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A new species of bat in the genus Nyctinomops Miller, 1902 (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from Misiones, Argentina
Abstract
As currently understood, the genus Nyctinomops contains four species: N. aurispinosus (Peale, 1849), N. femorosaccus (Merriam, 1889), N. laticaudatus (É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1805), and N. macrotis (Gray, 1840). Only N. macrotis and N. laticaudatus have been recorded from Argentina. We found that specimens of
Nyctinomops captured in the province of Misiones, Argentina did not correspond to the characters of either species known from Argentina, and did not match characters of any other known species. Morphological, morphometric, and molecular analyses of these specimens revealed that they represent a new species, which we describe herein.
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Cada ejemplar depositado en una colección sistemática constituye una prueba irrefutable de la presencia de una especie en un lugar y en un momento dado (ver Mares et al., 1989). Así, es importante que cada uno de los ejemplares depositados en una colección, cuente con la mayor cantidad posible de información que pueda servir de apoyo a diferentes líneas de investigación. De esta manera es fundamental la adopción de un criterio estandarizado para la toma de los datos, métodos de preparación y preservación, por parte de coleccionistas, investigadores y responsables del mantenimiento de las colecciones, lo que constituye uno de los objetivos de la presente publicación.
En ese sentido, la Colección Mamíferos Lillo (CML), de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, desarrolla metodologías internacionales estandarizadas, promoviendo el conocimiento sobre los mamíferos argentinos, y capacitando a estudiantes y profesionales para el manejo y uso de las colecciones. Este manual tiene por objetivo principal informar e instruir a las personas interesadas, especialmente a estudiantes e investigadores, sobre los métodos adecuados para realizar estudios, con colectas, de la fauna de mamíferos y documentar lo más detalladamente
posible acerca de sus hábitats, hábitos e historia natural. También podrá ser una herramienta para las autoridades gubernamentales de medio ambiente y fauna, para que interpreten y actúen en consecuencia, respecto a la importancia de permitir el desarrollo de aquellos estudios biológicos sobre las poblaciones naturales, entendiendo que el impacto sobre ellas es prácticamente ínfimo cuando la metodología empleada es la correcta.
We found the four species of Nyctinomops Miller, 1902 living in sympatry in central Guatemala. All specimens were found dead under turbines of a wind farm. Nyctinomops femorosaccus (Merriam, 1889), was previously known from northern Mexico and southwestern United States, and this record extends its distribution at least 1150 km southward, representing the first record for Guatemala and Central America. Although N. aurispinosus (Peale, 1848) and N. mac-rotis (Gray, 1839) were already known from Central America (Honduras), and these are the first records for Guatemala.
Nyctinomops aurispinosus is one of four species of the genus Nyctinomops (Molossidae) and is considered monotypic. This insectivorous species has a wide but poorly known neotropical distribution. This study documents the first record of the species for the Sama Valley, Tacna department, Perú. In addition, a current distribution map of the species is presented together with facts concerning its dietary composition. The specimen was collected using mist nets during a local bat study and compared with N. aurispinosus individuals in the scientific collection of the Museo de Historia Natural Javier Prado, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. The distribution map was made of published records and the diet of the specimen was analyzed by stereoscopy of the contents of its digestive tract. The collected specimen was identified as an adult male N. aurispinosus in reproductive condition. Analysis of the digestive tract contents showed that its diet was composed of lepidopterans. The current distribution map of the species consisted of a total of 78 published records. This new record for Tacna department expands the distribution of N. aurispinosus ca. 270 km to the south of Camaná, Arequipa department, becoming the southernmost record for the Pacific coast. The lepidopteran remains in the digestive tract show that its diet is similar to those reported for other molossids. This finding extends the known distribution of this species to the southwest of South America and increases to ten the number of bat species known from Tacna department. The proximity of this Peruvian record to Chilean territory and regional habitat continuity suggests the probable presence of N. aurispinosus in that country.
Our second selection for an innovation that changed mammalogy
is the Japanese mist net, which was a repurposing of
a centuries old invention. Prior to the availability of these nets,
mammalogists had limited ability to sample members of the
order Chiroptera. Samples of bats were obtained primarily from
day roosts or hibernacula, or by shooting them in the evening
twilight as they hawked insects. Tropical species were particularly
underestimated by the old methods. The use of mist nets
by both American mammalogists and ornithologists began in
the 1950s, resulting in an explosion of research and publications
about bats and birds in all areas of their biology. The capability
to capture volant animals alive and unharmed has contributed
significantly to our understanding of the Chiroptera, which is
second only to the order Rodentia within Mammalia in species
diversity, with more than 1,400 recent species described and
more being discovered as our knowledge continues to expand.
The molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
Resumen
Los lineamientos para el uso de especies de mamíferos de vida silvestre en la investigación con base en Sikes et al. (2011) se actualizaron. Dichos lineamientos cubren técnicas y regulaciones profesionales actuales que involucran el uso de mamíferos en la investigación y enseñanza; también incorporan recursos nuevos, resúmenes de procedimientos y requisitos para reportes. Se incluyen detalles acerca de captura, marcaje, manutención en cautiverio y eutanasia de mamíferos de vida silvestre. Se recomienda que los comités institucionales de uso y cuidado animal (cifras en inglés: IACUCs), las agencias reguladoras y los investigadores se adhieran a dichos lineamientos como fuente base de protocolos que involucren mamíferos de vida silvestre, ya sea investigaciones de campo o en cautiverio. Dichos lineamientos fueron preparados y aprobados por la ASM, en consulta con profesionales veterinarios experimentados en investigaciones de vida silvestre y IACUCS, de quienes cuya experiencia colectiva provee un entendimiento amplio y exhaustivo de la biología de mamíferos no-domesticados. La presente versión de los lineamientos y modificaciones posteriores están disponibles en línea en la página web de la ASM, bajo Cuidado Animal y Comité de Uso: (http://mammalogy.org/uploads/committee_files/CurrentGuidelines.pdf). Recursos adicionales relacionados con el uso de animales de vida silvestre para la investigación se encuentran disponibles en (http://www.mammalsociety.org/committees/animal-care-and-use#tab3).
The genus Nyctinomops comprises 4 species of bats in the free-tailed family Molossidae: Nyctinomops macrotis, Nyctinomops femorosaccus, Nyctinomops aurispinosus, and Nyctinomops laticaudatus. The objective of this study was to use mitochondrial sequence data to test hypotheses of relationship within Nyctinomops. A total of 460 bases of cytochrome b and 686 bases of NADH dehydrogenase were sequenced and analyzed from 22 individuals by use of parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Sequences from other molossid genera (Tadarida, Cynomops, and Otomops) were used as outgroups. In addition, a series of Nyctinomops specimens from Peru was re-assessed using morphological and molecular data. Our results agree with previous studies using morphological similarity in the placement of the largest member of the genus, N. macrotis, as sister to the remaining species. Furthermore, both mitochondrial data sets recovered the following relationship for the other members of the genus: (N. aurispinosus (N. laticaudatus, N. femorosaccus)).
Large phylogenomics data sets require fast tree inference methods, especially for maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenies. Fast
programs exist, but due to inherent heuristics to find optimal trees, it is not clear whether the best tree is found. Thus,
there is need for additional approaches that employ different search strategies to find ML trees and that are at the same
time as fast as currently available ML programs. We show that a combination of hill-climbing approaches and a stochastic perturbation
method can be time-efficiently implemented. If we allow the same CPU time as RAxML and PhyML, then our software IQ-TREE found
higher likelihoods between 62.2% and 87.1% of the studied alignments, thus efficiently exploring the tree-space. If we use
the IQ-TREE stopping rule, RAxML and PhyML are faster in 75.7% and 47.1% of the DNA alignments and 42.2% and 100% of the protein
alignments, respectively. However, the range of obtaining higher likelihoods with IQ-TREE improves to 73.3–97.1%. IQ-TREE
is freely available at http://www.cibiv.at/software/iqtree.
A comprehensive, but simple-to-use software package for executing a range of standard numerical analysis and operations used in quantitative paleontology has been developed. The program, called PAST (PAleontological STatistics), runs on standard Windows computers and is available free of charge. PAST integrates spreadsheettype data entry with univariate and multivariate statistics, curve fitting, time-series analysis, data plotting, and simple phylogenetic analysis. Many of the functions are specific to paleontology and ecology, and these functions are not found in standard, more extensive, statistical packages. PAST also includes fourteen case studies (data files and exercises) illustrating use of the program for paleontological problems, making it a complete educational package for courses in quantitative methods.
Nonparametric bootstrap has been a widely used tool in phylogenetic analysis to assess the clade support of phylogenetic trees.
