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Bullying personal y étnico-cultural en la Amazonía peruana: prevalencia, solapamiento y predictores
... Additionally, psychological bullying, such as unjustified isolation, can occur, with these various forms of bullying leading to physical pain, anxiety, mood fluctuations, depression, stress, and in severe cases, suicidal ideation among victims [20]. Research conducted in the United States has also recognized a distinct form of bullying known as ethnic-cultural bullying, specifically targeting individuals categorized as "immigrants," thereby exhibiting racist tendencies [21]. The victims of such bullying may encompass a wide range of characteristics, spanning from perceived vulnerabilities to outstanding talents or potential, rendering anyone susceptible to bullying based on the perpetrator's discontent [22]. ...
The prevalence of bullying, a serious issue in primary and secondary schools, underscores the need for effective prevention strategies. This study aims to develop a human rights education model to address this concern. The primary objective is to design a comprehensive human rights education model tailored for school environments. This model aims to prevent bullying behavior by fostering a culture of respect and empathy among students. A literature review methodology was employed to analyze existing problems related to bullying and identify potential solutions. Theoretical frameworks and empirical research findings were utilized to develop the proposed human rights education model. The results of this research suggest the development of prevention strategies and the creation of a pocketbook containing human rights education materials accessible to students. Additionally, it suggests the use of engaging learning media to facilitate a better understanding of human rights concepts, which are often abstract and challenging to grasp through traditional teaching methods. The human rights education model presented in this study is adaptable for both primary and secondary education. It emphasizes the importance of early intervention to prevent bullying from becoming entrenched in school cultures. By targeting students' moral and cognitive development, this model aims to break the cycle of victimhood and aggression associated with bullying. This study contributes to the field of education by proposing a practical and holistic approach to addressing bullying in schools. The proposed human rights education model provides educators with a framework to promote a safe and inclusive learning environment.
El desarrollo de la asertividad y la empatía en el ámbito escolar contribuye a crear un ambiente positivo, prevenir el acoso escolar, promover el desarrollo socioemocional y mejorar el rendimiento académico. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar el nivel de asertividad y empatía en agresores y víctimas en convivencia escolar en educación primaria de un municipio urbano de la provincia de Granada (España), con el fin de proponer una práctica docente innovadora ante este ambiente de convivencia y mejorar la calidad de la enseñanza. El enfoque fue cuantitativo, diseño descriptivo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 47 participantes de 6º curso, con edades entre 11 y 13 años (M = 11.43; DT = 0.50) a quienes se les aplicó la Escala de Comportamiento Asertivo para Niños (CABS) e Interpersonal Reactivity Index para medir la asertividad y empatía respectivamente. Los resultados revelaron que el alumnado que actúa como agresor o se considera víctima muestra niveles más bajos en ambas competencias (3.90% de agresores, víctimas 30.30%, no víctimas 69.70%). Por lo tanto, la asertividad y empatía no solo son habilidades independientes, sino que están interrelacionadas y se refuerzan mutuamente. Por lo que, para reducir conductas agresivas y situaciones de victimización, es fundamental fomentar tanto la asertividad como la empatía. Se concluye que, al desarrollar estas habilidades, se promueve una comunicación más efectiva y respetuosa, lo que puede disminuir los conflictos y mejorar la convivencia escolar.
The development of assertiveness and empathy in the school environment contributes to creating a positive atmosphere, preventing bullying, promoting socio-emotional development, and improving academic performance. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the level of assertiveness and empathy in aggressors and victims in school coexistence in primary education in an urban municipality in the province of Granada (Spain), with the aim of proposing an innovative teaching practice in response to this coexistence environment and improving the quality of education. The approach was quantitative, with a descriptive design. The sample consisted of 47 participants from the 6th grade, aged between 11 and 13 years (M = 11.43; SD = 0.50), to whom the Assertive Behavior Scale for Children (CABS) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index were applied to measure assertiveness and empathy, respectively. The results revealed that students who act as aggressors or consider themselves victims show lower levels in both competencies (3.90% aggressors, 30.30% victims, 69.70% non-victims). Therefore, assertiveness and empathy are not only independent skills but are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. Thus, to reduce aggressive behaviors and situations of victimization, it is essential to promote both assertiveness and empathy. It is concluded that by developing these skills, more effective and respectful communication is promoted, which can decrease conflicts and improve school coexistence.
Few studies have discussed ethnic disparities in school bullying victimization within developing countries. Based on an empirical survey of 1763 children in the Tibetan , Hui and Miao regions in China, this study reached two findings: First, there are significant ethnic disparities in bullying victimization within China's multiethnic regions, where a balanced representation of different cultures can contribute to reducing the risk of victimization. Second, the bullying victimization of different ethnicities is associated with microsystem factors, including the ethnic composition of a school, family dysfunction and children's aggressive behaviour, which displays more homogeneity than heterogeneity.
The purpose of this study is to examine the trends in bias-based bullying between 2013 and 2019 among California youth overall and by type of bias-based bullying and explore the extent to which Trump’s announcement of his candidacy for U.S. President in June 2015 impacted these bullying outcomes. We pooled the student-level survey data from multiple waves of the California Healthy Kids Survey. The final study sample included 2,817,487 middle- and high-school students (48.3% female, 47.9% male, and 3.7% not reported). We examined five specific types of bias-based bullying and any bias-based bullying overall. We employed logistic regression and calculated odds ratios to compare differences in the odds of bias-based bullying before and after Trump announced his candidacy for U.S. President. Between 2013 and 2019, approximately one in four students reported experiencing at least one type of bias-based bullying, based on race, ethnicity, or national origin being the most commonly reported. Trump’s announcement for candidacy was inconsistently associated with differences in the odds of bias-based bullying. Counties in which a higher proportion of the electorate voted for Trump had slightly higher odds of bullying for any bias-based bullying and for all specific types of bias-based bullying. Findings highlight the need for a commitment to protecting students from bullying regardless of their identity. Public health and education researchers and practitioners should draw on our growing understanding of the different dimensions of bullying in designing, implementing, and evaluating intervention approaches that address bias-based bullying, a particularly important cause given the growing polarization in the United States and the increasing salience of identity in the lead-up to and since the 2016 and 2020 elections.
Introducción.
La victimización escolar es un problema vigente en el Perú. El enfoque de género en el análisis de sus características permitirá adaptar estrategias de intervención diferenciadas.
