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Checklist of Orchidaceae from Caquetá, Colombia

Phytokeys

July 2023
229(2):21-46

DOI:10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

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CC BY 4.0

Authors:

Tatiana Arias

Orchids for Peace Foundation

Alexis Calderón - Álvarez

Pontifical Xavierian University

Show all 11 authorsHide

A checklist of Orchidaceae from Caquetá, Colombia is presented here. We recorded 98 genera and 418 species, exceeding a previous inventory by 276 species. The checklist is conservative in the number of genera and species by including only taxa that were fully and reliably identified and that are either linked to a corresponding herbarium voucher, a living collection specimen or a photo taken in the field and published in iNaturalist by one of the authors or a collaborator. The documented species diversity in the region could dramatically increase in the next few years with additional collecting efforts in the eastern slopes of the Andes nested in Caquetá. About 9% (418/4600) of all Orchidaceae species recorded for Colombia are reported for this area, showing the important contribution to orchid diversity of Andean-Amazonian foothills of Caquetá.

Representative landscapes from Caquetá, Colombia. A general view of the Andean Piedmont in the Municipality of Florencia B Hills and rivers coming down from the eastern slopes of the Andes and flowing into the Amazonian Forest in the Municipality of Belen de los Andaquíes, the Pescado River C Hilly slopes from the Andean Piedmont transitioning to the Amazon Forest in the Municipality of Belen de los Andaquíes D General view of Amazonia Forest from a hilly slope of the eastern Andes, in the Municipality of Paujíl E, F Amazonian waterlogged Forest at La Laguna de Peregrinos, Municipality of Solano.

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Representative Orchidaceae species from Caquetá, Colombia. AAcianthera casapensisBAcianthera ciliataCLaelia roseaDCatasetum tuberculatumECattleya violaceaFTrichocentrum nudumGCyrtochilum porrigensHEpidendrum fimbriatumIDimerandra emarginataJEpidendrum coronatumKEpidendrum difforme.

…

Representative Orchidaceae species from Caquetá, Colombia. AGaleandra macroplectaBMaxillaria aureoglobulaCMaxillaria egertonianaDMaxillaria equitansEMaxillaria parkeriFMaxillaria parvifloraGNotylia barkeriHOncidium alexandraeIOctomeria grandifloraJProsthechea chimborazoensisKStanhopea candidaLSobralia macrophylla.

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Distribution of orchid species number in Caquetá municipalities. A Orchid species distribution by municipality and a heatmap of species richness found in each of the municipalities B Number of orchid species found in each municipality and their geographic position (Andean Piedmont or Amazonian Basin).

…

Number of orchid species in most abundant genera of Caquetá, Colombia A number of species in the most species rich genera of Caquetá B pie chart showing the proportion of species in genera with 9 to 70 species.

…

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Checklist of Orchidaceae from Caquetá, Colombia

Tatiana Arias1,2 *, Jeisson Chaux-Varela3*, Maria del Pilar Camero3, R. Alexis Calderon-Álvarez3,4 ,

Anyi Carolina Trujillo3, Marco A. Correa-Munera3,5 , Alejandro Zuluaga6, Oscar Perdomo7,

Oscar A. Pérez-Escobar8, Edwin Trujillo-Trujillo7,9 , Janice Valencia-D.9

1 Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota FL, USA

2 Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideología, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia

3 Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia

4 GrupodeInvestigaciónenEcologíayTerritorio,DepartamentodeEcologíayTerritorio,PonticiaUniversidadJaveriana,BogotáD.C.,Colombia

5 JardínBotanicoUniamazoniaandHerbarioEnriqueForero–HUAZ,Florencia,Caquetá,Colombia

6 Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia

7 Grupo de Investigación en Agroecosistemas y Conservación en Bosques Amazónicos GAIA, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia

8 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK

9 Laboratorio de Agrobiodiversidad y Malherbologia LAMUA, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia

Corresponding author: Tatiana Arias (tarias@selby.org)

This is an open access article distributed under

terms of the Creative Commons Attribution

License (Attribution 4.0 International –

CC BY 4.0).

Checklist

Abstract

A checklist of Orchidaceae from Caquetá, Colombia is presented here. We recorded 98

genera and 418 species, exceeding a previous inventory by 276 species. The checklist is

conservative in the number of genera and species by including only taxa that were fully

and reliably identied and that are either linked to a corresponding herbarium voucher,

a living collection specimen or a photo taken in the eld and published in iNaturalist by

one of the authors or a collaborator. The documented species diversity in the region

could dramatically increase in the next few years with additional collecting efforts in the

eastern slopes of the Andes nested in Caquetá. About 9% (418/4600) of all Orchidaceae

species recorded for Colombia are reported for this area, showing the important contri-

bution to orchid diversity of Andean-Amazonian foothills of Caquetá.

Key words: Alpha diversity, Amazon, Andes, oristic studies, foothills, orchids

Introduction

Orchidaceae are one of the most diverse and widely distributed owering plant

families including 25,000–27,000 species and 880 genera (Chase et al. 2015).

Colombia has the largest diversity of orchid species in the American tropics

(Pérez-Escobar et al. 2022a), hosting ~ 4,600 species that represent ~18% of

the known species diversity in the family. The highest level of species richness

arises in the northern Andes region of the country (Pérez-Escobar et al. 2022a),

where a large number of endemic species occur, accounting for 36.8% of the

total species reported for Colombia. With new orchid novelties published an-

nually (Ortiz Valdivieso et al. 2009; Hágsater et al. 2013; Pérez-Escobar et al.

Academic editor: M. Simo-Droissart

Received:

27 February 2023

Accepted:

15 June 2023

Published:

6 July 2023

Citation: Arias T, Chaux-Varela J,

Camero MP, Calderón-Álvarez RA,

Trujillo AC, Correa-Munera MA,

Zuluaga A, Perdomo O, Pérez-Escobar

OA, Trujillo-Trujillo E, Valencia-D.

J (2023) Checklist of Orchidaceae

from Caquetá, Colombia. PhytoKeys

229: 21–46. https://doi.org/10.3897/

phytokeys.229.102737

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023)

DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

* These authors contributed equally to this work.

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

2021, 2022b; Vieira-Uribe and Moreno 2022), Colombia is a hotspot for biodi-

versity conservation (Betancur et al. 2015).

Caquetá, one of Colombia’s 32 Departments, is a largely unexplored region

with an extraordinary ecosystem diversity, geographically presenting a variety

of landscapes, topographic forms and different types of associated vegeta-

tion and water sources, including the Amazon plains, valleys, hills, foothills

and mountain ranges (Fig. 1). The Department contains four national natural

parks, covers part of the Chiribiquete World Heritage Park and 35 recognised

Figure 1. Representative landscapes from Caquetá, Colombia. A general view of the Andean Piedmont in the Municipality of

Florencia B Hills and rivers coming down from the eastern slopes of the Andes and owing into the Amazonian Forest in the

Municipality of Belen de los Andaquíes, the Pescado River C Hilly slopes from the Andean Piedmont transitioning to the Am-

azon Forest in the Municipality of Belen de los Andaquíes D General view of Amazonia Forest from a hilly slope of the eastern

Andes, in the Municipality of Paujíl E, F Amazonian waterlogged Forest at La Laguna de Peregrinos, Municipality of Solano.

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

civil society reserves (RUNAP 2022, webpage checked June 2023). Caquetá

is placed in the eastern slopes of the Andean foothills, a conuence zone

of mountainous and lowland Amazonian landscapes with different commu-

nities’ composition. The Andean foothills of Caquetá range between 200 and

1000 m a.s.l.

The Colombian Eastern Andean Mountain range transitions along an en-

vironmental gradient from foothills to either the Guyana Shield (Meta and

Caquetá), the Amazon Basin (Caquetá, Putumayo and Amazonas) or the Ori-

noco Basin (Arauca, Casanare and Meta) (Hoorn et al. 2010). These ecotones

are hyperdiverse because of the evolutionary, biogeographical and ecological

processes that operate in a rich array of landscapes (Ruiz et al. 2007; Instituto

Geográco Agustín Codazzi 2010). It is perhaps in the conuence of lowland

and mountainous landscapes where the greatest wealth of plant species diver-

sity and endemism occurs in the country (Ruiz et al. 2007; Pérez-Escobar et al.

2022a), but the limited existing orchid inventories underestimate the region’s

species diversity.

Although Orchidaceae are diverse within Caquetá, few checklists and taxo-

nomic studies focusing on this group are available. For example, the Catalogue

of Plants and Lichens of Colombia (Bernal et al. 2016), reported a total of 104

orchid species, whereas “The National Orchid Conservation Plan” presented a

count of 142 species (Betancur et al. 2015). Currently, Caquetá is severely af-

fected by deforestation driven by anthropogenic transformations of the natural

ecosystems (Jaramillo-Castelblanco 2016; IDEAM 2020). Biological diversity

inventories of the Andean-Amazonian Region are, thus, crucial to provide infor-

mation for habitat conservation strategies in the region.

In this study, we generated a detailed species list of Orchidaceae for the

Department of Caquetá, one of the most unexplored areas in Colombia, due

to, amongst other factors, diculties such as security risks and lack of easy

access routes to some of its regions and municipalities. This is a collective

work developed by more than twelve Colombian botanists during 2019–2023,

under the umbrella project “Orquídeas para la Paz” (Orchids for Peace). This

programme aims to explore, reproduce and support orchid species recovery,

while developing sustainable strategies for business, based on horticulture for

vulnerable communities around Colombia. Data obtained here come from liv-

ing collections, photographs taken from eld and an extensive review of herbar-

ium collections around the world.

Methods

Study area

Caquetá is located in south-western Colombia, between latitudes 0.7°S–2.9°N

and longitudes 71°–76°W. It comprises 16 municipalities including Florencia,

Belén de los Andaquíes, El Paujil, Doncello and La Montañita, amongst others

(Table 1). This region contains a variety of landscapes and ecosystems ranging

from the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes to the Amazonian plains, with eleva-

tions ranging from 0–3200 m a.s.l. The mean annual rainfall is about 2179 mm.

The mean annual temperature ranges from 27–29 °C (Instituto Geográco

Agustín Codazzi 2010) (Fig. 1).

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Table 1. Checklist of the Orchidaceae of Caquetá, Colombia. ALB: Albania, BEL: Belen de los Andaquies, CAR: Cartagena

el Chaira, CUR: Curillo, DON: Doncello, FLO: Florencia, MIL: Milan, MOR: Morelia, PAU: Paujil, PRC: Puerto Rico, SJF: San

Jose del Fragua, SOL: Solano, STA: Solita, SVC: San Vicente del Caguán, VAL: Valparaiso. * Endemic to Colombia ** New

report for Colombia.

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Acianthera casapensis (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.

Chase

iNaturalist BEL

Acianthera ciliata (Knowles & Westc.) F. Barros & L.

R. S. Guim.

Pabon M. 320 (COAH), Arias T. 851, 852, 914 (HUAZ) SOL, VAL

Acianthera discophylla (Luer & Carnevali) Luer Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) SOL

Acianthera erinacea (Rchb. f.) A. Doucette Arias T. 951, Chaux-Varela J. 61 (HUAZ) FLO, PAU, SVC

Acianthera sicaria (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M. W. Chase Arias T. 917 (HUAZ) FLO

Aganisia cyanea (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Arevalo R. 406 (COAH), Vasco A. 389, 396, 360, 420 (HUA),

Trujillo E. 1043 (HUAZ)

BEL, SOL

Aganisia mbriata Rchb.f. Torres M.M. 1084 (COAH), Mesa N. & Trujillo E. 24 (HUAZ) FLO, SOL

Anathallis acuminata (Kunth) Pridgeon & M. W.

