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Abstract
For the nano piezoactuator with hysteresis in control system its set of equilibrium positions is the segment of line. By applying Yakubovich criterion for system with the nano piezoactuator the condition absolute stability of system is evaluated.
... Preisach hysteresis function a piezo actuator has the form [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] The transfer function of the linear part of the scan system with a piezo actuator for elastic-inertia load 22 ...
For the control system with a piezo actuator in astrophysical research the condition for the existence of self-oscillations is determined. Frequency method for determination self-oscillations in control systems is applied. By using the harmonious linearization of hysteresis and Nyquist stability criterion the condition of the existence of self-oscillations is obtained.
The multi-layer longitudinal piezo engine with parallel and coded control is used for nano biomedical research. The characteristics of the multi-layer longitudinal piezo engine with parallel and coded control are determined for nano biomedical research. The characteristics of the multi-layer longitudinal piezo engine are obtained by applied method of mathematical physics.
Structural-parametric models, parametric structural schematic diagrams and transfer functions of electromagnetoelastic actuators are determined. A generalized parametric structural schematic diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator is constructed. Effects of geometric and physical parameters of actuators and external load on its dynamic characteristics are determined. For calculations the mechatronic systems with piezoactuators for nano-and microdisplacement the parametric structural schematic diagrams and the transfer functions of piezoactuators are obtained.
The structural scheme of a piezoactuator is obtained for astrophysics. The matrix equation is constructed for a piezoactuator. The characteristics of a piezoactuator are received for astrophysics.
The manipulator is the key component of the micromanipulator. Using the axial expansion and contraction properties, the piezoelectric tube can drive the manipulator to achieve micro-motion positioning. It is widely used in scanning probe microscopy, fiber stretching and beam scanning. The piezoceramic tube actuator used to have continuous electrodes inside and outside. It is polarized along the radial direction. There are relatively high polarization voltages, but poor axial mechanical properties. A new tubular actuator is presented in this paper by combining interdigitated electrodes and piezoceramic tubes. The preparation, polarization and mesoscopic mechanical properties were investigated. Using Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-52) as a substrate, the preparation process of interdigitated electrodes by screen printing was studied. For initial polarization voltage determination, the local characteristic model of the actuator was extracted and the electric field was analyzed by a finite element method. By measuring the actuator’s axial displacement, we measured the actuator’s polarization effect. Various voltages, times and temperatures were evaluated to determine how polarization affects the actuator’s displacement. Optimal polarization conditions are 800 V, 60 min and 150 °C, with a maximum displacement of 0.88 μm generated by a PZT-52 tube actuator with interdigitated electrodes. PZT-52 tube actuators with a continuous electrode cannot be polarized under these conditions. The maximum displacement is 0.47 μm after polarization at 4 kV. Based on the results, the new actuator has a more convenient polarization process and a greater axial displacement from an application standpoint. It provides technical guidance for the preparation and polarization of the piezoceramic tube actuator. There is potential for piezoelectric tubular actuators to be used in a broader range of applications.
The structural model of an engine for nanochemistry is obtained. The structural scheme of an engine is constructed. For the control systems in nanochemistry with an elecro elastic engine its characteristics are determined.
The transfer function and the transfer coefficient of a precision electromagnetoelastic engine for nanobiomedical research are obtained. The structural diagram of an electromagnetoelastic engine has a difference in the visibility of energy conversion from Cady and Mason electrical equivalent circuits of a piezo vibrator. The structural diagram of an electromagnetoelastic engine is founded. The structural diagram of the piezo engine for nanobiomedical research is written. The transfer functions of the piezo engine or are obtained.
This work determines the coded control of a sectional electroelastic engine at the elastic–inertial load for nanomechatronics systems. The expressions of the mechanical and adjustment characteristics of a sectional electroelastic engine are obtained using the equations of the electroelasticity and the mechanical load. A sectional electroelastic engine is applied for coded control of nanodisplacement as a digital-to-analog converter. The transfer function and the transient characteristics of a sectional electroelastic engine at elastic–inertial load are received for nanomechatronics systems.