Objetivo.
Determinar los factores de riesgo de victimización según enfoque de género en adolescentes escolares de las ciudades de Huamanga y Sicuani.
Diseño.
Estudio observacional transversal analítico.
Participantes.
1160 alumnos de primero a quinto de secundaria de dos colegios (privado y público) en Huamanga y Sicuani.
Intervención.
Encuesta validada para identificar víctimas de bullying.
Análisis.
Descriptivo, chi-cuadrado, OR (IC95%) y análisis multivariado de regresión logística. Se utilizó SPSS v. 15.
Principales medidas de resultados.
Porcentaje y factores de riesgo de victimización escolar.
Resultados.
El 37,3% de estudiantes fueron victimizados. En varones, "ha presenciado algún acto violento" 1,72 (1,122 - 2,636); en mujeres "vivir con uno de los padres" 1,682 (1,072 - 2,641); en "Huamanga" 1,767 (1,119 - 2,790); en ambos sexos "tener algún defecto físico" y "padres reaccionan con violencia cuando se portan mal" fueron los factores de riesgo más importantes. Formas de victimización más reportadas en ambos sexos fueron "te pusieron apodos" y "has sido discriminado". Predominó en varones, las formas directas como "te llamaron homosexual" y "has sido golpeado"; y en mujeres las indirectas.
Conclusiones.
La victimización escolar es problema importante. En mujeres estuvo asociada con características individuales y familiares; y en varones con la seguridad escolar. Las formas directas de victimización se relacionaron con varones.
El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIPQ) en adolescentes peruanos y determinar sus diferencias según el género. La muestra estuvo conformada por 532 escolares de sexto grado de Primaria a tercer grado de Secundaria. Para la validez del contenido, se realizó el juicio de expertos y una prueba piloto. Posteriormente, se realizó el análisis factorial exploratorio, el cual mostró que todas las preguntas fueron cargadas en forma correcta en los dos componentes, lo que explica el 48,6 % de varianza. La confiabilidad se estableció mediante el método de consistencia interna, a través del Alfa de Cronbach (αtotal = 0,856; αvictimización = 0,807; αagresión = 0,828). Se encontraron diferencias en el rol de acoso escolar según el género (p<0,001). En conclusión, la estructura factorial del EBIPQ en adolescentes peruanos es similar al cuestionario original y presenta elevada confiabilidad y validez de constructo.
Normative adjustment stimulates the development of attitudes and behaviours that promote school climate. Previous research has shown that it is a relevant factor in preventing involvement in risk behaviours that affect the quality of peer relationships in classrooms and schools. Previous the development of behaviour adjusted to the norms which promotes interaction processes fostering a positive atmosphere in the classroom and in the school. The aim of this study is to analyse the prospective influence of norma-tive adjustment on bullying perpetration over four time periods spaced six months apart (18 months). A total of 3017 adolescents between 11 and 16 years (49.5% girls; M ageT1 = 13.15, SD = 1.09) are involved in the present study. The Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Model results indicate an influential bidirectional association between normative adjustment and bullying perpetration over time. When the adolescents' normative adjustment increases, their involvement in bullying perpetration decreases six months later. On the other hand, when the adolescents' bullying perpetration increases over time, a decrease in nor-mative adjustment is evident later. The unconditional univariate growth results report that normative adjustment increases, while bullying perpetration decreases. These findings are discussed in terms of the need to consider contextual factors and how they interact in our understanding and prevention of bullying in schools.
El ajuste normativo estimula el desarrollo de actitudes y comportamientos que promueven la convivencia escolar. Estudios previos subrayan su relevancia para prevenir la implicación en comportamientos de riesgo que afectan a la calidad de las relaciones entre iguales en el aula y en el centro escolar. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la influencia prospectiva entre el ajuste normativo y la perpetración de acoso durante cuatro períodos de tiempo con un intervalo de seis meses (18 meses). Han participado un total de 3.017 adolescentes entre 11 y 16 años (49.5% niñas; M edad T1 = 13.15, DT = 1.09). Los resultados del Modelo Random Intercept Cross-Lagged indican una asociación bidireccional entre el ajuste normativo y la perpetración del acoso a lo largo del tiempo. Cuando los adolescentes aumentan su ajuste normativo, disminuye su participación en la perpetración del acoso seis meses después. A su vez, cuando aumenta la implicación en agresión, se registra una disminución en su ajuste normativo a lo largo del tiempo. Los resultados de crecimiento univariado incondicional informan que el ajuste normativo aumenta mientras que la agresión en acoso escolar disminuye. Los hallazgos se discuten en términos de la necesidad de considerar la interacción longitudinal con factores contextuales para comprender y prevenir el acoso escolar en las escuelas.
Resumen
El acoso escolar es una forma de agresión reiterada sobre una persona con intención de hacerle daño y partiendo de una situación de abuso de poder. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido estudiar la asociación entre el acoso escolar y el ajuste socioemocional y conductual en una muestra de 1777 adolescentes (M = 15.71 años, DT = 1.26, 54.1% mujeres), seleccionada mediante muestreo aleatorio estratificado por conglomerados. Para identificar los grupos objeto de estudio se ha administrado el European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q) y se han analizado sus propiedades psicométricas. El modelo dimensional de dos factores interrelacionados (victimización y agresión) muestra un buen ajuste a los datos, así como invarianza de medición en función del sexo. El coeficiente omega de las subescalas de victimización y de agresión ha sido .81 y .80, respectivamente. Se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de víctimas y no víctimas, y entre los de víctimas y agresores en autoestima, en síntomas de depresión y dificultades emocionales y conductuales. Las víctimas han obtenido puntuaciones menores en autoestima y mayores en síntomas de depresión y dificultades emocionales y conductuales que las no víctimas o que los agresores. El alumnado con comportamientos agresivos presenta más problemas de conducta que el no agresor y una menor conducta prosocial que el alumnado víctima de acoso. Estos hallazgos confirman las implicaciones negativas en el ajuste socioemocional y conductual del acoso escolar en los adolescentes víctimas y agresores, así como las adecuadas propiedades psicométricas del EBIP-Q.
