Cultural and Communication Approaches in the Design of Visual Communication Design Works

Abstract

This paper discusses culture and communication, which are essential in designing visual communication design works (visual communication design). A student and professional designer with a good understanding of culture and communication can create appropriate and effective designs for the target audience. Designers need to study the target audience's values, norms, Language, and beliefs. This is conducted to ensure the designs are acceptable to the target audience in achieving the desired goals. Designers must also consider visual elements such as colors, typography, symbols, and images appropriate to the target audience's culture. The designer must have a right and measurable design concept to accommodate cultural values and norms that are adapted to the placement conditions and the target market of the users of the visual communication design product. In the test and evaluation stage, the designer must test the design on an audience that fits the consumer culture. After that, the designer needs to evaluate the audience's response to the visual communication design product that is produced, including the effectiveness and readability of the message conveyed through the design communication. In conclusion, understanding culture and communication is crucial in designing visual communication designs. Designers who consider these factors can create appropriate and effective designs and solve design problems.

Full text

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JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS, CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
http://jolcc.org/index.php/jolcc/index
Vol.01, No.01, 2023: June: pages: 79-90
Cultural and Communication Approaches in the Design of Visual
Communication Design Works
1Sigied Himawan Yudhanto, 2Faizal Risdianto, 3Aphief Tri Artanto
1D3 Desain Komunikasi Visual, Sekolah Vokasi Universitas Sebelas Maret. 2Tadris Bahasa Inggris,
Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Ilmu Keguruan, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Salatiga. 3Desain
Komunikasi Visual, Fakultas Arsitektur dan Desain Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Jawa
Timur
1Email: sigiedhy@staff.uns.ac.id
Submission Track:
Received: 21-03-2023, Final Revision: 11-05-2023, Available Online: 01-06-2023
Copyright © 2023 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses culture and communication, which are essential in designing visual
communication design works (visual communication design). A student and professional designer with
a good understanding of culture and communication can create appropriate and effective designs for
the target audience. Designers need to study the target audience's values, norms, Language, and
beliefs. This is conducted to ensure the designs are acceptable to the target audience in achieving the
desired goals. Designers must also consider visual elements such as colors, typography, symbols, and
images appropriate to the target audience's culture. The designer must have a right and measurable
design concept to accommodate cultural values and norms that are adapted to the placement
conditions and the target market of the users of the visual communication design product. In the test
and evaluation stage, the designer must test the design on an audience that fits the consumer culture.
After that, the designer needs to evaluate the audience's response to the visual communication design
product that is produced, including the effectiveness and readability of the message conveyed through
the design communication. In conclusion, understanding culture and communication is crucial in
designing visual communication designs. Designers who consider these factors can create appropriate
and effective designs and solve design problems.
Keywords: culture, visual communication design, communication