Chase

Benavides A. 506 (HUA), Arias T. 969 (HUAZ) DON, SOL

Anathallis brevipes (H. Focke) Pridgeon & M. W.

Chase

Arias T. 906 (HUAZ) CAR

Anathallis spiculifera (Lindl.) Luer Sanchez M. 1834, 1835 (COAH) SOL

Anathallis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M. W.

Chase

iNaturalist SVC

Aspidogyne clavijera (Rchb. f.) Meneguzzo Cardenas D. 45472 (COAH) MOR

Aspidogyne confusa (C. Schweinf.) Garay Castro F. 9890 (COAH) SOL

Aspidogyne foliosa (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay Trujillo E. 7026, 7109 (CUVC) ALB

Aspidogyne jamesonii (Garay) Meneguzzo Romero 4050 (COL) CAR

Batemannia colleyi Lindl. Arevalo R. 43 (COL), Vasco A. 158 (HUA) FLO, SOL

Beloglottis costaricensis Schltr. iNaturalist FLO

Bifrenaria clavigera Rchb.f. Trujillo E. 1043 (COAH) BEL

Bifrenaria longicornis Lindl. Arbelaez E. 907 (COAH), Arevalo R. 417 (COL), Vasco A. 264

(HUA)

SOL

Braemia vittata (Lindl.) Jenny Duivenvoorden J. 2362, Torres M. 1128 (COAH), Benavides A.

634 (HUA)

SOL

Brachionidium lehmannii Luer ** Arias T. 952 (HUAZ) PAU

Brassia caudata (L.) Lindl. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 596 (HPUJ), Arias T. 857 (HUAZ) BEL

Bulbophyllum lehmannianum Kraenzl. Arevalo R. 363 (COL) FLO

Campylocentrum kuntzei Cogn. ex Kuntze Correa M. 7136 (COAH, HUAZ) FLO

Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.) Maury iNaturalist SVC

Catasetum discolor (Lindl.) Lindl. Arbelaez E. 238 (HUA), Idobro J. M. 9001 (COL), Arevalo R. 311

(COL), Sastre R. D. 5173 (P)

SOL

Catasetum ochraceum Lindl. Gonzalez M. F. 2680, 2710 (COL) SOL

Catasetum roseo-album (Hook.) Lindl. Barbosa C. 7716 (FMB) SOL

Catasetum tabulare Lindl. Perdomo O. 430 (CUVC) FLO

Catasetum tuberculatum Dodson C. Aguilar M. 253 (COAH), Arias T. 858 (HUAZ) FLO

Catasetum villegasii G. F. Carr Carr G. F. (COAH, USF) SVC

Cattleya crispa Lindl. ** Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) CAR, SJF

Cattleya violacea (Kunth) Rolfe Trujillo E. 808, Calderon A. A. 263 (HUAZ) CAR

Chondrorhyncha rosea Lindl. Schmidt-Mumm K. s.n. (LA) FLO

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Cleistes abdita G. A. Romero & Carnevali Palacios P. 582, Castaño N. 3184 (COAH) FLO, SOL

Cleistes rosea Lindl. Jaimes M. S. 1269 (COAH), Sanin D. 6454 (COL), Perdomo

O. 256 (CUVC), Cumaco L. S. & Trujillo E. 42, Arias T. 990,

Chaux-Varela J. 96 (HUAZ)

FLO, PAU

Cleistes tenuis (Griseb.) Schltr. Aguilar M. 253 (COAH) SOL

Coryanthes leucocorys Rolfe iNaturalist BEL, FLO

Cranichis polyantha Schltr. Madero 22 (AMES) N/A

Cryptarrhena lunata R. Br. iNaturalist FLO

Cycnoches egertonianum Bateman Perdomo O. 387 (CUVC) FLO

Cycnoches haagii Barb. Rodr. Dodson C. 3249 (COAH) DON

Cyrtochilum caquetanum P. Ortiz-Valdivieso M, L. E.

Álvarez & A. J. Carrillo

Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 1393 (HPUJ) N/A

Cyrtochilum cimiciferum (Rchb. f.) Dalström iNaturalist SVC

Cyrtochilum divaricatum (Lindl.) Dalström iNaturalist SVC

Cyrtochilum exuosum Kunth Ramirez J. G. 5282 (JAUM), Gentry A. et al. 9046 (MO) FLO

Cyrtochilum meirax (Rchb. f.) Dalström Perdomo O. 416, 404 (CUVC), Arias T. 925, 954, Chaux-Varela J.

58, 60, 92(HUAZ)

FLO, PAU, PRC

Cyrtochilum midas Dalström Perdomo O. 0195 (CUVC) FLO

Cyrtochilum orgyale Kraenzl. iNaturalist SVC

Cyrtochilum porrigens (Rchb. f.) Kraenzl. Perdomo O. 394, 400 (CUVC), Calderon A. 250, 251 (HUAZ) PRC, FLO

Cyrtochilum ramosissimum (Lindl.) Dalström Trujillo E. 7587 (CUVC) PRC

Cyrtochilum scabiosum Kraenzl. Cuatrecasas J. 8466 (COL) FLO

Cyrtochilum trifurcatum Kraenzl. Perdomo O. 412 (CUVC) PRC

Cyrtochilum undulatum Kunth iNaturalist FLO

Cyrtochilum ventilabrum Kraenzl. Perdomo O. 393 (CUVC) PRC

Cyrtopodium cristatum Lindl. Betancur J. 1548 (HUA) SVC

Cyrtopodium palmifrons Rchb. f. & Warm. Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Dichaea ancoraelabia C. Schweinf Perdomo O. 267 (CUVC), Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 531 (HPUJ), Mesa

N. & Trujillo E. 03 Arias T. 877 (HUAZ)

BEL, FLO, SOL

Dichaea caquetana Schltr. * Fernández-Pérez A. 7240 (COL) FLO

Dichaea hystricina Rchb.f. Castaño N. 8705 (COAH) BEL, FLO

Dichaea panamensis Lindl. Dueñas H. 3060 (COL), Vasco A. 387 (HUA) SOL

Dichaea pendula (Aubl.) Cogn. Castaño N. 8678 (COAH), Betancur J. 1916 (COL, HUA) BEL, SVC

Dichaea picta Rchb.f. Jimenez E. 11 (COAH) FLO

Dichaea rendlei Gleason Franco-Rosselli P. 3825 (COL), Vasco A. 220, 267, 304 (HUA),

Betancur J. 13560 (COAH)

SOL

Dichaea sodiroi Schltr. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 553 (HPUJ) FLO

Dichaea splitgerberi Rchb.f. Trujillo E. 956 (COAH, FMB), Castaño N. 1761, Cardenas D.

40460, 44494, 48527 (COAH)

BEL, PRC,

SVC, VAL

Dichaea trinitensis Gleason ** Arias T. 885 (HUAZ) SOL

Dichaea trulla Rchb.f. Cardenas D. 42199 (COAH), Betancur J. 20668, Arevalo R. 98,

306 (COL), Vasco A. 305 (HUA), Perez 663 (FMB)

BEL, FLO, SOL

Dimerandra emarginata (G. Mey.) Hoehne Arias T. 859 (HUAZ) FLO

Dracula alcithoe Luer & R. Escobar iNaturalist BEL

Duckeella adolphii Porto & Brade Pabon M. 461, 462, Echeverry R. 3297, Palacios P. 691, 537,

1218, Duivenvoorden J. 263 (COAH), Arbelaez E. 64 (HUA)

SOL

Duckeella caquetana Szlach. & Kolan. * Arbelaez M. V. 64 (COAH, UGDA) SOL

Duckeella fernandezii Szlach., Kolan. & Baranow * Fernandez 20065 (COL, UGDA) SOL

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Elleanthus amethystinoides Garay Cardenas D. 20257 (COAH) BEL

Elleanthus ampliorus Schltr. Arias T. 1201 (HUAZ) FLO

Elleanthus aurantiacus Rchb.f. Castaño N. 7442, 8608, Cardenas D. 46146 (COAH), Mason H.

L. 13954, Gentry A. 9036 (COL), Arias T. 1211 (HUAZ)

BEL, FLO. SOL

Elleanthus blatteus Garay Arias T. 980, 1193, 1217 (HUAZ) DON, FLO

Elleanthus columnaris Rchb.f. Fonnegra R. 5465 (HUA, MO) FLO

Elleanthus conifer (Rchb.f. & Warsz.) Rchb.f. Jimenez E. 26 (COAH) FLO

Elleanthus emberanus (Szlach. & Kolan.) J. M. H.

Shaw *

Trujillo W. et al. 968 (COAH) BEL

Elleanthus fractiexus Schltr. Castaño N. 8720, Betancur J. 20388, 20544 (COAH), Arias T.

1188 (HUAZ)

BEL, FLO

Elleanthus graminifolius (Barb.Rodr.) Lojtnant Cardenas D. 20682, Perdomo O. 318, Betancur J. 20682

(COAH) Perdomo O. 318 (CUVC)

BEL, FLO

Elleanthus kermesinus Rchb. f. Cuatrecasas J. 8766 (COL) FLO

Elleanthus lancifolius C. Presl. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 459 (HPUJ), Araujo E. & Trujillo E. 28

(HUAZ)

BEL, FLO

Elleanthus oliganthus Rchb.f. Vargas V. A. 99 (COAH), Cardenas D. 42099 (FMB), Cumaco L.

S. & Trujillo E. 34, Santomio L. M. & E. Trujillo E. 04 (HUAZ)

BEL, FLO

Elleanthus robustus Rchb. f. Arias T. 1190 (HUAZ) FLO

Elleanthus tillandsioides Barringer Trujillo W. 968 (FMB), Cardenas D. 41786, 41817 (COAH) BEL

Encyclia aspera Schltr. Arevalo R. 210 (COL), 211 (COAH) SOL

Encyclia chloroleuca Neumann Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Encyclia leucantha Schltr. Pabon M. 927, Arbelaez E. 787 (COAH) SOL

Encyclia pilosa (C. Schweinf.) Carnevali & I. Rámirez Arbelaez E. 389 (COAH) SOL

Epidendrum acuminatum Ruiz & Pav. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 4171 (HPUJ) FLO

Epidendrum acutilobum Hágsater E. & Uribe Veléz * Kapuler & Hascall 168 (COL), Arias T. 979 (HUAZ) FLO, DON

Epidendrum amazonicoriifolium Hágsater E. Cardenas D. 40246 (COAH) FLO

Epidendrum angulatum Hágsater E. & J. Duarte * Moreno s.n. (AMO) FLO

Epidendrum angustatum (T. Hashim.) Dodson C. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 461 (HPUJ) FLO

Epidendrum arachnoglossum Rchb. f. ex André Arbelaez E. 53 (HUA) SOL

Epidendrum arevaloi (Schltr.) Hágsater E. Hágsater E. s.n. (AMO), Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 473 (HPUJ), Arias

T. 1196 (HUAZ)

FLO

Epidendrum armeniacum Lindl. ** Perdomo O. 302 (CUVC) FLO

Epidendrum aura-usecheae Hágsater, Rinc. -Useche

& O. Pérez

Arias T. 1014 (HUAZ) SVC

Epidendrum barbeyanum Kraenzl. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 462 (HPUJ) FLO

Epidendrum borealistachyum Hágsater E., E.