El bullying discriminatorio a causa de las diferencias en las necesidades educativas especiales o discapacidad amenaza el desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes. El estudio pretende conocer si la autoestima, la empatía y las habilidades sociales son predictoras de este bullying discriminatorio (agresión y victimización). Una muestra de 1,640 adolescentes de 11 a 20 años, 820 de España (48.8% hombres y 51.2% mujeres) y 820 de Ecuador (49.3% hombres y 50.7% mujeres), participaron cumplimentando una batería de cuestionarios de autoinforme. Los resultados de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales muestran que en ambos países la autoconfianza predice negativamente la victimización y la agresión y el autodesprecio positivamente; la asertividad es un predictor positivo de la agresión y negativo de la victimización. Se observan diferencias entre ambos países en el papel de las habilidades sociales (comunicativas y de resolución de conflictos) y de la empatía. Se discuten los resultados en relación con la naturaleza de este bullying discriminatorio y los programas educativos preventivos.
Although bullying and cyberbullying have been widely studied in diverse geographical areas, the number of studies in isolated regions, located in rainforests such as the Peruvian Amazonia, is low. Most research has been conducted in wealthy, Western countries, although disadvantaged areas are usually the most affected by various problems. Thus, the aims of this study were to validate bullying and cyberbullying measurement instruments among adolescents in the Peruvian Amazonia, to determine the prevalence rates of bullying and cyberbullying among this population, and to examine how bullying and cyberbullying relate to self-esteem, empathy, and social skills. The sample included 607 students from the region of Loreto (Peruvian Amazonia) who completed self-report questionnaires. Both questionnaires used in the sample were found to have good psychometric properties. Results showed that bullying and cyberbullying are prevalent among teenagers in the Amazonia. Low self-esteem and high affective empathy predicted bullying victimization. Being a bully was related to high assertiveness. Being a bully-victim was related to low self-esteem and low assertiveness. Cybervictims showed higher cognitive empathy. Cyberbullies showed higher affective empathy in comparison to uninvolved adolescents. Having low self-esteem and higher affective empathy were related to being a cyberbully/victim. This study provides a validated questionnaire that can be used for research and practice in the Amazonia. Based on the current results, tailored anti-bullying and anti-cyberbullying interventions with components focused on self-esteem, empathy, and social skills should be implemented in Peruvian secondary schools.
Immigrant and minority youth are at risk of ethnic victimization. Despite an increasing number of studies that aim to understand the consequences of such negativity, relatively little attention has been paid to understanding who the perpetrators of ethnic victimization are. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study examined whether youth who victimize their peers due to their ethnic background are also those who engage in non-ethnicity-based victimization. The study also investigated the underlying factors, i.e., impulsivity, empathy, moral disengagement, and attitudes toward immigrants, that are common or specific to groups of youth. The sample included 949 adolescents residing in Sweden (Mage =13.11, SD = .41; range: 12 – 15; 46% girls; 38% adolescents with immigrant background). Cluster analysis revealed four distinct groups of adolescents, based on their reports of ethnic and non-ethnicity-based victimization: (1) low on both forms of victimization, (2) high on ethnic victimization only, (3) high on non-ethnicity-based victimization only, and (4) high on both forms of victimization. The results showed that being morally disengaged is a common denominator of ethnic and non-ethnicity-based victimizers. Difficulties in regulating impulses and lack of perspective-taking skills trigger youth’s engagement in non-ethnicity-based victimization. Lack of empathic concerns and low levels of positive attitudes toward immigrants are the bases of ethnic victimization. Together, these findings suggest that the precursors of ethnic and non-ethnicity-based victimization have similarities as well as differences, which require further attention in developing programs aimed at preventing different forms of peer victimization.
In this study, we aimed to understand the dynamic’s features of racial intimidation from the perspective of 20 indigenous children and settlers of an urban school in Leticia (Amazonas, Colombia). We created qualitative instruments such as: a semi-structured interview and a set of vignettes for iconic narration. The material collected was analyzed through Nvivo software categorizing data in risk factors, support networks, coping strategies, reinforcements, and consequences of aggression-generating situations. The results allow us to identify that the process of intimidation behaves dynamically with several actors participating in different scenarios, with a wide variety of factors. The present paper went beyond the traditional investigations that have been focused on characterizing the victim and victimizer. Additionally, these results show the potential risk for the ethnic cultures in the Amazonas and discuss lines of research and intervention that must be explored.
Despite increased research on bullying over the past few decades, researchers still have little understanding of how bullying differentially affects racial and ethnic minority and immigrant youth. To facilitate efforts to better evaluate the impact of bullying among racial and ethnic minority youth and improve interventions, we integrated research from multiple disciplines and conducted a systematic search to review relevant cross-cultural research on the prevalence of bullying, risk and protective factors, and differences in behaviors and outcomes associated with bullying in these populations. Studies measuring differences in bullying prevalence by racial and ethnic groups are inconclusive, and discrepancies in findings may be explained by differences in how bullying is measured and the impact of school and social environments. Racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants are disproportionately affected by contextual-level risk factors associated with bullying (e.g., adverse community, home, and school environments), which may moderate the effects of individual-level predictors of bullying victimization or perpetration (e.g., depressive symptoms, acculturation stress, attitudes toward aggression, etc.) on involvement and outcomes. Minority youth may be more likely to perpetrate bullying, and are at much higher risk for poor health and behavioral outcomes as a result of bias-based bullying. At the same time, racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants may be protected against bullying involvement and its negative consequences as a result of strong ethnic identity, positive cultural and family values, and other resilience factors. Considering these findings, we evaluate existing bullying interventions and prevention programs and propose directions for future research.