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INTRODUCTION
Visual Communication Design is a field of knowledge and practices concerned with using
images, text, colors, and other visual elements to convey messages or information to target
audiences through visual media. Visual Communication Design uses technology and design software
to create visual masterpieces such as posters, brochures, catalogs, advertisements, logos, and more.
So, visual communication design is the art of conveying information or messages using visual
Language conveyed through the media in the form of design. Visual Communication Design aims to
inform, influence, and change the target (audience) behavior following the goals to be realized. The
design process generally considers aspects of function, aesthetics, and various other aspects, the
data of which is usually obtained from research, thinking, brainstorming, or pre-existing designs
(Lia Anggraini S. & Kirana Nathalia, 2021, p. 15). Visual communication design is a science that
studies communication concepts and the expression of creative power, which is applied in various
visual communication media by processing graphic design elements consisting of images
(illustrations), letters and typography, colors, composition, and layout (Migotuwio, 2020, p. 51). The
main task of Visual Communication Design is to create effective visual works and attract the
audience's attention because the design is a way of communicating in a visual form that uses image
facilities to convey information or messages as effectively as possible. The design process in visual
communication generally aims to inform and promote visual messages that attract attention and
can change the recipient's behavior (Wibowo, 2021, p. 181). In general, people will more quickly
receive notifications in visual form than in text form (Rizali et al., 2019, p. 296). In this case, the
designer must consider factors such as the target audience's characteristics, the message to be
conveyed, and the media to display the visual work. Visual Communication Design has several
functions, for example, product promotion, introducing a brand, raising awareness about a social
issue, and enhancing the user experience. Visual Communication Design can also be used in various
media, such as print, digital and social media (Supriyono, 2019). Some important elements in Visual
Communication Design include layout, typography, colors, images, textures, and graphics. A
designer also needs to consider design principles such as balance, contrast, and visual hierarchy in
creating effective visual works; visual elements are descriptive, provide identification of visual
characters and visual variety found in visual communication design works (Antoro et al., 2022, p.
946).
Visual Communication Design as a spearhead in advertising and marketing; even in the
academic world, products from visual communication design as a creative and visual
communication approach can be a useful complement to traditional academic results (Ma et al., n.d.,
p. 15 ). Visual communication design conveys messages through visual elements such as colors,
typography, symbols, and images. However, the message conveyed through design work must be
acceptable to the target audience. Therefore, designers must consider cultural and communication
factors in creating effective and targeted design work. Products from visual communication design
will have an inevitable effect, both positive and negative: within the scope of giving advice, directing,
influencing, stimulating, disturbing, and even burning enthusiasm (Ouyang, 2021, p. 1). Effective
visual works can increase the attractiveness and value added to the brand and provide a new
paradigm for the target on how to understand the message to be conveyed. Therefore, designers

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need to have a cultural and communication approach because culture and communication are two
things that are interrelated and influence each other.
Culture refers to the values, norms, Language, and beliefs of a society or group of people,
consumers, or target markets. At the same time, communication is conveying information and
messages from one party to another. The spread of culture itself occurs through intercultural
communication, which is increasingly widespread, making certain cultures then experience
universalization and even be applied in aspects of life (Utami, 2018, p. 37). Since this communication
already contains cultural values (Muchtar et al. ., 2016, p. 113).
Culture is a civilization that continues to develop and form the community's habits or mindset
and broadly influences social life. A small part of the scope of community life is a form of
Development in Graphic Design as a form of social communication in the community (Widi Nugroho,
2019). In culture, Language is essential because it is the main means of communication between
individuals or groups. Intercultural communication is the process of transferring messages by
someone through certain channels to people who come from different cultural backgrounds
(Ammaria, 2017, p. 6). Language reflects the culture and can influence the way a person thinks and
acts. In addition, cultural values and norms also influence the way a person communicates and
receives information.
On the other hand, communication can also influence culture. For example, the mass media
can influence a person's perspective on an issue or problem, including a system of symbols and
cultural perceptions that are quite different (Karuni Mulia Putri, 2022). Communication can also
help people from different cultures to understand each other and appreciate different forms of
difference. Communication can be interpreted as a process of transferring and exchanging
information between humans through a system. In the process of transferring and exchanging, it is
carried out through symbols or verbal and visual Language that can be understood collectively
(Ibrahim et al., 2012, p. 258).
In conclusion, culture and communication are two elements that will complement each other.
Understanding the cultural characteristics of the target audience and creating design works that can
accommodate these cultural factors is very important in designing a visual communication design
that is effective and acceptable to the audience. All acts of communication originated from the
concept of culture. The contribution of cultural background is significant to a person's
communication behavior, including understanding the meanings perceived for communication
actions originating from different cultures (Natadjaja, 2004, p. 159). Culture and communication is
critical in visual communication design because design works must be able to accommodate the
values, norms, Language, and beliefs of the target audience. As designers, we must understand the
cultural characteristics of the target audience to create design works that are acceptable and
effective in conveying messages or information. Meghan Kelly from Deakin University (PSDK, 2011)

