, J. Gaun, T. Harrisson, Anis,
Narudin, Abd. Rahman, A. Abell. References: Smythies and
Harrisson (1956), Harrisson (1957), Voous (1959), Smythies
(1962), Fogden (1965a), Croxall (1969), Wei et al. (2009).
Pagalayan: 4.4500 114.2700 5 m. References: Hose (1893a).
Pa’ Gelawat (=Pa Gelawat): 3.8047 115.4767 1455 m.
References: Sreedharan (2014).
Paku, Spaoh (Paku, Paku Saribas, Sungai Paku): 1.458
111.474 10 m. Museums: AMNH, DMNH, MNS, NHMUK,
RMC. Collectors: J. Bangga, H.C. Robinson, F. Adelborg.
References: Robinson and Kloss (1921, 1924), Hill (1960),
Gawin (2014). Remarks: Kuala Paku is at Spaoh. RMC collected
many specimens along Sg. Paku in this area. Remarks: See
Ulu Paku and Pelandok, Paku.
Paku, Upper Sungai Sarawak (=Gunung Paku): 1.4208
110.1875 15-150 m. Museums: AMNH, MNHN, NHMUK, NMB,
YPM. Collectors: A.H. Everett, H.H. Everett, C.C. Platen.
References: Blasius (1882), Bartlett (1896b), Stresemann
(1937).
Pa’ Mada (=Pa Mada, Pa’Mada): 3.6028 115.5317 950 m.
Museums: AMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, R.
Nangang.
Pa Main (=Pa’ Main, Pa Mein, Pak Main, Pai Main, Pa Wain):
3.6333 115.5167 1050 m. Museums: AMNH, DMNH, SMK, YPM.
Collectors: T. Harrisson, E. Mjöberg. References: Mjöberg
(1925), Harrisson (1949a, 1962b), Amadon and Harrisson
(1956), Anon (1958), Voous (1959). Remarks: Location of the
well-known Kelabit Highlands salt spring.
Pamutus (=Pa-mutus): References: St. John (1862). Remarks:
Site of a piratical town close to where Sg. Lupar narrows.
Panchor Road Mile 27 (=Jalan Panchor Mile 27): 1.2500
110.4500 15 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: Sliman.
Pandan Beach: 1.7640 109.8620 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Pangkalan Ampat (=Pankalan Ampat, Pangkalan Empat):
1.1800 110.2600 55 m. Museums: AMNH, MCSNG, SMK.
Collectors: O. Beccari, A.H. Everett, A.E.W. Cox, R.W.C.
Shelford. References: Beccari (1904), Shelford (1900a,b, 1916),
Moulton (1914a). Remarks: This is a landing on Sg. Sarawak
on the way to Gn. Penrissen. Beccari staged an unsuccessful
trip to the mountain from here. Cox and Shelford collected
birds here while traveling to Gn. Penrissen.
Pangkalan Batu: 1.5600 110.3460 2 m. Museums: SMK.
References: Fogden (1966b), Gawin (2014). Remarks: Site
of numerous bird records on Sg. Sarawak in Kuching where
ferries cross to the Astana.
Pantu: 1.1410 111.1180 10 m. References: Blaber and Milton
(1994). Remarks: Blaber and Milton surveyed Black-and-red
Broadbill nests while traveling on Sg. Seterap and Sg. Lingga
between Lingga and Pantu.
Pa’ Rabata, Gunung Murud: 3.9619 115.5586 1200 m.
Museums: UNIMAS. References: Rahman et al. (2005).
Remarks: 6-7 year-old logged forest.
Pasir Putih (plus Sungai Awar and Awar Bay): 1.6650 110.4700
SL. References: Gregory-Smith (1996, 1999), Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Passin: 2.6220 111.7243 5 m. References: Tuen (2006).
Remarks: Mangrove and nipah.
Pasin Forestry Management Unit (=Pasin FMU): 1.7500
112.7500 100-400 m. References: Wong et al. (2022).
Remarks: Wong conducted a camera-trap study of mammals
in an Acacia plantation, but also recorded Great Argus and
Crested Fireback.
Pa’ Tik (=Pa Tik, Patik): 3.734 115.278 500 m. Museums:
AMNH. Collectors: T. Harrisson.
Pa’ Trap (=Pa Trap, Pah Trap, Pa Lungan, Pa’ Lungan): 3.8083
115.5333 1100 m. Museums: AMNH, SMK, YPM. Collectors:
T. Harrisson, Laleo, D. Sigar. References: Mjöberg (1925).
Remarks: Pa Trap is now known as Pa Lungan. Mjöberg
(1925) includes a sketch map showing its position.
Pa’ Tuyo (=Pa Tuyo, Po Tuyo): 3.4875 114.425 500 m.
Museums: YPM. Collectors: Agong. Remarks: Not to be
confused with Long Toyu of Paya Maga.
Pa’ Ukat (=Pa Ukat): 3.7774 115.4764 1100 m. Museums: KU,
LSU. References: Shanahan et al. (2000), Sheldon et al.
(2013, 2019), Chua et al. (2017), Moyle et al. (2017), Oliveros
et al. (2019), Shakya et al. (2018, 2020), Irham et al. (2022).
Remarks: Submontane forest and gardens.
Pa’ Umor (= Pa Umor, Pa’ Umur, Pa Umur, P’Umur, Pamour,
Long Umur): 3.7325 115.5069 1070 m. Museums: KU, LSU,
SMK, YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, B. Ruga, L. Ribut.
References: Mjöberg (1925), Harrisson (1949b, 1951c),
Harrisson and Medway (1956), Gregory-Smith (1998b), Wang
(2004), Sheldon et al. (2013, 2019), Lim et al. (2017), Shakya
et al. (2020). Remarks: This is the location of Gem’s Lodge
for ecotourists, which is surrounded by heavily disturbed
secondary forest. Mjöberg passed through this area when
returning from Gn. Murud in Dec. 1922.
Pa’ Un (=Pa’Un, Pa Un): 1.1000 110.5167 5 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: E. Bartlett, T. Harrisson, W.R. Geddes. References:
Bartlett (1896b), Harrisson (1950a). Remarks: 20 miles south
of Tebakang (Smythies 1957a).
Paya Maga Highlands (=Payeh Maga, Pak Maga, Pok Maga,
Paya Maga Plateau, Maga Mountains): 4.44 115.51 1050
m. Museums: SMK, RMC. Collectors: E. Banks, Sliman.
References: Harrisson (1949b, 1955b), Banks (1952), Mees
(1954, 1955), Anon (2010), Lee (2011), MNS-BCC (2011a,c,
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 36
2012a), Ramji and Rahman (2011), Bakewell (2013), Sim (2013),
Schjølberg (2016), Rosli et al. (2023). Remarks: Harrisson
(1955b:665) noted that in the Murut dialect of the upper Trusan,
Paya Maga means “red (reddish) wet place”, and “paya”
describes poorly drained soils on plateaus and hill tops. He
went on to say that Paya Maga refers (as a description, not a
place name) to the southern limit of the Crocker Range, which
rises along the border between Sarawak and Sabah and
separates the Sg. Trusan (Sarawak) and Sg. Padas (Sabah)
drainages. This essentially describes the Maligan Range of
Sabah (Sheldon 2015). In 1939, Banks (1952) visited what
he (and later, Mees 1955) called the Maga Mountains at (an
estimated) 4.33 115.83. But, if these coordinates are correct,
Banks was too far south and east. Nevertheless, his team
collected an interesting form of Mountain Blackeye on that
trip. See Pa Brayong.
Paya Megok: 1.20 110.50 20 m. Museums: SMK. References:
Anon (1955, 1958), Medway (1970). Remarks: A Chinese
settlement for rice cultivation set up by the Sarawak
government in the mid-1950s from mile 13-32 on the Kuching-
Serian road in the vicinity of Tarat.
Pelagus National Park (=Palagus): 2.1960 113.0660 100 m.
References: Jailan et al. (2018), Pang et al. (2017a,b, 2018,
2021). Remarks: A 2042 ha park.
Pelagus Rapids (=Palagus): 2.2000 113.0667 30 m.
References: Gregory-Smith (1997b).
Pelandok, Paku (=Peladok, Palandok, Pelangkok, Pelandok
I., Pulau Pelandok, Pelanduk, Sungai Pelandok): 1.5125
111.5125 30 m. Museums: NHMUK, NMS, RMC. Collectors:
C.B. Kloss, H.C. Robinson, F. Adelborg. References: Gawin
(2014). Remarks: See Ulu Paku.
Pending Road (=Pending Marsh): 1.5500 110.3730 10 m.
Museums: YPM, SMK. Collectors: G. Sureng, J. Gaun, C.S.
Yu References: Moulton (1914a), Smythies (1960), Fogden
(1965b,c, 1966b), Harrisson (1967), Croxall (1969), Chin (1968).
Remarks: Birds were ringed here from 1966-1968 by the SMK
(McClure and Leelavit 1972:340-342). Chin (1968) reported
some ring recoveries.
