Borrowngs as Elements of Intercultural Communication in the Official Business Style of the Chechen Language

Abstract

This study is dedicated to the peculiarities of the functioning and adaptation of borrowings from foreign languages as a result of interaction with the Chechen language in the processes of globalization. The authors noted the importance of this problem in connection with the growing importance of the Chechen language in society, which, in turn, promotes the activation of its use as one of the state languages of the Republic in all organizations and institutions. It is noted that at the nowadays Anglicisms from the sphere of finance, law and information technology are the most popular among borrowings in the Chechen language, since these groups of terminological systems were most often used in the spheres of public administration, economics of administrative activity – that is, in the spheres of functioning of the official business style. The official business style, like other functional styles of the modern Chechen language, reflects socio-political changes in society that causes dynamic processes in the vocabulary of the Chechen language.

Full text

Borrowngs as Elements of Intercultural
Communication in the Official Business Style of
the Chechen Language
Luisa U. Israilova1, Larisa U. Israilova1, and H. A. Akaeva2
1Kadyrov Chechen State University, Sheripova Street, 32, 364024, Grozny, Russia
2Grozny State Oil Technical University named after Academician M. D. Millionshchikov, Kh. Isaev
Ave., 100, 364061, Grozny, Russia
Abstract. This study is dedicated to the peculiarities of the functioning and
adaptation of borrowings from foreign languages as a result of interaction
with the Chechen language in the processes of globalization. The authors
noted the importance of this problem in connection with the growing
importance of the Chechen language in society, which, in turn, promotes the
activation of its use as one of the state languages of the Republic in all
organizations and institutions. It is noted that at the nowadays Anglicisms
from the sphere of finance, law and information technology are the most
popular among borrowings in the Chechen language, since these groups of
terminological systems were most often used in the spheres of public
administration, economics of administrative activity – that is, in the spheres
of functioning of the official business style. The official business style, like
other functional styles of the modern Chechen language, reflects socio-
political changes in society that causes dynamic processes in the vocabulary
of the Chechen language.
1 Introduction
The official business style serves legislation, administrative and economic activities and
other industries related to record keeping, reporting and documentation. It is necessary for
the communication of state and public institutions, both among themselves and with the
population, for the registration of various resolutions, accounting of facts and events. The
main function of the official business style is a message. Its function is expressed in the fact
that, having certain requirements for written presentation and form, it gives the statement the
character of a document and also gives the various aspects of human official and business
relations reflected in this document [1].
The study of the official business style language is highlighted both in the collective
works of linguists (O. A. Kazakov, A. N. Serebrennikov [2]; Yu. I. Kuzin, S. V. Malervein
[3]; L. V. Volodin, O. K. Karpukhin [4], etc.) and in the ndividual works of iauthors [M. V.
Koltunova [5], I. A. Malkhanova [6], L. A. Askhabova [7], M. Zabava [8], etc.).
The document is the main type of text in the official business style. This is a specifically
organized genre that must be reliable, convincing, designed according to the requirements,
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edited, contain specific and meaningful information, facts and suggestions. In the official
business style, special terminology is used.
This style is represented in an extensive system of modern documents: in the design of
autobiographies, acts, certificates, contracts, reports, notes, instructions, statements, reports,
instructions, receipts, letters, orders, certificates, resolutions, rules, explanatory notes,
protocols, reports, receipts, laws, resolutions, orders, telegrams, telephone messages,
characteristics, etc. Each of the documents can be considered a separate genre of official
business speech [3].
At the present stage, the language of the official business style is being studied especially
actively in the Chechen Republic, since the social importance of the Chechen language is
growing, its use in all organizations and institutions is becoming more active, and active
educational work is being carried out to conduct business in Chechen as one of the state
languages.
Depending on the goals which are set before the official business style, linguists
distinguish sub-styles, or varieties of style: administrative, diplomatic, legislative, economic,
financial, etc. Each sub-style, thanks to a certain content and direction of documents, has
already developed its own genre varieties of documents. Firstly, these are documents of a
high degree of standardization of presentation, they may contain not only a document form,
but even words, phrases and sentences that exclude someone's opinion and fix quite specific
information. Secondly, in the official business style, documents of a lower level of
standardization are used, with a relatively free presentation, in which only certain general
information can be provided and formulated in advance; the very method of presentation
depends each time on the specific content of what is being presented according to the
situation, certain circumstances of business communication [3].