El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en realizar una revisión sistemática de las investigaciones que aportan porcentajes de víctimas y agresores de bullying y cyberbullying en Latinoamérica (2005-2018). Con esta finalidad se utilizan las principales bases de datos(Scopus, WebOfScience, ERIC). Se han encontrado 51 estudios, 35 sobre bullying,10 de cyberbullying y 6 aportan información de ambas modalidades de acoso. Losresultados evidencian una alta prevalencia de bullying y, aunque en menor medida tambiénde cyberbullying, en todos los países de Latinoamérica donde el fenómeno ha sidoestudiado (Colombia, México, Argentina, Brasil, Bolivia, Perú, Chile, Nicaragua, Venezuela,Panamá, Ecuador, y Puerto Rico). La revisión confirma una significativa prevalencia debullying ocasional/frecuente (víctimas 4.6%-50%; agresores 4%-34.9%) y de cyberbullyingocasional/frecuente (cibervíctimas 3.5%-17.5%; ciberagresores 2.5%-58%). La mayoría de los implicados son varones. El tipo de acoso más frecuente es el verbal, seguido del psicológico y el físico. Aunque el bullying cara-a-cara, especialmente la violencia física, disminuye con la edad, el cyberbullying sigue presente en la adolescencia tardía y la juventud. Entre las conductas de cyberbullying más frecuentes identificadas en esta revisión caben destacar: envío de mensajes desagradables, insultos, amenazas, realizar comentarios y hacer circular rumores para desprestigiar o ridiculizar a la víctima, difundir fotos y vídeos ofensivos para la víctima, robo de la contraseña… La magnitud de los datos epidemiológicoshallados en esta revisión enfatiza la necesidad de seguir investigando el tema, además deimplementar programas de prevención/intervención del bullying/cyberbullying, durante la infancia, la adolescencia y la juventud.
This study aimed to analyze the levels of personal aggression and victimization, ethnic-cultural aggression and victimization, self-esteem, empathy, social skills and gender in adolescents as potential predictors of bullying in Spain and Ecuador. The wide pluricultural sample comprised secondary education students from both countries (N = 25,190, average age = 13.92, SD = 1.306; NSpain = 14,437; NEcuador = 10,753), who took part in the study by filling in a self-report. The results revealed that predictive models of bullying for both countries explain 50–70% of variance. A transnational predictive pattern of personal victimization can be observed based on the levels of ethnic-cultural victimization, ethnic-cultural aggression, personal aggression, self-deprecation, and affective empathy. A transnational predictive pattern of personal aggression is evidenced depending on the levels of ethnic-cultural aggression, personal victimization, self-deprecation, ethnic-cultural victimization, and the fact of being female. We concluded that bullying can largely be predicted by involvement in ethnic-cultural discrimination. These results are discussed, and educational inferences are drawn for prevention.
This article presents results from an extensive systematic and meta-analytical review of the effectiveness of school-based bullying prevention programs. Its main aim is to explore the results of this meta-analysis specifically in regard to variations in the effectiveness of school-bullying programs globally and the effectiveness of specific anti-bullying programs. Our meta-analysis included 100 independent evaluations, and found that, overall, programs were effective in reducing school-bullying perpetration and victimization. In the present paper, we focused on 12 countries (e.g., Italy, Norway, USA, UK), three regions (i.e., Europe, North America, and Scandinavia) and four anti-bullying programs (i.e., KiVa, NoTrap!, OBPP, and ViSC) with multiple evaluations. Our results showed that anti-bullying programs evaluated in Greece were the most effective in reducing bullying perpetration, followed by Spain and Norway. Anti-bullying programs evaluated in Italy were the most effective in reducing bullying victimization, followed by Spain and Norway. Evaluations conducted in North America were the most effective in reducing bullying perpetration, and evaluations conducted in Scandinavia were the most effective in reducing bullying victimization. Evaluations of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program produced the largest effect sizes for bullying perpetration outcomes, but the NoTrap! Program was the most effective in reducing bullying victimization. We also systematically review the core components of the intervention programs and make recommendations for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers.
The present study contrasts personal bullying with ethnic-cultural bullying. A representative pluricultural sample from a Spanish adolescent population of Secondary Education took part in the study (N = 27369). The sample filled in the EBIPQ to measure personal bullying. Additionally, they filled in an adaptation of this questionnaire to measure the ethnic-cultural bullying: the EBIPQ-ECD. The EBIPQ-ECD validation showed optimal psychometric properties and a bidimensional structure: ethnic-cultural victimization and ethnic-cultural aggression. The same roles of participation in personal bullying —aggressor, victim, bully/victim, non-involved— were observed in ethnic-cultural bullying, but they did not coincide with each other in a considerable part. Therefore, we concluded that ethnic-cultural bullying is a different phenomenon from personal bullying, with the possibility of certain dynamism existing between both. To prevent and mitigate ethnic-cultural bullying, educational inferences are proposed. We also recommend the use of the EBIPQ-ECD as a tool to evaluate and detect ethnic-cultural aggressions and victimization.
Two important challenges in research on bullying are to have reliable tools to measure traditional bullying and discriminatory bullying related to special educational needs (SEN), and to learn more about their prevalence. We present the validations of two instruments to measure bullying (European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, EBIPQ) and discriminatory bullying with respect to SEN (EBIPQ-Special Education Needs Discrimination version, henceforth EBIPQ-SEND). A total of 17,309 teenagers from Ecuador took part in the study (M = 14.76, SD = 1.65; 49.9% male). The item response theory analyses evidenced accuracy and quality of the measures. The confirmatory factor analyses of the EBIPQ and the EBIPQ-SEND revealed the same two-factor structure-aggression and victimization-regardless of gender, showing optimal fit indexes. We present the results of the prevalence according to the roles of participation in traditional bullying and discriminatory bullying around SEN. Significant gender and age differences were observed for involvement in both phenomena. We also discuss the advantages of applying the EBIPQ and the EBIPQ-SEND to evaluate and diagnose harassment and discriminatory harassment around SEN.
Although research has shown the effects of empathy manipulations on prejudice, little is known about the long-term relation between empathy and prejudice development, the direction of effects, and the relative effects of cognitive and affective aspects of empathy. Moreover, research has not examined within-person processes and, hence, its practical implications are unclear. In addition, longitudinal research on adolescents is still scarce. This three-wave study of adolescents (N = 574) examined a longitudinal, within-person relation between empathy and anti-immigrant attitudes. The "standard" cross-lagged model showed bidirectional effects between empathic concern, perspective taking, and anti-immigrant attitudes. In contrast, the Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model showed, that only perspective taking directly predicted within-person changes in anti-immigrant attitudes. Empathic concern predicted within-person changes in anti-immigrant attitudes indirectly, via its effects on perspective taking. No effects of anti-immigrant attitudes on within-person changes in empathy were found. The relations between empathic concern, perspective taking, and anti-immigrant attitudes were significant at the between-person level. In addition, the results showed changes in anti-immigrant attitudes and perspective taking and a change in empathic concern in mid- but not late adolescence. The results provide strong evidence for the effects of perspective taking on development of anti-immigrant attitudes in adolescence. They also suggest that the link between empathic concern and adolescents’ anti-immigrant attitudes can be explained by indirect, within-person effects and by between-person differences. The findings suggest that programs aimed at reducing development of anti-immigrant attitudes in adolescence should work more closely with youth perspective taking and empathic concern.