Santiago & C. Fernandez

Sanin D. 6361 (COAH), 6100 (COL), 6558, 6632 (HUA), Correa

M. & Aldana J. 7196, Mesa N. & Trujillo E. 16 Arias T. 1199

(HUAZ)

FLO

Epidendrum brachyrepens Hágsater E. ** Betancur J. 2225 (HUA) SVC

Epidendrum caesaris Hágsater E. & E. Santiago Estrada J. 668 (COL) SOL

Epidendrum calanthum Rchb.f. Warsz. Barbosa C. 8140 (COL) SOL

Epidendrum calyptrandium Hágsater E., H. Medina &

Huamantupa

Cardenas D. 41772 (COAH, FMB) BEL

Epidendrum chorandrochilum F. Lehm. & Kraenzl. Perdomo O. 235 (CUVC) FLO

Epidendrum cleistocoleum Hágsater E. & E. Santiago iNaturalist SVC

Epidendrum cochlidium Lindl. Jimenez E. 1 (HUA) FLO

Epidendrum compressibulbum D. E. Benn. &

Christenson **

Arias T. 926 (HUAZ) FLO

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Epidendrum compressum Griseb. Cuatrecasas J. 27127 (COL), Trujillo W. 816 (HUA), Mesa N. &

Trujillo E. 18 (HUAZ)

CAR, FLO

Epidendrum × communis Hágsater Ined Arias T. 997; 998 (HUAZ) SVC

Epidendrum coronatum Ruiz & Pav Arias T. 863 (HUAZ) CAR, SJF

Epidendrum cuneatum Schltr. Arias T. 960 (HUAZ) CAR, SJF

Epidendrum cupreum F. Lehm. & Kraenzl. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 573 (HPUJ) FLO

Epidendrum cylindraceum Lindl. Arias T. 1204 (HUAZ) FLO

Epidendrum erosum Ames & C. Schweinf. Hoyos s.n. (AMO) FLO

Epidendrum excisum Lindl. iNaturalist SVC

Epidendrum exuosum G. Mey. iNaturalist SVC

Epidendrum lamentosum Kraenzl. Perdomo O. 272, 413 (CUVC) Arias T. 988, Chaux-Varela J. 34,

98 (HUAZ)

FLO, DON

Epidendrum mbriatum Kunth Arias, T. 1198, Calderon A. 256 (HUAZ) FLO

Epidendrum geminiorum Kunth iNaturalist SVC

Epidendrum ibaguense Kunth Cardiel J. M. 59 (COL), Arias T. 993 (HUAZ) DON, FLO,

SOL

Epidendrum lacustre Lindl. Forero E. 9816, Palacios P. 859, 1192, 1201, 1226, Arbelaez E.

53, 731, Duivenvoorden J. 607, Sanin D. 6362 (COAH), Restrepo

D. 344 (HUA)

FLO, SOL

Epidendrum longicolle Lindl. Cumaco L. S. & E. Trujillo E. 16 (HUAZ) FLO

Epidendrum macrocarpum Rich. Marin C. 2896 (COAH, COL), Velayos M. 6455 (COL) FLO, MOR,

SOL

Epidendrum macrum Dressler Ortiz-Valdivieso M 528 (HPUJ, AMO) FLO

Epidendrum magnicallosum C. Schweinf. Arevalo R. 46, 91, 165 (COL) SOL

Epidendrum mamapachae Hágsater, F.O. Espinosa &

E. Santiago *

iNaturalist SVC

Epidendrum melinanthum Schltr. Plazas L. L. et al. 42 (HUAZ) FLO

Epidendrum microcapitellatum Hágsater, Medina Tr.

& E. Santiago *

iNaturalist FLO

Epidendrum micronocturnum Carnevali & G.A.

Romero

Arevalo R. 40 (COL) SOL

Epidendrum microphyllum Lindl. Arevalo R. 201 (COL) SOL

Epidendrum mora-retanae Hágsater E. Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Epidendrum myrmecophorum Barb. Rodr. Perdomo O. 275, 284 (CUVC), Arbelaez E. 256, 379 (HUA) CAR, FLO,

MOR, SOL

Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq. Arbelaez E. 888, Franco-Rosselli P. 3730, Sanchez M. 1943,

1942, 1941 (COAH), Cardenas D. et al. 42156 (FMB), Arias T.

874–876, 959, Trujillo E. 815 (HUAZ)

BEL, CAR,

DON, FLO,

SJF, SOL

Epidendrum orbiculatum C. Schweinf. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 573 (HPUJ) SVC

Epidendrum orchidiorum Salzm. ex Lindl. Arbelaez E. 730, 815, 776, Cardenas D. 45063, 48634, Sanin D.

6642 (COAH), Davidse G. 5612, Hermann F. J. 11257, Manson

H. L. 13949 (COL), Arbelaez E. 379 (HUA), Araujo D. & Trujillo E.

17, Arias T. 865, Croat T. et al. 100480 (HUAZ)

CAR, FLO, SOL

Epidendrum porphyreonocturnum Hágsater & R.

Jiménez

Perdomo O. 179 (CAUP) FLO

Epidendrum portokalium Hágsater E. & Dodson C. Cuatrecasas J. 9002 (COL) FLO

Epidendrum putumayoense Hágsater E. & L. Sanchéz Valencia E. & Hágsater E. 11640 (AMO) N/A

Epidendrum radicans Pav. ex Lindl. Polania O. L. & Trujillo E. 5 (HUAZ) FLO

Epidendrum rhodochilum (Schltr.) Hágsater E. &

Dodson C.

Trujillo W. s. n. (AMO) BEL

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Epidendrum rhombochilum L.O. Williams Betancur J. et al. 20224 (COAH) BEL

Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 471 (HPUJ), Polania O. L. & Trujillo E. 1,

Cumaco L. S. & Trujillo E. 15 (HUAZ), Groenendijk J. s.n. (MA)

FLO, SOL

Epidendrum rugulosum Schltr. Sanin D. 6640 (HUA) FLO

Epidendrum sanctae-rosae Hágsater E., Sauleda,

Uribe Vélez & E. Santiago

Perdomo O. 322, 424 (CUVC) FLO

Epidendrum saxatile Lindl. Trujillo E. et al. 1038 (COAH), Arias T. 967 (HUAZ) BEL, DON

Epidendrum sculptum Rchb.f. Cardenas D. 41772 (COAH, FMB) BEL

Epidendrum secundum Jacq. Betancur J. 20457 (COAH), Correa M. et al. 4605 (HUAZ),

Barbosa C. et al. s.n. (MA)

BEL, FLO,

PRC, SOL

Epidendrum spilotum Garay & Dunst. Escobar R. 5270 (AMO) N/A

Epidendrum stenobractistachyum Hágsater E. & E.

Santiago

Cuatrecasas J. 8426 (COL) FLO

Epidendrum strobiliferum Rchb.f. Cardenas D. 46422 (COAH) SOL

Epidendrum teuscherianum A. D. Hawkes ** Chaux-Varela J. 102, 103, 108 (HUAZ) DON

Epidendrum tridens Poepp. & Endl. Franco-Rosselli P. et al. 3730 (COL) SOL

Epidendrum tumuc-humaciense (Veyret) Carnevali &

G. A. Romero

Arbelaez E. & Castro F. 888, Barbosa C. et al. 8154, Castro Viejo

F. et al. 335, Franco-Rosselli P. et al. 3636 (COL)

SOL

Epidendrum uleinanodes Hágsater E. ** Groenendijk 33 (COAH) SOL

Epidendrum vinosum Schltr. ** iNaturalist PAU

Epidendrum whittenii Hágsater E. & Dodson C. Coca et al. 9207b (FAUC) SJF

Epistephium hernandii Garay Arbelaez E. 276 (COAH) SOL

Epistephium parviorum Lindl. Castro F. 10974, Palacios P. 864 (COAH) SOL

Epistephium subrepens Hoehne Duivenvoorden J. 215, Gentry A. 65171, Ospina H. 1141,

Palacios P. 581, 760, 2437, Restrepo D. 9 (COAH)

SOL

Eriopsis biloba Lindl. Arbelaez E. 172 (COAH), Palacios P. 2415 (COL), Barbosa C.

7631 (FMB)

SOL

Eriopsis sceptrum Rchb.f. & Warsz. Cardenas D. 46424 (COAH) SOL

Erycina glossomystax (Rchb.f.) N. H. Williams & M.

W. Chase

Arias T. 961 (HUAZ) DON

Erycina pumilio (Rchb. f.) N. H. Williams & M. W.

Chase

Atwood J. T. & Mora D. s.n. N/A

Erycina pusilla (L.) N. H. Williams & M. W. Chase von Sneidern K. 1075, Castroviejo S. 322, Perez-Arvelaez E. 370

(COL), Betancur J. 2349 (HUA)

BEL, FLO, SVC

Eulophia alta (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Perdomo O. 342 (CUVC), Betancur J. 2214 (HUA) BEL, SVC

Galeandra macroplectra G. A. Romero & Warford Galeano G. 2249 (COL) SOL

Galeandra stangeana Rchb. f. Franco-Rosselli P. 3860 (COL) SOL

Galeottia negrensis Schltr. Mendoza H. 10283, Cardenas D. 48408 (COAH) SOL, SVC

Gongora atropurpurea Hook. iNaturalist SVC

Gongora portentosa Linden & Rchb. f. Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Habenaria mesodactyla Griseb. Franco-Rosselli P. 2410 (COL) SOL

Habenaria monorhiza Rchb. f. Orozco C. I. 2768 (COL), Goudot J. s.n. (P), Arias T. 756, 992,

1011, Chaux-Varela J. 107 (HUAZ)

FLO, DON,

PAU, PRC,

SOL, SVC

Habenaria pratensis Rchb. f. iNaturalist CAR

Houlletia lowiana Rchb. f. Cardenas D. 46013 (COAH) BEL

Houlletia sanderi Rolfe Perdomo O. 307 (CUVC) FLO

Hylaeorchis petiolaris (Schltr.) Carnevali & G. A.

