Analysis of Pectin and Essential Oil Citrus L. Lemon Peel

Abstract

The most well-known group of aromatic flowers is the genus Citrus. One of the most significant fruit crops in the world belongs to this genus and it is widely grown for the market for fresh fruit and processed juice. The phytochemicals were analyzed in the lemon peel essential oil extract. Phenols, terpenoids, saponins, and alkaloids were analyzed in the acetone extract whereas flavonoids, phenols, and saponins were analyzed in the ethanol extract of Lemon peel. The Fusarium was inoculatedin Petridis and sprayed essential oil over the Petridis. One Petridis was free from essential oil. The essential oil free Petridis was observed spreading fungus with multiplication but the growth of fungus was stopped in Petridis which was sprayed with essential oil after three weeks. The pectin was extractedfrom lemon peel and calculated equivalent weight of pectin was 200g. It is found that lemon peel has a big application in medicinal and pharmacological benefits. Pinontoan et al., 2019 reported that essential oil extract of Lemon peel have equal effectiveness against both Trichophyton rubrum and Fusarium. The family Rutaceae is dominated economically by the genus Citrus L.

Full text

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Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023
Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus
Vol.6; June 2023
ISSN: 2382-5227
Published by Research Management Cell (RMC)
Tikapur Multiple Campus
Analysis of Pectin and Essential Oil Citrus L. Lemon Peel
Narendra Pratap Singh Budhathoki, Nabin Paudel
Department of Chemistry, Dhawalagiri Multiple Campus
Tribhuwan University, Nepal
Corresponding Author: Narendra Pratap Singh Budhathoki; Email: narenbudhathoki@gmail.com
Abstract
The most well-known group of aromatic owers is the genus Citrus. One of the most signicant fruit
crops in the world belongs to this genus and it is widely grown for the market for fresh fruit and
processed juice. The phytochemicals were analyzed in the lemon peel essential oil extract. Phenols,
terpenoids, saponins, and alkaloids were analyzed in the acetone extract whereas avonoids, phenols,
and saponins were analyzed in the ethanol extract of Lemon peel. The Fusarium was inoculated
in Petridis and sprayed essential oil over the Petridis. One Petridis was free from essential oil. The
essential oil free Petridis was observed spreading fungus with multiplication but the growth of fungus
was stopped in Petridis which was sprayed with essential oil after three weeks. The pectin was extracted
from lemon peel and calculated equivalent weight of pectin was 200g. It is found that lemon peel has a
big application in medicinal and pharmacological benets. Pinontoan et al., 2019 reported that essential
oil extract of Lemon peel have equal eectiveness against both Trichophyton rubrum and Fusarium.
The family Rutaceae is dominated economically by the genus Citrus L.
Keywords: Citrus L. limon peel, Phytochemicals, Antifungal activity, extraction of Pectin, equivalent
weight of pectin
Introduction
One of the most signicant fruit crops in the world belongs to this genus
(Abouzar & Naseh 2016) and it is widely grown for the market for fresh fruit and
processed juice (Ollitrault and Luis 2012). The most well-known group of aromatic
owers is the genus Citrus (Morton and Telmer 2014)). The plant is known by its
scientic name, Citrus L. From an economic perspective, the family Rutaceae is
Copyright 2023 Author(s) This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023 161
dominated by the genus Citrus L. There are about 25 species which are unique to the
Southeast’s Himalayan foothills (Wu et al., 2018). It is a member of the subphylum
Aurantioidea (Rutaceae Family, from the bitter herb Rue) (Hamedi et al., 2019).
Essential oil extracted from Citrus L. fruit peel which is typically derived
through distillation or solvent extraction is the main product of the genus Citrus L.
(Mondello et al., 2005). Citrus peel essential oils are extracted by cold pressing, and
their antifungal eectiveness is determined using an agar dilution method. The eects
spotlight the Citrus essential oil extremely good antifungal activity. Pomelo essential
oil used to be as quickly as most exquisite in opposition to P. expansum, whereas lime
essential oil used to be most immoderate high-quality in opposition to M. hiemalis and
F. proliferatum. These eects recommend that natural antifungal redress made from
Citrus indispensable oils can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, and attractiveness
industries (Van Hung et al., 2013). The okra disease-causing Fusariumoxysporum was
prevented from growing in culture by extracts of Citrus species (Hibiscus esculentus).
Peel extracts from C. reticulata, C. aurentifolia, and C. sinensis each demonstrated
inhibitory eects that were, in turn, 83.55%, 71.10%, and 68.14%. The strongest
triclosan, benzetonine, limonin, and nomilin have been determined to include substantial
amounts of alkaloids and phenolic phytoconstituents in grapefruit (Citrus vitis) and
candy orange (Citrus sinensis), according to a chemical composition analysis. Both
benomyl and the synthetic fungicide C. sinensis peel extracts are toxic to fungi (Okwu
et al., 2007).
Citrus L. peel essential oils have great therapeutic potential and display a
range of biological eects due to their abundance in avonoids (avone, avonol,
and avanone), terpenes, carotenes, and coumarines, which have an antibacterial
impact (Tepe et al., 2005). Pharmaceutical companies are frequently using Citrus L.
essential oil for an antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, insect repellent, larvicidal,
antiviral, antihepatotoxic, and antimutagenic agent (Kanaze et al., 2008). Lemon oil is
made from the oil-containing cells of the skin and is rich in bioactive monoterperoids
including citral, linalnol, p-limonene, and pinene (Milind et al., 2008).
The three most signicant compounds in Citrus L. required oils (essential
oil), which are complicated combinations, are sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, and
oxygenated monoterpenes. They serve as the plant’s main source of aroma and
establish its secondary metabolism. A few of the factors that aected the required oil
yields and chemical compositions were the season, drying temperature, pretreatment,
and extraction methods. Due to dierences in their chemical composition, these
chemicals have an impact on antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant results simultan
essential oilusly. The behavior of a single or a small number of molecules cannot
completely explain the natural results of complex essential oil mixtures. In addition,