Despite evidence that aggressive, victim, and prosocial behaviors exist among preschool children, preschool bullying has received much less attention than school-age bullying from researchers and practitioners. Preschool is an important environment for examining social behaviors because, for many children, it is the first formal context for systematic peer interaction. Though early identification and intervention has the greatest likelihood of decreasing aggression and victimization and increasing prosocial behaviors, there is little information available for school-based professionals to help identify potential predictors of bullying, victimization, and defending among preschool children. Early intervention programs can be used to target children who demonstrate early signs of these bullying roles. The goal of this review is to summarize research that links bullying roles in preschool to language and social development and offer suggestions for future research in this area.
While evidence of the mental health effects of bullying has amassed in recent years, less scholarship explores the dynamics of bullying as it manifests in culturally diverse environments. The purpose of this study was to determine how contextual factors influence participation in bullying behaviors in a sample of urban, low-income, ethnic minority students. Using structural equation modeling, researchers tested whether social competence mediates the relationship between (a) parents’ messages about aggression, (b) school belonging, (c) personal control and the outcome of bullying. Results of the study support evidence for a direct relationship between parental messages and bullying, social skills and bullying, parental messages and social skills, and personal control and social skills. Findings also indicate an indirect relationship between personal control and bully perpetration. Implications and directions for future research on contextual factors associated with bullying are discussed.
Using a cross-sectional sample of 534 Latino students from middle and high schools in a large North Carolina school district, we examined the relation of general and ethnic-biased bullying to depression and the indirect pathways through depression to suicidal ideation and substance use outcomes. A structural equation model tested the direct and indirect paths. The final model fit was excellent, χ(2)(90) = 127.6, p = .0056, RMSEA = 0.028, CFI = 0.974, TLI = 0.961. Ethnic-biased and verbal or relational bullying had a direct effect on depression, but general and physical bullying did not. Indirect effects through depression were found for ethnic-biased and verbal or relational bullying in relation to suicidal ideation, alcohol, and illicit drug use. Child nativity was marginally associated with ethnic-biased bullying, indicating foreign-born students may experience greater ethnic-biased bullying. Implications for future research and bullying prevention are discussed.
Objective: Longitudinal trajectories of bully perpetration were examined across 6 waves of data among adolescents from middle to high school, predictors of these trajectory membership, and outcomes associated with trajectories at Wave 6. Method: Participants completed self-report surveys (6th through 10th) grade. Bully perpetration was input to the trajectory analyses. Static predictors of trajectory membership included gender, positive and negative family relations, and exposure to an intervention. Dynamic covariates of bully trajectories included empathy, impulsivity, depression, and victimization. High school outcomes included delinquency, affiliation with deviant peers, and school belonging. Results: Group-based semiparametric mixture modeling yielded 5 distinct trajectories of bullying perpetration emerged: (a) Low (37.8% of the sample); (b) Moderate Flat (51.3% of the sample); (c) High Declining (3.4%); (d) Middle School Peak (4.2%); and (e) Moderate Escalating (3.4%). Early family relations and intervention status were found to be predictors of trajectory membership. Peer victimization, impulsivity, and depression as dynamic covariates predicted positive deviations from the bullying perpetration trajectories (i.e., increases in bullying), while empathy predicted negative deviations. Trajectory membership was differentially predictive of antisocial behavior, peer affiliation, and school belonging outcomes in the 10th grade. Findings suggest middle school students exposed to a social emotional learning program were less likely to belong to the more serious trajectories, bullying perpetration levels were generally highest during the middle school period, and some bullying perpetration continued into high school. Conclusion: Interventions for both middle and high school need to focus on individual and contextual factors identified in this study.
During the school years, bullying is one of the most common expressions of violence in the peer context. Research on bullying started more than forty years ago, when the phenomenon was defined as ‘aggressive, intentional acts carried out by a group or an individual repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him- or herself’. Three criteria are relevant in order to define aggressive behaviour as bullying: (1) repetition, (2) intentionality and (3) an imbalance of power. Given these characteristics, bullying is often defined as systematic abuse of power by peers. It is recognised globally as a complex and serious problem. In the present paper, we discuss the prevalence, age and gender differences, and various types of bullying, as well as why it happens and how long it lasts, starting from the large surveys carried out in western countries and to a lower extent in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence rates vary widely across studies; therefore, specific attention will be devoted to the definition, time reference period and frequency criterion. We will also focus on risk factors as well as short- and long-term outcomes of bullying and victimisation. Finally, a section will be dedicated to review what is known about effective prevention of bullying.
Inclusion in education of all the children is necessary for the success, equality and peace among individuals and societies. In this context, special attention needs to be paid to the minorities. These groups might encounter additional difficulties which make them more vulnerable to be involved in bullying and cyberbullying. The current study was conducted with the objective of describing the involvement in bullying and cyberbullying of students from the majority group and also from sexual and ethnic-cultural minorities. The second objective was to explore if the implication is predicted by the interaction with gender, grade and the size of the population where the schools are located. It is an ex post facto transversal descriptive study with a survey on a representative sample of adolescents enrolled in the Compulsory Secondary Education in the south of Spain (Andalusia). The survey was answered by 2139 adolescents (50.9% girls) in 22 schools. These participants were selected through the random multistage cluster sampling with the confidence level of 95% and a sampling error of 2.1%. The results show that the minority groups, especially sexual minorities, are more involved in bullying and cyberbullying. Regression analyses show that being in the majority or a minority group predicts a small but significant percentage of variance of being involved in bullying and cyberbullying. Results are discussed taking into account the social vulnerability of being a part of a minority group and the need of designing educational programs which would prevent this vulnerability thorough the inclusion in education. There is a need for an educational policy that focuses on convivencia and ciberconvivencia which would promote the social and educational development of all the students.