Peninjau (=Gunung Peninjau, Peninyau, Pininjau): 1.4300
110.2240 260 m. Museums: MCSNG. Collectors: O. Beccari.
References: St. John (1862), Wallace (1869), Beccari (1904).
Remarks: Peninjau was the name of Rajah Brooke’s holiday
cottage. See Gn. Serumbu.
Penom (= Penum): 1.4911 111.5433 50. Museums: YPM, SMK.
Collectors: M. Umpang, T. Harrisson, Tayun.
Pekaka Estate (=Peraka, Pekaka Palm Oil Sime Darby Bhd):
3.468 113.656 30 m. References: Smythies (1999), Mann
(2008). Remarks: Barn Owls were introduced here.
Permai Rainforest Resort: 1.7540 110.3170 5 M. References:
Aziz and Laman (2020).
Piasau Nature Reserve: 4.4350 114.0010 SL. References:
Yeap (2002a), Ali and Tisen (2017), Musbah (2017), Jenang
and Laman (2018), Laman and Jenang (2020), Ramji et al.
(2022a). Remarks: This nature reserve of 88.5 ha was set up
to protect Oriental Pied Hornbills.
Pig Lane (=Parkland, Lorong Park, Park Lane, Segu Bungalow,
Banglo Segu): 1.5480 110.3480 50 m. Museums: SMK, USNM,
YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, Padan, L. Labang, W.R.N.,
Medang, J. Bangga, Bunyun, Sliman. References: Anon
(1958), Harrisson (1964a, 1950b, 1951b, 1967), Fogden (1965b),
Gregory-Smith (1997b). Remarks: Tom Harrisson’s house was
(and still is) located on Pig Lane. Harrisson apparently had
a substantial aviary at his house, including parrots, pigeons,
and Hooded Pitta (Harrisson 1964a).
Poai (=Po Ai Road or Kampung Pok Ai, Melugu): 1.121 110.423
30 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: R. Nangang.
Pulau Baru: 4.8590 115.0254 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Pulau Batu Sarong, Bako National Park: 1.7470 110.4960 SL.
References: Cranbrook et al. (2013).
Pulau Bubunut: 4.8897 115.0400 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Pulau Burung (=Pulau Burong, Pulo Burong): 1.6333 110.8000
SL. Museums: RMC, SMK. References: Moulton (1914a),
Banks (1935b), Harrisson (1952c), Yong (2009).
Pulau Gador: 1.975 109.6708 SL. References: Wilson (2002).
Pulau Kera (=Kra): 1.7030 110.3050 SL. References: Harrisson
(1952d), Fogden (1965b).
Pulau Kerengga Besar: 1.9416 109.654 SL. References:
Wilson (2002). Remarks: At low tide at Kuala Samunsam,
Pulau Datu, Pulau Kerengga Besar, Palau Kerengga Kecil, and
Pulau Badar are connected to the mainland (Wilson 2002).
Pulau Kerengga Kecil: 1.94583 109.6541 SL. References:
Wilson (2002).
Pulau Lakei, Bako National Park: 1.7510 110.4960 SL-74.
References: Banks (1935b), Wilson (2002), Cranbrook et al.
(2013), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Pulau Patok (=Pulau Patu): 2.7648 111.4009 SL. References:
Edwards et al. (1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Yeap et
al. (2007), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks:
Part of the Pulau Bruit IBA.
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 37
Pulau Perapat: 4.9156 115.3885 10 m. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Pulau Ridan: near 4.18 114.31 5 m. Museums: ROM. Collectors:
C. Hose. Remarks: Old maps have Sg. Ridan as a tributary of
the Baram just north of Marudi, and modern maps have the
Ridan Ferry in the same area.
Pulau Sampadi (=Sampadien): 1.732 110.089 SL-80 m.
References: St. John (1862).
Pulau Satang Besar, Talang Satang National Park (=Turtle
Island): 1.7800 110.1600 SL-200 m. Museums: SMK, UF, YPM.
Collectors: Nondin, T. Harrisson, Junaidi, Tayun, D. Sigar,
Nyando, Sliman, J. Bangga, Novi. References: Beccari (1904),
Moulton (1914a), Banks (1935b), Harrisson (1952c), Smythies
and Harrisson (1956), Voous (1959), Harrisson and Smythies
(1963), Fogden (1965b), Medway (1970), McCormick (1975),
Gregory-Smith (1996), Wilson (2004), Ilan et al. (2018), Azizi
and Adrus (2019). Remarks: Migrants and shorebirds have
been collected on Pulau Satang Besar.
Pulau Satang Kecil, Talang Satang National Park: 1.7580
110.1650 SL-75 m. Museums: NHMUK, RMC, SMK, YPM.
Collectors: Sliman, Junaidi. References: Banks (1935b),
Harrisson (1952c), Fogden (1965b), Smythies (1999), Wilson
(2004), Ilan et al. (2018).
Pulau Talang Besar, Talang Satang National Park (=Talang-
Talang Besar, Talang Talang Besar, Batu Burung Besar, Turtle
Island): 1.9167 109.7769 SL-95 m. Museums: AMNH, SMK,
YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, Nondin, Pu, Junaidi, Sliman, D.
Sigar, Nyandoh, Tayun, Grawal. References: Harrisson (1951c,
1952d, 1967), Smythies and Harrisson (1956), Anon (1958),
Fogden (1965a,b,e), Harrisson and Smythies (1961), Croxall
(1969), Medway (1970), Gregory-Smith (1996), Wilson (2002,
2004, 2006), Yong (2009), Ilan et al. (2018). Remarks: Terns
and forest birds were ringed here by the SMK from 1964-1968
(McClure and Leelavit 1972:342-343).
Pulau Talang Kecil, Talang Satang National Park (=Talang-
Talang Kecil, Talang Talang Kecil, Batu Burung Kecil): 1.8950
109.7689 SL-50 m. References: Wilson (2002, 2004), Ilan et
al. (2018).
Pulau Triso (=Teriso, Trisauh): 1.5180 110.9850 40 m.
References: St. John (1862).
Pulau Tukong Ara-Banun Wildlife Sanctuary, Overview:
This sanctuary consists of Pulau Tukong Ara (=Tokong Ara,
Bird Rock), 1.7530 110.1900 SL, a rocky outcrop of 1.4 ha
located 5km oshore in Santubong Bay; and Pulau Takung
Banun, 1.7340 110.1910 SL, a rocky outcrop closer to shore.
Collectors: T. Harrisson. References: Smythies (1957a:655),
Fogden (1965b,e, 1966b), Mackenzie and Salter (1986),
Smaby-Stone (1991), Gregory-Smith (1996, 1997b, 1999),
Sim and Japar (2000), Yeap et al. (2007). Remarks: A tern
breeding and ringing site.
Pulong Tau National Park: 3.7500 115.3500. References:
Malaysian Nature Society (1998), Shanahan et al. (2000),
Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Lim (2006), Sreedharan
(2006b), Orenstein et al. (2010), Brodie et al. (2015), Fischer
et al. (2017). Remarks: A 69,917 ha park flanking the Kelabit
Highlands to the west. It includes Gn. Murud, Tama Abu
Range, and Gn. Batu Lawi.
Pustaka Negeri Sarawak Recreational Park, Kuching (=State
Library, Taman Pustaka Negeri Sarawak): 1.5800 110.3500 10
m. References: Wei et al. (2009), MNS-BCC (2012b), Mah and
Ramji (2020).
Putai: 1.5950 113.7910 100 m. References: Mohd-Azlan et
al. (2022). Remarks: Logged secondary forest near human
settlement.
Puyut (=Poyut, near Lubok Nibong): 4.133 114.40 20 m.
Museums: NHMUK. References: Mann (2008). Remarks:
Mann (2008) noted a Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle record at this site.
Quarry Road, Sibu: 2.3604 111.8205 25 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Rajang Mangroves National Park (=Rajang Mangrove Forest,
Rajang Delta): 1.97-2.45 111.15-111.53 SL. References: Scott
(1989), Edwards (1989). Remarks: A 9373 ha park consisting
of mangroves in a deltaic matrix at Kuala Rajang.
Rambungan (includes Kampung Rambungan, Rambungan
Beach, Rambungan Fish Ponds, Kuala Rambungan): 1.69
110.12 SL. Museums: YPM. Collector: Musmin. References:
Yeap (2001a, 2002a), MNS-BCC (2002a), Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Rampangi Construction Site, Bako-Buntal Bay: 1.7170
110.3540 SL. References: Yeap et al. (2003), Wei et al. (2009),
Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: This location is close to
“Sungei Kera,” also surveyed by Yeap et al. (2003) and Wei
et al. (2009).
Ramudu (=Pak Ramudoh, Pa Ramudu): 3.553 115.495 900 m.
References: Sreedharan (2010, 2014).
Rangau: 4.8500 115.0530 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Ravenscourt logging concession (=SSGP Ravenscourt Camp):
4.0911 115.4658 1100 m. Museums: UNIMAS. References:
Rahman et al. (2005), Robi and Sir (2016). Remarks: 10-year-
old logged forest.