A electroelastic engine with a longitudinal piezoeffect is widely used in nanotechnology for nanomanipulators, laser systems, nanopumps, and scanning microscopy. For these nanomechatronics systems, the transition between individual positions of the systems in the shortest possible time is relevant. It is relevant to solve the problem of optimizing the nanopositioning control system with a minimum control time. This work determines the optimal control of a multilayer electroelastic engine with a longitudinal piezoeffect and minimal control time for an optimal nanomechatronics system. The expressions of the control function and switching line are obtained with using the Pontryagin maximum principle for the optimal control system of the multilayer electroelastic engine at a longitudinal piezoeffect with an ordinary second-order differential equation of system. In this optimal nanomechatronics system, the control function takes only two values and changes once.
We obtained the condition absolute stability on the derivative for the control system of electromagnetoelastic actuator for communication equipment. We applied the frequency methods for Lyapunov stable control system to calculate the condition absolute stability control system of electromagnetoelastic actuator. We used Yakubovich criterion absolute stability system with the condition on the derivative. The aim of this work is to determine the condition of the absolute stability on the derivative for the control system of electromagnetoelastic actuator. We received the stationary set of the control system of the hysteresis deformation of the electromagnetoelastic actuator. The stationary set is the segment of the straight line.
In this work, the parametric structural schematic diagrams of a multilayer electromagnetoelastic actuator and a multilayer piezoactuator for nanomechanics were determined in contrast to the electrical equivalent circuits of a piezotransmitter and piezoreceiver, the vibration piezomotor. The decision matrix equation of the equivalent quadripole of the multilayer electromagnetoelastic actuator was used. The structural-parametric model, the parametric structural schematic diagram, and the matrix transfer function of the multilayer electromagnetoelastic actuator for nanomechanics were obtained.
The parametric block diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator nanodisplacement or the piezoactuator is determined in contrast the electrical equivalent circuit types Cady or Mason for the calculation of the piezoelectric transmitter and receiver, the vibration piezomotor with the mechanical parameters in form the velosity and the pressure. The method of mathematical physics is used. The parametric block diagram of electromagnetoelastic actuator is obtained with the mechanical parameters the displacement and the force. The transfer functions of the electroelastic actuator are determined. The the generalized parametric block diagram, the generalized matrix equation for the electromagnetoelastic actuator nanodisplacement are obtained. The deformations of the electroelastic actuator for the nanotechnology are described by the matrix equation. Block diagram and structural-parametric model of electromagnetoelastic actuator nanodisplacement for nanodisplacement of the communications systems are obtained, its transfer functions are bult. Effects of geometric and physical parameters of electromagnetoelastic actuators and external load on its dynamic characteristics are determined. For calculations the communications systems with the piezoactuator for nanodisplacement the parametric block diagram and the transfer functions of the piezoactuator are obtained.
The generalized parametric structural schematic diagram, the generalized structural-parametric model, and the generalized matrix transfer function of an electromagnetoelastic actuator with output parameters displacements are determined by solving the wave equation with the Laplace transform, using the equation of the electromagnetolasticity in the general form, the boundary conditions on the loaded working surfaces of the actuator, and the strains along the coordinate axes. The parametric structural schematic diagram and the transfer functions of the electromagnetoelastic actuator are obtained for the calculation of the control systems for the nanomechanics. The structural-parametric model of the piezoactuator for the transverse, longitudinal, and shift piezoelectric effects are constructed. The dynamic and static characteristics of the piezoactuator with output parameter displacement are obtained.
Last decade has seen growing research interest in vibration energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials. When developing piezoelectric energy harvesting systems, it is advantageous to establish certain analytical or numerical model to predict the system performance. In the last few years, researchers from mechanical engineering established distributed models for energy harvester but simplified the energy harvesting circuit in the analytical derivation. While, researchers from electrical engineering concerned the modeling of practical energy harvesting circuit but tended to simplify the structural and mechanical conditions. The challenges for accurate modeling of such electromechanical coupling systems remain when complicated mechanical conditions and practical energy harvesting circuit are considered in system design. In this article, the aforementioned problem is addressed by employing an equivalent circuit model, which bridges structural modeling and electrical simulation. First, the parameters in the equivalent circuit model are identified from theoretical analysis and finite element analysis for simple and complex structures, respectively. Subsequently, the equivalent circuit model considering multiple modes of the system is established and simulated in the SPICE software. Two validation examples are given to verify the accuracy of the proposed method, and one further example illustrates its capability of dealing with complicated structures and non-linear circuits.