However, with the rapidly growing amount of data, this task remains a computational bottleneck. Recently, approximation methods
such as the RAxML rapid bootstrap (RBS) and the Shimodaira–Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test have been introduced
to speed up the bootstrap. Here, we suggest an ultrafast bootstrap approximation approach (UFBoot) to compute the support
of phylogenetic groups in maximum likelihood (ML) based trees. To achieve this, we combine the resampling estimated log-likelihood
method with a simple but effective collection scheme of candidate trees. We also propose a stopping rule that assesses the
convergence of branch support values to automatically determine when to stop collecting candidate trees. UFBoot achieves a
median speed up of 3.1 (range: 0.66–33.3) to 10.2 (range: 1.32–41.4) compared with RAxML RBS for real DNA and amino acid alignments,
respectively. Moreover, our extensive simulations show that UFBoot is robust against moderate model violations and the support
values obtained appear to be relatively unbiased compared with the conservative standard bootstrap. This provides a more direct
interpretation of the bootstrap support. We offer an efficient and easy-to-use software (available at http://www.cibiv.at/software/iqtree) to perform the UFBoot analysis with ML tree inference.
Since its introduction in 2001, MrBayes has grown in popularity as a software package for Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. With this note, we announce the release of version 3.2, a major upgrade to the latest official release presented in 2003. The new version provides convergence diagnostics and allows multiple analyses to be run in parallel with convergence progress monitored on the fly. The introduction of new proposals and automatic optimization of tuning parameters has improved convergence for many problems. The new version also sports significantly faster likelihood calculations through streaming single-instruction-multiple-data extensions (SSE) and support of the BEAGLE library, allowing likelihood calculations to be delegated to graphics processing units (GPUs) on compatible hardware. Speedup factors range from around 2 with SSE code to more than 50 with BEAGLE for codon problems. Checkpointing across all models allows long runs to be completed even when an analysis is prematurely terminated. New models include relaxed clocks, dating, model averaging across time-reversible substitution models, and support for hard, negative, and partial (backbone) tree constraints. Inference of species trees from gene trees is supported by full incorporation of the Bayesian estimation of species trees (BEST) algorithms. Marginal model likelihoods for Bayes factor tests can be estimated accurately across the entire model space using the stepping stone method. The new version provides more output options than previously, including samples of ancestral states, site rates, site d(N)/d(S) rations, branch rates, and node dates. A wide range of statistics on tree parameters can also be output for visualization in FigTree and compatible software.
Motivation: The current tendency in molecular population genetics is to use increasing numbers of genes in the analysis. Here I describe
a program for handling and population genetic analysis of DNA polymorphism data collected from multiple genes. The program
includes a sequence/alignment editor and an internal relational database that simplify the preparation and manipulation of
multigenic DNA polymorphism datasets. The most commonly used DNA polymorphism analyses are implemented in ProSeq3, facilitating
population genetic analysis of large multigenic datasets. Extensive input/output options make ProSeq3 a convenient hub for
sequence data processing and analysis.
Availability: The program is available free of charge from http://dps.plants.ox.ac.uk/sequencing/proseq.htm
Contact: dmitry.filatov{at}plants.ox.ac.uk
El Parque Provincial Teyú Cuaré está ubicado en el departamento de San Ignacio, Misiones,
Argentina (27º 16 S, 55º 33 O) y tiene una superficie de 78 ha. El área estudiada cuenta con 659
especies de plantas vasculares, 384 géneros y 110 familias, de las cuales 15 son Pteridófitas, 18
Monocotiledóneas y 77 Dicotiledóneas. Cuatro de estas especies son endémicas del parque y alrededores
y otras 19 sólo crecen en Argentina, en el área abarcada por este trabajo. Las familias con mayor
número de especies son Poaceae, Fabaceae y Asteraceae; los géneros más ricos son Paspalum y
Panicum. Sólo 14 especies son adventicias. Nuestros resultados muestran la gran riqueza de especies y
la singularidad de la flora del parque
With the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and versatile primers that amplify the whole cytochrome b gene (approximately 1140 bp), we obtained 17 complete gene sequences representing three orders of hoofed mammals (ungulates) and dolphins (cetaceans). The fossil record of some ungulate lineages allowed estimation of the evolutionary rates for various components of the cytochrome b DNA and amino acid sequences. The relative rates of substitution at first, second, and third positions within codons are in the ratio 10 to 1 to at least 33. For deep divergences (greater than 5 million years) it appears that both replacements and silent transversions in this mitochondrial gene can be used for phylogenetic inference. Phylogenetic findings include the association of (1) cetaceans, artiodactyls, and perissodactyls to the exclusion of elephants and humans, (2) pronghorn and fallow deer to the exclusion of bovids (i.e., cow, sheep, and goat), (3) sheep and goat to the exclusion of other pecorans (i.e., cow, giraffe, deer, and pronghorn), and (4) advanced ruminants to the exclusion of the chevrotain and other artiodactyls. Comparisons of these cytochrome b sequences support current structure-function models for this membrane-spanning protein. That part of the outer surface which includes the Qo redox center is more constrained than the remainder of the molecule, namely, the transmembrane segments and the surface that protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix. Many of the amino acid replacements within the transmembrane segments are exchanges between hydrophobic residues (especially leucine, isoleucine, and valine). Replacement changes at first and second positions of codons approximate a negative binomial distribution, similar to other protein-coding sequences. At four-fold degenerate positions of codons, the nucleotide substitutions approximate a Poisson distribution, implying that the underlying mutational spectrum is random with respect to position.