Romero

iNaturalist BEL

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Ionopsis satyrioides (Sw.) Rchb.f. Perdomo O. 345 (CUVC) ALB, BEL

Ionopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl. Trujillo E. 846 (COAH), Idobro J. M. 8590 (COL) CAR

Jacquiniella globosa (Jacq.) Schltr. Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Jacquiniella teretifolia (Sw.) Britton & P. Wilson Betancur J. 20543, 20658 (COAH) BEL, FLO

Koellensteinia graminea Rchb.f. iNaturalist SVC

Laelia rosea (Lindl.) C.Schweinf. Calderon A. 260, 261, Chaux-Varela J. 43 (HUAZ) CAR, FLO

Lepanthes agglutinata Luer Cardenas D. 41869 (COAH, FMB, MO, NYCB), Trujillo E. 7691,

7705, 7949 (CUVC)

BEL, FLO, PRC

Lepanthes auriculata Luer Trujillo E. 7693 (CUVC) PRC

Lepanthes delhierroi Luer & Hirtz ** Arias T. 1186 (HUAZ) FLO

Lepanthes orenciana J. S. Moreno & Hoyos * Hoyos D., López O. & Fonseca A. 945 (COAH, HUAZ) FLO

Lepanthes forceps Luer & R. Escobar Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Lepanthes hirtzii Luer Trujillo E. 7687 (CUVC) PRC

Lepanthes mucronata Lindl. Arias T. 1234 (HUAZ) FLO

Lepanthes nontecta Luer ** iNaturalist SVC

Lepanthes tachirensis Foldats Arias T. 1232 (HUAZ) FLO

Lepanthes wageneri Rchb. f. Trujillo E. 7689 (CUVC) PRC

Lockhartia acuta Rchb.f. iNaturalist CAR

Lockhartia micrantha Rchb. f. Betancur J. 2226 (COL, HUA), Arias, T. 989 (HUAZ) DON

Lycaste fuscina Oakeley ** iNaturalist SVC

Lycaste macrobulbon Lindl. iNaturalist SVC

Lycaste macrophylla Lindl. iNaturalist SVC

Lycomormium skei H.R. Sweet Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 1365 (HPUJ) N/A

Lycomormium schmidtii Á. Fernández Fernandez 7248 (COAH) FLO

Macradenia purpureorostrata G. Gerlach Romero 4082 (COL) PRC

Macroclinium manabinum (Dodson C.) Dodson C. ** iNaturalist FLO

Malaxis histionantha (Link, Klotzsch & Otto) Garay &

Dunst.

iNaturalist SVC

Masdevallia amanda Rchb. f. & Warsz. Perdomo O. 395 (CUVC), Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 4185 (HPUJ),

Arias T. 1187 (HUAZ)

FLO, PRC

Masdevallia constricta Poepp. & Endl. ** iNaturalist FLO

Masdevallia ensata Rchb. f. Trujillo E. 7698 (CUVC) FLO

Masdevallia picturata Rchb.f. Arias T. 1230 (HUAZ) FLO

Masdevallia tubulosa Lindl. Polania & Trujillo E. 10 (HUAZ), Trujillo E. 7696 (CUVC) FLO, PRC

Masdevallia virgo-cuencae Luer & Andreetta Perdomo O. 423 (CUVC) FLO, SVC

Maxillaria acuminata Lindl. Perdomo O. 199 (CUVC) FLO

Maxillaria aequiloba Schltr. Trujillo E. 7561, Perdomo O. 399 (CUVC) FLO, PRC

Maxillaria alba Lindl. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 467 (HPUJ) BEL

Maxillaria anceschiana Molinari Correa M & Trujillo E. 5344 (HUAZ) FLO

Maxillaria aureoglobula Christenson Perdomo O. 292, 349 (CUVC), Chaux-Varela J. 36 (HUAZ) BEL, FLO

Maxillaria aurea (Poepp. & Endl.) L. O. Williams Cardenas D. 48633 (COAH), Sanin D. 6569 (COL), Perdomo

O. 411 (CUVC), Diaz et al. 38, Santomio L. M. & Trujillo E. 12,

Molina A. 31, Arias T. 1202 (HUAZ)

FLO, PRC

Maxillaria auyantepuiensis Foldats Trujillo W. 1041 (COAH), Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 556 (HPUJ) BEL, FLO

Maxillaria bicallosa (Rchb. f.) Garay Betancur J. 20637 (COAH), Perdomo O. 370, 384 (CUVC),

Chaux-Varela J. 35 (HUAZ)

BEL, FLO

Maxillaria bolivarensis C. Schweinf. Trujillo E. 957 (COAH), Perdomo O. 346, 382 (CUVC) BEL, FLO

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Maxillaria brachybulbon Schltr. Perdomo O. 285 (CUVC) FLO

Maxillaria buchtienii Schltr. Perdomo O. 316 (CUVC) FLO

Maxillaria camaridii Rchb. f. Cardenas D. 41896, 44563 (COAH), Trujillo E. 812 (HUAZ) BEL, CAR,

FLO, SVC

Maxillaria carinulata Rchb. f. Santomio L. M. & Trujillo E. 6 (HUAZ) FLO

Maxillaria cassapensis Rchb. f. Perdomo O. 401, Trujillo E. 7700 (CUVC) PRC

Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Arevalo R. 68, 157, Franco-Rosselli P. 4153 (COL), Perdomo O.

370 (CUVC)

BEL, SOL, PRC

Maxillaria cruentata (Arévalo & Bergq.) Molinari &

Mayta *

Arevalo R. 1080 (COL, WIS) SOL, SVC

Maxillaria cryptobulbon Carnevali & J.T. Atwood Londoño 871 (UDBC) PRC

Maxillaria cuzcoensis C. Schweinf. ** Dodson C. 3255 (SEL) FLO

Maxillaria discolor (G. Lodd. ex Lindl.) Rchb. f. Arevalo R.218, Betancur J. 20650, Pabon M. 544(COAH), Vasco

A. 342 (HUA), Arias T. 848, 849, 853, 867, Chaux-Varela J. 38,

Trujillo E. 806 (HUAZ)

BEL, SOL,

CAR, PRC,

SVC

Maxillaria dunstervillei Carnevali & I. Ramirez J. G. ** Castaño N. 8572 (COAH) BEL, PRC

Maxillaria ecuadorensis Schltr. Perdomo O. 274 (CUVC), Santomio L. M. & Trujillo E. 10

(HUAZ)

FLO

Maxillaria egertoniana (Bateman) Molinari Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) SJF

Maxillaria embreei Dodson C. Castaño N. 8843 (COAH), Perdomo O. 321 (CUVC), Araujo D. &

Trujillo E. 3, Arias T 1219 (HUAZ)

BEL, FLO, SOL

Maxillaria equitans (Schltr.) Garay iNaturalist CAR

Maxillaria erikae Molinari ** Perdomo O. 0167 (CUVC) FLO

Maxillaria exaltata (Kraenzl.) C. Schweinf. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 4172 (HPUJ), Araujo D. & Trujillo E. 32

(HUAZ)

FLO

Maxillaria fractiexa Rchb. f. Perdomo O. 391 (CUVC) PRC

Maxillaria imbricata Barb. Rodr. Arias, T. 957, 958, 970, 1016 (HUAZ) DON, FLO,

PAU, SVC

Maxillaria inaequisepala (C. Schweinf.) Molinari Prado et al. 614 (FMB) SOL

Maxillaria kegelii Rchb.f. Arevalo R. 276 (COAH), Correa M. 9932 (HUAZ) SOL

Maxillaria lepidota Lindl. iNaturalist FLO

Maxillaria longipetala Ruiz & Pav. iNaturalist SVC

Maxillaria longipetiolata Ames & C. Schweinf. Perdomo O. 262 (CUVC), Trujillo E. 1041 (HUAZ) BEL, FLO

Maxillaria longissima Lindl. Perdomo O. 233 (CUVC), Araujo D. & Trujillo E. 4, Arias T. 1191

(HUAZ)

FLO

Maxillaria mapiriensis (Kraenzl.) L. O. Williams Perdomo O. 323 (CUVC), Arias T. 965 (HUAZ) FLO, DON

Maxillaria meridensis Lindl. Cuatrecasas J. 9121 (COL), Araujo D. & Trujillo E. 4, Arias

T.12078, Chaux-Varela J. 90, Cumaco L. S. & Trujillo E. 32,

Pinilla J. et al. 32, Plazas L. L. et al. 37 (HUAZ)

FLO

Maxillaria nasuta Rchb. f. Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) SOL

Maxillaria notylioglossa Rchb. f. Perdomo O. 179 (CUVC) FLO

Maxillaria novoae Molinari Perdomo O. 0173 (CUVC) FLO

Maxillaria nubigena (Rchb. f.) C. Schweinf. Correa M & Trujillo E. 4903, Santomio L. M. & Trujillo E. 16

(HUAZ)

FLO

Maxillaria obtusa (Lindl.) Molinari Barbosa C. 7543 (COAH), Franco-Rosselli P. et al. 3814 (COL,

MO)

SOL

Maxillaria parkeri Hook. Gentry A. 65290 (COAH, MO) Arevalo R. 154, 267, 325 (COL),

Prado L. F. 526, 542 (COAH, MO, COL)

SOL

Maxillaria parviora (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay Gentry A. 65290 (COAH, MO) Arevalo R. 154, 267, 325 (COL)

Arias T. 1001, Chaux-Varela J. 104 (HUAZ)

BEL, DON,

FLO, SVC

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Maxillaria pendens Pabst ** Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Maxillaria pergracilis (Schltr.) Schuit. & M.W. Chase Perdomo O. 372 (CUVC) BEL, FLO

Maxillaria plicata Schltr. Arias, T. 1205 (HUAZ) FLO

Maxillaria porrecta Lindl. Perdomo O. 273, 340 (CUVC), Arias T. 928, 963, 1204, Polania

D. & Trujillo E. 6 (HUAZ)

BEL, DON,

FLO

Maxillaria proboscidea Rchb. f. ** Arias T. 850, 868 (HUAZ) SOL

Maxillaria pterocarpa Barb. Rodr. Dodson C. 3247 (SEL) FLO

Maxillaria ringens Rchb. f. Ortiz-Valdivieso M 529 (HPUJ) FLO

Maxillaria sanantonioensis Christenson * Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Maxillaria setigera Lindl. Cardenas D. 48631 (COAH) FLO

Maxillaria soulangeana Molinari Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) BEL

Maxillaria splendens Poepp. & Endl. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 554, 4241 (HPUJ) FLO

Maxillaria striata Rolfe Trujillo E. s.n. (CUVC) FLO

Maxillaria subrepens (Rolfe) Schuit. & M. W. Chase Arevalo R. 87 (COL) SOL

Maxillaria tenuis C. Schweinf. Arevalo R. 85, 362 (COAH, COL) BEL, SOL

Maxillaria uncata Lindl. Arevalo R. 213 (COAH), Arias, T. 915 (HUAZ) SOL

Maxillaria villosa (Barb. Rodr.) Cogn. Prado 508, Restrepo 866 (COAH) SOL

Maxillaria violaceopunctata Rchb. f. Sastre R. D. 5061 (P) SOL

Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis (Linden & Rchb. f.) Garay

& Dunst.

Cabezas 1752 (JBB) SVC

Muscarella cryptophyta (Barb.Rodr.) Bogarín &

Karremans **

Arias T. 918 (HUAZ) FLO

Muscarella samacensis (Ames) Luer Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 474 (HPUJ), Chaux-Varela J. 53 (HUAZ) FLO

Myoxanthus anis (Lindl.) Luer Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) SJF

Myoxanthus cimex (Luer & R. Escobar) Luer Perdomo O. 266, 415 (CUVC) FLO

Myoxanthus merae (Luer) Luer ** Arias T. 1020 (HUAZ) SVC

Myoxanthus monophyllus Poepp. & Endl. iNaturalist SVC

Myoxanthus reymondii (H. Karst.) Luer Arias T. 974, Chaux-Varela J. 86 (HUAZ) DON

Myoxanthus xiphion Luer Perdomo O. 180, 414 (CUVC) FLO

Notylia barkeri Lindl. ** Arias T. 846, 847 (HUAZ) SOL

Notylia platyglossa Schltr. Perdomo O. 271 (CUVC) VAL

Notylia sagittifera (Kunth) Link, Klotzsch & Otto iNaturalist MIL

Octomeria colombiana Schltr. Trujillo E. 1039 (COAH, HUAZ), Arias T.973, Chaux-Varela J. 87

(HUAZ)

DON, BEL

Octomeria erosilabia C. Schweinf. Arevalo R 84 (COL), Arevalo R. 242, van der Wal 231 M.