The field of mechatronics using piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials is growing rapidly with applications in many areas, including MEMS, adaptive optics, and adaptive structures. Piezoelectric Actuators and Ultrasonic Motors provides in-depth coverage of the theoretical background of piezoelectric and electrostrictive actuators, practical materials, device designs, drive/control techniques, typical applications, and future trends in the field. Industry engineers and academic researchers in this field will find Piezoelectric Actuators and Ultrasonic Motors an invaluable source of pertinent scientific information, practical details, and references. In the classroom, this book may be used for graduate level courses on ceramic actuators.
Decision wave equation, structural - parametric model and block diagram of electro magneto elastic actuators are obtained, its transfer functions are bult. Effects of geometric and physical parameters of electro magneto elastic actuators and external load on its dynamic characteristics are determined. For calculation of communications systems with piezoactuators the block diagram and the transfer functions of piezoactuators are obtained.
Structural-parametric models, parametric structural schematic diagrams and transfer functions of electromagnetoelastic actuators are determined. A generalized parametric structural schematic diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator is constructed. Effects of geometric and physical parameters of actuators and external load on its dynamic characteristics are determined. For calculations the mechatronic systems with piezoactuators for nano- and microdisplacement the parametric structural schematic diagrams and the transfer functions of piezoactuators are obtained.
An electroelastic actuator on the piezoelectric or electrostriction effect is applied in nanotechnology, nanobiology, biomechanics and adaptive optics for the precision matching in nanomechatronics systems. For the analysis and calculation of nanomechatronics systems is used the harmonious linearization of the hysteresis characteristic for an electroelastic actuator. The piezo actuator works on the basis of the inverse piezoelectric effect due to its deformation when the electric field strength is applied. To increase the range of movement of the piezo actuator to tens of micrometers, the multilayer piezo actuator is applied. The piezo actuator is used in nanomechatronics systems for nanodisplacement in adaptive optics, nanotechnology, scanning microscopy, nanobiomechanics, multicomponent telescopes. The coefficients of harmonious linearization for the basic loop characteristic are determined by the method of the theory of nonlinear automatic systems. On the characteristic of the piezo actuator deformation from the electric field strength, the initial curve is observed, on which the vertices of the basic hysteresis loops lie. The basic hysteresis loops have a symmetric change in the electric field strength relative to zero, and partial loops have an asymmetric change in the strength relative to zero. The expressions for the hysteresis basic and local loops of piezo actuator are received. The coefficients of harmonious linearization for the basic loop characteristic of the piezo actuator for nanomechatronics systems are obtained. The basic and local loops for hysteresis characteristics of the piezo actuator are proposed. The expression is determined for the generalized frequency transfer function of the nonlinear link with the hysteresis characteristic of the basic hysteresis loop for the piezo actuator.KeywordsHarmonious linearizationHysteresisBasic and partial loopsDeformationElectroelastic actuatorPiezo actuatorNanomechatronics system
The electroelastic actuator on the piezoelectric or electrostriction effects is applied in nanomechatronics, nanotechnology, nanoresearch, nanobiology and adaptive optics. In this work the Yakubovich criterion absolute stability of the nanomechatronics system with the condition on the derivative for the hysteresis nonlinearity of the electroelastic actuator is used. This criterion with the condition on the derivative is development of the Popov absolute stability criterion. The stationary set of the nanomechatronics system with the electroelastic actuator for the hysteresis deformation is the segment of the straight line. This segment has the points of the intersection of the hysteresis partial loops and the straight line. An absolute stability conditions on the derivative for the nanomechatronics systems with the piezo actuator at the longitudinal, transverse and shift piezoeffect are determined. The condition of an absolute stability on the derivative for the nanomechatronics system with the electroelastic actuator under random influences is obtained. For the Lyapunov stable csystem the Yakubovich absolute stability criterion has the simplest representation of the result of the investigation an absolute stability of nanomechatronics system.