Ridge Camp, Gunung Murud: 3.9362 115.5390 2075 m.
References: Sreedharan (2014). Remarks: Bird ringing site
on the Murud summit trail.
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 38
Ridgeway Road, Kuching (=Ong Tiang Swee Road): 1.5280
110.3500 15 m. Museums: SMK. References: Anon (1958),
Fogden (1965b).
Riveria, Kuching: 1.4920 110.3990 5 m. References: Hong
and Mohd-Azlan (2018). Remarks: Near to secondary and
nipah forest.
Rock Garden, Gunung Murud: 3.9065 115.4889 2347 m.
References: Sreedharan (2014). Remarks: Bird ringing site
on the Murud summit trail.
Rodway Road, Kuching: 1.5410 110.3450 20 m. References:
Fogden (1965b).
Ruan Sepakoi (=Ruan Sapakui): 4.6375 115.3958 965 m.
Museums: YPM. Collectors: Lobo.
Rumah Gawan: 3.6791 113.8958 30 m. References: Duckett
(1985).
Rumah Limbang (=Pa Brunei): 4.3069 115.0500 70 m.
Museums: SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References:
Moulton (1912). Remarks: This site is in the Batu Lawi region
of Sg. Limbang but has a Kelabit name (“Pa Brunei”).
Rumah Rantal: 1.9833 112.0060 50. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: Abai. Remarks: Rice paddy.
Rumah Sawing, Ulu Sungai Mador, Binatang: 2.033 111.7958
50 m. References: Morrison (1950).
Sabaju Oil Palm Plantation: 3.1589 113.4107 25 m. References:
Amit et al. (2022).
Sabu Forest Reserve: 1.2 111.4666 20 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: A.H. Everett. References: Walden (1872), Sharpe
(1877b).
Sadong Jaya: 1.525 110.6916 10 m. References: Gregory-
Smith (1995, 1999), Yeap et al. (2007), Rahman and Tuen
(2020), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2020), Ramji et al. (2020). Remarks:
Mostly mangrove and mudflats.
Sadong-Saribas Coast IBA: References: Yeap et al. (2007).
Remarks: This IBA extends from Kuala Samarahan to
westernmost Kuala Rajang (north of Kabong).
Sadong Swamp Forest (=Sidong, Sadung): 1.22-1.38 110.68-
110.83 SL. References: Scott (1989). Remarks: Along the east
side of Sg. Sadong, a large expanse of flat low-lying peat
swamp forest.
Saint Luke’s Mission, Sri Aman (=St. Luke’s Church): 1.227
111.467 17 m. Museums: USNM, YPM. Collectors: R. Nangang.
SALCRA Bratak Oil Palm Estate (=Bratak Oil Palm Plantation):
1.4440 110.1060 20 m. References: MNS-BCC (2002a), Pang
et al. (2018).
Samajaya Apartments, Kuching: 1.5320 110.3950 5 m.
References: Hong and Mohd-Azlan (2018). Remarks:
Secondary forest is near the apartments.
Sama Jaya Forest Park (=Samajaya Forest Park, Samajaya
Nature Reserve, Stutong Protected Forest, Stutong Forest
Reserve, Stutong National Park): 1.5220 110.3860 10 m.
References: Yeap (2002a), MNS-BCC (2011d), Hong and
Mohd-Azlan (2018), Aziz and Laman (2020). Remarks: Peat
swamp forest.
Samarahan Rubber Estate, Serian Road: References:
Harrisson (1952b).
Samarakan Camp: 2.9417 113.0333 250 m. Museums: KU,
LSU. References: Nyári et al. (2009), Hosner et al. (2010), Lim
(2010), Lohman et al. (2010), Lim et al. (2011, 2017), Moyle et
al. (2011, 2012), Sheldon et al. (2012, 2019), Andersen et al.
(2013), Mahood et al. (2013), Gawin (2014), Chua et al. (2015),
Dejtaradol et al. (2016), Manawatthana et al. (2017), Shakya
et al. (2017, 2018, 2020, 2021), Campillo et al. (2018), Shakya
(2020). Remarks: Specimens collected here in 2007 have
been used in many molecular phylogenetic studies.
Samarakan Nursery (= Similajau Forest Reserve, Acacia
Plantation Forest, Grand Perfect, GP, Pusaka Planted Forest
Area, Samarakan Guest House): 2.9389 113.1208 35 m.
Museums: KU, LSU, USNM. References: MNS-BCC (2002b),
Sheldon et al. (2009, 2019), Sheldon and Styring (2011),
Styring et al. (2011, 2016, 2018, 2022), Bakewell (2013), Lim
et al. (2015, 2017), Cros and Rheindt (2017), Unggang et al.
(2017).
Samariang: 1.6290 110.3390 5 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors:
Junaidi.
Sam Cheng: 2.8394 114.0383 250 m. References: Tuen
(2006). Remarks: Secondary forest.
Sampadi Beach: 1.69 109.99 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Sampadi National Park (=Sampadi Mangrove Forest,
Sampadi Nature Reserve): 1.62-1.73 109.87-110.03 SL.
References: Scott (1989). Remarks: A park consisting of 1240
ha of mangrove forest associated with several rivers east of
Lundu.
Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary: 1.9520 109.6450 40 m.
References: MacKenzie (1981), Bennett (1986, 1989), Scott
(1989), Gregory-Smith (1996, 1998c), MNS-BCC (2000c),
BirdLife International (2001), MNS-BCC (2001a), Yeap (2001a,
2002a), Long and Collar (2002), Wilson (2002, 2004),
Yeap et al. (2007), Dow (2016), McKenzie and Tuyah (2017),
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 39
Philovenny et al. (2018), Ramji et al. (2022b). Remarks: A
22,798 ha wildlife sanctuary, which was also Sarawak’s first. It
comprises the entire water catchment area of Sg. Samunsam,
including mangrove/nipa to kerangas to mixed dipterocarp
forests of Gn. Malaka, Puting, and Pueh (Scott 1989).
Santubong Bridge (=Kuching-Santubong Bridge, Jambatan
Sirung Santubong): 1.679 110.338 SL. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: Jamili. References: MNS-BCC (2002a).
Santubong and Santubong National Park, Overview: 1.7430
110.3170 SL-815 m. Museums: AMNH, LSU, MCSNG, NHMUK,
RMC, ROM, SMK, UF, UNIMAS, USNM, YPM. Collectors: O.
Beccari, A.H. Everett, E. Bartlett, A. Abon, Junaidi, L. Labang,
J. Bangga, Kebing, S. Slamgah, C.S. Yu, T. Harrisson, A. Anyi,
Sliman, Sumil Bogol, Jamil, J. Gaun, D. Sigar, Puding, Gaing.
References: Wallace (1869), Sharpe (1877b), Everett (1889),
Bartlett (1896b), Beccari (1904), Moulton (1914a), Williams
(1914), Anon (1958), Harrisson (1964c), Fogden (1965b, 1966b),
Croxall (1969, 1976), Burton (1978), Edwards et al. (1986a,b),
Edwards and Polshek (1987), Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997,
1998c), Morioka and Yang (1996), Tuen et al. (2000), MNS-
BCC (2002d), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Yeap et
al. (2007), Wei et al. (2009), Gawin (2014), Mohd-Azlan et al.
(2016), Bakewell et al. (2017), Bugo and Sim (2017), Lit and
Mohd-Azlan (2018), Nurqamareena et al. (2018a), Philovenny
et al. (2018), Shakya et al. (2018), Boyce et al. (2019), Sheldon
et al. (2019), Tuen et al. (2019), Irham et al. (2022). Remarks:
Santubong is part of the Bako-Buntal Bay IBA. It is a peninsula
just north of Kuching encompassing a variety of coastal
habitats and a 1410 ha park, which includes Gn. Santubong
(1.7366 110.3325 815 m).
Saratok: 1.737 111.337 10 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: J.
Gaun.
Sarawak Club, Golfcourse and Swimming Pool, Kuching:
1.5450 110.3450 10 m. References: Harrisson (1950b, 1958b),
Fogden (1965b). Remarks: This is the original Kuching golf
course, on Crookshank Road (=Cruikshank Road).
Sarawak Lawn Tennis Association, Kuching: 1.545 110.343
10 m. References: MNS-BCC (2000b).
Sarawak Mental Hospital (=Hospital Sentosa): 1.46394
110.32934 References: Lim (1965). Remarks: Secondary
forest, lallang, overgrown rubber, and scrub.
Sarawak Oil Palm Estate: 4.0940 113.9820 25 m. References:
Duckett (1985, 1987).
Sarikei: 2.1291 111.5166 5 m. Museums: NHMUK, SMK.
References: Harrisson (1950b), Morrison (1950), Smythies
(1950), Wei et al. (2009), Quek et al. (2015).
Sebakang: 4.9125 115.2792 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Sebangan Coast: 1.5776 110.8010 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Sebankoi Recreational Park: 1.9565 111.4329 150 m.