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explained in communicating messages that it will be challenging to design a design for markets from
other countries because there are cultural differences between the intended market and the
message's sender; in this case, the designer.
For this reason, cross-cultural understanding is needed in making visual communication
designs. For example, certain colors, symbols or images can have different meanings in different
cultures. For example, red can represent good luck in some Asian cultures, while in Western
cultures, it can represent danger or anger. Therefore, in visual communication design, it is
important to consider the target audience's culture and choose visual elements that are in
accordance with the values and norms of that culture.
Visual communication includes the working mechanism of the five senses possessed by
humans. Eyes that perceive impressions of visual objects. Furthermore, the impression will be
passed on to the brain to produce a particular interpretation of meaning. In the semiotic concept
put forward by Roland Barthes, the term Denotation is known as a literal message through an image
that naturalizes symbolic messages. Meanwhile, the sign or symbol's message is a connotation
based on a particular cultural code (Ernawati, 2019, p. 28). In visual communication, exchanging
messages involves symbols, letters, colors, photographs, pictures, graphics and other visual
elements through certain media variants with specific interpretations of meaning. Keith Kenney,
professor of communication from SMC (School of Journalism & Mass Communications) from the
University of South Carolina, United States of America, explained that visual communication is a
process of interaction between humans who express ideas through visual media. The feedback is in
the form of understanding the meaning of the message's recipient as intended by the sender
(Kenney, 2009). So, two things need to be considered in visual communication; first, from the
communicator's point of view with regard to how symbols, letters, colors, photographs, images,
graphics, and others are packaged in such a way as to have a certain message content. Second, from
the communicant's point of view, how to interpret the meaning of symbols, letters, colors, photos,
drawings, graphics, and others according to what the communicator means (Rengga Andhita, 2021,
pp. 3–4).
In addition, Language is also important in visual communication design. Language can affect
how the audience understands the message or information that is to be conveyed through design
work. Therefore, in visual communication design, we must choose words and phrases that are
acceptable and easily understood by the target audience. In conclusion, culture and communication
are very important in visual communication design because they can influence the way the audience
understands and receives the message or information to be conveyed through design work; for
instance, the process of adopting good communication will provide a form of information that will
help a marketing person to develop and convey the right promotional messages, improve the
correct product perception of customer groups and adjust promotional strategies that are more
relevant to the target audience (John & De'Villiers, 2020, p. 2), case studies in the application of
culture and communication in visual communication.
Designing an advertisement involves carefully considering various factors to ensure its
effectiveness in conveying the desired message and achieving the intended objective. When

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designing an advertisement, both print and electronic, the designer must understand the culture of
the target audience and the Language used by them to create advertisements that are acceptable and
attract attention. In addition, designers must also consider other factors, such as the values held by
the target audience, visual preferences, and what kind of lifestyle suits them. Therefore, it is
essential to understand the cultural characteristics of the target audience and choose the
appropriate visual and Language elements to create an effective design work that the audience can
accept in conveying a dialogue to others. Nature prompts humans to recognize images and their
creators. God as the creator may be seen as a universal force or energy that governs the universe's
workings.
Visual influences influence such adaptive biological attitudes: in some contexts, humans react
to an image by seeking its creator; in some other contexts, they ignore the intentionality of the
creator and focus on their way of "creating" the image in their reception of it; and in several other
contexts, they concentrate on how the image itself is so that each individual can become a
communicative agent in the world (Leone, 2016, p. 215).
Delivering dialogue through visuals to other people can also be a problem for a designer. As a
new designer, this potentially becomes a problem and challenge because of the demand to
compromise on the cultural background of potential market candidates. In addition, designers also
need to consider the media or platform used to convey messages. The media or platform can
influence how the audience understands the message. For example, suppose a designer wants to
create design work that will be seen via social media. In that case, the designer must consider the
way social media users interact with visual content and the Language used on the platform. Under
these conditions, the issue that will be raised is how to ensure that there is a connection between
the design process owned by the designer and the culture or market culture in a spatial concept
(Wiyono, 2021, p. 3). Due to the inability of a designer to design visual communication design
products with a cultural and communication approach, the strength of the product will shift. This
shift can occur due to input from designers who have experienced a change in mindset, making
designs cheap, meaningless, unsustainable, and even losing the "spirit" of the design product itself.
This is also enough to corner design artists from being dissolved in the capitalist industrial system
and designing designs that elevate local culture as a commercial product. The symbolic
representation that is offered to the public through a product becomes the output of a visual
communication design product that deserves to be examined for its meaning (Nurfiana, 2021, p.
92). with a pragmatic mindset, designers only start to think that for their designs to be liked, the
results must follow the existing flow. The prestige of local aesthetic culture is decreasing due to
being eroded by the flow of globalization (Hamdanu Budi Nurmana, 2022).