El bullying es un fenómeno de agresión injustificada que actualmente sucede en dos formatos: cara a cara y como una conducta que se realiza a través de dispositivos digitales (ciberbullying). Ampliamente estudiado tanto el primero como el segundo, hay sin embargo escaso conocimiento sobre la homogeneidad de ambos problemas y no disponemos de instrumentos de medida que permitan valorar las dos dimensiones del fenómeno: la agresión y la cyberagresión, la victimización y la cybervictimización. Este trabajo presenta la validación del European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire y del European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, que evalúan la implicación en bullying y en ciberbullying, respectivamente. Ambos se han administrado a 792 estudiantes de secundaria y se han obtenido unos buenos resultados de ajuste y propiedades psicométricas. La realización de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales ha evaluado la concurrencia y relaciones entre ambos fenómenos, encontrando la influencia del bullying sobre el ciberbullying, pero no al contrario. Estos resultados muestran la idoneidad de ambos instrumentos para evaluar de forma conjunta bullying y ciberbullying, dada su importante relación y similitud, lo que los convierten en buenas herramientas para la intervención psicoeducativa destinada a prevenir y reducir ambos fenómenos.
Due to the progress in information technology, cyber-bullying is becoming one of the most common forms of interpersonal harm, especially among teenagers. The present study (N = 548) aimed to investigate the relation between perceived parenting style (in terms of autonomy support and psychological control) and cyber-bullying in adolescence. Thereby, the study tested for the intervening role of adolescent need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy and relatedness), empathic concern towards others, and adolescents’ recognition of full humanness to cyber-bullying offenders and victims. Findings revealed both a direct and an indirect relation between parenting and cyber-bullying. More specifically, parental psychological control directly predicted cyber-bullying, whereas parental autonomy support related to less cyber-bullying indirectly, as it was associated with the satisfaction of adolescents’ need for autonomy, which predicted more empathic concern towards others, which in turn differentially related to recognition of humanness to victims and bullies. The discussion focuses on the implications of the current findings.
Victimisation among students has been identified as a serious problem in Australian schools. This study investigated approaches taken by South Australian middle school students for dealing with victimisation. Over 170 students (aged 11–16) described how they coped with bullying and situations where they needed to take action against bullying. A content analysis of their responses found that students used coping strategies, including: (a) seeking social support, (b) standing up for peers/friends, (c) externalising, (d) nonchalance, (e) sticking up for oneself, (f) problem-solving, (g) submission, (h) reducing tense emotions/assertiveness, and (i) escape. One of the significant findings was that students did not identify school counsellors as a source of coping support, which has implications for their role in addressing incidents of victimisation.
Purpose:
Bullying is a serious sociodevelopmental issue associated with a range of short- and long-term problems among youth who are bullied. Although race and ethnicity have been studied, less attention has been paid to examining prevalence and correlates of bullying victimization among immigrant youth.
Methods:
Using data from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (N = 12,098), we examined prevalence and correlates of bullying victimization among U.S. immigrant youth.
Results:
After controlling for several demographic variables, findings indicate that immigrant youth are more likely to experience bullying victimization than native-born youth. Furthermore, immigrant youth who experience bullying victimization were more likely to report interpersonal, socioemotional, health, and substance use problems.
Conclusions:
Given the greater risk and unique challenges experienced by immigrant youth, prevention and intervention programs may need to be tailored to their specific needs and circumstances. Further research is needed to understand the specific factors and mechanisms involved in bullying victimization among immigrant youth.
Bullying and cyberbullying are present all over the world and have serious consequences for individuals and societies. The number of research studies on the topic has increased exponentially throughout the history, but many questions related to the phenomena remain unanswered. The current study is a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the topic. Systematic searches were conducted in 7 databases and Aggressive and Violent Behavior journal. A total number of 66 studies met the inclusion criteria. The main findings are that one of every three children is involved in some forms of bullying and one of every five in some forms of cyberbullying. Boys are more involved than girls but with small or trivial effect sizes, and relationship with age is also weak. There is strong overlap between bullying and cyberbullying and bullying is an important problem among minorities. Results show risk and protective factors for bullying and cyberbullying, together with short-and long-term devastating consequences. Anti-bullying interventions are usually effective in reducing bullying, although the effect sizes are small and depend on the components of the programs. Bullying and cyberbullying evaluation strategies need to be improved. Findings are discussed introducing also the Special Issue on Bullying, Cyberbullying and Youth Violence: Facts, Prevention and Intervention.
Effectiveness Assertive Training of Bullying Prevention among Adolescents in West Java Indonesia
Prof. Budi Anna Keliat, Tinneke Aneke Tololiu, DR. Novy Helena Catharina Daulima, Erna Erawati
Abstract
Background: School bullying is an aggressive behavior which tend to harm another in school environment. The incidents of bullying among adolescents happened in yunior high school was 66.1%. Generally adolescents who could not developed their assertiveness, will tend to be aggressive. Methods: A Quasi experimental pre-post test with control group was conducted among the adolescents the total subjects studied was 80. Data were analyzed by using SPSS (version 19). Results & Conclusion: the sample were randomized, resulting in a sample of 80 adolescents aged between 12 years to 14 years. There is a high significant with assertive knowledge and assertive behavior in pretest - posttest and a low significant association between abuse history with the assertiveness. Recommendations: 1- A longitudinal study can be carried out to prevent bullying. 2- The assertive training for adolescents should become a part of health school program with teacher and parents support.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijn.v2n1a14
The objective of this research consisted of studying peer victimization (10 types) and ethnic-cultural peer victimization (10 types), together with their relation to self-esteem, social adjustment and number of friends at school, focusing especially on the cultural variable. A representative sample of preadolescent and adolescent students was recruited (mean age = 14.48 years) from schools in Andalusia (Spain). The sample consisted of 7,037 students from different cultures (80.1% majority, 2.7% gypsies, 6.1% first-generation immigrants and 4% second-generation immigrants). The participants filled in a self-informed questionnaire. Results show that multivictimization does not depend on the cultural group. Nevertheless, ethnic-cultural multivictimization is different in each group, more frequent in firstgeneration immigrants and gypsies. First-generation immigrants show lower levels of social adjustment if compared to other groups. Taking into account Tajfels' theory, it can be inferred that first-generation immigrants and gypsies are the groups with the highest risk of social exclusion. The situation seems even more difficult in the former because of the lack of social support.