We received the structural circuit of the multilayer piezo engine for nanomedicine research. The characteristics of the multilayer piezo engine are obtained
The structural scheme of an electromagnetoelastic actuator for nano biomechanics is found. The structural scheme of an electromagnetoelastic actuator has difference in the visibility of energy conversion from Cady and Mason electrical equivalent circuits of a piezo vibrator. The electromagnetoelasticity equation and the differential equation of the actuator are solved to construct the structural scheme of the actuator. The structural scheme of the piezo actuator is obtained by using the reverse and direct piezoelectric effects. The transfer functions of an electromagnetoelastic actuator are written
An electroelastic actuator for nanomechatronics is used in nanotechnology, adaptive optics, microsurgery, microelectronics, and biomedicine to actuate or control mechanisms, systems based on the electroelastic effect, and to convert electrical signals into mechanical displacements and forces. In nanomechatronic systems, a piezoactuator is used in scanning microscopy, laser systems, in astronomy for precision alignment, for compensation of temperature, gravitational deformations and atmospheric turbulence, focusing, and stabilizing the image. In this study, a condition for absolute stability of an electroelastic actuator control system for nanomechatronics under deterministic and random inputs is obtained. A number of equilibrium positions in an electroelastic actuator mechatronic control system are found, the totality of which is represented by a straight line segment. The electroelastic actuator’s deformation control system dead band relative width is determined for the actuator’s symmetric and asymmetric hysteresis characteristics. Under deterministic inputs and with fulfilling the condition for the derivative of the nonlinear hysteresis actuator deformation characteristic, the set of equilibrium positions of the electroelastic actuator control system for nanomechatronics is absolutely stable. Under random inputs, the system absolute stability with respect to the mathematical expectations of the electroelastic actuator mechatronic control system equilibrium positions has been determined subject to fulfilling the condition on the derivative of the actuator hysteresis characteristic.
Structural-parametric models, structural schemes are constructed and the transfer functions of electro-elastic actuators for nanomechanics are determined. The transfer functions of the piezoelectric actuator with the generalized piezoelectric effect are obtained. The changes in the elastic compliance and rigidity of the piezoactuator are determined taking into account the type of control. Keywords electro-elastic actuator, piezo actuator, structural-parametric model, transfer function, parametric structural scheme
This book presents new approaches to R&D of piezoelectric actuators and generators of different types based on established, original constructions and contemporary research into framework of theoretical, experimental, and numerical methods of physics, mechanics, and materials science. Improved technical solutions incorporated into the devices demonstrate high output values of voltage and power, allowing application of the goods in various areas of energy harvesting. The book is divided into seven chapters, each presenting main results of the chapter, along with a brief exposition of novel findings from around the world proving context for the author’s results. It presents particular results of the Soviet and Russian schools of Mechanics and Material Sciences not previously available outside of Russia.
The block diagram and the transfer functions of the electromagnetoelastic actuator are received for control systems in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The block diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator is reflected the transformation of electrical energy into mechanical energy, in contrast to Cady’s and Mason’s electrical equivalent circuits of piezotransducer. The electromagnetoelasticity equation and the second order linear ordinary differential equation with boundary conditions are solved for calculations the block diagram of the electromagnetoelastic actuator. The block diagram of the piezoactuator is obtained with using the reverse and direct piezoelectric effects. The back electromotive force is determined from the direct piezoelectric effect equation. The transfer functions of the piezoactuators are obtained for control systems in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
A generalized structural–parametric model of an electromagnetoelastic actuator is derived by solving the wave equation. Its transfer function is determined. The influence of geometric and physical parameters and the external load on its static and dynamic characteristics in the control system is established.
We developed a structural-parametric models, obtained solution for the wave equation of electroelastic actuators and constructed their transfer functions. Effects of geometric and physical parameters of electroelastic actuators and external loading on their dynamic characteristics determined. For calculation of automatic control systems for nanometric movements with electroelastic actuators, we obtained the parametric structural schematic diagrams and the transfer functions of piezoactuators. Static and dynamic characteristics of piezoactuators determined.
The transfer functions of multilayer nano- and microdisplacement piezotransducers are obtained under the conditions of longitudinal and transverse piezo-optic effects. The absolute stability conditions are derived for the strain control systems of multilayer nano- and microdisplacement piezotransducers. Some compensating devices ensuring the stability of strain control systems of multilayer piezotransducers are chosen.
The use of nano- and micro-scale piezomotors in precision electromechanical systems is considered. The deformation of the piezoconverter corresponding to its stress state is investigated.
Based on the solution of a wave equation, a structural-parametric model of electromagnetoelastic converter for the electromechanical
drive of nano-and micrometric movements was constructed. A transformation was conducted for the structural-parametric model
and the parametric structural circuits. The influence of the geometric and physical parameters of this converter and of the
external load on the static and dynamical characteristics was estimated.