(COAH), Vasco A. 242, 255 (HUA)

SOL

Octomeria exigua C. Schweinf. Arevalo R. 356 (COL), Gonzalez M. F. 2693 (COAH, COL) FLO, SOL

Octomeria grandiora Lindl. Arevalo R. 367 (COL), Mesa N. & Trujillo E. 07 (HUAZ) FLO, SOL

Octomeria minor C. Schweinf. Vasco A. 188, 203 (COL) SOL

Octomeria scirpoidea (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb.f. Cardenas D. 6854 (COAH), Arevalo R. 273 (COL), Vasco A. 202

(HUA)

SOL

Octomeria surinamensis H. Focke Arevalo R. 90, 152, 246, 266, 348 (COL) SOL

Octomeria taracuana Schltr. Velayos 6421 (MA), Franco-Rosselli P. 4148 (COL) SOL

Octomeria tridentata Lindl. Dodson C. 3245 (SEL) FLO

Odontoglossum paniculatum Dalström & Deburghgr. iNaturalist SVC

Oliveriana brevilabia (C. Schweinf.) Dressler & N.H.

Williams

iNaturalist SVC

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Oncidium abortivum Rchb. f. Betancur J. 2197 (HUA) SVC

Oncidium alexandrae (Bateman) M. W. Chase & N.H.

Williams

Luteyn J. L. et al. 4958, Sanin D. 6395 (COL), Calderon A. 248

(HUAZ), Gentry A. el at. 9183 (MO)

FLO, PRC

Oncidium baueri Lindl. Trujillo E. 549 (COAH, HUAZ), Calderon A. 249 Arias T. 995,

1214 (HUAZ)

DON, FLO,

SOL

Oncidium citrinum Lindl. Ortiz-Valdivieso M 550 (HPUJ) FLO

Oncidium eliae (Rolfe) M. W. Chase & N. H. Williams Perdomo O. 409 (CUVC) FLO, PRC

Oncidium ensatum Lindl. ** iNaturalist SVC

Oncidium fuscatum Rchb. f. Correa M. et al. 5113 (HUAZ) FLO

Oncidium gramineum (Poepp. & Endl.) M. W. Chase

& N. H. Williams

Perdomo O. 362, 3623 (CUVC), Arias T. 920, Chaux-Varela J. 52

(HUAZ)

BEL, FLO

Oncidium orthotis Rchb. f. Perdomo O. 348, 405 (CUVC) BEL, PRC

Oncidium poikilostalix (Kraenzl.) M. W. Chase & N.

H. Williams

iNaturalist SVC

Oncidium putumayense (P. Ortiz) M. W. Chase & N.

H. Williams

iNaturalist SVC

Oncidium sphacelatum Lindl. Betancur J. 1666 (HUA) SVC

Ornithocephalus bryostachys Schltr. ** Hoyos F. s.n. (HUAZ) FLO

Otoglossum globuliferum (Kunth) N. H. Williams &

M. W. Chase

Cardenas D. 48646 (COAH) FLO

Otoglossum serpens (Lindl.) N. H. Williams & M. W.

Chase

Ramirez J. G. 5204 (COAH), Perdomo O. 249, Trujillo E. 7623

(CUVC)

FLO

Palmorchis guianensis (Schltr.) C. Scweinf. & Correll Duivenvoorden J. 949 (MO, COAH) SOL

Palmorchis puber (Cogn.) Garay Cardenas D. 48406, Castro F. 11280 (COAH) SOL, SVC

Paphinia cristata (Lindl.) Lindl. Trujillo E. 3858 (HUAZ) SOL

Paphinia lindeniana Rchb. f. Bernal R. 533 (COL) SJF

Peristeria guttata Knowles & Westc. Sanchez M. 28 (HUAZ) CAR

Platystele alucitae Luer Sanin D. 6490 (COAH) FLO

Pleurothallis bivalvis Lindl. Arias, T. 972 (HUAZ) DON, FLO

Pleurothallis bicornis Lindl. Arias T. 1229 (HUAZ) FLO

Pleurothallis chloroleuca Lindl. iNaturalist SVC

Pleurothallis cordata (Ruiz & Pav.) Lindl. Perdomo O. 422, 398 (CUVC), Arias T. 1221 (HUAZ) FLO, PRC

Pleurothallis discoidea Lindl. Arias, T. 953 (HUAZ) PAU

Pleurothallis languida Luer & R. Escobar iNaturalist SVC

Pleurothallis manicosa Luer & R. Escobar iNaturalist BEL

Pleurothallis matudana C. Schweinf. Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) SJF

Pleurothallis microcardia Rchb.f. Betancur J. 20415 (COAH) BEL, SVC

Pleurothallis octavioi Luer & R. Escobar Arias T. 1192 (HUAZ) FLO, SVC

Pleurothallis phalangifera (C. Presl) Rchb. f. Trujillo E. 7946 (CUVC) FLO

Pleurothallis pruinosa Lindl iNaturalist BEL

Pleurothallis ruberrima Lindl. Jimenez E. 33 (COAH) FLO

Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br. in W. T. Aiton Castaño N. 9230 (COAH) BEL, FLO

Pleurothallis sandemanii Luer Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Pleurothallis sphaerantha Luer ** Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) FLO

Polycycnis barbata (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Perdomo O. 354, 378 (CUVC) BEL, FLO

Polyotidium huebneri (Mansf.) Garay Benavides A. 1292 (HUA) SOL

Polystachya foliosa (Hook.) Rchb.f. in Walp. Cardenas D. 24841, Rodriguez W. D. 6973, Sanin D. 6465

(COAH), Arias T. 855, 877, 1002, Trujillo E. & Marin 183,

Cumaco L. S. & Trujillo E. 23, Trujillo E. et al. 1512 (HUAZ)

CAR, FLO,

SOL, SVC

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Polystachya stenophylla Schltr. Trujillo E. et al. 824, Mesa N. & Trujillo E. 8 (HUAZ) CAR, MON

Ponthieva fertilis (F. Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Salazar iNaturalist SVC

Prescottia cordifolia Rchb.f. Diaz J. 369 (COAH) PRC

Prescottia stachyodes (Sw.) Lindl. Cuatrecasas J. 9070 (COL) FLO

Prosthechea aemula (Lindl.) W. E. Higgins Romero R. 4136 (COL, MO) CAR

Prosthechea chimborazoensis (Schltr.) W. E. Higgins Mendoza H. 497 (FMB) SOL

Prosthechea cochleata (L.) W. E. Higgins iNaturalist SVC

Prosthechea crassilabia (Poepp. & Endl.) Carnevali &

I. Ramírez

Stevenson P. 961 (COAH), Arias T. 994 (HUAZ) FL, PAU, SVC

Prosthechea grammatoglossa (Rchb.f.) W. E. Higgins Arias, T. 1018 (HUAZ) SVC

Prosthechea pygmaea (Hook.) W. E. Higgins iNaturalist SVC

Prosthechea tigrina (Linden ex Lindl.) W. E. Higgins Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO, SVC

Prosthechea venezuelana (Schltr.) W. E. Higgins Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) N/A

Prosthechea vespa (Vell.) W. E. Higgins Arevalo R. 198, Castaño N. 8544, Cardenas D. 48640 (COAH),

Perdomo O. 253, 367 (CUVC), Santomio L. M. & Trujillo E. 8,

15 (HUAZ)

BEL, FLO, SOL

Psilochilus macrophyllus (Lindl.) Ames Betancur J. 20322, Castaño N. 7500, 8785 (COAH) BEL

Psychopsis sanderae (Rolfe) Lückel & Braem Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) NA

Pterostemma escobarii (Dodson C.) M. W. Chase &

N. H. Williams

iNaturalist SVC

Rodriguezia bracteata (Vell.) Hoehne Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) ALB, BEL, FLO,

SJF

Rodriguezia claudiae Chiron ** iNaturalist SJF

Rodriguezia chasei Dodson & D. E. Benn. iNaturalist SVC

Rodriguezia lanceolata Ruiz & Pav. Diaz et al. 101 (UDBC) FLO, SOL

Rudolella oribunda (Schltr.) Hoehne Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 999 (HPUJ) PRC

Rudolella picta (Schltr.) Hoehne Perdomo O. 280, 343 (CUVC) BEL, FLO

Sacoila lanceolata (Aubl.) Garay Castro F. 67608 (COAH) PRC

Sarcoglottis neillii Salazar & Tobar ** Calderon A. 264 (HUAZ) FLO

Scaphosepalum cimex Luer & Hirtz ** Living collection (El Caraño, Florencia) FLO

Scaphyglottis aurea (Rchb.f.) Foldats Velayos 6870 (COL) SOL

Scaphyglottis bidentata (Lindl.) Dressler Giraldo 3311 (COAH), Estrada 666, Velayos 6514 (COL) BEL, SJF

Scaphyglottis boliviensis (Rolfe) B. R. Adams Perdomo O. 428 (CUVC), Arias T. 871, 903 (HUAZ) BEL, FLO, CAR

Scaphyglottis caquetana Szlach. & Kolan. * Cardenas D. et al. 6899 (COAH) SJF

Scaphyglottis graminifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. &

Endl.

Perdomo O. 418 (CUVC), Arias T. 905, Chaux-Varela J. 37

(HUAZ)

FLO, SJF, SOL

Scaphyglottis imbricata (Lindl.) Dressler Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) SJF

Scaphyglottis longicaulis S. Watson Cumaco L. S. & Trujillo E. 7, Mesa N. & Trujillo E. 2, Santomio

& Trujillo E. 11 (HUAZ)

BEL, SJF

Scaphyglottis obtusisepala Szlach. & Kolan. * Trujillo E. 1042 (COAH) BEL

Scaphyglottis prolifera (Sw.) Cogn. Aguilar M. 251 (COAH) FLO

Scaphyglottis punctulata (Rchb. f.) C. Schweinf. Trujillo E. 7664, 7863 (CUVC), Arias T. 966, 1200, 1209 (HUAZ) DON, FLO,

PRC

Scaphyglottis stellata Lodd. ex Lindl. Cardenas D. 48550, 6932, Gonzalez M. F. 2617, Rodriguez M.

3641, Stevenson P. 1399, Velayos M. 6412 (COAH), Arevalo

R. 88 (COL), Trujillo E. 885 (HUA), Arias T. 869, 905, 962,

Chaux-Varela J. 42 (HUAZ), Cardenas D. 6932 (MO)

CAR, DON,

FLO, SJF, SOL,

SVC

Sertifera purpurea Lindl. & Rchb.f. Sanin D. 6098 (COAH) FLO

Sobralia biora Ruiz & Pav. Trujillo E. 887 (HUAZ) SJF

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Sobralia crocea (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f. Cardenas D. 42426 (FBM, COAH), Betancur J. 20496 (COAH),

Trujillo E. 7985 (CUVC)

BEL, FLO

Sobralia decora Bateman Arevalo R. 346 (COAH) SOL

Sobralia mbriata Poepp. & Endl. Perdomo O. 337 (CUVC) BEL

Sobralia fragrans Lindl. Palacios P. 2578 (COL), Castaño N. 7582, Cardenas D. 46381,

Betancur J. 20594 (FMB)

BEL, SOL

Sobralia granitica G. A. Romero-Gonzalez MF &

Carnevali

Castro F. 10841 (COAH), Arias T. 1015 (HUAZ) SOL, SVC

Sobralia klotzscheana Rchb. f. Betancur J. 20458 (COAH), Romero R. 4053 (COL), Arias T.

