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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Turkish validation of the Psy-Flex Scale and its association
with resilience and social support
Murat Yıldırım1*, Izaddin Ahmad Aziz2,3
1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı 04100, Turkey
2 Special Education Department, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44002, Iraq
3 English Department, College of Education, Bayan University, Erbil 44002, Iraq
Abstract: Psychological exibility is an important psychological factor inuencing various individ-
ual and relational outcomes. However, there is a scarcity of evidence about cross-culturally validat-
ed measures available. The aim of the present study was to assess the Turkish validation of the Psy-
Flex Scale, which is a new and recently developed measure of this construct and test its relationship
with resilience and social support. The sample comprised 516 adults (52.3% males) with an age
range of 18–60 years (M = 27.08, SD = 8.53). Results showed that the measure had good construct
validity with high internal consistency reliability. The ndings also demonstrated that psychological
exibility was positively associated with resilience and social support. Additionally, social support
partially mediated the relationship between resilience and psychological flexibility. These results
suggest that the Psy-Flex Scale is a reliable and valid tool to measure psychological exibility in the
Turkish cultural context. Intervention programs focusing on social support can also be tailored to
promote psychological exibility by cultivating resilience.
Keywords: Psy-Flex Scale; resilience; social support; reliability; validity; Turkish adaptation
*Corresponding author: Murat Yıldırım, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ağrı İbrahim
Çeçen University, Ağrı 04100, Turkey; muratyildirim@agri.edu.tr; muratyildirimphd@gmail.com
Received: December 19, 2022; Accepted: May 9, 2023; Available online: June 29, 2023
Citation: Yıldırım M, Aziz IA. Turkish validation of the Psy-Flex Scale and its association with resilience and social
support. Environment and Social Psychology 2023; 8(1): 1513. doi: 10.18063/esp.v8.i1.1513.
1. Introduction
Positive psychology emphasises the importance of human strengths and abilities in the promo-
tion of positive functioning[1]. With the recent movement of positive psychology, extensive interest
has been paid to positive psychological constructs and their role in the development of individuals
and society. In this regard, positive psychological constructs such as resilience, social support, and
psychological exibility have been considered focal points of psychological research.
1.1. Psychological exibility
Psychological exibility is dened as the ability to be aware of and adapt to changing internal
and external stressors with aligned values[2]. Also, psychological exibility is a dynamic and mul-
2Environment and Social Psychology (2023) Volume 8, Issue 1
Turkish validation of the Psy-Flex Scale and its association with resilience and social support
ti-faceted construct including cognitive, psychological, affective and behavioural dimensions[3].
Furthermore, it can be viewed as the capability of being exible to the present moment depending
on the demand of the situation. Psychological exibility plays a key therapeutic target in acceptance
and commitment therapy. Psychological exibility had been studied with a variety of other related
constructs. There is evidence showing the relationships between resilience, social support, and psy-
chological exibility[4,5]. Although the conceptual and empirical links among these variables have
been established, to the best of my knowledge, there is no available research that explicitly exam-
ines the mediating eect of social support in the association between resilience and psychological
flexibility by using the newly developed measure of psychological flexibility described below. It
is important to note that earlier research assesses psychological exibility by using various other
measures including the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Scale[6] and the Acceptance and
Action Questionnaire[7]. The Psy-Flex Scale was developed and validated on dierent samples such
as community, clinical, and non-clinical[8]. However, Turkish validation of this new scale is needed
to use for the Turkish sample. As such, this study sought to examine the psychometric properties
and dimensionality of the Psy-Flex Scale in the Turkish language. The current study also aimed to
examine the mediating role of social support in the relationship between resilience and psychologi-
cal exibility using the Psy-Flex Scale.
1.2. Resilience
Resilience is a common phenomenon of fundamental human systems in the field of positive
psychology. The positive development of human functioning depends on the protection of these
systems in good working order, which would allow individuals to function properly in the face of
adversity or unpleasant life situations. In case of major impairments in these systems, it is more
likely that people experience a wide range of psychosocial and developmental problems throughout
their lives[9]. Available evidence in the extant literature revealed that resilience is related to a wide
range of positive outcomes such as greater aective experiences and ourishing[10], satisfaction with
life[11], forgiveness[12], social support, hope, and feeling belongingness[13]. Other research indicated
that resilience is associated with diminished levels of mental health problems[14], and psychological
adjustment issues[15]. These results suggest that resilience is an important psychological factor in
fostering positive human functioning. Although a series of empirical research has investigated the
direct link between resilience and psychological flexibility[16], evidence regarding the underlying
mechanisms between resilience and psychological exibility by considering the role of social sup-
port is limited. Considering all the above-mentioned studies, the current study seeks to address this
gap by investigating the mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between resil-
ience and psychological exibility.
