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First live imagery, morphological insights, and new locations of the near-threatened endemic microsnail Sheitanok amidicus (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from southeast Turkey
Abstract
This study presents new insights into the near-threatened endemic microsnail Sheitanok amidicus (Schütt & Şeşen, 1991), shedding light on its distribution and morphological characteristics, which have never been documented alive. Surveys conducted in 2023 uncovered two previously unknown localities where the species thrives: stenothermic springs in Tavşantepe village and a private farm in Diyarbakır, Turkey. The snail has whitishgrey body tissue, tentacles with an average length of 0.3 mm, and a foot extending up to 2 mm with grey dots on the upper part. The oval-shaped operculum has an average height and width of 0.4 and 0.3 mm, respectively. The shell width and height is 1.0 mm and 0.7 mm, respectively. The snail has unique features including an orange operculum, heartshaped blackish mouth parts and two blackish eyes at the base of its tentacles. Previously, the species was known to inhabit seven locations in Southeast Turkey. Its near threatened status on the IUCN Red List highlights the urgency of conservation efforts. The identification of these new locations provides hope for reducing the risk of extinction for S. amidicus. Additionally, describing the snail’s external characteristics would aid in systematic classification of newly found species within this monotypic genus.
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Considering the studies related to the freshwater molluscs in Turkey, it can be seen that the first checklist was done in freshwater and brackish water in 1999 and 72 taxa were determined. One of the checklists published in 2006 included just the freshwater pulmonate species and in this checklist 28 taxa were reported. Another checklist on prosobranchia was also released in the same year and 80 taxa were identified. Any studies on this subject have not been done since 2006. In this paper all studies related to freshwater were recorded, and the existence of 204 taxa (164 species belonging to Gastropoda and 40 species belonging to Bivalvia) were given. A checklist about the Bivalvia in Turkey was also presented for the first time in this paper.
This study re-evaluated the brackish and freshwater Prosobranch fauna list of Turkey. Furthermore, recent systematic changes and future studies to be performed were discussed. Theodoxus (Theodoxus) danubialis (C. PFEIFFER 1828). Th. (Th.) subthermalis (ISSEL 1865). Bythinella opaca (FRAUENFELD 1857). Pseudamnicola macrostoma (KÜSTER 1852). P. kotschyi FRAUENFELD 1856 and P. elbursensis STARMÜHLER & EDLAUER 1957 were removed from the list, while the following taxa were added: Viviparus mamillatus (KÜSTER 1852), Bithynia pentheri STURANY 1905. Hydrobia ventrosa (MONTAGU 1803). Hydrobia (Peringia) ulvae (PENNANT 1777), Belgrandiella adsharica (LINDHOLM 1913). Sadleriana byzanthina demirsoyii YILDIRIM and MORKOYUNLU 1997, Sadleriana fluminensis (KÜSTER 1852). Tefennia tefennica SCHÜTT and YILDIRIM 2003, Falsipyrgula schuetti YILDIRIM 1999, Bythinella occasiuncula BOETERS and FALKNER 2001 and Paludinella littorina (DELLE CHIAJE 1825). The number of currently recognised taxa reaches 80.
An investigation was carried out on the native gastropod species in Lake Gölbaşı, Hatay. During the research 3 species belonging to the subclass Pulmonata (Gyraulus piscinarum, Radix labiata, Anisus leucostoma) were detected along with 9 species of the subclass Orthogastropoda (=Prosobranchia) including Theodoxus jordani, Semisalsa contempta, Semisalsa longiscata, Bithynia phialensis, Valvata saulcyi, Valvata piscinalis, Melanoides tuberculatus, Melanopsis praemorsa ferussaci, Melanopsis costata costata. These gastropod species were collected from 4 stations chosen in the lake. Furthermore, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature were measured at the sampling sites. Gölbaşı Gölü'nün (Hatay: Türkiye) gastropod faunası ve onları etkileyen bazı fizikokimyasal parametreler Özet: Hatay ili sınırları içerisinde bulunan Gölbaşı Gölü'nün ekolojik yapısına uyum sağlayan yerli gastropod türleri araştırılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmaya göre gölde Pulmonata altsınıfına ait 3 tür (Gyraulus piscinarum, Radix labiata, Anisus leucostoma), Orthogastropoda (=Prosobranchia) altsınıfına ait 9 tür (Theodoxus jordani, Semisalsa contempta, Semisalsa longiscata, Bithynia phialensis, Valvata saulcyi, Valvata piscinalis, Melanoides tuberculatus, Melanopsis praemorsa ferussaci, Melanopsis costata costata) tespit edilmiştir. Bu gastropod türleri Gölde tespit edilen 4 istasyonda belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca örnek alınan alanda suyun bulanıklığı, sıcaklığı, çözünmüş oksijeni ve pH'sı ölçülmüştür.
Th e status of knowledge of the terrestrial malacofauna of Turkey is briefl y reviewed, and the perspectives for studies on the malacofauna of the country are discussed.
Of the Prosobranchia species found in Turkey, 60 species and 12 subspecies were determined to be present in the study area according to our results and the results of foreign malacologists. The species and their genera are: 8 species, 2 subspecies belonging to Theodoxus; 1 species, 1 subspecies belonging to Viviparus; 4 species belonging to Valvata; 3 species belonging to Hydrobia; 1 species belonging to Semisalsa; 6 species belonging to Graecoanatolica; 2 species belonging to Kirelia; 2 species belonging to Belgrandiella; 1 species belonging to Falsibelgrandiella; 3 species belonging to Islamia; 3 species belonging to Bythinella; 2 species, 2 subspecies belonging to Pseudamnicola; 1 species belonging to Orientalina; 1 species belonging to Turkorientalia; 3 species belonging to Sadleriana; 1 species belonging to Sheitanok; 1 species belonging to Horatia; 1 species belonging to Potamopyrgus; 1 species belonging to Lithoglyphus; 1 species belonging to Pyrgorientalia; 2 species belonging to Falsipyrgula; 5 species belonging to Bithynia; 1 species, 6 subspecies belonging to Melanopsis; 2 species, 1 subspecies belonging to Fagotia and 1 species belonging to Melanoides. From the known taxa, 35 species and 5 subspecies are distributed only in Anatolia. Also, 22 fossil Prosobranchia species and 6 subspecies were determined from the sediments of different regions and different geological periods of Anatolia. The species and their genera are: 3 species, 2 subspecies belonging to Theodoxus; 1 species belonging to Caspicyclotus; 3 species belonging to Valvata; 2 species belonging to Hydrobia; 1 species belonging to Semisalsa; 1 species belonging to Graecoanatolica; 1 species, 4 subspecies belonging to Prososthenia; 1 species belonging to Belgrandiella; 1 species belonging to Pseudamnicola; 2 species belonging to Pyrgula; 3 species belonging to Falsipyrgula; 2 species belonging to Micromelania; 1 species belonging to Bithynia. From the known fossil taxa, 21 species and 6 subspecies have been found only in Anatolia and 4 species are still present. The systematic and zoogeographical distribution of the taxa are described in this study.
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