We design the static and dynamic characteristics of a piezoelectric nanomicrotransducer intended for use in nanotechnology
and microelectronic hardware, devise its parametric structural schematic diagram, and determine the influence of its physical
and geometric parameters on its static and dynamic characteristics.
This chapter highlights some recent advances in high resolution printing methods, in which a “stamp” forms a pattern of “ink” on the surface it contacts. It focuses on two approaches whose capabilities, level of development, and demonstrated applications indicate a strong potential for widespread use, especially in areas where conventional methods are unsuitable. The first of these, known as microcontact printing, uses a high resolution rubber stamp to print patterns of chemical inks, mainly those that lead to the formation of organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). These printed SAMs can be used either as resists in selective wet etching, or as templates in selective deposition to form structures of a variety of materials. The other approach, referred to as nanotransfer printing, uses similar high resolution stamps, but ones inked with solid thin film materials. In this case, SAMs, or other types of surface chemistries, bond these films to a substrate that the stamp contacts. The material transfer that results upon removal of the stamp forms a pattern in the geometry of the relief features, in a purely additive fashion. In addition to providing detailed descriptions of these micro/nanoprinting techniques, this chapter illustrates their use in some areas where these methods may provide attractive alternatives to more established lithographic methods. The demonstrator applications span fields as diverse as biotechnology (intravascular stents), fiber optics (tunable fiber devices), nanoanalytical chemistry (high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance), plastic electronics (paper-like displays), and integrated optics (distributed feedback lasers). The growing interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology motivates research and the development of new methods that can be used for nanofabricating the relevant test structures or devices. The attractive capabilities of the techniques described here, together with the interesting and subtle materials science, chemistry, and physics associated with them, make this a promising area for basic and applied study.
We study the compression diagrams and elastic compliances of composite piezoelectric transducers. We find the typical points
on the compression diagram which correspond to the mechanical stress of clearance cutting and smoothing the microroughnesses
and to the ultimate compression strength with crack formation on the edges of piezoelectric crystal plates. We construct mechanical
and adjusting characteristics of piezoelectric transducers and determine their static and dynamic characteristics.
The stability conditions for a system controlling the deformation of an electromagnetoelastic transducer under deterministic and random actions are discussed. Manufacturing high-precision electromechanical drives based on electromagnetoelasticity are offering challenges under the scope of nanotechnology, nanobiology, power engineering, microelectronics, and adaptive optics. High precision drives are operated within operating loads ensuring elastic strains of the executive electromagnetoelastic transducer. A system designed for the control of micro and nanoscale strains of an electromagnetoelastic transducer. The absolute stability conditions for a system with hysteresis nonlinearity are analytically described by using Yakubovic's absolute stability criterion. The absolute stability conditions obtained for a system can be used for stability estimation and the calculation of the characteristics of the control system.
The use of the solution to the wave equation to construct a generalized structural parametric model of an electromagnetoelastic transducer to determine the effect of its geometry and physical parameters is discussed. High-precision electromechanical drives are operated under working loads ensuring elastic strains of the executive device. Piezoelectric transducers are characterized by high piezoelectric moduli and they are frequently used to produce nanoscale displacements. The solution of the wave equation supplemented with the corresponding electromagnetoelasticity equation and boundary conditions on the transducer's two working surfaces allows to construct a structural parametric model of an electromagnetoelastic transducer. The transfer functions of a piezoelectric transducer are derived from its generalized structural parametric model and are obtained as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the transducer face displacement to the Laplace transform of the input electric parameter.
A study was conducted to prepare a structural parametric model of a pie piezoelectric nanodisplacement transducer. The structural parametric model was prepared to investigate the potential application of the piezoelectric transducer in the equipment of nanotechnology, microbiology, microelectronics, astronomy, for high-precision superposition, compensation, and wavefront correction. It was found that the piezoelectric transducer operates on the basis of the inverse piezoelectric effect, in which a displacement is due to the deformation of the piezoelectric element, caused by the application of an external electric voltage. The wave equations also needed to solved, to construct a structural parametric model of the voltage-controlled piezoelectric transducer.
The characteristics of the compound pawl and the compound central piezo converter of the step piezodrive are considered. The
influence of the geometric and physical parameters of the compound piezo converter and the external load on its static and
dynamical characteristics is determined. The transfer functions of the piezo converter as an electromechanical system with
distributed or lumped parameters are obtained. The static and dynamical characteristics of the step piezodrive are studied.