Museums: LSU. References: Lim (2010), Lim et al. (2010, 2011,
2017), Chua et al. (2015), Boyce et al. (2019), Sheldon et al.
(2019).
Sedilu National Park: 1.4100 110.7300 5 m. References:
Wound and Sim (2017). Remarks: A 6311 ha park adjacent to
Sg. Sadong comprising a peat swamp forest complex.
Sejingkat (includes Sejinkat Ash Ponds, Power Station, Sesco
Power Plant, Landfill, Damak Laut Industrial Park): 1.6 110.432
SL. References: Jeyarajasingam (2003), Yeap (2003), Yeap et
al. (2003), MNS-Kuching and Mizutani (2005), Bakewell and
Cheung (2009), Wei et al. (2009), Cheung (2010), MNS-BCC
(2011d, 2012a,b,c,d), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Sela’an-Linau Forest Management Unit (=Sela’an-Linau
FMU): 3.2000 115.2000 200-400 m. References: Mathai et
al. (2010), Fischer et al. (2017). Remarks: Mathai et al. (2010)
provide a map of the locality.
Selio, Usun Apau Plateau (=Upper Selio): 2.8958 114.6167
1050 m. Collectors: Oxford University 1955. References:
Arnold (1957).
Selunggo: 3.208 115.185 200 m. References: Mohd-Azlan et
al. (2022). Remarks: Logged secondary forest near human
settlement.
Semariang Road Mile 4 (=Kampung Semariang, Sungai
Semariang): 1.6000 110.3167 5 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors:
Junaidi. References: MNS-BCC (2001a).
Sematan (=Simatan, Samatan, Semantan): 1.8000 109.7667
SL. Museums: MCSNG, SMK, YPM. Collectors: O. Beccari,
J.C. Moulton, R. Hanitsch, P.M. de Fontaine, T. Harrisson,
Junaidi. References: Beccari (1904), Moulton (1913, 1914a),
Gregory-Smith (1995, 1997b, 1999), MNS-BCC (1999, 2000c),
Yeap (2002a), Wilson (2002, 2004), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Semenggoh Agricultural Centre (=Pusat Penyelidikan
Pertanian Semenggok): 1.3929 110.3266 55 m. References:
Lim (1965), Gregory-Smith (1999).
Semenggoh Fisheries Centre: 1.466 110.3667 40 m.
References: Gregory-Smith (1999), Yeap (2002b), Wei et al.
(2009).
Semenggoh Nature Reserve, Overview (=Semenggoh
Nature Preserve, Semengoh, Semengo, Semongok,
Semengok, Sibungoh, Semango, Penrissen Road Mile 13,
Batu 13): 1.4000 110.3000 40 m. Museums: SMK, RMC, YPM.
Collectors: C. Niemits. References: St. John (1862), Fogden
(1965a,b,e, 1966b, 1970, 1972, 1976), Harrisson (1967), Croxall
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 40
(1969, 1976), McClure and Leelavit (1972), McCormick (1976),
Burton (1978), Sheldon (1987), Witt and Sheldon (1994b),
Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997b), Sodhi (2002b), Yeap
(2002a), Cheung (2010), Orenstein et al. (2010), MNS-
BCC (2011d, 2012a,c), Phillipps and Phillipps (2011), Yong
et al. (2014). Remarks: Semenggoh Wildlife Centre (with
orangutans) is located at Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Bird
ringing was initiated at Semenggoh by Fogden and SMK in
October 1964 and continued to 1967. Though primary, the
forest at Semenggoh was isolated from other primary forest
even in the 1960s. Records of ringed birds may be found in
McClure and Leelavit (1972:335-338).
Sempadi Forest Reserve (Sampadi): 1.6 110.05 50 m.
References: MNS-BCC (2009b).
Serian: 1.1660 110.5660 20 m. References: Gregory-Smith
(1997b), Rahman et al. (2015a), Razak et al. (2019).
Sibu-Bintulu Road: 2.8921 112.8649 20 m. Museums: LSU.
References: Lim and Sheldon (2011), Gawin (2014), Lim et al.
(2017), Moyle et al. (2017), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Sibu, Overview: 2.3000 111.8167 10 m. Museums: NHMUK,
SMK, YPM. Collectors: A.H. Everett, B.E. Smythies, Bettington
Collection. References: Sharpe (1876, 1877b), Everett (1889),
Moulton (1914a), Harrisson (1950b, 1951b), Smythies (1950),
Sheldon (1987), Gregory-Smith (1997b), Lim and Rahman
(2005), Apun et al. (2011), Cranbrook et al. (2013), Bilung et
al. (2014), Gawin (2014), Goh et al. (2018). Remarks: Everett
collected many specimens here. Lim and Rahman (2005) and
Cranbrook et al. (2013) compared genes of swiftlets from a
house-farm in Sibu.
Sibuti Wildlife Sanctuary: 4.0320 113.7880 15 m. Museums:
ANSP, RMC, SMK. Collectors: T. Harrisson. References:
Harrisson (1966a), Morioka and Yang (1996), MNS-BCC
(2002b,c,d), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Kwan
and Sim (2017). Remarks: A 678 ha sanctuary, mostly of peat
swamp forest along Sg. Sibuti.
Similajau National Park: 3.3480 113.1560 SL – 113 m.
Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: R. Nyandoh. References:
NPWO 1987, Sheldon (1987), Duckworth and Kelsh (1988),
Witt and Sheldon (1994a), Gregory-Smith (1996, 1997b),
Duckworth et al. (1997), Long and Collar (2002), MNS-BCC
(2002b, 2009a, 2011c,d), Jeeries and Sebastian (2003),
Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Yeap et al. (2007),
Orenstein et al. (2010), Phillipps and Phillipps (2011), O’Neill
(2012), Gawin (2014), Ikhwan and Yong (2017). Remarks: An
8996 ha park (plus 13,124 ha of marine park) along the coast
c. 20 km northeast of Bintulu.
Simunjan (=Simunjon): 1.3900 110.7500 50 m. Museums:
NHMUK, USNM. Collectors: A.R. Wallace, A.H. Everett.
References: Wallace (1869), Walden (1872), Sharpe (1877b),
Everett (1889), Ogilvie Grant (1903), Burton (1978). Remarks:
Swamp forest.
Simpang Tiga Roundabout, Kuching: 1.3571 110.3560 15 m.
References: MNS-BCC (2000b).
Soon Hup Villa, Jalan Sungai Rait: 4.2350 113.9590 10 m.
Museums: LSU. References: Sheldon et al. (2019).
Sri Aman, Overview (=Simangang, Simanggang): 1.2360
111.4620 10 m. Museums: RMC, SMK, USNM, YPM. Collectors:
R. Nangang, S. Mengga, H.C. Robinson. References: Moulton
(1914a), Sheldon (1987), Gregory-Smith (1997b), Voous (1950a),
MNS-BCC (2002a), Yeap (2002b), Wei et al. (2009). Remarks:
Simanggang is the old name for Sri Aman. Wei et al. (2009)
surveyed the “Sri Aman ricefields.”
Stambak (=Stamback): 1.42 111.49 15 m. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: Charles.
St. Luke’s Mission, Sri Aman: 1.227 111.467 17 m. Museums:
USNM, YPM. Collectors: R. Nangang.
Stapok Forest Reserve (=Setapok): 1.4990 110.2833 25 m.
Museums: YPM. Collectors: Junaidi, Dasar, Sliman, A. Anyi.
Stapok Road Mile 3 (=Batu Kawa, Setapok Road, Batu 3):
1.507 110.295 15 m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: Kolang,
Junaidi. Remarks: See Batu Kawa.
Stapok Road Mile 4 (=Batu Kawa, Setapok Road, Batu 4,
Sungai Besar): 1.507 110.280 5 m. Museums: UF, USNM,
YPM. Collectors: T. Harrisson, Junaidi, Sliman, Charles, A.
Anyi, R. Nyandoh, A. Abong, Gaining, J. Bangga, L. Labang,
Jamili, Siwa, Puding, J. Gaun, Medang, Geng, Lemin, Kolang,
Sulariman, Musluw, Padan, Bunyan, Ajun Ajak, Nawan.
References: Sheldon (1987). Remarks: Specimen labels
saying “Stapok Road, Sungai Besar” would be here, i.e.,
where Stapok Road crosses Sg. Sarawak.
Stapok Road Mile 5 (=Setapok Road, Batu 5): 1.505 110.265
15 m. Museums: DMNH, UF, YPM. Collectors: Junaidi, A.
Anyi, Nyandoh, Lobo, Puding, Padan, Sliman, L. Labang,
Dasar. References: Sheldon (1987).
Stapok Road Mile 6 (=Setapok Road, Batu 6): 1.501 110.253
Museums: UF, YPM. Collectors: Ajang, Nyandoh and Junaidi.
Stapok Road Mile 7 (=Setapok Road, Batu 7): 1.495 110.240 15
m. Museums: YPM. Collectors: Nyandoh and Junaidi.