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Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023
aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols (such linalool), and aldehydes are present in Citrus L.
indispensable oils (like citral).
Worldwide, mycotoxigenic fungi are viewed as major risks to food safety. The
fungi can develop lethal mycotoxins that can signicantly injure both humans and
cattle in addition to causing food spoilage those results in loss and waste (Jing et al.,
2014). There were 17 parts found in the lemon peel essential oil, the two main ones
being limonene (68.65%) and terpinene (10.81%). Orange peel essential oil contains
eight dierent components, mainly limonene (95.51%) and myrcene (1.98%). (Akarca
et al., 2021). Clove ethanolic extract was discovered to be the most powerful antifungal
agent compared to acetic acid extract preventing the growth of several molds by 70%
to 100%. (Phyllis & James, 2000).
Lemon oil has a variety of physiological purposes that are used commercially,
including avorings and hepato regenerative, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-
inammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral eects (Bora et al., 2020). Lemon
peel is rich in active compounds like pectin, polyphenols, and avonoids as well as
volatile molecules like terpenes, esters, and alcohols (ChengYu et al., 2021).
Pectin is a structural hetero polysaccharide that is integral for the motion of
terrestrial ora. The pectin crew of complicated polysaccharides acts as a hydrating
agent and a binding agent for the cellulose regional in the transportable partitions of
massive plants. Pectin and pectino are the Greek phrases which means “congealed and
curdled” (Thakur et al.,1997).
Literature Review
Citrus fruits cultivated in Colombia’s peels furnished proof of variants in
chromatographic proles on each a qualitative and quantitative level. The predominant
resources are observed in Citrus fruits as of proper now have been recognized as
coumarins, furano coumarins, and polymethoxylated avones. The peels of Tahitian
limes, Key limes, Mandarin limes, and mandarins incorporate an immoderate attention
of coumarins and furano coumarins in contrast to candied oranges, which have a
predominance of polymethoxylated avones. The compounds limetin, isopimpinellin,
bergaptene, and bergamottin, which had been as swiftly present in Tahitian and Key
limes, have been eradicated. Geranoxy troubles used to be the major trouble with Key
lime and Tahitian lime. Tahitian lime fruits dealt with 17 super elicitors over the rst
ten days no longer extensively a variety of from manipulate in phrases of coumarin
and furano coumarin undertaking. The amount of coumarins and furano coumarins in
fruits handled with water dropped on 13th and 16th days, whereas it was maintained or
increased in fruits handled with controllable. Antifungal recreation (mycelial increase
and spore germination) of the remoted compounds conrmed that furano coumarins

Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023 163
had been extra actives than coumarins. bergaptene and limettin exhibited the very
best inhibitory outcomes towards Colletotrichum sp. being even increased than these
of regarded phytoalexins scoparone and umbelliferone. Also, the combination of
bergaptene and limettin displayed even increased antifungal impact than the person
compounds. The defensive mechanisms of C. latifolia, C. aurantifolia, and C. limonia
may become concerned in response to isolated chemicals (Ramrez-Pelayo et al.,
2019).
UV-B radiation (UVBR) therapy has already been shown to shield postharvest
lemons from the green mold Penicillium digitatum. Here, the eectiveness of avedo
extracts from both irradiated and non-irradiated lemons against P. digitatum was
tested, and components that might be in charge of this action. In comparison to extracts
from normal lemons, the avedo extracts from UV-B exposed lemons (UVBLE)
showed greater antibacterial activity (CLE). Conidia exposed to UVBLE exhibited a
time dependent reduction of germination and oxygen uptake, as well as a noticeably
increased generation of ROS and TBARS and membrane permeability. Two fractions
(A and B) that changed as a result of the irradiation were identied through chemical
analysis of lemon extracts; Fraction A decreased and Fraction B increased. Compared
to Fraction A, Fraction B demonstrated greater antioxidant and antifungal activity. Both
fractions contained complex samples that were high in avonoids. The dierences in
biological activities and the greater ability of UVBLE to suppress the pathogen in
vitro than CLE might both be explained by the unique composition of each fraction.
Based on our ndings, UV-B radiation treatment can boost the avedo lemon’s natural
defenses by, among other things, inducing the creation of phenolic compounds (Ruiz
et al., 2017).
The limonene chemical made up the majority of the crucial oils of the 5 species
of Citrus . Due to the similarity of the constituent limonene’s traits in C. sinensis
(orange) and C. reticulata (ponkan), the critical oils have been divided into three
businesses the usage of essential oil elements evaluation and hierarchical cluster
evaluation (HCA). C. medica (citron) and C. aurantifolia (lime) are protected due to
the similarities in regard to the factors neral, geranial, terpineol, and p-cimene. limonia
(lemon lime) are in relation to the content material cloth of the issue terpinene, (1-8)
cineole, and pinene.
All of the essential oils are antifungal activity against the three phytopathogens F.
oxysporum, A. alternate and C. musae. The EC50 (Half maximal eective concentration)
values of the essential oils of Citrus medica (citron) and Citrus aurantifolia (lime)
have decreased as a result of the synergism between limonene, neral, and geranial (de
Souza et al., 2013).