1.3. Social support
People need social support from others to deal with a wide range of stressors they face in their
daily lives. Social support is a multidimensional concept that refers to sources or support received
from family, friends, and signicant others[17]. Much research has examined the relationship between
social support with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. For example, a meta-analysis with two
hundred forty-six studies demonstrated that social support shared a signicant positive, yet small,
correlation with well-being[18]. Another meta-analysis study revealed that social support is related
to a wide range of outcomes including quality of life, well-being, health status, physical symptoms,
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Environment and Social Psychology (2023) Volume 8, Issue 1
Yıldırım and Aziz
psychological symptoms, stress, depression, coping strategies, psychological adjustment, health
beliefs, health-promoting behaviours, and self-actualization[19]. It was also found to be positively re-
lated to character strengths, self-ecacy, optimism, self-esteem, resilience, positive aect, and sat-
isfaction with life[20,21]. Also, a signicant positive relationship was reported between social support
and psychological exibility[22]. Furthermore, social support was found to be related to reduced lev-
els of mental health problems[23]. These results suggest that social support is an important resource
that increased positive outcomes and decreases negative outcomes.
1.4. Psy-Flex Scale
The Psy-Flex Scale is a brief measure of contextually sensitive psychological exibility[8]. It is
useful in terms of containing items that explicitly refer to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy,
therefore, it can be utilised by clinicians to plan treatments that are contextually sensitive to change.
The Psy-Flex Scale is a unidimensional scale containing six self-reported items and has been pre-
sented to be a highly reliable and valid measure of psychological exibility[8,24,25]. In the original
validation study[8], the Psy-Flex Scale was found to be related to dimensions of existing measures of
psychological exibility, emotional well-being, social, well-being, psychological well-being, pres-
ence of meaning, search for meaning, somatization, depression, and anxiety. The divergent validity
of this scale has been established with non-psychological variables (e.g., age and gender) and com-
parison between clinical and non-clinical samples. Evidence of incremental validity was provided
with the prediction of unique variance in explaining well-being after controlling for the variance
explained by overall symptomatology[8].
1.5. Aims of the study
Based on earlier research, the following hypotheses were tested: (i) the Psy-Flex Scale has a
one-factor solution with high internal consistency reliability, (ii) resilience has a signicant positive
impact on social support and psychological exibility, (iii) social support also has a signicant pos-
itive impact on psychological exibility, and (iv) social support serves as a mediator between resil-
ience and social support.
2. Method
2.1. Procedure
Convenience and snowball sampling techniques were used to recruit participants for this study.
Convenience sampling involved selecting easily accessible participants who were willing to con-
tribute to the study, while snowball sampling involved identifying initial participants who met the
study criteria and then asking them to refer their friends and acquaintances who may be interested
in taking part in the study. This study recruited participants through various social media platforms,
including Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp. The participants who met the criteria for inclusion
were sent the questionnaire, and those who willingly agreed to participate after reading the objec-
tives were included. The survey was anonymous, and participants accessed it through a secure link.
Information about the study was presented on the rst page of the survey, and before participating,
all participants provided online informed consent. The study guaranteed the condentiality and an-
onymity of participants’ responses. No incentives were oered to participants for their participation
in the survey. With regard to the translation procedure, the Psy-Flex Scale was validated in Turkish
4Environment and Social Psychology (2023) Volume 8, Issue 1
Turkish validation of the Psy-Flex Scale and its association with resilience and social support
using the standard method of forward-backwards translation. The author of this study completed the
forward translation of the items from English to Turkish. Another bilingual researcher, who blinds
to the original version of the scale, carried out the back translation of the items from Turkish to Eng-
lish. There was high consistency between the translation and back translation of the scale in terms
of language equivalency.