Stass Nature Heritage Park (=Stass Community Nature
Reserve): 1.392 109.9920 40 m. References: Pang et al.
(2018).
Stutong, Kuching (includes Stutong Market, Taman Stutong
Indah): 1.52 110.375 10 m. References: Rahman et al. (2015a),
Hong and Mohd-Azlan (2018), Razak et al. (2019). Remarks:
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 41
Samajaya Forest Park with peat swamp forest is nearby.
Suai: 3.9054 113.7344 10 m. Museums: LSU, SMK. References:
Long and Collar (2002), Gawin (2014), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Suai Valley: 3.77 113.57 10 m. References: Harrisson (1966a).
Suba Buan (includes Lobang Si Buan and Lobang Suba): 1.4
110.11 20 m. References: Banks (1935b:318). Remarks: Banks
listed swiftlet cave entrances “Lobang Si Buan” and “Lobang
Suba” in the Bau area. Suba Buan and Suba Bau are in an
area just north of Fairy Cave-Wind Cave Nature Reserve. This
area has low elevation limestone hills, which at one time had
nesting swiftlets, and it is likely that Banks was referring to it.
Sujan: 3.2 113.6 20 m. References: Samejima and Hon (2020).
Remarks: Oil palm and mosaic landscape.
Sungei Baleh (=Batang Baleh, Balleh, Bali): 2.019 113.025 20
m. References: Banks (1935b), Smythies (1950). Remarks: Sg.
Baleh is a major tributary of Sg. Rajang, entering c. 9.5 km
east of Kapit. It forms the western and southern drainage of
the Hose Mountains.
Sungei Balui (=Batang Balui, Baloi, Baluy): 2.1000 114.2250
230 m. References: Banks (1935b), Morrison (1950),
Harrisson (1966a). Remarks: Sg. Balui is the largest Rajang
tributary, entering east of Belaga at Long Murum. It forms
the northeastern drainage of the Hose Mountains. The
Balui near the Rajang is now a lake (Bakun) resulting from
the construction of the Bakun Dam, and Long Murum is
inundated.
Sungai Bangkit, Paku: 1.4730 111.4900 10 m. Museums: SMK,
YPM. Collectors: J. Bangga, J. Gaun. Remarks: Apparently a
north tributary of Sg. Paku. Also see Kuala Bangkit, Song, and
Ulu Bangkit, Song.
Sungai Bebiyong Besai, Batang Ai National Park: 1.3083
112.0778 140 m. References: Lading et al. (2007). Remarks:
Sg. Bebiyong Besai is a tributary of Sg. Lubang Baya, 8 km
upstream from the Lubang Baya ranger station.
Sungai Belaga (=Batang Belaga, Belega, Balaga): 2.788
113.824 100 m. Museums: ROM, SMK, YPM. Collectors: A.
Morrison (=A. Munison). References: Moulton (1914a), Banks
(1935b), Smythies (1950).
Sungai Beletik: References: Bilung et al. (2014). Remarks: A
forested tributary of Sg. Merit.
Sungai Blebak, Sedilu National Park: 1.398 110.8797 15 m.
References: Wound and Sim (2017). Remarks: Peat swamp
forest complex.
Sungai Bubus: 1.9786 111.9593 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017). Remarks: Extensive sand flats, healthy casuarinas.
Sungai Buluh: 2.5470 111.3028 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Sungai Dapoi, Overview (includes the following localities:
Balong, Bankong, Bewoi, Burai, Ga-Luling, Gatadak, Jama,
Karangan Mountain, Latai, Lepu Beliling, Long Belitak, Long
Bilipan, Long Belota, Long Dulit, Long Lantai, Long Nyanyi,
Long Pao, Long Paoh, Long Para, Long Pasih, Long Petong,
Long Pubit, Long Sulan, Long Ta, Long Tebakar, Long Telapek,
Long Tutai, Luymta, Paehik, Pasi, Tanger Eban, Tepeti, Tetang
Balang): 3.082 114.524 200 m. Museum: NHMUK, SMK,
YPM. Collectors: Madang (=Medang), Thacus, A. Ajak, T.
Harrisson, J. Gaun, E. Banks, A.W. Moore, Oxford University
1932. References: Harrisson (1938a, 1954), Gawin (2014).
Remarks: Sg. Dapoi cuts through the Usun Apau plateau.
Birds were first collected on the plateau during Apr-Jun 1952
by Oyau Madang (=Medang), a Sebop Kenyah working for
SMK (Harrisson 1954). During the Oxford Expedition of 1932,
Banks and Moore went up Sg. Dapoi on their way to Gn.
Kalulong.
Sungai Dapur (=Pa Dapur, Pah Dapur, Long Dapur, Sungai
Libbun, Upper Baram): 3.4230 115.4530 735 m. Museums:
AMNH, SMK. Collectors: T. Harrisson. References: Harrisson
(1949a). Remarks: Sg. Libbun arises in the Tama Abu Range. It
appears to be synonymous with Sg. Dapur, which eventually
becomes Sg. Baram. The AMNH also has a specimen from
“Long Baroh, Libbun River Flats,” i.e., presumably from a
locations after Sg. Libbun reaches the Kelabit Plateau. Long
Baroh, in turn, possibly refers to the confluence of Sg. Libbun
and “Sg. Benju Baro,” which is the collecting locality of yet
another AMNH specimen.
Sungai Daro: 2.4955 111.4223 SL. References: Wei et al.
(2009), Bakewell et al. (2017).
Sungai Engkalat, Igan: Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors:
J. Gaun. References: Anon (1958), Sheldon (1987), Witt and
Sheldon (1994a). Remarks: Peat swamp. This is apparently a
tributary of Sg. Igan.
Sungai Entoyut: 4.146 114.345 5 m. Museums: AMNH, ANSP,
ROM, USNM. Collectors: C. Hose. Remarks: This is a small
tributary of Sg. Baram just upstream from Marudi on old maps
(Hose 1893a, 1900).
Sungai Jaong (=Jawong, Ulu Sungai Jaong, Ulu Sungai
Haong): 1.7170 110.3340 10 m. Museums: SMK, YPM.
Collectors: J. Bangga, Brahim, Junaidi, Sliman, Narawi,
Padan, Kebing, Novi, Gaing, T. Harrisson, C.B. Kong, A. Anyi,
Puding, C.S. Yu, J. Gaun. References: Gawin (2014).
Sungai Jelangai Wildlife Sanctuary: 2.054 114.343 610 m.
Remarks: A 19,331 ha sanctuary.
Sungai Karap: 3.87-4.22 114.1700 10 m. References: Scott
(1989). Remarks: A sluggish tributary of Sg. Bakong in the Sg.
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 42
Baram system, which is uniquely overgrown with Eichhornia
crassipes, 15 km west of Marudi.
Sungai Katibas: 1.7167 112.5500 5-100 m. References: Tuen
(2006). Remarks: Riverine and secondary forest. Tuen (2006)
surveyed from Song to Nanga Bloh in Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife
Sanctuary.
Sungai Kebab: 4.9070 115.29 SL. References: Bakewell et al.
(2017).
Sungai Kepayang, Ulu Sebuyau National Park: 1.625
111.6458 20 m. References: Wound and Sim (2017).
Sungai Kubaan: 3.73 115.18 400-600 m. References:
Harrisson (1949b), Fogden (1970, 1976). Remarks: Fogden
surveyed birds along Sg. Kubaan at the “headwaters of the
Tutoh.”
Sungai Labau: 3.874 113.746 15 m. References: MNS-BCC
(2002c,d). Remarks: A tributary of Sg. Niah.
Sungai Langsat, Camp 6, Gunung Mulu National Park:
3.9985 114.8284 420 m. Museums: LSU. References: Burner
et al. (2016), Sheldon et al. (2019).
Sungai Lassa, Belaga: Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: A.
Morrison. Remarks: Morrisson (1950) collected at “Rumah
Lassa, Balui,” which would be a head villager’s house
somewhere on Sg. Balui.
Sungai Lawas, Overview: 4.8590 115.4070. Museums:
AMNH, ANSP, FMNH, MNHN, NHMUK, OUMNH, ROM, SMK,
YPM. Collectors: W.H. Treacher, H.T. Ussher, W. Pretyman,
H. Low, A.H. Everett, J. Whitehead, J.B. Bell, J.S. Jameson,
T. Harrisson, Padan, A. Morrison, J. Gaun, Gaing, D. Sigar.
References: Sharpe (1874, 1877b,c, 1879a,b, 1889a-d, 1890a-
d, 1894b), Gurney (1882:302), Treacher (1888), Everett (1889),
Whitehead (1893), Moulton (1914a), Kloss (1930), Banks
(1935b), Stresemann (1937), Morrison (1950), Harrisson
(1963a), Sheldon (1985, 1987), Gregory-Smith (1997b), Long
and Collar (2002), Gawin (2014). Remarks: Sharpe (1874)
described Bulwer’s Pheasant from the “Mountains of Lanos”,
by which he meant mountains in the Upper Lawas region
(Treacher 1888). Sharpe (1879a) characterized the Treacher
and Ussher collections as from the “Lawas River”, but some
specimens are clearly from mountains (e.g., Crimson-headed
Partridge).