2 Research Methodology
The official business style is the most stable and conservative style. As the Swiss linguist
Charles Bally (1865-1947) noted, the official business style is "the most uncreative style,
before which everyone is essentially equal - both a brilliant poet and an avid clerk" [9]. In
the official business style, the written form prevails. It is structurally and functionally typical,
that is why it is called documentary (this, however, narrows the essence of the official
business style, because it also has an oral form of manifestation) [9]. The written form is
characterized by special requirements for the standardization of the issuance and use of
lexical means. But, to a certain extent, cliches can be overcome in oral business speech, when
speakers do not directly name a person or an object, but descriptively and according to the
most characteristic signs, for example: the President is the guarantor of the Constitution, the
supreme arbiter of the nation, etc. In this case, we can talk about lexical elements of artistic
and journalistic styles in the official business style [3].
The following grammatical and lexical stylistic features are characteristic of the official
business style:
- very limited use of words in a figurative sense;
- frequent use of socio-political vocabulary and vocabulary related to the realities of a
person's social and professional activities;
- almost complete absence of phraseological units (their use is possible only in protocols
in which the speech of participants of a certain meeting is not devoid of phraseological units);
- this style is characterized by well-established, specially and frequently used language
forms, standard expressions, template sentence structures, speech turns, since each document
(statement, protocol, autobiography, receipt, etc.) is written according to a certain pattern;
- it is almost not allowed to skip a word(s) in the text [10].
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I. R. Galperin notes that the vocabulary of the official business style is neutral and gets
along in a direct sense. This style is characterized by a high frequency of the use of abstract
nouns, which often have terminological meaning. The researcher also notes that in the official
business style, impersonal forms of the type prevail among verbs: defined, put forward,
served, etc., In some genres infinitives predominate, for example: discuss, announce, assign,
continue, etc. Stereotypical language means form the specifics of this style, and its main
features are a high degree of unification, impersonality and emotionlessness [10].
Historical changes in language, in general, and in literary norms, in particular, occur under
the influence of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. As A. A. Stishov notes: "dynamic
processes in vocabulary reflect obvious, open, as well as hidden mechanisms of a language
evolution" [11, p. 4], they are caused, in turn, by socio-historical processes, which are
primarily reflected in changes of the language usage.
As in other functional styles of language, the democratization of society and the
associated democratization of the literary language affects the modification of the status of
literary norms [12, p. 312]. Also, due to the relentless development of society, the processes
of globalization and technologization, there are more and more new sociolinguistic factors
that cause the need to name new realities, which are realized today by replenishing the lexical
composition of the official business style with new lexical borrowings. In the official business
style of the language, as well as in the language as a whole, there is a mobile lexical
composition that actively and directly reacts to all socio-economic shifts.
At the initial stage of lexical interference (late XX – early XXI century), lexical and
grammatical features of documents of the administrative and clerical variety were considered
by linguists to be the most dynamic. But today, the dynamics of the lexicon of the official
business style and the processes of borrowing foreign language vocabulary, in particular, are
significantly inferior to the dynamics of the processes of development and borrowing in
journalistic and colloquial styles.
3 Results and Discussions
The problems of the functioning of borrowed lexemes in the official business style of the
Chechen language are not given described in the modern Chechen linguistics. A small
amount of works in this direction is due to the fact that the samples of official business
discourse assume conciseness of presentation, accuracy in wording, the use of certain lexico-
semantic groups of vocabulary and a special construction of the text. Therefore, in the official
business style there is no such genre variety of borrowed lexemes as in the journalistic and
colloquial styles, which are due to the functions of the official business style, which involves
providing communication in state-political, social and economic life, legislation, in the field
of administrative and economic management.
Lexical borrowings in the official business style perform a nominative function.
Borrowings help us to create a "flavor" of formality and bookishness. The use of foreign
lexemes in documents is explained by the need for accuracy and unambiguity of presentation,
characteristic of this functional style. The use of foreign-language words in business papers
is appropriate due to the fact that foreign-language terms are "isolated" from the language
system and "non-contact", which causes them to lack of secondary and additional meanings.
English-language borrowed words in the terminology system of the official business style
of the Chechen language can be divided into several types:
1) foreign language terms are quite ancient, borrowed through the medium of the Russian
language, and so adapted to the Chechen language that they are no longer perceived as
borrowed [7]. They are widely used and have a large number of derivatives formed by the
affixal way of word formation of the Chechen and Russian languages (e.g.: partner-
партнер; consulting - консалтингийн):
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«Тхан тешаме партнер йолчу Nordwind авиакомпанин хIокху аэропортехь дуккха
а маршруташ ю», – бохура аэропортан коммерцин директора Дяйкин Сергейс» (the
newspaper "Daimohk", 21.04.2021).