This study examined a structural model which integrated personal and cultural victimisation in order to identify the effects of victimisation on emotions and personal and cultural self-esteem. A sample of 1,185 adolescents from 13 secondary schools in England (n = 322) and Spain (n = 863) was recruited. Participants completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) conducted regarding the initial model and then Strucutural Equations Modelling (SEM). Cultural victimisation had an indirect negative effect on cultural self-esteem and in consequence on emotional state, mediated by personal victimisation and the negative impact it produced on personal self-esteem. Only for the cultural majority did the percentage of their presence constitute a mediator variable between being a victim of cultural victimisation and the effect on cultural self-esteem. The results are discussed in relation to the extant literature and the implications for the intervention/prevention work to deal with victimisation and discrimination in multi-cultural schools.
Bullying and cyberbullying are studied all over the world. Nevertheless, even though prevalence rates are extremely high in the poor countries, not much attention is paid to them. Similarly, unequal attention is being paid to different topics. Thus, this work is a review of the studies with the highest impact on the field, pointing out what is already broadly recognized and raising concern about issues which still need more attention. With this purpose, ten most cited articles on bullying and also on cyberbullying in each year published throughout the whole history of research in the field were analyzed. In total 309 articles were analyzed in categories such as the number of authors, country of origin, international collaboration, journal, field and main topic. Results show that most of the highly cited papers come from Northern Europe and Northern America, that teamwork and international collaboration increased with time and that the highest percentage of articles were published in the field of psychology. The vast majority of articles focused on nature and dynamics of the phenomena and also on related variables. More studies are needed in relation to involvement of minorities and, above all, on prevention and intervention in bullying and cyberbullying.
Results of a 3-year randomized clinical trial of Second Step: Student Success Through Prevention (SS-SSTP) Middle School Program on reducing bullying, physical aggression, and peer victimization among students with disabilities are presented. Teachers implemented 41 lessons of a sixth- to eighth-grade curriculum that focused on social-emotional learning (SEL) skills, including empathy, bully prevention, communication skills, and emotion regulation. Two school districts in a larger clinical trial provided disability information. All sixth-grade students (N = 123) with a disability were included in these analyses, including intervention (n = 47) and control (n = 76) conditions. Linear growth models indicated a significant intervention effect for bully perpetration; compared with students in the control condition, intervention students’ bullying perpetration scale scores significantly decreased across the 3-year study (δ = −.20, 95% confidence interval = [−.38, −.03]). SEL offers promise in reducing bully perpetration among students with disabilities.
Anti-bullying interventions often assume that knowing how it feels to be bullied increases empathy for victims. However, longitudinal research on actual experiences of bullying and empathy is lacking. This study investigated whether within-person changes in victimization predicted changes in empathy over 1 year using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models. Self- and peer-reported victimization, and cognitive and affective empathy for victims were measured in a sample of 15,713 Finnish youth (Mage = 13.23, SDage = 2.01, 51.6% female; 92.5% had Finnish-speaking parents; data was collected in 2007-2009 when information about participants' race/ethnicity was not available due to ethical guidelines for the protection of personal information). Results indicated small, positive longitudinal associations from victimization to cognitive empathy. Implications for empathy-raising interventions are discussed.
There are two classes of explanations of prejudice: situational and personality. In a sample of Polish community members (N = 394), we tried to understand personality variance in prejudice towards refugees (i.e., classical and modern prejudice along with social distance) by considering the role of individual differences in the Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism), collective narcissism (i.e., agentic and communal), social dominance, and authoritarianism. Both the Dark Triad traits and collective narcissism were associated with prejudice towards refugees among Poles, but the association for the former was fully mediated by social dominance-an effect that was stronger in men-whereas the association for the latter was partially mediated by authoritarianism-an effect that was stronger in women. We discuss our findings referring to a dual process model of prejudice.
Bullying is an internationally recognized problem and school-based bullying is particularly pervasive. KiVa is a robustly evidenced school-based antibullying programme developed and evaluated at Turku University, Finland, and subsequently disseminated across Finland. Following a positive UK trial of Unit 2 (for 10- to 12-year-olds), further UK dissemination has taken place. This study presents (a) pupil self-reported levels of victimization and bullying prior to, and after, one year of KiVa implementation (Units 1 and 2) with 7- to 11-year-olds from 41 schools, and (b) programme training and delivery costs. Data from 41 primary schools were analysed using a linear mixed model effects analysis. Results revealed statistically significant reductions in victimization and bullying after one year of programme implementation. Ongoing costs were small, at £2.84 per Key Stage 2 pupil per annum. These promising results highlight the need for further more rigorous evaluation of KiVa in the UK, including the exploration of factors associated with effective implementation, and the importance for educators and policy makers of evaluating both impact and costs when implementing programmes to prevent and reduce bullying.
La subjetividad racial y la discriminación racista en la escuela aún se percibe constantemente tal como en su momento se describía y manifestaba, durante el siglo XIX. Esto a pesar, de los cambios y las transformaciones que la sociedad peruana ha sufrido el último siglo. Demostramos, que las representaciones racistas se exponen aún incólumes, en gran parte de la población peruana. Se describen e interpretan los principales resultados de la parte cuantitativa.
This study analyzed teacher ratings from the national standardization sample of the Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS) to examine the role of elementary and secondary students’ social skills, problem behavior, and academic competence as they relate to bullying behavior. Regression analyses indicated slightly different concurrent predictors of bullying behavior for elementary (N = 544) and secondary (N = 200) students. Specifically, low levels of empathy skills and concurrent high levels of externalizing behaviors were relatively strong correlates with bullying behavior of both elementary and secondary school children. For secondary students, assertion skills exhibited at high frequency levels were also a significant predictor of bullying behavior. The resulting predictive models featured social behaviors that educators and other professionals can successfully improve with existing evidence-based intervention programs. A discussion of study limitations and future research concludes the report.
In this study, we investigate the associations between self-reported and victim-reported bullying and two dimensions of ethnicity (self-identification and ethnic perceptions) among non-Roma majority and Roma minority Hungarian secondary school students. Results of the meta-analysis of exponential random graph models for 12 classes (347 students, 4 schools) show that both self-declared Roma and non-Roma students are more likely to report that they bully peers they perceive as Roma compared to peers they perceive as non-Roma. This is after controlling for gender, socio-economic status, and structural characteristics of the bullying networks. Similar associations have not been found, however, analysing victims’ reports.