Sungai Lenin (=Lenian): 3.333 114.2657 30 m. Museums: MNS,
RMC. Collectors: F. Adelborg, H.C. Robinson. References: Hill
(1960), Rheindt et al. (2022). Remarks: Very close to Long
Sobing in the Tinjar region.
Sungai Lobang: 3.0800 114.4200 200-700 m. References:
Harrisson (1933). Remarks: Harrisson traveled up Sg. Lobang
to cross the Dulit divide from the Sg. Tinjar to Sg. Belaga.
Sungai Lupar (=Batang Lupar): 1.4000 111.1000 SL. Museums:
MCSNG, NHMUK. Collectors: O. Beccari. References: Beccari
(1904), Banks (1935b), MNS-BCC (2002a).
Sungai Matu: 2.713 111.467 SL. Collectors: A.H. Everett.
References: Sharpe (1876:42, 1877b), Everett (1889:207).
Sungai Meluang National Park: 3.31 113.81 80 m. References:
Jailan et al. (2018). Remarks: Jailan et al. (2018) camera-
trapped both Black Hornbills and White-crowned Hornbills
in high conservation value forest (HCVF) north of this park
(exact location unspecified).
Sungai Mendalam, Gunung Mulu National Park: 4.328
114.902 30 m. References: Sim et al. (2010). Remarks: A
hunting area in the park, which also includes the Mentawai
ranger post.
Sungai Mersan: 1.7023 110.2750 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Sungai Miri: 4.4120 114.0300 10 m. Museums: ANSP, ROM.
Collectors: C. Hose.
Sungai Niah: 3.815 113.754 15 m. References: MNS-BCC
(2002c). Remarks: Sg. Niah runs along the western edge of
Niah National Park.
Sungai Pelait: 4.9070 115.2924 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Sungai Pelita: 2.7791 111.3166 10 m. References: Edwards and
Polshek (1987).
Sungai Puak (=Poak): 1.3580 110.1820 15 m. Collectors: A.H.
Everett. References: Sharpe (1876, 1877b), Everett (1889),
Bartlett (1896b:48), Laverty (2011). Remarks: Bartlett (1896b)
mentioned several records from Puak, which is a stream
apparently contiguous with Sg. Staat leading to Tegora
(Porritt 2013). Sharpe (1876:42) also referred to a specimen
from “Puak Hill.”
Sungai Rajang (=Batang Rajang): 2.001 112.607 15 m.
References: Smythies (1950), Harrisson (1966a), Gregory-
Smith (1997b), Tuen (2006).
Sungai Sadong, Overview (=Sidong, Sadung, Batang
Sadong): 1.45-1.1875 110.69-110.5 SL. Museums: ROM, SMK.
References: Moulton (1914a,c), Williams (1914), Harrisson
(1950b), Voous (1950b, 1951), Sheldon (1987), Long and
Collar (2002). Remarks: The Sadong basin encompasses the
Bidayuh Sadong-Bukar as well as Malay areas. The upper
reaches are known as Batang Kayan.
Sungai Samarahan, Overview (=Batang Samarahan): 1.552
110.479 5 m. Museums: NHMUK, RMC, SMK. Collectors: C.
Ulok. References: Moulton (1914a), Williams (1914), Robinson
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 43
and Kloss (1921), Gibson-Hill (1949:160), Voous (1950a),
Sheldon (1987), Gregory-Smith (1995, 1996, 1997b, 1998c),
Sze et al. (2018).
Sungai Sarawak, Overview: 1.56 110.34 5 m. Remarks: The
main river running through Kuching. It was an important
conduit for collectors headed to Bau or Penrissen in early
years.
Sungai Saribas, Overview (=Seribas, Serebas. Batang
Saribas): 1.6350 111.1760 SL. Museums: NHMUK, RMC, SMK,
YPM. Collectors: J. Gaun. References: Moulton (1914a),
Robinson and Kloss (1919), Gibson-Hill (1949:156), Voous
(1950a), Morioka and Yang (1996), Wei et al. (2009), Gawin
(2014).
Sungai Seping (Seping): 2.8750 114.5250 800 m. Museums:
YPM.
Sungai Seterap (=Batang Seterap): 1.3583 111.1583 SL.
References: Blaber and Milton (1994), Gregory-Smith (1997b).
Sungai Tangkap, Niah National Park: 3.8240 113.8260 15.
Remarks: A river in the north-central, and along the eastern
edge, of Niah National Park.
Sungai Tapang, Kuching: 1.47 110.349 5 m. References:
MNS-BCC (2012c). Remarks: Adjacent to Kuching Airport.
Sungai Tengah: 4.05 113.8125 10 m. Collectors: C. Hose.
References: Smythies (1957a).
Sungai Tinjar, Overview (=Tingjir, Tenjar, Tingjir): Museums:
NHMUK, NMS, ROM, SMK, YPM. Collectors: Ajun Adak, J.C.
Moulton, C. and E. Hose, A.H. Everett, W.H. Furness, E.P.
Mjöberg, F. Adelborg, H.C. Robinson, C.B. Kloss, T. Harrisson,
C. Ulok, Oxford University 1932. References: Hose (1893a,b,
1927, 1929), Moulton (1914a), Mjöberg (1923), Harrisson (1933,
1938b), Harrisson and Hartley (1934), Ford et al. (1938), Katz
(1988), Gawin (2014). Remarks: Also see Gn. Dulit.
Sungai Trusan, Overview (=Terusan): 4.92 115.19. Museums:
AMNH, NHMUK, MCZ, RMC, SMK. Collectors: A.H. Everett.
References: Everett (1889), Moulton (1914a), Banks (1935),
Stresemann (1937), Harrisson (1957, 1963a), Fischer et al.
(2017).
Sungai Tujuh: 4.5887 114.0398 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017). Remarks: Prawn farm and marshland.
Sungai Tunoh: References: Tuen (2006). Remarks: Tuen
visited the Sg. Tunoh Rest House (2.0408 113.6756,
secondary forest), Mabong Waterfall (primary forest and
shifting agriculture), Gelangang Waterfall (2.0575 113.7553,
recently logged mixed dipterocarp forest), and Gn. Magong
(2.0683 113.6797, intact dipterocarp forest).
Sungei Tutoh (=Tutuh, Tutau, Tuto, Tutu): 4.02 114.429 10 m.
References: Hose (1893a, 1929), Banks (1935b), Harrisson
(1963a), Duckett (1985), Fogden (1976), Witt and Sheldon
(1994a), Long and Collar (2002). Remarks: The Sg. Baram
tributary leading towards Gn. Mulu National Park.
Tabuan Jaya Baru: 1.5050 110.3850 5 m. References: Hong
and Mohd-Azlan (2018). Remarks: Close to secondary and
nipah forest.
Tabuan Road: 1.5550 110.3470 15 m. Museums: USNM, YPM.
Collectors: J. Gaun, L. Labang. References: Parkes (1958).
Talang Satang National Park, Overview (=Talang-Satang,
Turtle Islands): References: Harrisson (1952c, 1957), Yeap et
al. (2007), MNS-BCC (2012b), Illan et al. (2018). Remarks: This
is a 19,414 ha park and IBA comprising two island groups. The
first group lies o the coast near Sematan and consists of
the two Talang-Talang islands: Pulau Talang Besar and Pulau
Talang Kecil. The second group includes the Satang islands
o the coast nearer Kuching, Pulau Satang Besar, Pulau
Satang Kecil, and two small islets, Pulau Tukong Ara and
Pulau Takung Banun. The latter two islands form the Pulau
Tukong Ara-Banun Wildlife Sanctuary.
Talapak, Sungai Dapoi: Museums: YPM. Remarks:
Apparently an island in Sg. Dapoi.
Tama Abu Range (=Tamu Abu, Tama Abo, Tama Abos,
Tamabo, Temabo, Temebo, Pamabo, Pemabo, Temalo, Temelo,
Temubo, Lemabo): 3.2500 115.2500 1524 m. Museums:
FMNH, MCZ, RMC. Collectors: J.C. Moulton, H.W. Smith, E.
Mjöberg. References: Mjöberg (1925), Chasen and Kloss
(1927), Harrisson and Hartley (1934), Banks (1937a), Harrisson
(1963a), Morioka and Yang (1996), Yeap et al. (2007), Ramji
and Rahman (2011). Remarks: This range is part of the Kelabit
Highlands IBA and Pulong Tau National Park.
Taman Budaya, Kuching: 1.5522 110.3464 20 m. References:
Shazali et al. (2016). Remarks: An urban park.
Taman Rimba, Kuching: 1.5240 110.3890 5 m. References:
Hong and Mohd-Azlan (2018). Remarks: Near to peat swamp
forest in Sama Jaya Forest Park.