991, 1015 (HUAZ)

BEL, PAU

Sobralia leucoxantha Rchb. f. Polania D. & Trujillo E. 4 (HUAZ) FLO

Sobralia liliastrum Lindl. Arbelaez E. 326, Cardenas D. 4135, Palacios P. 1164 (COAH),

Franco-Rosselli P. 3237, 2417, 3718 (COL), Cumaco L. S. &

Trujillo E. 33, Pabon M. 971 (HUAZ), Cardiel J. M. 1010 (MA)

FLO, SOL

Sobralia macrophylla Rchb. f Cuatrecasas J. 9119, Fernandez A. 20079 (COL), Vasco A. 306

(HUA), Mesa N. & Trujillo E. 06, 22 (HUAZ)

FLO, SOL

Sobralia roezlii Rchb. f. iNaturalist FLO

Sobralia sessilis Lindl. Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) BEL

Sobralia violacea Linden ex Lindl Barbosa C. 8109, Gonzalez M. F. 2270, Palacios P. 2932, 2880

(COL)

SOL

Sobralia virginalis Peeters & Cogn. In Cogn. & Goos. iNaturalist FLO, SVC

Specklinia grobyi (Lindl.) F. Barros Escobar R. 5051 (MO) SVC

Specklinia picta (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M. W. Chase Cardenas D. et al. 48247 (COAH), Arevalo R. 217 (COL) SOL, SVC

Stanhopea candida Barb. Rodr. Arias T. 854 (HUAZ) SOL

Stelis aviceps Lindl. Cardenas D. et al. 41680 (COAH), 41773 (FMB) BEL

Stelis kefersteiniana (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M. W.

Chase

iNaturalist SOL

Stelis lindenii Lindl. Ortiz-Valdivieso M. 536 (HPUJ) BEL

Stelis oblonga (Ruiz & Pav.) Willd. Sanin D. 6492 (COAH, HUA) FLO

Stelis purpurea (Ruiz & Pav.) Willd. Perdomo O. 268, 315 (CUVC) FLO, SVC

Stelis superbiens Lindl. Perdomo O. 368 (CUVC) BEL

Stenia pallida Lindl. Arias, T. 913, 987 (HUAZ) SJF, DON

Telipogon pogonostalix Rchb. f. Arias, T. 981 (HUAZ) DON

Telipogon polymerus Rchb. f. * Trujillo E. 7636, Perdomo O. 403 (CUVC) FLO, PRC

Telipogon selbyanus N. H. Williams & Dressler ** Perdomo O. 418 (CUVC) FLO

Trichocentrum cebolleta (Jacq.) M. W. Chase & N. H.

Williams

Arias T. 909, 1000, 1010, Chaux-Varela J. 40 (HUAZ) DON, FLO,

SVC

Trichocentrum helicanthum (Kraenzl.) J. M. H. Shaw Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) N/A

Trichocentrum nanum (Lindl.) M.W. Chase & N. H.

William

Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) SVC

Trichocentrum nudum (Bateman ex Lindl.) M. W.

Chase & N. H. Williams

Living collection (El Manantial, Florencia) FLO

Trichocentrum pulchrum Poepp. & Endl. Perdomo O. 276 (CUVC) FLO

Trichosalpinx orbicularis (Lindl.) Luer Franco-Rosselli P. 4179, Palacios P. 2450, Arevalo R. 341 (COL),

Cardenas D. 42195 (FMB)

BEL, PRC, SOL

Trizeuxis falcata Lindl. iNaturalist BEL

Tubella multicuspidata (Rchb.f.) Archila Cardenas D. et al. 41704 (COAH) BEL

Tubella pusilla (Kunth) Archila Arias T. 870 (HUAZ), Perdomo O. 397 (CUVC) CAR, PRC

Vanilla bicolor Lindl. Idobro J. M. 11423 (COAH) SOL

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Species name Accessions reviewed Area

Vanilla guianensis Splitg. Barona A. 4863 5192 (COAH) CAR, SOL

Vanilla odorata C. Presl. Barona A. 4864 (COAH) SOL

Vanilla palmarum (Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl. Barona 4620, Cardenas D. et al. 48604 (COAH) BEL, SVC

Vanilla penicillata Garay & Dunst. in Dunst. & Garay Franco-Rosselli P. 4258 (COL) SOL

Vanilla pompona Schiede Cardiel J. M. 1089 (COL) SOL

Vanilla sprucei Rolfe Barona A. 3124, Duivenvoorden J. 719, Restrepo D. 441 (COAH) SOL

Vanilla trigonocarpa Hoehne Barona A. 3125, 4611, 4612, 4613, 4615, 4616, 4617, 4618,

4619 (COAH)

BEL

Warczewiczella amazonica Rchb. f. & Warsz. Alzate F. 980 (FAUC) MIL

Wullschlaegelia calcarata Benth. Cardenas D. et al. 48513 (COAH), Blanco M. et al. 233 (COAH,

HUAZ)

FLO

Xerorchis amazonica Schltr. Barona A. 1483 (COAH) SOL

Xerorchis trichorhiza (Kraenzl.) Garay Franco-Rosselli P. 4240 (COL) SOL

Xylobium foveatum (Lindl.) G. Nicholson Perdomo O. 324 (CUVC) FLO

Xylobium leontoglossum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe Trujillo E. et al. 7867 (CUVC) FLO

Field expeditions

To expand the checklist of Orchidaceae that occur in Caquetá, we carried out a

total of 12 eld expeditions between 2019 and 2023 for the project “Orquídeas

para la Paz.” Two expeditions explored part of the Alto Fragua Indi Wasi Na-

tional Natural Park in collaboration with the Park and ten expeditions explored

montane, premontane forests and lowland Amazonian Forest of the Depart-

ment. Fertile specimens were collected and prepared for herbaria according to

techniques used for orchid collections, that includes the preservation of ow-

ers in spirit collections, photographs and tissue collections for ongoing DNA

analyses. The specimens were deposited at either the Universidad de la Ama-

zonía (HUAZ) or the Universidad del Valle (CUCV) Herbaria (acronyms accord-

ing to Thiers 2020). Duplicate collections were made for other herbaria when

possible. Living specimens, collected when owers were not found, were taken

to local nurseries at El Caraño, Florencia, located at 950 m a.s.l. for cold weath-

er orchids, or El Manantial, Florencia, located at 300 m a.s.l. for warm weather

orchids. Once they owered, they were photographed, identied and herbar-

ium specimens were made. All collections were deposited under the collec-

tion permit of the Universidad de la Amazonia (permit number 01691 October

2020; Indi Wasi National Park memorandum No. 20182200004943) by Alexis

Calderón, Marco Correa and Edwin Trujillo.

Resources used

Databases and herbaria were used to nd herbarium specimens that were ex-

amined to back-up observations without vouchers. Available literature, as well as

local, regional and national catalogues were used to nd herbarium specimens

collected in the region. Only records with a herbarium specimen were considered

for this checklist; living specimens and iNaturalist records by one of the authors

or collaborators and with a specialist identication were considered in the list,

but only as “tentative” until the herbarium collection is available.

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

To carry out online consultations in herbaria, search criteria were considered

using the keywords: “Caquetá”, “Orchidaceae”, “tropical humid forest”, “botani-

cal expeditions”, “Amazon region” and “Caquetá River.” The “advanced search”

option was used for most of the herbaria consulted, since it allows for a more di-

rect search for information. International herbaria consulted, either in person or

online, included: Harvard University Oak Ames Herbarium (AMES), Herbario del

Instituto Chinoin (AMO), Berlin (B), Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Herbarium (KEW),

University of California, Los Angeles Herbarium (LA), the Real Jardín Botánico de

Madrid (MA), Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NL), Herbarium Utrech (U), New York

Botanical Garden (NY), the Muséum national d´Histoire naturelle in Paris (P),

Marie Selby Botanical Gardens (SEL), Tropicos (2002) of the Missouri Botanical

Garden (MO), Gdansk University (UGDA), University of Florida Herbarium (USF),

W-Reichenbach (Vienna) and University of Wisconsin Herbarium (WIS).

Colombian herbaria included: Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Cientí-

cas – SINCHI (COAH), Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL), Herbario de la Uni-

versidad del Cauca (CAUP), Herbario de la Universidad del Valle (CUCV), Herbario

de la Universidad de Caldas (FAUC), Herbario Federico Medem-Bogotá (FMB),

Herbario de la Ponticia Universidad Javeriana (HPUJ), Herbario de la Universi-

dad de Antioquia (HUA), Herbario Enrique Forero (HUAZ) de la Universidad de la

Amazonia, Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis de Bogotá (JBB), Universidad

de los Llanos (LLANOS), Universidad de Nario (PSO), Universidad Surcolom-

biana (SURCO), Herbario Forestal de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de

Caldas (UDBC) and Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC).

Other checked databases included GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility,

2022), IDigBio (Integrated Digitized Biocollections) and BRAHMS at Marie Selby

Botanical Gardens (Software for Natural History management).

Name validation and data curation

Correct scientic names of species were assigned, based on the World Flora

Online (WFO 2022), except for the genus Tubella (Luer) Archila, which was ac-

cepted as valid following Bogarín et al. (2018). All names were supported by

herbarium specimens, photographs uploaded on iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.

com) or living collections in one of the local nurseries that supported their pres-

ence in Caquetá with reliable taxonomic determination.

All records obtained from herbaria, databases and literature were carefully cu-

rated regarding their scientic name, locality, collector and collection number. For

localities, names of municipalities were veried and updated. To assign a name

to duplicates with different identication, the provenance of each assigned name

was investigated, paying particular attention to plants identied by experts, cura-

tors and recognised taxonomists, besides using the date of determination and its

citation in a publication. Lastly, using photographs and a list of taxonomic groups

within orchids, we reached out to as many specialists as possible for their species

expertise (see Acknowledgements). This nal dataset was used for analyses.

Data analysis

Collection records were georeferenced as precisely as the information al-

lowed, since in many records, the location is not clearly specied, a frequent

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

situation in orchids, old collections and those made by amateurs. Due to the

lack of standardised geographical coordinates, only the number of species in

municipalities is reported for this study. Georeferenced records and species

distribution maps were constructed for the 16 municipalities and are available

upon request.

Results

A total number of 228 fertile specimens were collected in the eld (collections

made by Arias T., Chaux-Varela J., Perdomo O., Trujillo E. and Correa M.), 692

herbarium specimens were reviewed in different herbaria, 100 photographs and

two living collections accessed for specimen identications. The most abun-

dant species in the eld were Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq., E. lacustre Lindl.,

Maxillaria discolor (G. Lodd. ex Lindl.) Rchb. f. and Scaphyglottis stellata Lodd.

ex Lindl. Some of the rarest ones only observed in the eld once were Cyrtochi-

lum caquetanum P. Ortiz, L. E. Álvarez & A. J. Carrillo, Masdevallia ensata Rchb.

f. and Paphinia cristata (Lindl.) Lindl. In “Orquídeas para la Paz” expeditions,

98 species (collections made by Arias T. and Chaux-Varela J.) representing 29

genera were collected. Living individuals that were not owering in the eld

were brought to El Manantial (300 m a.s.l.) and El Caraño (950 m a.s.l.) both

located in the Municipality of Florencia. Herbaria collections are actively being

made once orchids start owering. A total of 55 species are available at El

Manantial and 60 at El Caraño.

We report 418 species belonging to 98 genera represented in 744 herbar-

ium collections including duplicates. Eighty-two species are new reports for

Caquetá since they have not been vouchered until this study (Table 1, collec-

tions exclusively made by one of the authors of this paper). The most spe-

cies-rich genera were Epidendrum L. (68 spp.), Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. (59 spp.),

Pleurothallis R.Br. (16 spp.), Elleanthus C. Presl (14 spp.), Sobralia Ruiz & Pav.

(14 spp.) (Table 1, Figs 2–5). Most genera found in Caquetá (75) have one to

three species (Fig. 5). We found two introduced species around urban areas of

Florencia, Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. and Dendrobium nobile Lindl.;

these were not included in the species list.