2.2. Participants
The inclusion criteria for this study were to be 18 years old or older and uent in Turkish. A total
of 516 participants took part in this cross-sectional study. There were 270 (52.3%) males and 246
(47.7%) females. Their age ranged between 18 and 60 years, with a mean age of 27.08 years (SD =
8.53). Concerning their socioeconomic status, 66.7% belonged to average socioeconomic status, fol-
lowed by below-average (28.3%), and above-average (5.0%). More than two-thirds of participants
were single (69.4%) and 30.6% were married.
2.3. Measures
Psy-Flex Scale[8]. The Psy-Flex Scale is a newly developed unidimensional self-reported scale
for evaluating contextually sensitive psychological flexibility. The scale includes six items (e.g.,
“Even if I am somewhere else with my thoughts, I can focus on what’s going on in important mo-
ments”). Responses were given on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very seldom) to 5 (very
often). In the original paper, the scale yielded good psychometric properties[8]. For the purpose of
this study, the Psy-Flex Scale was validated in Turkish and a detailed description of its psychometric
properties can be found in the results section.
Brief Resilience Scale[26]. The BRS is a widely used unidimensional self-reported measure for
assessing the ability to “bounce back” from adverse situations. The BRS comprises six items (e.g.,
“I tend to bounce back quickly after hard times”) that are answered using a 5-point Likert-type scale
varying between 1 (strongly disagree) and 5 (strongly agree). A total score for BRS can be comput-
ed after recoding the negatively worded items (items 2, 4, and 6), with a higher score indicating a
greater level of resilience. The Turkish validation of the BRS has satisfactory psychometric proper-
ties[27]. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.70 in this study.
Brief Perceived Social Support Questionnaire[28]. The BPSSQ is a unidimensional self-report-
ed scale constructed to measure individual dierences in receiving social support from other people.
The BPSSQ contains six items (e.g., “I know a very close person whose help I can always count
on.”) that are scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale varying between 1 (not true at all) and 5 (very
true). All items are added to produce an overall score for the BPSSQ, with a higher score signifying
greater levels of perceived social support. Good evidence of reliability and validity in Turkish has
been reported by Yıldırım and Tanrıverdi[29]. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.85 in this study.
2.4. Data analysis
Descriptive data were reported for individual items and variables of this study. Pearson’s corre-
lation was performed between resilience, social support, and psychological flexibility. Mediation
analysis (Model 4) was tested using SPSS PROCESS macro v.3.4 based on the recommendations of
Hayes[30]. The indirect eect was estimated with a bias-corrected 95% condence interval (CI) using
5,000 random bootstrap samples. The decision about the statistical signicance of the indirect eect
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Yıldırım and Aziz
can be obtained when the lower and upper bounds of the 95% CI include 0[30]. All analyses were run
in IBM SPSS 26 and AMOS 26.
3. Results
3.1. Psychometric properties of the Psy-Flex Scale
Using Cronbach’s alpha coecient, we estimated internal consistency reliability for the measure
of Psy-Flex. The scale was found to have good internal consistency reliability (α = 0.80) by exceed-
ing the conventional acceptable threshold value of >0.70. There was no issue with the normal dis-
tribution of the items on the scale (skewnessrange = –0.33 and 0.05; kurtosisrange = –0.55 and –0.45).
The corrected item-total correlation ranged between 0.37 and 0.62. The results of this analysis are
presented in Table 1.
Exploratory factor analysis with maximum likelihood extraction was conducted to explore the
underlying factor structure of the Psy-Flex measure. The results indicated that Bartlett’s test for
sphericity, [χ2(15) = 920.479, p < 0.001] and Kaiser’s measure of sampling adequacy (KMO = 0.82)
were sucient for factor analysis. A one-factor structure that accounted for 50.69% of the total var-
iance (eigenvalues = 3.04) was found to represent the data. The scree plot also veried a one-factor
solution.
Furthermore, conrmatory factor analysis was used to examine if the hypothesised single-factor
solution of the Psy-Flex could be conrmed. The evaluation of the hypothesised model was based
on the popular data-model indices that include confirmatory fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index
(TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root mean square re-
sidual (SRMR). The cut-o values that present a “good” t are shown by CFI and TLI ≥ 0.95, RM-
SEA ≤ 0.08 and SRMR ≤ 0.05[31]. The measurement model initially provided a poor data-model t
statistic (χ2(9) = 104.971, p < 0.01, CFI = 0.895, TLI = 0.824, RMSEA = 0.144, and SRMS = 0.063).