«Карарчу хенахь, дуьненаюкъарчу консалтингийн компанеша бечу хаамашца,
дуьненан 50 сов махкахь гIуллакх деш ю 1 000 сов исламан финансийн институт» (the
newspaper "Daimohk", 16.10.2021).
2) lexemes of English-speaking origin, which gradually go beyond the professional
sphere of use and become part of the interstitial vocabulary (for example: провайдер,
спонсор, бренд):
«РФ-н ГПК-н 45-чу статьяца нийса а догIуш, Невран кIоштан прокурора Сербиев
Iимрана суьде иск елла интернетехь зуламечу материалашна тIекхачарна доза
тохийтар интернет-провайдершна тIедожор доьхуш» (the newspaper "Daimohk",
27.07.2017).
«Билгалдаккха догIу, Лечиев СаьIидан спонсор а, цуьнан гIуллакхе хьожуш верг
а, Нохчийн Республикин Правительствон чолхе хьелаш ца хилийтаран а, уьш
дІадахаран а комитетан председатель Ахмадов Руслан хилар» (the newspaper
"Daimohk", 20.03.2014).
«Цуьнан векалша билгалдоккху «Грозный Молл» чохь Соьлжа-ГӀалина а,
Нохчийчоьнна а керла йолчу брендийн туьканаш хирг хилар, шайн могӀарехь
«Reserved», «House», «Cropp», «Mohito», «Sinsay», «LC Waikiki», «РивГош»,
«Henderson», «Снежная Королева», «М.Видео», «Bork», «Elisabetta Franchi», кхиерш а
йолуш» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 02.10.2021).
3) barbarisms are rarely used foreign lexemes that can easily be replaced with specific
vocabulary and are used in professional communication. In colloquial speech, they are almost
not used, for example: блокчейн, саммит.
«Вайн къам массарал хьалха хила деза цу белхан декъехь, хIунда аьлча
криптовалюта а, блокчейн технологи а вайн экономикин (дуьненан экономикин а)
кхане хир йолуш ю. ХIун ю биткоинаш? Цара хIун до?» (the newspaper
"Daimohk".03.2018).
«Нохчийн Республикехь дуьххьара дIаяьхьира совдегараллин а, инновацийн а
гIолацаран Экономикин дуьненаюкъара саммит. Соьлжа-ГIалин «ТheLocal»
хьешацIийнехь вовшахтоьхнера саммит дIаяьхьаран дерриге а гIуллакхаш» (the
newspaper "Daimohk", 19.07.2019).
4) internationalisms are international terms that are expressed in at least two unrelated
languages, for example: Engl. holding, Chech. холдинг and others.
«Керла хьешацIа схьаделларан даздаршкахь дакъалецира Кадыров Рамзана а,
Trojan Holding компанин урхаллин директора Хьамад Аль Iамерис а, республикин
Правительствон а, Парламентан а, кIоштийн а куьйгалхоша а, иштта, Iаьрбийн
пачхьалкхашкара баьхкинчу хьешаша а» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 08.05.2018).
«ХӀокху дакъошкахула говзанчаш дӀаэцар хоуьйту «RimGroup» холдинго:
• Бухгалтерш а, экономисташ а; • Юристаш; • Маркетологаш; • Йохкаран
менеджерш; • Сварщикаш; • ГӀишлошйархой; • Инженераш; • Проектировщикаш»
(the newspaper "Daimohk", 01.08.2022).
We consider it appropriate to divide foreign language words of the official business style
as follows:
1) international words – internationalisms - they are recommended to be used in business
papers, since they have entered the active vocabulary of international communication and
often do not have an equivalent in the Chechen language (for example: банк, финансы,
менеджер and others).
«2021-чу шарахь банкаша Нохчийчохь бинчу белхан хьокъехь дийцина республикин
Парламентехь» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 27.05.2022).
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«1982-чу шарахь институт чекхъяьккхина ваьлла къона говзанча Ростовн
областан исполкоман финансийн урхалле балха дIаийцира» (the newspaper "Daimohk",
15.05.2018).
«Финансийн министерствос билгалдарехь, «регионашкара и бакъо дIаяккхаро
юзур ю федеральни бюджет» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 27.02.2020).