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RESEARCH METHOD
This paper, in the context of critical review, puts forward a critical review of the form of
evaluation or critical analysis carried out on an idea or its relation to producing visual
communication design products with a cultural and communication approach which has
implications for empirical studies about it from an objective point of view. In conducting a critical
review, several aspects are considered, including the context in analysis, structure and organization,
Language and style of writing, quality of evidence used, and quality of thoughts and conclusions
conveyed. This allows the author to provide a more holistic and objective assessment of the ideas
reviewed. The elaboration will use a structure that begins with an introduction and closes with a
conclusion (UNSW Sydney, 2022). The theoretical study will be an essential stage in the process of
visual culture movement being disseminated to the public through various existing signs and
symbols (Gunalan et al., 2022, p. 213). Visual communication design products produce various kinds
of communication devices; visual media variations refer to multiple types of media, such as
television, films, blogs, websites, and most recently, social networking sites where visual content
such as images, videos, infographics, animations, posters, and memes feature images as part of
messages (John & De'Villiers, 2020). For example, many individuals prefer to use visual rather than
verbal representations because it is considered that the closer (temporally, socially, or
geographically) they are to the recipient of the message, the more likely they are to use a means of
representation that is closer (graphically) to the recipient of the message. (Torrez et al., 2019, p. 1),
Figure: 1 Framework for designing culture-based visual communication design products and
processed from the Kamenparekraf (Kemenparekraf/Baparekraf RI, 2021)

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All of these visual communication products become cultural diplomacy as well as indirect
communication tools. All explanations will be described in tabular form, and the visualization data
selected is the sunburst chart type. Sunburst is a method in visualization technique in the form of
radial space-filling. A sunburst visualization technique to display a tree-like structure. The
hierarchical items in a sunburst are formed radially, with the main hierarchical part located in the
center and the parts farther from the center being branches of the hierarchical data. Angles that
have the same color correspond to the data attribute. The main data is located in the middle of the
so-called root, while the outside data is called a leaf. The sunburst visualization technique allows
the user to control each slice/radial angle of all the items contained therein. 2 technical methods
can be designed using visualization (Kirk, 2023). Given the importance of quantitative or qualitative
data, it must appear hierarchically so that facts can appear in the form of sunburst plots and graphs
that are increasingly capable of practical applications (Woodburn et al., 2019, p. 2 ).
RESULT & DISCUSSION
Cultural and communication research in visual communication design includes several
stages, namely: First, the research carried out by the cultural analysis method is the first stage in
formulating the design of a visual communication design product that meets cultural and
communication aspects. At this stage, cultural analysis is broken down into the target audience,
Language, traditions, popular culture, and relevant media the audience uses. Then determine the
design concept. After conducting research and cultural analysis, the next step is determining the
design concept. In this stage, the designer must choose the right design concept to accommodate
the target audience's cultural values and norms. Designers must consider visual communication
elements such as position, color, size, shape, and image orientation (Clarkson, 2015) to create
design works that are acceptable to the target market.
Further testing and evaluation After the design has been made, the next stage is to carry out
testing and evaluation of the design work. Designers need to test design work on the culturally
appropriate audience and what the results will be. After that, the designer needs to evaluate the
audience's response to the design work, including the effectiveness and readability of the message
conveyed through the design work. The outcome is revisions and future developments (Vojvodić,
2021). Based on the testing and evaluation results, designers need to revise and develop design
works to create more effective and acceptable designs for the audience. This includes changing
visual elements or Language that is not appropriate to the culture of the target audience. Some of
the points above will be described in the following table:
Table 1: 4 Stages in designing cultural and communication-based visual communication
products.