Eighty-one species are included as “tentative” because they have been accu-

rately identied, but lack a herbarium voucher. Fifty-three out of these 81 were

included as potentially distributed in the Caquetá because records produced by

the authors and collaborators in the eld through photographs were not docu-

mented with herbarium vouchers. Such photographic records were submitted

to iNaturalist (see https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/orquideas-del-caqueta).

Twenty-seven species including 15 in El Manantial and 12 in El Caraño, are part

of our living collections. They were collected fertile in the eld and identied, but

have not been photographed or documented with herbarium vouchers to date.

For the Municipality of Florencia, 192 species were recorded, followed by So-

lano with 108 and Belén de los Andaquíes with 77 (Fig. 4). Five municipalities

including Albania, Morelia, Valparaíso, Milán and La Montañita have three or

less records and there are no orchid botanical collections for Curillo and Solita

(Table 1). Fourteen species are endemic to Colombia and from those, 11 have

new herbarium vouchers made in this project. Twenty nine are new reports for

Colombia and 15 of those have new herbarium vouchers as a result of this

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

A. B. C.

E. F.

Figure 2. Representative Orchidaceae species from Caquetá, Colombia. A Acianthera casapensis B Acianthera ciliata

C Laelia rosea D Catasetum tuberculatum E Cattleya violacea F Trichocentrum nudum G Cyrtochilum porrigens H Epiden-

drum mbriatum I Dimerandra emarginata J Epidendrum coronatum K Epidendrum difforme.

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Figure 3. Representative Orchidaceae species from Caquetá, Colombia. A Galeandra macroplecta B Maxillaria aureoglob-

ula C Maxillaria egertoniana D Maxillaria equitans E Maxillaria parkeri F Maxillaria parviora G Notylia barkeri H Oncidium

alexandrae I Octomeria grandiora J Prosthechea chimborazoensis K Stanhopea candida L Sobralia macrophylla.

K. L.

A. B.

project (Table 1). Masdevallia virgo-cuencae Luer & Andreetta (VU), Miltoniopsis

phalaenopsis (Linden & Rchb. f.) Garay & Dunst. (VU) and Oncidium alexandrae

(Bateman) M. W. Chase & N. H. Williams (EN) were included in the Red List of

Colombian orchid species (Calderón-Sáenz 2007).

Most collections made in Caquetá have been deposited at HUAZ, which cur-

rently holds 210 orchid specimens, while COAH holds 207 orchid specimens

and COL 109 orchid specimens. Seven international herbaria had between

1–12 collections from Caquetá (Table 1).

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Figure 4. Distribution of orchid species number in Caquetá municipalities. A Orchid species distribution by municipality

and a heatmap of species richness found in each of the municipalities B Number of orchid species found in each munic-

ipality and their geographic position (Andean Piedmont or Amazonian Basin).

Andean-Amazonian piedmont

Amazon forest

192

108

34 27 24 19 10 3332100

Florencia

Solano

Belén de los Andaquíe

San Vicente

Puerto Rico

El Doncello

Cartagena del Chairá

San José del Fragua

El Paujil

Albania

Morelia

Valparaíso

Milán

La Montañita

Curillo

Solita

Number of species

108

192

19 67

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

Discussion

A total of 276 new species records of Orchidaceae were added to the previous

orchid report of Betancur et al. (2015), who cited 142 species. The great diversity

of Orchidaceae species in Caquetá might be explained by spatial heterogeneity

and phytophysiognomies in this region (Etter et al. 2006). The signicant diversity

of Epidendrum (68/1000) and Maxillaria (59/570) was expected because these are

some of largest Neotropical Orchidaceae genera with regards to species number

(Fig. 5, Suppl. material 1: table S1). The four most species-rich genera account for

40% of the total species, but they represent 4.12% of the total genera. Forty-three

genera included only one species for the region, which corresponds to 19% of the

total species and 42% of the total genera. Species in genera, such Encyclia Hook.

and Stelis Sw., were challenging to identify and additional taxonomic work is re-

quired. One widely distributed and unpublished hybrid Epidendrum × communis

Hágsater Ined. was added to the list after specialist advice (Hágsater, pers. comm.)

During the construction of this list, we left out collections made by Werner

Hopp (Schlechter 1924) since they were collected in Putumayo in 1921 and 1922

when Putumayo was part of the Caquetá intendancy. In 1991, Putumayo was po-

litically recognised as a Department and, as such, it is no longer part of Caquetá.

Additionally, some species collected by Hopp were deposited in the Berlin Her-

barium (B) and destroyed during Second World War (Suppl. material 1. table S2).

Most orchid species documented in Caquetá are found in the Florencia Mu-

nicipality (192 spp.). This could be explained by the convenience of collecting

around cities and the wide altitudinal gradient in this municipality. We present

collections numbers by municipality because conservation strategies might

differ between political boundaries in Colombia. Regional Autonomous Corpo-

rations (CAR) are the main environmental authority. They are responsible for im-

Figure 5. Number of orchid species in most abundant genera of Caquetá, Colombia A number of species in the most

species rich genera of Caquetá B pie chart showing the proportion of species in genera with 9 to 70 species.

Cleistes

Duckeella

Epistephium

Erycina

Lycaste

Notylia

Telipogon

Anathallis

Aspidogyne

Encyclia

Rodriguezia

Acianthera

Trichocentrum

Catasetum

Masdevallia

Myoxanthus

Stelis

Vanilla

Octomeria

Prosthechea

Lepanthes

Dichaea

Scaphyglottis

Oncidium

Cyrtochilum

Elleanthus

Sobralia

Pleurothallis

Maxillaria

Epidendrum

Maxillaria

Pleurothallis

Elleanthus

Sobralia

Cyrtochilum

Dichaea

Oncidium

Scaphyglottis

Lepanthes

Octomeria Prosthechea

Number of species

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

plementing policies and plans from the Ministry of Environment and are granted

administrative and nancial autonomy. Entities responsible for the formulation

of such conservation strategies might benet more from having such informa-

tion presented following Departmental divisions. By depositing 140 herbarium

specimens at HUAZ (duplicates will be sent to other herbaria) in the framework

of this study, we substantially increased its orchid collection to 210 species,

positioning HUAZ as the rst local herbarium with more herbarium collections

from Caquetá than any other herbaria (Fig. 6, Suppl. material 1: table S1).

Five of the municipalities of Caquetá, representing ~ 20% of the total geo-

graphical area of the Department, had zero to three herbarium collections or

species reported (Fig. 4). The areas in the north-eastern part of the eastern

Andean Mountain range still need extensive exploration. These areas include

the National Natural Park Cordillera de Los Picachos, where landmines were

Figure 6. Number of orchid species in the Colombian national herbaria and international herbaria. Instituto Amazónico

de Investigaciones Cientícas – SINCHI (COAH), Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL), Herbario de la Universidad del

Cauca (CAUP), Herbario de la Universidad del Valle (CUCV), Herbario de la Universidad de Caldas (FAUC), Herbario

Federico Medem-Bogotá (FMB), Herbario de la Ponticia Universidad Javeriana (HPUJ), Herbario de la Universidad de

Antioquia (HUA), Herbario Enrique Forero (HUAZ) de la Universidad de la Amazonia, Jardín Botánico José Celestino

Mutis de Bogotá (JBB), Universidad de los Llanos (LLANOS), Universidad de Nario (PSO), Universidad Surcolombiana

(SURCO), Herbario Forestal de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (UDBC), and Universidad Pedagógica y

Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC).Harvard University Oak Ames Herbarium (AMES), Herbario del Instituto Chinoin (AMO),

Berlin (B), Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Herbarium (KEW), University of California, Los Angeles Herbarium (LA), the Real

Jardín Botánico de Madrid (MA), Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NL) - Botany (Herbarium Utrech), New York Botanical

Garden (NY), the Herbier Museum Paris of the Museum National D´Histoire Naturelle (P), Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

(SEL), TROPICOS database (access 2022) of the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), Gdansk University (UGDA), University

of Florida Herbarium (USF), W-Reichenbach (Vienna) and University of Wisconsin Herbarium (WIS).

Colombia national herbaria International herbaria

210 207

109

24 18

22211

13 74322

11111

HUAZ

COAH

COL

CUVC

HUA

HPUJ

FMB

UDBC

FAUC

JAUM

CAUP

JBB

AMO

SEL

UGDA

USF

AMES

WIS

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

planted by rebel groups during the long armed conict that lasted for decades

and these have not been removed to date. Orchid diversity could signicantly

increase with the development of intensive exploration in these mountainous

ecosystems and a thorough exploration of the Amazonian Forest canopy. For

instance, Departments like Antioquia and Huila have been catalogued as hav-

ing the largest orchid diversity (Betancur et al. 2015); however, these areas of

Colombia have not been extensively explored for decades.

During our expeditions, two species Cattleya violacea (Kunth) Lindl. and

Trichocentrum lanceanum (Lindl.) M. W. Chase & N. H. Williams have been

found only in La Laguna del Chaira in the Cartagena del Chaira Municipality. We

doubt these species have a natural distribution there. Rather, we suspect they

were introduced during the massive effort to bring orchids to La Laguna del

Chaira during the 1980s, during which “uninformed” reintroductions of non-na-

tive species could have taken place.

This checklist places Caquetá as the eighth Department in Colombia in terms

of genera diversity (98 genera) from its original position in the National Plan of

Orchid Conservation (15th place, 62 genera). As for the ranking in species number

for Colombia, Caquetá goes from position 17th (142 spp.) to position 9th (418 spp.)

(Betancur et al. 2015). Caquetá has many orchid genera (98/258 in Colombia) with

few species each, 76% of genera having around 1–3 species. Each of these genera

include a unique clade distributed in a relatively small area of Colombia. This could

be of particular interest in conservation, prioritising evolutionary history over spe-

cies diversity (Arponen 2012). Caquetá would be one of the regions of Colombia

where there are more different genera represented in clades than in other Colombi-

an regions. This work supplies valuable evidence to promote conservation efforts

and politics for habitat preservation of the Colombia Andean Piedmont.

Caquetá has lost approximately 30% of its original area due to human im-

pacts, such as cattle ranching. National parks in Caquetá make up 65% of the

protected remnants. In the last 50 years, expansion of the agricultural frontier

for the establishment of grazing lands, wood extraction and illegal coca crops

have destroyed many ecosystems, greatly impacting all national parks. Floren-

cia, for example, is currently undergoing consistent expansion of farming lands

ultimately leading to the decimation of natural ecosystems (IDEAM 2020).

Conclusion

Our oristic study is a needed contribution towards a better understanding of

the diversity of Colombian orchids. The checklist provides a set of freely-avail-

able data on orchid diversity in Caquetá. Furthermore, our study is a baseline

panorama of orchid species diversity in the Department, identifying groups of

interest for further taxonomic work, especially those which have not been mo-

nographed. Lastly, the information provided could enhance local conservation

strategies for endangered oristic elements in the Department by adding to a

more complete overview of the high orchid diversity in the region.

Acknowledgements

We thank Mary Polania Ossa for taking care of the orchid living collections

at La Reserva Comunitaria El Manantial in Florencia, Caquetá. We also thank

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

members of different municipalities and regions around Caquetá who guided

us, helped us in the eld and hosted us in their houses during expeditions for

this work. The curators and staff from all herbaria consulted here. Additionally,

Eric Hágsater from Herbario AMO; Gerardo Salazar from Universidad Nacional

de Mexico (UNAM); Mark Wilson from Colorado College; Adam Karremans and

Gustavo Rojas from Lankester Botanical Garden; Stig Dalstrom, Sebastian Vie-

ira, Eugenio Restrepo and Sebastian Moreno for their help in the identication

and curation of the specimens. Alvaro Duque from Universidad Nacional sede

Medellín provided a list of orchids from Chiribiquete and William Vargas from

Corporación Paisajes Rurales provided a list of orchids from eld trips he has

made around Caquetá.