«2017-чу шеран товбецан (сентябрь) а, гIуран (декабрь) а беттанашкахь
«Внешэкономбанко» Москвахь вовшахтоьхнера регионашкарчу менеджерийн ши
цхьаьнакхетар» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 27.02.2018).
2) words of foreign language origin with a narrow scope of use that are known only to
specialists (for example: lockout – closure of enterprises and mass dismissal of workers from
production).
The largest number of borrowed words and international vocabulary functions in
diplomatic documents (diplomatic subfile), where Latinisms are widely used. This is due to
an extralinguistic factor – the appointment of a diplomatic document, although in translation,
for another state. Therefore, an accurate understanding of the wording caused the formation
of an international terminology in this area that would be understandable to representatives
of different countries. Examples of diplomatic terms are borrowings such as консул, пакт,
конвенция and others).
«Оцу конференцехь дакъалецира шайна хьалхаваьлла Къилбаседа Кавказан а,
Къилбан а федеральни округашкахь волу Италин сийлаллин консул Лодиджиани
Пьерпаоло а волуш, Италера баьхкинчу предпринимательша а, иштта Нохчийчуьрчу
тайп-тайпанчу министерствийн, ведомствийн векалша а, предпринимательша а»
(the newspaper "Daimohk", 03.12.2015).
«Махкахь суьдан Iедал кхолларца, Россин бакъонан системина адамийн бакъонийн
хьокъехь йолу дуьненаюкъара пакташ юкъаялорца, уголовно-процессуальни
законодательство шардеш-тодарца, арбитражан-процессуальни законодательство
кхолларца доьзна хаъал шоръелира адвокатан бакъонаш» (the newspaper "Daimohk",
30.05.2015).
«2008-чу шарахь Страсбургехь дIаяьхьначу адамийн бакъонийн конвенцин
механизмех пайдаэцарехула долу хаарш довзийтаран конкурсехь 2-гIа меттиг
яьккхира цо» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 02.10.2018).
The use of words of foreign origin in national languages mostly depends on national
traditions. This is reflected in the fact that in the diplomatic framework of the official business
style, borrowed lexemes are traditionally used to denote certain concepts of diplomacy,
despite the existence of national equivalents. For example, the concept of accession in the
diplomatic litter is denoted by the term preamble, approval – ratification, etc.
«Цул тIаьхьа 30 шо даьлча, 1989-чу шеран лахьанан (ноябрь) баттахь ООН-хь
кечйира беран бакъонийн хьокъехь Конвенци. Иза берана хьалха долу пачхьалкхан
декхарш билгалдохуш долу коьрта тептар дара. СССР-н Лакхарчу Совето оцу
Конвенцина ратификаци йира, вуьшта аьлча, иза шайн махкахь кхочушъян тIелецира
1990-чу шеран мангалан (июль) беттан 13-чу дийнахь» (the newspaper "Daimohk",
30.05.2015).
It should be noted that, unlike other modern functional styles of the Chechen language,
where there is a certain "expansion" of anglicisms and especially americanisms, borrowings
from many other European languages are used in the official business style, for example,
such widely used borrowings from French as: бюджет (and the adjective бюджетный),
форс-мажор and etc. For example:
«Таханлерчу дийнахь субъекташкара «алкодозанаш» дIадахахь, федеральни
бюджете дуккха а ахча кхочур ду» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 327.02.2020).
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These borrowings have been adapted in the language system for a long time, have
grammatical categories of number and case and are no longer perceived by speakers as
borrowings.
Like other functional styles, the activation of borrowing anglicisms in the official
business style began at the end of the twentieth century and anglicisms from finance, law and
information technology were mainly used, since these groups of terminological systems were
most often used in the spheres of public administration, economics of administrative activity
- that is, in the spheres of functioning of the official business style. This trend continues to
this day, therefore, the subject of terms of English-speaking origin in the official business
style can be divided into three large groups, within which branching into more highly
specialized subgroups is possible, and for each of the groups of anglicisms listed below, the
functioning of already adapted borrowings along with the latest anglicisms is characteristic.
So, at the present stage of research in the official business style, the following groups of
anglicisms are the most common:
1) financial terms, for example, банк, кредит, бизнес and etc.
«Ахархоша кредит оьцуш меттиг нислахь, цуьнан ставкин барам 3,6 процент
лахлур бу, ткъа кхиболчу юьртабахаман сурсаташ кхиочарна – 1,5 процент» (газета
«Даймохк», 02.04.2016).