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Stage
Process
components
elements
1
Cultural/Communication
Analysis
•
Target of Audience
o Sex/Gender
o Last Education
o Location or geographic
location
o occupation
o salary
o consumptive behavior
•
Language
o Local/District
o National
o International
•
Tradition
o Language
o Knowledge
o Social Organization
o Life tools/Technology
o Economics
o Religion
o Arts
•
Popular Culture
o Popular Music
o Film
o Television
o Radio
o Video Games
o Book Publishing
o Internet
o Comics
•
Media
o Electronics
o Digital
o Traditional
2
Design Concept
•
Value & Norms
o Custom
o Habit
o Taboo
o Law
•
Visual communication
o Position
o Color
o Size
o Shape/Form
o Orientation
3
Testing the Evaluation
•
Technical
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent
•
Preference/Satisfaction
•
Simulation
•
Market response
4
Revision &n Development
•
Minor
o Colors
o Pictures
o Fonts
o Order of Sections
o Partial
•
Major
o Changing the design
partially, such as adding new
elements or switching them

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completely – more than 20%
of the design
o Completely changing a
design from an original brief.
o Changing a design direction
o A section is a content block,
with each section containing
some content such as
pictures, text, video, etc.
Then the table above is made in the form of a sunburst graphic to show the hierarchy of the four
stages of the process as an alternative visual communication design product design activity for
achieving goals, evaluating these alternatives, and selecting the best (most satisfying) alternative
among the various options.

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Figure: 2 4 Stages in the design of culture-based visual communication products and
communication in the sunburst graphic model.
CONCLUSION
The cultural and communication approach in designing a work of visual communication
design is essential to ensure that the message to be conveyed can be received and understood by
the intended target audience. In creating design works, it is necessary to consider cultural factors,
values, norms, and Language owned by the audience. By understanding cultural and communication
aspects, designers can create designs that can positively and effectively convey messages visually.
Cultural factors are essential in visual communication design because culture can influence how a
person understands, receives, and responds to messages conveyed through visual media. Some
cultural factors that need to be considered in visual communication design include Language: The
use of appropriate and appropriate Language to the target audience is very important to ensure that
the message conveyed can be easily understood. Norms and values: Cultural norms and values can
influence how a person perceives a message. Therefore, the designer needs to consider the target
audience's cultural values. Traditions and customs: The designer must also consider the traditions
and customs in the target audience's culture. For example, the designer needs to consider the food
types commonly consumed in that culture in the design of food products. Religion: Religion can
affect one's perception and response to a message. Therefore, designers need to consider the
religious values the target audience shares in visual communication design. In order to create an
effective visual communication design work, the designer needs to understand the cultural factors
that affect the target audience and integrate these cultural elements in the design work that is made.
Some of the positive and effective impacts that can result from good visual communication design
include: Improving message understanding: The right design can help the audience understand the
message you want to convey more easily and clearly. Increases visual appeal: An eye-catching
design can help grab the target audience's attention and reinforce the message you're trying to
convey. Increase trust and credibility: A professional and attractive design can increase the trust
and credibility of a brand or product. Improving impression and retention: Effective design can
leave a strong impression on the audience and help them remember the message you want to
convey. Motivates action: Effective design can motivate audiences to take certain actions, such as
buying a product or joining a campaign. To achieve a positive and practical impact in conveying
messages visually, it is necessary to understand the target audience, use the right Language, choose
the right colors and graphics, and use the right design technology and software.
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