Taman Sukma Reservoir (=Tasik Semariang): 1.6 110.336 5 m.
References: MNS-BCC (2009d).
Taman Tumbina: 2.2040 113.0470 20 m. References: Ibrahim
(2017).
Taman Union, Kuching: 1.5222 110.3241 10 m. References:
MNS-BCC (2012d).
Tanah Putih, Kuching (=Tanah Puteh Army Camp): 1.55 110.38
5 m. References: Fogden (1965b,c).
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 44
Tanjung Assan: 2.00 109.65. References: Wilson (2002).
Tanjung Baru Forest: 1.6500 111.0333 15 m. References: Amit
et al. (2012), Ramji et al. (2016). Remarks: Just outside the
Maludam National Park boundary.
Tanjung Batang Marau: 1.766 111.083 3 m. References:
Edwards and Polshek (1987).
Tanjung Batu, Bako-Buntal Bay: 1.7260 110.3570 SL.
References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Tanjung Batu, Bintulu: 3.2090 113.0440 5 m. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Tanjung Batu, Similajau: 3.3520 113.1550 10 m. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Tanjung Batu, Sibuti: 4.0610 113.7840 5 m. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Tanjung Borgam: 3.6340 113.3720 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Tanjung Datu National Park, Overview (=Cape Datu, Cape
Data, Tanjong Dato): 2.0400 109.6500 SL-542 m. Museums:
MSNG, SMK, YPM. References: Beccari (1904), Harrisson
(1952d), Harrisson and Smythies (1959), Witt and Sheldon
(1994a), Sebastian and Kong (2000, 2002), Lim et al. (2003),
Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006), Yeap et al. (2007),
Phillipps and Phillipps (2011), Rahman et al. (2015b), Razak
et al. (2015), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2018), Philovenny et al.
(2018). Remarks: A 752 ha park on the coast of westernmost
Sarawak.
Tanjung Embang: 1.6300 110.4900 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Tanjung Embang to Kuala Samarahan: 1.6050 110.5230 SL.
References: Mizutani et al. (2006a, 2007), Bakewell et al.
(2017). Remarks: A mangrove covered “beach.”
Tanjung Jerijeh: 2.1590 111.1580 5 m. References: Edwards et
al. (1986a,b), Edwards and Polshek (1987).
Tanjung Kabong: 1.7560 111.0860 5 m. References: Edwards
and Polshek (1987).
Tanjung Kedurong (=Kidurong, Kidurung): 3.2670 113.0570
25 m. Museums: SMK. Collectors: A.H. Everett. References:
Sharpe (1877b).
Tanjung Kembang: 1.8723 111.1265 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Tanjung Lobang (=Lonbang): 4.3620 113.9620 10 m.
References: Smythies (1962), Wei et al. (2009), Bakewell et
al. (2017).
Tanjung Manat: 2.2590 111.1883 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017). Remarks: Black sandy coast.
Tanjung Mani: 2.15 111.45 5 m. Museums: RMNH. Collectors:
J. Vigeland.
Tanjung Melaban: 1.5833 110.7833 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017). Remarks: Tall Rhyzophora-dominated mangroves
in dense stands.
Tanjung Muara Tebas (=Muara Tabas, Maura Tebas,
Maratabas, Moratabas Muaratabas): 1.6511 110.4917 SL-100
m. References: Edwards and Polshek (1987), Mizutani et al.
(2006a, 2007), Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: A temporary
wader roost west of Muara Tebas town.
Tanjung Payong: 3.7360 113.4230 SL. References: Bakewell
et al. (2017).
Tanjung Po, Bako National Park (=Cape Po, Tanjong Pu;
includes Telok Po): 1.7250 110.5240 SL-100. Museums: SMK,
YPM. Collectors: Takit. References: Smythies and Harrisson
(1956), Fogden (1965b), MNS-BCC (2002b,c). Remarks:
Location of a lighthouse.
Tanjung Sapi, Bako National Park: 1.7150 110.4390 SL.
References: Zahidin et al. (2006).
Tanjung Sangki: 1.5667 110.8333 SL. References: Bakewell et
al. (2017). Remarks: Tall Rhyzophora-dominated mangroves
in dense stands.
Tanjung Selabat and Batu Pisang Tikat: 1.6739 110.4948 SL.
References: Bakewell et al. (2016:60). Remarks: “Tanjung
Selebat is not an actual promontory, but a recent connection
of stabilizing land between the shore and Batu Pisang Sikat,
a tree-covered rock that once stood oshore.”
Tanjung Similajau: 3.5360 113.2940 5 m. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017). Remarks: Headland with flat sandstone
blocks.
Tanjung Sirik (=Cape Sirik): 2.7667 111.3167 10 m. Museums:
YPM, SMK. References: Harrisson and Medway (1956),
Smythies (1963), Edwards and Polshek (1987), Sim and
Mizutani (2005).
Tanjung Situngkat: 4.8540 115.0354 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Tanjung Tambak (=Kampung Sungai Tambak, Telok Tamba):
1.7333 110.3000 5 m. Museums: SMK, YPM. Collectors: Jamili,
T. Harrisson, G. Sureng, Kebing Lai, E. Ferdinand. References:
Harrisson (1964b), Gawin (2014).
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 45
Tapah: 1.296 110.413 15 m. References: MNS-BCC (2009d).
Tarikan: 3.94 113.69 5 m. Museums: SMK. Collectors: E.
Banks. References: Banks (1935b:296).
Tatau: 2.8919 112.8660 25 m. Museums: LSU, RMC, SMK.
Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1914a), Roe
(1953b), Lim et al. (2014), Boyce et al. (2019), Sheldon et al.
(2019).
Gunung Tegora (=Bukit Tegora, Tagora): 1.2873 110.2039
483. Museums: AMNH, NHMUK. Collectors: H.H. and A.H.
Everett. References: Sharpe (1877b, 1878, 1892c, 1893b:117),
Everett (1889), Bartlett (1896b), Fogden (1965c), Long and
Collar (2002), Laverty (2011). Remarks: Tegora is important
because of its unusual Little Bunting and Great Tit records.
Tegora is a 483 m hill in the Bungo Range, c. 19 km south
of Buso (=Busau), and the site of antimony and cinnabar
(mercury) mining by the Borneo Company Limited in the 19th
century (Laverty 2011, Porritt 2013). It was reached by a path
and bridges along Sg. Staat and its tributaries.
Telok Assam, Bako National Park: (=Asam): 1.7194 110.4402
SL. References: Fogden (1965a), Gregory-Smith (1996,
1996d), Wilson (2002). Remarks: Includes mangroves. Wilson
(2002) drafted an interpretive booklet on birds for the Telok
Assam mangroves.
Telok Bandong (=Bandung): 1.7541 110.3097 SL. References:
McCormick (1976). Remarks: McCormick included a reference
to Sg. Bandong Kecil, Santubong, presumably in the same
area.
Telok Delima, Bako National Park: 1.7080 110.4410 SL.
References: Wilson (2002), Zahidin et al. (2006).
Telok Marina (=Marina Bay): 4.3888 113.9754 SL. References:
Bakewell et al. (2017).
Telok Paku, Bako National Park: 1.7250 110.4430 SL.
References: Wilson (2002).
Telok Pandan Besar, Bako National Park: 1.7300 110.4570
SL. References: Wilson (2002).
Telok Pandan Kecil, Bako National Park: 1.7300 110.4510 SL.
References: Wilson (2002).
Telok Serabang (=Sarabang, Sarabong; includes Kampung
Telok Serabang): 1.988 109.6472 5 m. Museums: SMK, YPM.
Collectors: S. Slamgah, A. Abon, Narawi, Junaidi, J. Gaun,
W.V. Shen, E. Ferdinand, J. Bangga, Brahim, References:
Anon (1958), Witt and Sheldon (1994a), Moyle et al. (2005),
Gawin (2014).
Telok Silbur, Bako National Park: 1.7230 110.4780 SL.
References: Wilson (2002).
Telok Tajor, Bako National Park: 1.7250 110.4720 SL.
References: Wilson (2002).
Tamabo Perak: References: Lönnberg (1925), Mjöberg
(1925). Remarks: This is a site south of Pa Main in the Kelabit
Highlands where Mjöberg collected the type of Dicaeum
minullum borneanum on his return from Gn. Murud. It appears
in Mjöberg’s (1925:413) sketch map.
Temuda Area, Suai: References: Duckett (1987).
Third Division Swamp Forests: References: Scott (1989).
Remarks: A 150 km strip of coastline from Kuala Igan to
Bintulu, extending up to 45 km inland comprising, principally,
peat swamp forest of various types.
Tinbarap Palm Oil Plantation: 4.0547 114.2269 60 m.
References: Amit et al. (2019). Remarks: Amit worked in a
forest patch preserved within the plantation.
Trusan-Sundar Mangroves: 4.88-4.96 115.15-115.32 SL.
References: Scott (1989), Howes and NPWO (1986b).
Remarks: Defined by Scott (1989) as a deltaic mangrove
system dominated by Sg. Trusan.