«Инвестицин проекташ кхиаме хир ю Россехь йолчу ерриге а субъекташа цхьаьна
бизнес кхиош хилахь. Вайн пачхьалкхехь болх беш 40 сов федеральни Iалашонан
программа а, 20 кхиоран институт а ю, церан буха тIехь болх бар кхиаме хир ду
бизнесменашна» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 21.07.2018).
2) legal terms, for example, аппеляция:
«Амма пачхьалкхан «кисана» кховда гIоьртинчеран гIуллакх ца хилира. Оцу
сацамна дуьхьал суьдан коллеге апелляци елира прокурора» (the newspaper "Daimohk",
17.02.2021).
3) computer and information technology terms, for example, смартфон, вебинар,
онлайн, гаджет:
«Россин Федерацин чоьхьарчу гIуллакхийн министерствон Соьлжа-ГIалехула
йолчу Урхаллин БойсгӀаран кIоштехула йолчу миграцин отделенис хаам бо
«Госуслуги» портала тIехь вахархо дIаязвелла хилчахьана (регистраци йина), Россин
Федерацин вахархочун паспорт даккхийта а, хийцийта а, иштта, Россин Федерацин
вахархочунна кхечу махка ваха-ван оьшуш долу арара паспорт даккхийта а, хийцийта
а оьшуш долу кехаташ а, рагI а ца ларъеш, шен чуьрчу компьютера тIехь а, кисанарчу
смартфона тIехь а чудала цуьнан йиш а, аьтто а хилар» (газета «Даймохк»,
12.10.2021).
«Россерчу 182 дешаран заведенеша дакъалоцучу вебинаран коьрта Iалашо яра
дешна бевллачарна белхан меттигаш нисъяран программа кхочушъяр а, белхан
меттигаш хуьлуьйтучу компанешца зIе тасар» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 20.02.2018).
«Дешаран Учи.ру платформехь дӀахьочу Йерригроссин «Кхерамза некъаш»
онлайн-олимпиадехь дакъалаьцна вайн республикерчу 33 эзар сов дешархочо» (the
newspaper "Daimohk", 14.11.2022).
«Цул тIаьхьа доцца къамел дира Роскомнадзоран Нохчийн Республикехула йолчу
урхаллин эксперта-говзанчас П.Эдельхановас. Цо дийцарехь, церан урхаллин белхан
декхаршна юкъадогIу дешаран белхахойн а, дешархойн а хьокъехь болу хаамаш ларбар
(the newspaper "Daimohk", 14.11.2022).
«Дешархойн планшеташна, гаджеташна чохь дерг Iалашдар муха хила деза
дийцар ю тхан белхан Iалашо», – бохура цо» (the newspaper "Daimohk", 07.03.2018).
In the thematic group of borrowings from the field of computer and information
technologies, there is a borrowings functioning tendency of the first period of lexical
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interference (вебсайт, онлайн, смартфон), adapted at all levels of the language system,
along with the latest borrowed lexemes (вебинар, гаджет).
In the official business style, there are certain restrictions and rules regarding the use of
words of foreign origin. In business-style texts, foreign-language words are used if there are
no coincidences in the recipient language or these words have received international
recognition. The rules for using foreign words are as follows:
1) the necessity of this word in this context;
2) the correctness and accuracy of the use of a foreign word;
3) clarity of the word for those who will get acquainted with the business text;
4) the impossibility of using borrowed and specific words in the same text, that is, not to
use a proper word and its foreign-language counterpart in the same text to denote the concept;
5) try to avoid a foreign language word if there is an analogue in your native language;
6) use a foreign word correctly and accurately only in the meaning that is assigned to the
word in dictionaries [13].
4 Conclusions
The official business style, like other functional styles of the modern Chechen language,
reflects socio-political changes in the society that cause dynamic processes in the lexical
vocabulary of the Chechen language.
The official business style includes lexemes of foreign language origin, but it should be
noted that their functioning in this style has its own characteristics.
Like borrowings in other styles, there is also a tendency of borrowings functioning that
have long been assimilated at all levels of the language system, along with the latest borrowed
lexemes, most of which are now anglicisms. As a rule, the latest anglicisms are borrowed
into the official business style from the sphere of economics, law and information technology,
which is due to the need to nominate new realities in society and the functions of the official
business style, which consist in providing communication in public administration and
economics of the modern world, where the processes of globalization and technologization
are taking place. But, despite the objective necessity of using the above-mentioned thematic
groups of borrowings, there are a number of restrictions on their use in the official business
style. In this functional style, there is no genre variety of borrowed lexemes in comparison
with journalistic and conversational styles.
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