About 20 years ago, DNA sequences were separately described from the quagga (a type of zebra) and an ancient Egyptian individual. What made these DNA sequences exceptional was that they were derived from 140- and 2400-year-old specimens. However, ancient DNA research, defined broadly as the retrieval of DNA sequences from museum specimens, archaeological finds, fossil remains, and other unusual sources of DNA, only really became feasible with the advent of techniques for the enzymatic amplification of specific DNA sequences. Today, reports of analyses of specimens hundreds, thousands, and even millions of years old are almost commonplace. But can all these results be believed? In this paper, we critically assess the state of ancient DNA research. In particular, we discuss the precautions and criteria necessary to ascertain to the greatest extent possible that results represent authentic ancient DNA sequences. We also highlight some significant results and areas of promising future research.
Publicado en la revista Nuestras Aves, 19 (34): 4-16.
We investigate the contribution of the Iberian bat fauna to the cryptic diversity in Europe using mitochondrial (cytb and ND1) and nuclear (RAG2) DNA sequences. For each of the 28 bat species known for Iberia, samples covering a wide geographic range within Spain were compared to samples from the rest of Europe. In this general screening, almost 20% of the Iberian species showed important mitochondrial discontinuities (K2P distance values > 5%) either within the Iberian or between Iberian and other European samples. Within Eptesicus serotinus and Myotis nattereri, levels of genetic divergence between lineages exceeded 16%, indicating that these taxa represent a complex of several biological species. Other well-differentiated lineages (K2P distances between 5–10%) appeared within Hypsugo savii, Pipistrellus kuhlii and Plecotus auritus, suggesting the existence of further cryptic diversity. Most unsuspected lineages seem restricted to Iberia, although two have crossed the Pyrenees to reach, at leas...
We describe MUSCLE, a new computer program for creating multiple alignments of protein sequences. Elements of the algorithm
include fast distance estimation using kmer counting, progressive alignment using a new profile function we call the log‐expectation score, and refinement using tree‐dependent
restricted partitioning. The speed and accuracy of MUSCLE are compared with T‐Coffee, MAFFT and CLUSTALW on four test sets
of reference alignments: BAliBASE, SABmark, SMART and a new benchmark, PREFAB. MUSCLE achieves the highest, or joint highest,
rank in accuracy on each of these sets. Without refinement, MUSCLE achieves average accuracy statistically indistinguishable
from T‐Coffee and MAFFT, and is the fastest of the tested methods for large numbers of sequences, aligning 5000 sequences
of average length 350 in 7 min on a current desktop computer. The MUSCLE program, source code and PREFAB test data are freely
available at http://www.drive5. com/muscle.
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Especial del PCMA (Programa de Conservación de los Murciélagos
de Argentina), No 3. PCMA, Tucumán, Argentina.
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JUJUy (3): Río Lavayén, app. 1 km al N de Santa Rita
- Clorinda S De
S de Clorinda (Pilcomayo Department) (25°25ʹ15.3″S; 57°47ʹ1.8″W),
1 (CML 1913). JUJUy (3): Río Lavayén, app. 1 km al N de Santa
Rita (San Pedro Department) (24°27ʹ41.6″S; 64°50ʹ45.3″W), 3 (CML
5834, 7074, 7075). SALTA (2): 8 km al O de Piquirenda Viejo (General
José de San Martín Department) (22°20ʹ45.6″S; 63°49ʹ12.7″W), 1