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Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023
Critical oils derived from plant life can eciently deal with postharvest
ailments of fruits and veggies as a choice to articial fungicides. It was once examined
in vitro and in vivo if the imperative oils from the herbs oregano (Origanumvulgare L.
ssp. hirtum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and lemon (Citrus Limon L.) had been high
quality in opposition to countless massive postharvest pathogens (Botrytis cinerea,
Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum). According to in vitro tests P. italicum did not
exhibit mycelium growth in the presence of thyme essential oils at a concentration of
0.13 Î14l/ml. Additionally, the spore germination used to be eectively decreased by
way of the usage of three species are quint essential oils. The properly sized ecacy
displayed in vitro by using the use of integral oils used to be as soon as supported
via the in vivo trials. To reduce the severity of B. cinera infected fruit ailments in
tomatoes, strawberries, and cucumbers, these oregano and lemon oils have been
frequently ecient. Oregano essential oils are 0.30 μl/ml absolutely suppressed B.
cinerea’s grey mildew growth in tomatoes. Additionally, lemon fundamental oils
substantially lessened the severity of the gray mildew condition. Lemon vital oils
at 0.05 μl/ml absolutely suppressed the increase of gray mildew on strawberries.
Additionally, cucumber fruits contaminated with B. cinerea had been decreased by
way of 39% when lemon integral oils had been used at 0.05 Î14l/ml. According to
these ndings, fundamental oils should be employed in formulations that are proper
for the administration of postharvest ailments added on by means of the Penicillium
and Botrytis pathogens (Vitoratos et al., 2013).
The practicable of the use of C. limon peel extract for the manufacturing of
herbal fungicides looks tempting and acceptable due to its accessibility, safety, pest
resistance, lack of damage to nontarget species, lack of harmful outcomes on plant
growth, and aordability. The nding proved that C. limon’s methanolic extract had
in vitro fungicidal properties. Therefore, extra lookup is wished to extract and purify
bioactive antifungal compounds from C. limon and decide how they ght soil borne
plant fungal infections (Pallavi et al., 2022).
The disc diusion and agar dilution strategies have been used to check the
antifungal pastime of 4 dermatophyte traces (Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum
canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum) for prior to this
study between 1.54 and 2.43% (w/w) of EO have been extracted from the C. limon
peel is greater and summer season yields . Three aspects of EOs encompass limonene
(43.45–58.75%), pinene (4.73–13.23%), and terpinene (8.06–11.04%). With inhibition
zones ranging from 16.63, 0.38 to 90.00 mm, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC)
of 0.6 to 5 mg/ml, and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of 1.25 to 10 mg/
ml, C. limon peel EO exhibits strong antifungal activity against the tested strains,
according to the evaluation of the antifungal activity. Results for MIC (0.6-2.5 mg/

Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023 165
ml) and MFC (1.25-2.5 mg/ml) indicated that spring harvest EO was marginally more
ecient. The EO of C. limon peel exhibits seasonal uctuation in chemical composition
and antifungal activity as well as substantial antifungal potential, and is eective in
treating dermatophyte induced fungal infections (Hadj Larbi et al., 2023).
The antifungal hobby of the oils and its elements (terpineol, terpinen-4-ol,
linalool, and limonene) in the direction of two plant pathogenic fungi, Penicillium
digitatum and Penicillium italicum isolated from a vary of internet websites in Tunisia,
used to be as soon as assessed the utilization of the poisoned foods technique and
the agar true diusion assay. Nerola oil tested the best diploma of activity, with an
inhibition area diameter of 32 mm and an inhibition share of more than 50% for P.
italicum isolated from Soliman. Leaves critical oils followed, with an inhibition area
diameter of 22.6 mm and an inhibition share of 60.7 2.8% for P. italicum isolated from
Soliman. Peel fundamental oils displayed the lowest stage of workout in opposition
to all examined isolates. In the past, fungus sporulation was once hastily lowered to
22.5% for P. italicum and 25% for P. digitatumata attention of 50 mg/ml of neroli oil,
respectively. Additionally, after being uncovered to 50 mg/ml of neroli oil, the weight
of P. italicum and P. digitatum mycelia was once as unexpectedly decreased by means
of the use of round forty conditions. Accordance to in vivo tests Neroli oil is famous
antifungal action, with a 36% discount in infection incidence after storage. The isolates
that had been labeled as fungicide resistant have been susceptible to the results of the
oils (Trabelsi et al., 2016).
In addition to assorted concentrations of arabinose, galactose, and glucose
residues, all extracted pectins have been particularly focused in galacturonic acid. It is
used to be decided that the 4 foremost fractions represent rhamnogalacturonans with
solely minor modications in their nice structure based on the low acetyl concentration,
excessive acetyl content, and rhamnogalacturonase degradability, polygalacturonase
was once in a position to breakdown the fth portion which had a greater awareness of
galacturonic acid (Ros et al., 1996).
It is decided that jam may be made with both lemon and orange. The low gel
strength of the jam can be addressed by adding pectin during processing to achieve the
economically acceptable gel strength, or the deciency can be made up for by using
a combination of fruits high in pectin. The avor and color may also be enhanced
by combining with other fruits. It is highly advised to promote the manufacturing of
jam at the household level utilizing local raw resources like sugar beet, and stringent
conditions must be accessible while making jam at home. On the utilization of natural
pectin from regional fruits for the creation of jams, more research is advised (Sulieman
et al., 2013).