In the current study two meta-analyses are performed on longitudinal studies on peer victimization and self-esteem. The goal of these meta-analyses was to analyze whether a low self-esteem predicts future peer victimization, or whether peer victimization predicts future low self-esteem. The databases PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and ERIC were searched for relevant literature. Two authors independently went through the retrieved articles and found four doctoral dissertations and 14 peer reviewed articles eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Articles were independently coded by two authors, with good interrater agreement. A total of 16,230 youth were included in the meta-analysis on peer victimization and self-esteem, and a total of 16,394 youth were included in the meta-analysis on self-esteem and peer victimization. Significant prospective pathways were found from peer victimization to self-esteem, and from self-esteem to peer victimization, which suggests that peer victimization and self-esteem are related in a transactional manner. Analyses suggested a negligible role of publication bias in the obtained results. Moderator analyses revealed that effect sizes were smaller for studies that used peer reports, and for studies that considered longer time-spans. The results of the current study suggest that peer victimization could have long lasting negative effects on self-esteem, but also point out that children may become victims because of low self-esteem.
Bullying and cyberbullying are damaging aggressive behaviors in which some children and adolescents intentionally inflict frequent and long term harm on peers who become victimized. The number of studies on bullying is high and a lot of knowledge has already been gathered. Nevertheless, there are still many gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. Research on protective factors and effective interventions is still in its relatively early stages. This systematic review of meta-analyses on protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying was conducted to synthesize knowledge and discover the most important community, school, family, peer and individual protective factors. After systematic searches and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 meta-analyses with 128 effect sizes were included and analyzed. Forest plots were constructed and median effect sizes were calculated for each group of protective factors. Self-oriented personal competencies were the strongest protector against victimization. Low frequency of technology use protected from involvement in cyberbullying. Good academic performance and other-oriented social competencies were the strongest protective factors against perpetration. Positive peer interaction was the strongest protective factor against being a bully/victim. These findings can be useful to improve anti-bullying programs, policy and practice.
We examined ethnic differences in bullying perpetration in order to assess whether ethnic group membership was associated with higher involvement among (1) nonimmigrant and immigrant youth; and (2) White and visible minority youth (i.e., Black, Hispanic, Asian, Indigenous, and Biracial). Fifty‐three studies (N = 740,176; 6‐18‐year‐olds) were included in the meta‐analysis. Results yielded very small and nonsignificant effect size differences across all group comparisons. Methodological moderator analyses indicated several differences across groups. Our findings provide initial support that the assessment of ethnicity as a descriptive variable is not sufficient to account for group differences in bullying perpetration.
Youth living with socially devalued characteristics (e.g., minority sexual orientation, race, and/or ethnicity; disability; obesity) experience frequent bullying. This stigma-based bullying undermines youths' wellbeing and academic achievement, with lifelong consequences. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends developing, implementing, and evaluating evidence-based interventions to address stigma-based bullying. To characterize the existing landscape of these interventions, we conducted a systematic review of stigma-based bullying interventions targeting youth in any country published in the peer-reviewed literature between 2000 and 2015. Our analysis was guided by a theoretical framework of stigma-based bullying, which describes stigma-related factors at the societal, structural, interpersonal, and individual levels that lead to stigma-based bullying. We screened 8,240 articles and identified 22 research studies describing 21 interventions addressing stigma-based bullying. We found that stigma-based bullying interventions are becoming more numerous, yet are unevenly distributed across stigmas, geographic locations, and types of organizations. We further found that these interventions vary in the extent to which they incorporate theory and have been evaluated with a wide range of research designs and types of data. We recommend that future work address stigma-based bullying within multicomponent interventions, adopt interdisciplinary and theory-based approaches, and include rigorous and systematic evaluations. Intervening specifically on stigma-related factors is essential to end stigma-based bullying and improve the wellbeing of youth living with socially devalued characteristics.
Bullying is an extremely damaging type of violence that is present in schools all over the world, but there are still many gaps in knowledge regarding different variables that might influence the phenomenon. Two promising research lines focus on empathy and callous–unemotional traits but findings from individual studies seem to be contradictory. This article reports the results of a systematic review and a meta-analysis on empathy and callous–unemotional traits in relation to school bullying based on 53 empirical reports that met the inclusion criteria. Bullying perpetration is negatively associated with cognitive (odds ratio [OR] = 0.60) and affective (OR = 0.51) empathy. Perpetration is also positively associated with callous–unemotional traits (OR = 2.55). Bully-victims scored low in empathy (OR = 0.57). There is a nonsignificant association between victimization and empathy (OR = 0.96), while the relationship between callous–unemotional traits and victimization is significant but small (OR = 1.66). Defenders scored high on cognitive (OR = 2.09) and affective (OR = 2.62) empathy. These findings should be taken into account in explaining and preventing bullying.
Can perceptions of equal treatment buffer the negative effects of threat on the school success of minority students? Focusing on minority adolescents from Turkish and Moroccan heritage in Belgium (Mage = 14.5; N = 735 in 47 ethnically diverse schools), multilevel mediated moderation analyses showed: (a) perceived discrimination at school predicted lower test performance; (b) experimentally manipulated stereotype threat decreased performance (mediated by increased disengagement); (c) perceived equal treatment at school predicted higher performance (mediated by decreased disengagement); and (d) personal and peer perceptions of equal treatment buffered negative effects of discrimination and stereotype threat. Thus, (situational) stereotype threat and perceived discrimination at school both undermine minority student success, whereas perceived equal treatment can provide a buffer against such threats.
Study aims were to: (1) evaluate the association between bully/victim profiles, derived via latent profile analysis (LPA), and changes in peer acceptance from the fall to spring of 7(th) grade, and (2) investigate the likelihood of friendlessness, and the protective function of mutual friendship, among identified profiles. Participants were 2,587 7(th) graders; peer nomination and rating-scale data were collected in the fall and spring. Four profiles, including bullies, victims, bully-victims, and uninvolved adolescents, were identified at each time point. Findings showed that for victims, more so than for bullies and uninvolved profiles, acceptance scores worsened over time. Results further revealed that bully-victim and victim profiles included a greater proportion of friendless youth relative to the bully profile, which, in turn, contained a greater proportion of friendless adolescents than the uninvolved profile. Findings also provided evidence for the buffering role of friendship among all bully/victim profiles and among bully-victims especially.