Additional information

Conict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

The authors acknowledge support from the Colombian Ministry of Science and Technol-

ogy, grant support to RAC and TA ID: 89280 “Fortalecimiento del Turismo Comunitario

de la Reserva El Manantial, Florencia, Caqueta” Call: 1029-2021. Grant support to TA ID:

90 “Turismo comunitario y horticultura como una estrategia para el desarrollo rural de

Florencia, Caquetá durante el posconicto” Grant call: 858 de 2019. OAPE acknowledg-

es support from the Sainsbury Orchid Fellowship at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and

the Swiss Orchid Foundation.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: TA. Data curation: TA, JVD, ACT, OP, ETT. Formal analysis: TA, ETT,

JVD. Funding acquisition: TA. Investigation: AZT, ETT, MACM, ACT, JCV, TA, MPC, JVD,

OP. Methodology: TA, OP, ETT, RACÁ, JCV, MPC, ACT. Project administration: MPC,

RACÁ, TA. Supervision: JVD, TA. Validation: TA, OAPE, ACT, AZT, ETT, JVD. Visualization:

TA. Writing - original draft: TA. Writing - review and editing: OP, TA, ETT, OAPE, JVD, AZT.

Author ORCIDs

Tatiana Arias https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8261-0635

R. Alexis Calderón-Álvarez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-3070

Marco A. Correa-Munera https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-7733

Alejandro Zuluaga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-6353

Oscar Perdomo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-1965

Oscar A. Pérez-Escobar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-2410

Edwin Trujillo-Trujillo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5601-540X

Janice Valencia-D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2508-9825

Data availability

All of the data that support the ndings of this study are available in the main text or

Supplementary Information.

PhytoKeys 229: 21–46 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737

Tatiana Arias et al.: Checklist of Orchidaceae, Caquetá Colombia

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Supplementary material 1

Supplementary data

Authors: Tatiana Arias, Jeisson Chaux-Varela, Maria del Pilar Camero, R. Alexis

Calderón-Álvarez, Anyi Carolina Trujillo, Marco A. Correa-Munera, Alejandro Zuluaga,

Oscar Perdomo, Oscar A. Pérez-Escobar, Edwin Trujillo Trujillo, Janice Valencia-D.

Data type: tables (excel document)

(http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License

(ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and

use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the

original source and author(s) are credited.

Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.229.102737.suppl1

Content uploaded by Tatiana Arias

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Full-text available

Dec 2023

Registramos la presencia de Dressleria dodsoniana y Galeandra minax en Caquetá, Colombia, basados en dos poblaciones encontradas en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes y en el piedemonte Andino-Amazónico, respectivamente. Estas especies han sido previamente reportadas para el país en documentos impresos y en bases de datos, pero, sin la mención de ejemplares de herbario, siendo los registros fotográficos la única evidencia para su registro. Nuestros reportes resaltan la necesidad de confirmar la identidad y ocurrencia de las especies con la inclusión de colecciones botánicas en herbarios. Categorizamos ambas especies para Colombia como Críticamente Amenazadas (CR), debido principalmente, al deterioro de su hábitat y por el conocimiento de una única población registrada.

Two new orchid species (Camaridium: Maxillariinae; Lepanthes: Pleurothallidinae) from the Pacific slope of the Northern Andes, Colombia

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

The Northern Andean Cordillera in Colombia hosts unique, megadiverse, and fragile ecosystems, including wet tropical lowland, cloud forest, and paramo that are essential for climate regulation and the subsistence of human settlements. The Serrania de Los Paraguas on the Pacific slope of the western range of the Northern Andes, Colombia, is an ecosystem that needs to be preserved in the face of a major threat due to rapid deforestation. However, there have been very few explorations surveying its plant diversity in the area. Here, we describe two new orchid species to science from the genera Camaridium (C. antonellii: Maxillariinae, Cymbidieae) and Lepanthes (L. valerieae: Pleurothallidinae, Epidendreae) discovered during a floristic survey conducted in the region. Camaridium antonellii is similar to C. inauditum but differs in the fractiflex, ovate-elliptic, acute leaves, the flowers with pink sepals and petals, the lip white, distinctly three-lobed, spotted with purple on the lateral lobes and yellow-cream towards the apex, the mid-lobe ovate to transverse ovate and lanceolate sepals. Lepanthes valerieae, which is similar to L. antennata, differs in the long apical lobes of the petals, surpassing the dorsal sepal, the longer connectives > 18 mm, rounded lobes of the lip, and the oblong, flattened appendix. Illustrations, distribution maps, and photographs are provided.

A new species of Lepanthes (Pleurothallidinae) from the north of the Central Andes of Colombia

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

A new Lepanthes species from the northern end of the Central Andes of Colombia is described, illustrated, and compared with morphologically similar species. Lepanthes wakemaniae is most similar to L. caesariata but is easily distinguished by its petals with oblong to ovate upper lobes and triangular lower lobes; semi-ovate lip blades, with their inner margins touching above the column; the appendix ligulate and pubescent, and a column with an expanded, orbicular stigma.

Acianthera hagsateri (Pleurothallidinae), a new species from the sub-Andean forest of Colombia

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

A new species of Acianthera from the relict cloud forests of Valle del Cauca, Colombia is described and illustrated. This new species, Acianthera hagsateri, morphologically resembles A. geminicaulina, A. decurrens, and A. erythrogramma, but differs from them by its shorter plants and stems, the elliptic and obtuse smaller leaves, the racemose, 1–3 flowered raceme, and the obovate, entire lip, with a pair of smooth calli reaching the apical half. Illustration, distribution map, eponymy, notes on ecology, pictures for this new species are included, and a comparison table with morphologically similar species.

The Andes through time: evolution and distribution of Andean floras

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022
TRENDS PLANT SCI

The Andes are the world's most biodiverse mountain chain, encompassing a complex array of ecosystems from tropical rainforests to alpine habitats. We provide a synthesis of Andean vascular plant diversity by estimating a list of all species with publicly available records, which we integrate with a phylogenetic dataset of 14 501 Neotropical plant species in 194 clades. We find that (i) the Andean flora comprises at least 28 691 georeferenced species documented to date, (ii) Northern Andean mid-elevation cloud forests are the most species-rich Andean ecosystems, (iii) the Andes are a key source and sink of Neotropical plant diversity, and (iv) the Andes, Amazonia, and other Neotropical biomes have had a considerable amount of biotic interchange through time.

Genus-level taxonomical changes in the Lepanthes affinity (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae)

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2018

We propose a new classification of the Lepanthes affinity based on previous studies and our ongoing phylogenetic re-evaluation of the Pleurothallidinae. Fourteen genera are recognized as belonging to the affinity. They are found highly supported in a DNA-based phylogenetic inference of combined plastid (matK) and nuclear (nrITS) datasets. The necessary changes, including four novel generic concepts, needed to reorganize the Lepanthes affinity, are proposed here to insure monophyly. The integral discussion on the phylogenetics and biogeography of the group, together with morphological characterization of each clade will be presented in a follow up study.

A new and interesting species of Lepanthes

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2009

Amazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, and Biodiversity

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Full-text available

Nov 2010
SCIENCE

The Amazonian rainforest is arguably the most species-rich terrestrial ecosystem in the world, yet the timing of the origin and evolutionary causes of this diversity are a matter of debate. We review the geologic and phylogenetic evidence from Amazonia and compare it with uplift records from the Andes. This uplift and its effect on regional climate fundamentally changed the Amazonian landscape by reconfiguring drainage patterns and creating a vast influx of sediments into the basin. On this “Andean” substrate, a region-wide edaphic mosaic developed that became extremely rich in species, particularly in Western Amazonia. We show that Andean uplift was crucial for the evolution of Amazonian landscapes and ecosystems, and that current biodiversity patterns are rooted deep in the pre-Quaternary.

Tropicos. Missouri Botanical garden.

Article

Jan 2013

Tropicos

An updated classification of Orchidaceae

Article

Feb 2015
BOT J LINN SOC

Since the last classification of Orchidaceae in 2003, there has been major progress in the determination of relationships, and we present here a revised classification including a list of all 736 currently recognized genera. A number of generic changes have occurred in Orchideae (Orchidoideae), but the majority of changes have occurred in Epidendroideae. In the latter, almost all of the problematic placements recognized in the previous classification 11 years ago have now been resolved. In Epidendroideae, we have recognized three new tribes (relative to the last classification): Thaieae (monogeneric) for Thaia, which was previously considered to be the only taxon incertae sedis; Xerorchideae (monogeneric) for Xerorchis; and Wullschlaegelieae for achlorophyllous Wullschlaegelia, which had tentatively been placed in Calypsoeae. Another genus, Devogelia, takes the place of Thaia as incertae sedis in Epidendroideae. Gastrodieae are clearly placed among the tribes in the neottioid grade, with Neottieae sister to the remainder of Epidendroideae. Arethuseae are sister to the rest of the higher Epidendroideae, which is unsurprising given their mostly soft pollinia. Tribal relationships within Epidendroideae have been much clarified by analyses of multiple plastid DNA regions and the low-copy nuclear gene Xdh. Four major clades within the remainder of Epidendroideae are recognized: Vandeae/Podochileae/Collabieae, Cymbidieae, Malaxideae and Epidendreae, the last now including Calypsoinae (previously recognized as a tribe on its own) and Agrostophyllinae s.s. Agrostophyllinae and Collabiinae were unplaced subtribes in the 2003 classification. The former are now split between two subtribes, Agrostophyllinae s.s. and Adrorhizinae, the first now included in Epidendreae and the second in Vandeae. Collabiinae, also probably related to Vandeae, are now elevated to a tribe along with Podochileae. Malaxis and relatives are placed in Malaxidinae and included with Dendrobiinae in Malaxideae. The increased resolution and content of larger clades, recognized here as tribes, do not support the ‘phylads’ in Epidendroideae proposed 22 years ago by Dressler. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 177, 151–174.

Arponen, A. Prioritizing species for conservation planning. Biodiversity and Conservation

Article

Apr 2012

Anni Arponen

The efforts to protect biological diversity must be prioritized because resources for nature conservation are limited. Conservation prioritization can be based on numerous criteria, from ecological integrity to species representation, but in this review I address only species-level prioritization. Criteria used for species prioritization range from aesthetical to evolutionary considerations, but I focus on the aspects that are biologically relevant. I distinguish between two main aspects of diversity that are used as objectives: Maintenance of biodiversity pattern, and maintenance of biodiversity process. I identify two additional criteria typically used in species prioritization that serve for achieving the objectives: The species’ need of protection, and cost and effectiveness of conservation actions. I discuss how these criteria could be combined with either of the objectives in a complementarity-based benefit function framework for conservation prioritization. But preserving evolutionary process versus current diversity pattern may turn out to be conflicting objectives that have to be traded-off with each other, if pursued simultaneously. Although many reasonable criteria and methods exist, species prioritization is hampered by uncertainties, most of which stem from the poor quality of data on what species exist, where they occur, and what are the costs and benefits of protecting them. Surrogate measures would be extremely useful but their performance is still largely unknown. Future challenges in species prioritization lie in finding ways to compensate for missing information.

Checklist of Orchidaceae from Caquetá, Colombia

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