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Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023
Numerous fruits and greens naturally include pectin, an anionic carbohydrate.
Despite being closely utilized in the meals sector, pectin has additionally been studied
for utilization in organic purposes such as most cancers targeting remedy delivery,
and wound dressing. In our investigation, we created chitosan/pectin cryogels
through mixing extracted pectin (from the albedo of lemon peels) with chitosan (as
a herbal polymer). Analyses each qualitative and quantitative have been carried out
on the extracted pectin. Cryogelation used to create chitosan/pectin spongy super
macro porous cryogels in a range of weight to chitosan ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40,
and 40:60, w/w). By employing FTIR, it was conrmed that pectin and chitosan had
polyelectrolyte interactions and that chitosan had been crosslinked with glutaraldehyde.
Cryogels’ porosity was identied swelling ratio, degrading behaviors, and mechanical
characteristics. Cryogels’ average pore sizes and pore shape were revealed by SEM
examination. Following thorough study, 40:60 chitosan/pectin cryogel was chosen for
cytotoxicity tests. To assess the in vitro cytotoxicity of scaolds, glioblastoma (U-87
MG) cell line was used. The scaolds’ nontoxicity and ability to support cell adhesion
and vitality were veried by MTT assay and SEM analysis (Boluda-Aguilar et al.,
2013).
With an extraction period of 141 minutes and a liquid-solid ratio of 29:1, natural
citric acid used to be used to extract pectin from pomelo peel. The consequences
conrmed best yield of 39.72% and a DE of 57.56% at pH 1.80 and 88 °C. When in
contrast to dierent extraction parameters, pH had the largest have an impact on pectin
yield and DE values. The yield and DE values may want to be exactly envisioned
by means of the quadratic fashions created from the optimization study. Pomelo peel
yields of pectin are equal to these from dierent sources (Liew et al., 2018).
On a dry weight basis, we decided that the manufacturing of a hundred and
fty grade pectin from smooth peel leached in the lab was once as soon as 65.6 and
55.9% for lime and lemon, respectively. Lemon peel produced yields of 41.1, 41.1,
and 25%, respectively, when dried to ultimate moistures of 15-20, 8-12, and 3-7 %
(Crandall et al., 1978).
Materials with photocatalytic, adsorption, and antibacterial capabilities have
been consistently used in waste water treatment techniques. Through electrospinning,
y ash doped TiO2 nanobers were made, and they were used to rid water of bacteria
and organic contaminants. This technique makes use of y ash’s natural adsorbent
properties, the well-known photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of TiO2 ,
and both (FA). Fly ash and TiO2 combined to create a nanober with outstanding
adsorption, photocatalytic activity to break down methylene blue, and antibacterial
activity to combat Escherichia coli. The results of the study demonstrated how eective
composite nanobers are in ltering water (Saud et al., 2015).

Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023 167
Methods and Procedures
Fresh lemon peels (Citrus Limon) were bought at the Baglung Bazar market
and cleaned before being peeled. Before the experiment, the freshly peeled lemon was
dried and ground into powder. Citrus oils are truly unstable mono terpene hydrocarbons
(Essential oils). Citrus Limon essential oils are many times hired through skill of
organizations in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries due to their antifungal
qualities.
Experimental Methods
Methods of Essential Oil Extraction
Fresh lemons were bought from a neighborhood market in Baglung bazar
and carefully cleaned with running water. A sterilized knife was used to remove the
peels, which were then shade-dried for 4-5 days at room temperature. Using an electric
blender, the dried peels were ground into a powder and put into air tight containers for
later use. For extraction, ethanol and acetone, two distinct solvents, were utilized. 250
ml of solvent and 10 g of powdered lemon peels were added to a soxhlet (ethanol or
acetone). The solvent (acetone or ethanol) was warmed to 78°C. The essential oil was
put into a thimble for storage (Hussain et al., 2018).
Antifungal Activity Analysis Techniques
PDA media were created in the botanical laboratory utilizing the supplied PDA
powder (1 liter of water, 200 grams of potato, 20 grams of dextrose, and 20 grams of
agar). The media were nished after 45 minutes in the autoclave. The spritz cleaned
the surroundings. The three plates were smoothly lled with media after a hole was
made in them. One of them was sprayed with essential oil in the Botany Laboratory
DMC, Baglung, and then the Fusarium was dipped into it and incubated for three
weeks at 25°C. Clean zones were discovered to exist or not after 48 hours (Pinontoan
et al., 2019).
Phytochemical Screening
Mace, Wager, Evans, and Kokate studied phytochemical screening to examine
the Alkaloids, Glycosides, Saponins, Terpenoids, Steriods, Carbohydrate, and Protein
in accordance with conventional methodology. According to Ramakrishnan et al.,
proteins and carbohydrates were also analyzed. This investigation identied these
chemicals’ existence or absence through general reactions. The phyto-chemical
qualities of the essential oil were conrmed by the qualitative examination of the oil
(hot ethanol extract and hot acetone extract). Analyses of the following phytochemicals
were conducted:

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Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023
Flavonoids Test
Alkaline Reagent Test
Two milliliters of imperative oil have been used to dilute the sodium hydroxide.
The presence of avonoids is established via the truth that the color of the response to
an choice adjustments from a seen yellow to colorless when diluted acid is applied.
Lead Acetate Test
Two milliliters of water and two drops of lead acetate were used to dilute the
essential oil. The previous golden color of the precipitation may have also played a
role in the increased presence of avonoids.
Test for Flavonoids
0.5 ml of the sample solution and 2 ml of distilled water were blended, and then
0.15 ml of a 5% NaNO2 solution was added. 10% solution of AlCl3 was added after six
minutes. 2 cc of a 4% NaOH solution was needed to complete the mixture. Following
complete blending, the mixture was allowed to stand for an additional 15 minutes. It
was immediately increased to 5 ml by adding water to the capacity. The pink tint of
avonoids serves as a symbol.
Phenol Test
Two milliliters of integral oil extract had been mixed with two milliliters of 5%
ferric chloride to detect phenols (FeCl3). A shiny bluish green color indicates presence
of phenols.
Saponins
Two milliliters of the ltered extract sample had been mixed in 1 milliliter
of distilled water in a test tube, and the test tube was violently shaken to produce a
consistent. Three energetic drops of essential oil had been as soon as utilized to the
foam. Presence of saponins looks frothy.
Alkaloids Test
2 grams of extract had been brought to a 10 ml combination of methanol and
1% HCl that used to be heated over water earlier than the combination used to be
ltered. Orange precipitation suggests that presence of an alkaloid. Alkaloids was
detected by Mayer’s test.
Mayer’s Test
The ltered material used to be as soon as diluted with a few drops of Mayer’s
reagent to yield 1ml to remove precipitation or turbidity indicates alkaloids.

Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023 169
Test for Proteins
After combining 0.5 ml of essential oil extract with an equal extent of 1%
sodium hydroxide, a few drops of copper sulphate was cautiously added and the uid’s
transformation to purple indicates presence of proteins.
Methods of Pectin Extraction from Prepared Sample
A beaker (1000 ml) holding 500 ml of water was lled with the 100 grams of
dry peels individually. PH was increased to 2.2 by adding 2.5 ml of hydrochloric acid.
Next, 45 minutes of independent boiling time were spent on each of the fruits. After
that, a lter study using lter paper was used to separate the peels from the extracts. To
reduce the amount of heat related pectin degradation, the cake was washed with 250 ml
of boiling water and the combined ltrate was allowed to cool to 25°C. 100 ml of the
extracted pectin were combined with 200 ml of 95% ethanol while being thoroughly
stirred, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 30 minutes to allow the pectin to
oat to the top. This precipitated the extracted pectin. After that, the occulants of
gelatinous pectin were skimmed out. After being cleaned in 200 ml of ethanol, the
extracted pectin was pressed on a nylon towel to get rid of any remaining HCl and
universal salt. The resultant pectin was measured, nely chopped, and air dried. The
dried pectin was then further crushed with a pestle and mortar into smaller bits, and it
was weighed with a digital weighing scale. After determining the initial pectin output
from wet peels, both wet and dry weight calculations were made (Bagde et al., 2017).
Equivalent Weight Determination
1 g pattern of pectin and 10 ml of ethanol have been brought to a conical
ask with a potential of 250 ml. A few drops of phenol pink indicator, 2 g of sodium
chloride, and 100 ml of distilled water were then added to the mixture. Before step by
step titrating the answer with 0.1 M NaOH to a purple colour at the endpoint (to keep
away from manageable de-esterication), care used to be taken to make certain that all
of the pectin had dissolved and that no clumping had fashioned at the aspects of the
ask (Bagde et al., 2017).
Results and Discussion
Table two shows that ethanol and warm acetone have been used to extract
Citrus. Limon peel imperative oil. Numerous phytochemicals can be located in this oil
(hot) acetone and alcohol extract. Hot alcohol extract reported avonoids, whereas hot
acetone extract did not.
Table1
Qualitative Investigation of the Phytochemical Constituents in Citrus. Limon peel-

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Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023
derived Essential Oil
Phytochemicals Inference of Extracts
12
Flavonoids - +
Phenols ++
Terpenoids + -
Saponins + +
Alkaloids + -
Keys: Extract 1: Hot Acetone; Extract 2: Hot Ethanol. + Present, - Absent
The essential oil extract of lemon peel contained the phytochemicals. In the
acetone extract of lemon peels, phenols, terpenoids, saponins, and alkaloids were
discovered, while the ethanol extract of lemon peels contained avonoids, phenols,
and saponins. The ethanol extract’s phytochemical composition of the avonoids,
saponins and alkanoids was similar to that reported John, S. et al.,. by 2017), however
cardiac glycosides, diterpene, phytosterols were not found but tannin, glycosides,
carbohydrate, proteins were not found were similar to reported by John et al., 2017.
Saponins, Phenols and alkaloids were found in acetone extract but saponins and phenols
are similar as reported by John, S. et al.,., 2017. saponins, phenols and avonoids were
found in ethnol extract and alkaloids, saponins, and phenols were found in acetone
extractas reported by Lawal et al., 2013 in C. sinensis peel extract.
The Fusarium was inoculated in Petridis and sprayed essential oilover the
Petridis. One Petridis was free from essential oil. The essential oil free Petridis was
observed spreading fungus with multiplication but the growth of fungus was stopped
in Petridis which was sprayed with essential oil after three weeks. Pinontoan et al.,
2019 reported that essential oil extract of Lemon peel have equal eectiveness against
both Trichophyton rubrum and Fusarium.
Figure1 (a)
Petridis with Growth of Fungus is Stopped due to Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil
Acetone and Alcohol Extract

Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023 171
Figure 1 (b)
Petridis with Fungus Growing
Table 2
Titration Pectin Mixture vs NaOH
S.N.
volume
of pectin
mixture
volume of
0.1M NaOH
total volume
of 0.1M
NaOH
calculation of equivalent weight
120 ml 1ml
5ml
Equivalent weight =
weight of pectin = 1g, volem of
NaOH = 5ml, Molarity of NaOH =
0.1M
=200
2 20 ml 1ml
320ml 1ml
420ml 1ml
Equivalent weight of pectin was calculated 200 g which was similar as reported
by Bagde et al., 2017.
Conclusion
It is found that lemon peel has a big application in medicinal and pharmacological
benets. Pinontoan et al., 2019 reported that essential oil extract of Lemon peel have
equivalent eectiveness against both Trichophyton rubrum and Fusarium. The critical
oil extract from lemon peel contained the phytochemicals. The acetone extract of
lemon peels contained extra phenols, terpenoids, saponins, and alkaloids in evaluation
to the ethanol extract, which additionally contained avonoids, phenols, and saponins.
The equivalent weight of pectin was to be calculated as 200g.

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Journal of Tikapur Multiple Campus, Volume 6, June 2023
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