Tukau: 4.2813 113.9434 SL. References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Tusan: 4.1270 113.8220 SL. References: Bakewell et al. (2017).
Ukong (=Kampung Ukong): 4.5500 114.8500 10 m. Museums:
SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton. References: Moulton (1912).
Ulu Anap: 2.43 112.87 150 m. References: Samejima and Hon
(2020).
Ulu Bangkit, Song: 1.66 112.75 120 m. Museums: YPM.
Collectors: B.E. Smythies. Remarks: Sg. Bangkit is an eastern
tributary of Sg. Katibas. Also see Sungai Bangkit, Paku.
Ulu Belaga (=Ulu Batang Belaga, Balaga): 3.0400 114.3700
250 m. Museums: NHMUK. Collectors: T. Harrisson, Oxford
University 1932.
Ulu Danum: 2.6000 115.1500 1000 m. Museums: SMK.
Collectors: T. Harrisson. References: Fogden (1965b).
Ulu Engkari: 1.2600 111.9300 200 m. References: Bennett et
al. (2000). Remarks: Mixed dipterocarp forest.
Ulu Kakus: 2.7916 113.7 175 m. Museums: SMK. References:
Fogden (1966a), Bennett et al. (2000). Remarks: Limestone
caves and swiftlet nesting area.
Ulu Kubaan (=Ku’baan): 3.7125 115.3958 1800 m. Museums:
AMNH. Collectors: T. Harrisson.
Ulu Limbang: 3.86 115.05 200 m. Museums: SMK.
Sheldon et al.
Occasional Papers 46
References: Moulton (1914a).
Ulu Maong, Kuching: 1.519 110.341 5 m. References: Yeap
(2002a).
Ulu Melinau, Gunung Mulu National Park (=Ulu Malinau):
4.1083 114.958 50. Museums: SMK. References: Moulton
(2014a), Harrisson (1952a), Sim et al. (2010). Remarks: This
part of the park includes the Summit Trail Camp 5, Pinnacles,
trail to Kuala Litutu, and Melinau Gorge.
Ulu Melinau Paku, Gunung Mulu National Park (Mulu
National Park HQ): 4.0541 114.825 50. References: Sim et al.
(2010), Burner et al. (2016), Sheldon et al. (2019). Remarks:
This area includes the Deer Cave boardwalk, canopy walk, bat
observatory, boardwalk to the Royal Mulu Hotel, Clearwater
Cave, Moonmilk walk, trail on Bau Bungan, and the summit
trail to camp 3.
Ulu Paku (=Anyut Paku, Ulu Anyut, Ayut Paka, Auyut Paku,
Sungai Paku, Udan Paku): 1.55 111.55 75 m. Museums: MNS,
NHMUK, RMC, SMK. Collectors: J.C. Moulton, C. Chunggat,
H.C. Robinson, C.B. Kloss, J. Bangga, F. Adelborg. References:
Robinson and Kloss (1919), Gibson-Hill (1949:157), Hill (1960),
Morioka and Yang (1996), Gawin (2014). Garg et al. (2022),
Rheindt et al. (2022). Remarks: Anyut Paku is a sub-area of
Ulu Paku, Spaoh, Betong. RMC collected many specimens
along Sg. Paku.
Ulu Pelagus (=Palagus): 2.1580 112.8750 350 m. References:
Hose and McDougall (1912). Remarks: Hose and McDougall
(1912:136) included photos of the “Palagus River” and “Palagus
Falls.”
Ulu Pesu, Tubau: 3.127 113.791 50 m. References: Fogden
(1965b).
Ulu Sabai: 3.4833 115.3208 1100 m. Museums: SMK.
References: M. Fogden (1965b). Remarks: Fogden (1965b)
mentioned the site Batu Patap, Ulu Sabai, Tutoh, on the
western side of the Tama Abu Range.
Ulu Sebuyau National Park, Overview: 1.4000 111.0400 20
m. Museums: YPM. References: Silang et al. (2016), Wound
and Sim (2017). Remarks: An 18,287 ha park in Samarahan
and Sri Aman divisions. It is a completely logged, secondary
growth, peat swamp forest complex.
Ulu Sesik: 4.9503 115.5617 30 m. Museums: LSU. References:
Sheldon et al. (2019).
Ulu Suai: 3.471 113.854. Museums: SMK. Collectors: E.
Banks, Medway. References: Banks (1935b:308, 1949a),
Medway (1958b), Cranbrook et al. (2013). Remarks: Banks
noted a few white swiftlet-nests came to market from Ulu
Suai, a sandstone cave. Medway visited the site in 1957 and
confirmed this. More recently, however, Cranbrook could not
locate the cave (Cranbrook et al. 2013).
Usun Apau National Park (=Usun Apau Plateau, Usun Apo,
Usun Apoh; includes Bukit Artas, Besping, Mujan, and Pelutan):
2.5 114.75 700-1465 m. Museums: NHMUK, SMK, YPM.
Collectors: Oxford University 1955. References: Harrisson
(1954, 1959a), Arnold (1957), Harrisson and Smythies (1959),
Moyle et al. (2005), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2006),
Yeap et al. (2007), Gawin (2014), Brodie et al. (2015). Remarks:
A 49,355 ha park and IBA c. 180 km ESE of Bintulu. The Usun
Apau plateau consists of tablelands separating the Rajang
and Baram drainages. These tablelands are separated east-
west by the deep Sg. Dapoi valley. Birds were first collected
in the Usun Apau during Apr-Jun 1952 by Oyau Madang
(=Medang), a Sebop Kenyah working for SMK (Harrisson
1954). Madang’s work was followed by the Oxford University
Expedition from Jul 1955 - Jan 1956 (Arnold 1957).
Wilmar-PPB Oil Palm Plantation: 3.4680 113.8050 30 m.
References: Mohd-Azlan et al. (2019b). Remarks: Oil palm
and an HCV-logged forest fragment. Birds were surveyed by
mistnetting at 3.477 113.804 c. 200 m, and 3.567 113.767 c.
70 m. The plantation also included a swiftlet nesting cave at
3.509722 113.3439, but this may have been destroyed during
construction of the Bintulu-Miri coastal highway (C.K. Lim,
pers. comm.).
Wind Cave Nature Reserve (=Lobang Angin, Cave of the
Winds): 1.4140 110.1370 30 m. Museums: MSNG. Collectors:
O. Beccari. References: Beccari (1904), Sarawak Forest
Department (1992), Rahman et al. (2004). Remarks: A 6.1
ha nature reserve and limestone outcrop. Beccari collected
swiftlets at this cave. It should not be confused with the Cave
of Winds in Mulu National Park (4.061 114.830 70 m).
Yeoh Poultry Farm and Piggery: References: Lim (1965).
Remarks: Scrub and lallang.
Yung Kong Fields (=Yong Kong): 1.5835 110.4118 5 m.
References: Wei et al. (2009). Remarks: An field near the
Yung Kong factory.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the following individuals for help and advice:
Winnie Akin, Bettycopa Amit, David Bakewell, Elizabeth
Bennett, Alex Bond, Ryan Burner, Cynthia Chin, Nigel Collar,
Indraneil Das, Georey Davison, Robert Douglas, Kevin
Epperly, Jérôme Fuchs, Flora George, Melvin Terry Gumal, Ulf
Johansson, Pepijn Kamminga, Jody Kennard, David Li, Lim
Chan Koon, Kelvin Lim, Ben Marks, Jayasilan Mohd-Azlan,
Christopher Milenski, Jon Nations, M. Päckert, Tyan Pang,
Victor Primus, Robert Prys-Jones, Chongleong Puan, Mustafa
Abdul Rahman, Mohamad Fizl Sidq Ramji, Nate Rice, Mark
Robbins, Nickson Joseph Robi, Menno Schilthuizen, Rob
Stuebing, Alison Styring, Paul Sweet, Voon Mufeng, Anthony
Wong, Yeo Siew Teck, Billy Young, and Kristof Zyskowski. In
History of Sarawak Ornithology
No. 92 47
addition, comments by two anonymous reviewers helped
improve the manuscript. Specimen data were made available
by the American Museum of Natural History, Academy of
Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Burke Museum of
Natural History and Culture, Cambridge University Museum of
Zoology, Delaware Museum of Natural History, Field Museum
of Natural History, Harvard University Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Louisiana
State University Museum of Natural Science, Muséum
national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris), Natural History Museum
Giacomo Doria, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Naturhistoriska
riksmuseet (Stockholm), Oxford Museum of Natural History,
Royal Ontario Museum, United States National Museum,
University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute and Natural History
Museum, and Yale Peabody Museum. We thank the Sarawak
Forestry Corporation and its CEO Haji Zolkipli Mohamad Aton
for help with maps and publications, the National Library
in Kuching for access to journals and books, the Universiti
Malaysia Sarawak for the support of its faculty and students,
the Biodiversity Heritage Library for access to older journal
literature, and the Louisiana State University Library for help
obtaining journal articles and books.
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