One solution to address the poor data-model t is to covary error terms of items, which is a statisti-
cal technique used to allow modeling of correlated errors, improving estimated factor loadings, and
latent variable correlations and correcting measurement errors or biases. This technique is used to
obtain more reliable research ndings. Following the modication indices, we covaried items 5 and
6 to improve the data-model t. The nal model presented a good data-model t statistic (χ2(8) =
35.637, p < 0.01, CFI = 0.970, TLI = 0.943, RMSEA = 0.082, and SRMS = 0.041).
3.2. Testing mediation eect
Pearson product-moment correlation (see Table 2) indicated that psychological exibility was
Table 1. Factor loadings and descriptive statistics for the six items of the Psy-Flex Scale
Item M SD Skew Kurt rit αiid EFA loadings
Psy-Flex 1 3.15 1.10 –0.15 –0.55 0.60 0.76 0.67
Psy-Flex 2 2.87 1.09 0.05 –0.45 0.37 0.81 0.40
Psy-Flex 3 3.10 1.08 –0.06 –0.54 0.61 0.76 0.67
Psy-Flex 4 3.11 1.06 –0.03 –0.49 0.59 0.76 0.64
Psy-Flex 5 3.36 1.11 –0.33 –0.54 0.62 0.76 0.75
Psy-Flex 6 3.37 1.10 –0.33 –0.53 0.56 0.77 0.68
Note. M = mean; Skew = skewness; Kurt = kurtosis; rit = Corrected item-total correlation; αiid = Cronbach’s alpha if item deleted
6Environment and Social Psychology (2023) Volume 8, Issue 1
Turkish validation of the Psy-Flex Scale and its association with resilience and social support
signicantly positively correlated with resilience (r = 0.31, p < 0.01) and social support (r = 0.41,
p < 0.01). Also, there was a signicant positive correlation between resilience and social support (r
= 0.36, p < 0.01). More importantly, a simple mediation analysis was carried out to test the mediat-
ing eect of social support on the relationship between resilience and psychological exibility (see
Table 3). The results showed that resilience was a positive predictor of social support (β = 0.36, p <
0.01) and explained 13% of the variance in social support. Resilience (β = 0.19, p < 0.01) and social
support (β = 0.34, p < 0.01) were found to signicantly positively predict psychological exibility
by accounting for 13% of the variance in psychological exibility (see Table 3 and Figure 1). The
indirect eect of resilience on psychological exibility through social support was signicant [eect
= 0.14, 95% CI (0.09, 0.19)] (see Table 3). Social support had a partial mediating role in the rela-
tionship between resilience and psychological exibility (see Table 3).
Table 2. Descriptive statistics and correlations among variables
Descriptive statistics αCorrelation
Variable Mean SD Skewness Kurtosis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. Age 27.08 8.53 1.31 1.10 - - –0.10* 0.15** 0.02 0.14** 0.14**
2. Gender - - - - - - –0.04 –0.02 –0.16** 0.02
3. Socioeconomic
status
- - - - - - 0.13** 0.16** 0.11**
4. Psy-Flex 18.97 4.64 –0.08 0.33 0.80 - 0.31** 0.41**
5. Resilience 18.80 4.09 –0.04 1.54 0.70 - 0.36**
6. Social support 19.57 5.70 –0.07 –0.78 0.85 -
Table 3. Unstandardized coecients for the proposed mediation model
Outcome
Antecedent M (Social support) Y (Psychological exibility)
Coe. SE t p Coe. SE t p
X (Resilience) 0.50 0.06 8.62 <0.001 0.21 0.05 4.42 <0.001
M (Social support) - - - - 0.28 0.03 8.11 <0.001
Constant 10.26 1.11 9.28 <0.001 9.53 0.93 10.24 <0.001
R2 = 0.13
F = 74.34; p < 0.001
R2 = 0.20
F = 63.41; p < 0.001
Path Eect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
Total indirect eect 0.35 0.05 0.26 0.44
Social support 0.14 0.03 0.09 0.19
Note 1: SE = standard error. β = standardized coecient. X = independent variable; M = mediator variable; Y = dependent variable.
Note 2: Number of bootstrap samples for percentile bootstrap condence intervals: 5,000.
Figure 1. The schematic diagram in the mediational eect of social support in the relationship between resilience and
psychological exibility.
Note: All standardised paths are signicant at **p < 0.01.
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Yıldırım and Aziz
4. Discussion
In this paper, I evaluated the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Psy-Flex Scale
in a sample drawn from the Turkish general population. The paper also examined the mediating role
of social support in the relationship between resilience and psychological flexibility. The current
results present evidence for a unidimensional structure of the six-item on the Psy-Flex Scale. This
suggests that the Psy-Flex Scale is a valid tool for the assessment of the psychological exibility
construct in the Turkish population. This is consistent with previous research, which reported a good
t obtained by a one-factor model[8]. Concerning reliability, the results of this study are also similar
to the results of the original validation study[8].
Results from this study yielded that resilience was signicantly positively related to social sup-
port. This result suggests that individuals who have the ability to “bounce back” from adverse situa-
tions appeared to experience more perceived social support in their personal and social lives. These
findings are similar to the findings reported on healthy and unhealthy individuals showing that
resilience may foster social support[4]. Indeed, there is a reciprocal relationship between resilience
and social support[29,32]. That is, a high level of perceived social support may help individuals to gain
more condence in coping with diculties. A high level of resilience can also cultivate an increased
perceived social support. In this study, resilience and social support were signicantly positively re-
lated to psychological exibility. Previous research has demonstrated that higher levels of resilience
and social support may directly lead to an increased level of psychological exibility. For example,
a study found that resilience is found to contribute to adjustment via an increased level of psycho-
logical exibility[16]. Social support contributes to higher levels of psychological exibility[22]. De-
spite the direct relationships between the above-mentioned variables, limited studies explored the
underlying relationships between resilience and psychological exibility by considering the role of
social support. In the present study, we found that social support partially mediated the association
between resilience and psychological exibility. These results suggest that those who have a high
level of resilience seemed to receive more social support, which in turn leads to greater psycholog-
ical exibility. These ndings improved our understanding of the underlying psychological mech-
anisms between resilience and psychological flexibility. Studies indicated that people with lower
levels of resilience, social support, and psychological exibility tend to experience greater psycho-
logical distress and poor psychological well-being[5]. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the
psychological status of young adults, and social support can be used to improve the positive impact
of resilience on psychological exibility.
5. Implications
The current research has important implications not only for theory but also for practising
well-being and mental health practitioners. With regard to the theory, the current results could
further the available literature by giving an explanation of how resilience might promote greater
psychological exibility through social support. The ndings might also be fruitful to advance the
research by investigating the factors that could uncover the relationships of resilience to a variety of
outcomes. As for practice, psychologists, counsellors, and other well-being and mental health, pro-
fessionals could benet from the current ndings since it might potentially help them in tailoring,
designing, and implementing interventions aimed to enhance positive psychological resources that
8Environment and Social Psychology (2023) Volume 8, Issue 1
Turkish validation of the Psy-Flex Scale and its association with resilience and social support
people have to achieve optimal levels of positive mental health and well-being alongside the related
development of functioning in dierent life domains.
6. Limitations
This study is not without limitations. A potential limitation of this study compared to the original
study[8] is that I did not compare the Psy-Flex Scale with other available measures of psychological
exibility such as the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire[7] and Multidimensional Psychological
Flexibility Scale[6]. Further psychometric properties of the Psy-Flex Scale (e.g., discriminant validi-
ty, incremental validity, and test-retest reliability) should be reported across dierent cultures, sam-
ples and over time to improve its utility for research and practice. Also, this study was cross-sec-
tional in nature to examine the relationships between the analysed variables using self-report
questionnaires. Causal relationships between the analysed variables cannot be drawn. Longitudinal
studies are needed to address this limitation.
7. Conclusion
In summary, the Psy-Flex Scale is a measurement of contextually sensitive psychological ex-
ibility and has good psychometric properties. The current findings supported the reliability and
construct validity of the Psy-Flex Scale in Turkish. Future directions for improving the cross-cul-
tural adaptation of psychological exibility measure may include the validation of this measure on
dierent samples, contexts and over time. Investigation of psychological exibility in relation to
resilience and social support further advanced the knowledge and understanding of empirical links
between these three variables.
Conict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conict of interest.
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