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Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
1
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
i
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
ii
Multidisciplinary
Approach in Arts, Science
& Commerce
(Volume- 4)
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
iii
Title: Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce
(Volume- 4)
Author‟s/ Editor‟s: Chief Editor (Author)- Biplab Auddya, Editor-
Dr. P. Prasanth Naik, Dr. B. Indira Nayanadevi, Dr. T. Prabakaran,
Mrs. C Anisha, Dr. Prakash Chand Thakur, Dr.S.Jayakani,
Dr.S.Vennila Fathima Rani
Published By: The Hill Publication
Publisher‟s Address: Purulia, West Bengal, 723121
Publishing Year: 2023
Edition Details: I
ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
Price: Rs.400
© Copyright, 2023, Biplab Auddya
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means,
photocopying, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical,
manual, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of
this book Chief Editor (Author).
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
iv
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science &
Commerce
(Volume-4)
Chief Editor (Author)
Biplab Auddya
Student,
Editors
Dr. P. Prasanth Naik
Assistant Professor of English, Sri Subramaniyaswamy Government Arts College, Tiruttani - 631 209,
Tiruvallur District, Tamilnadu
Dr. B. Indira Nayanadevi
Assistant Professor of Economics, Kakatiya Government College, Hanumakonda, Telangana State
Dr. T. Prabakaran
Assistant Professor, Directorate of Distance Education, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Madurai
District, Tamilnadu- 625021
Mrs. C Anisha
Assistant Professor, Department of Costume Design and Fashion, Nehru Arts and Science College,
Coimbatore
Dr. Prakash Chand Thakur
Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Bahra University, Waknaghat, District Solan, Himachal
Pradesh, INDIA
Dr.S.Jayakani
Associate professor, Department of Commerce, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies
Dr.S.Vennila Fathima Rani
Associate professor, Department of Commerce, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
vi
About Book
Multidisciplinary Approach/Research/Subject/Education is a unique part of education. By
this education students learn and collect knowledge/ideas from different disciplines.
The present Book volume is based on the Multidisciplinary Research and introduces on
different important topics by research paper contributors like: Emotional Intelligence:- A
Comparative Study Among Higher Students At Ghaziabad Region, Experimental Sperm
Cryopreservation of Buenos Aires Tetra, Hemigrammus caudovittatus (Ahl, 1923) using
DMSO as cryoprotectant, Industrial Robots In Automotive Industry, Green Banking: A Study
On Perceptions Of Customers And Bankers, Problems And Prospects Of Women
Empowerment In Rural Areas: A Case Study Of Khanpur Kalan, Multidisciplinary Approach
in Arts, Science And Commerce, Survival Mechanism Of Laid Off Workers In The Era Of
Covid 19 And Its Impact On Small Scale Business, RIGHT TO MARRY Comradeship :
Indian perspective, Thoughts of Gandhi and Ambedkar on Untouchability, A Critical
Analysis of Sudha Murthy Theoretical frameworks for understanding
employability skills and emotional intelligence- Literature Review, Relationship Between
Educational Aspiration & Self-Concept Among Senior Secondary Students Of Ghaziabad
District, Review on Women Safety Night Vision Patrolling Robot, Digital Library And
Education In The Modern Scenario, Electric Vehicles: A Better Choice for Sustainable
Transportation, A Study On Fuzzy Mathematics In Astronomical Science, A Comparative
Study On Aggression Among Volleyball And Baskrtball Players, A Study On The Problems
And Difficulties Faced By Lic Agents In The Sales Of Insurance Policies With Special
Reference To Kurnool District Of Andhra Pradesh, Role Of Information Communication
Technology In Library, Preparation of Cleaner for the removal of dirt and corrosion stains on
the brass and copper antiques.
Thanks to The Hill Publication, all Editors and all Research Paper Contributors of this Book
{Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4)}.
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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Contents
Sr.
Title
Page
1
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE:- A COMPARATIVE STUDY AMONG HIGHER
STUDENTS AT GHAZIABAD REGION
(Ms. Shikha Choudhary)
1-8
2
Experimental Sperm Cryopreservation of Buenos Aires Tetra,
Hemigrammus caudovittatus (Ahl, 1923) using DMSO as cryoprotectant
(C. Justin David)
9-15
3
INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
(J.D.Nallasivam1, K.Yasotha2)
16-20
4
GREEN BANKING: A STUDY ON PERCEPTIONS OF CUSTOMERS AND
BANKERS
(Rudrakumar.M.M)
21-26
5
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN RURAL AREAS:
A CASE STUDY OF KHANPUR KALAN
(Sheeba Tomar)
27-30
6
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science And Commerce
(Shazia Rahman)
31-33
7
SURVIVAL MECHANISM OF LAID OFF WORKERS IN THE ERA OF COVID 19
AND ITS IMPACT ON SMALL SCALE BUSINESS
(Nanet Joy1, Femy Moni2)
34-40
8
RIGHT TO MARRY
Comradeship : Indian perspective
(Sheeba Tomar)
41-44
9
Thoughts of Gandhi and Ambedkar on Untouchability
(Mr. Himansu Kumar Mandal)
45-50
10
(Mr. Rajesh I. Bansod)
51-53
11
Theoretical frameworks for understanding employability skills and emotional intelligence-
Literature Review
(Anant Agrawal1, Dr. Manmohan Rahul2)
54-63
12
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATION & SELF-CONCEPT
AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY STUDENTS OF GHAZIABAD DISTRICT
(Dr. Sangita Rani1, Ms. Meenakshi Chauhan2, Ms. Shikha Choudhary3)
64-69
13
Review on Women Safety Night Vision Patrolling Robot
(Priyanka Shirsat1, Akshay Torane2, Vaishnavi Raut3, Vikas Takale4)
70-74
14
DIGITAL LIBRARY AND EDUCATION IN THE MODERN SCENARIO
(T. Rubanya1, Dr. T. Prabakaran2)
75-78
15
Electric Vehicles: A Better Choice for Sustainable Transportation
(Birendra Kumar Chauhan1, Anuj Kumar Chauhan2)
79-84
16
A STUDY ON FUZZY MATHEMATICS IN ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE
(Dr. P.Bharathi)
85-88
17
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON AGGRESSION AMONG VOLLEYBALL AND
89-96
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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BASKRTBALL PLAYERS
(Mr. VINAYAK PATGAR1, Mr. VINOD C. MUDIBASANAGOUDAR2)
18
A STUDY ON THE PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES FACED BY LIC AGENTS IN
THE SALES OF INSURANCE POLICIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(Dr.Kamma Ramanjaneyulu1, Mr. Ravi Rachapudy2)
97-106
19
ROLE OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARY
(Mr. Avinash G. Yette)
107-109
20
Preparation of Cleaner for the removal of dirt and corrosion stains on the brass and copper
antiques
(Mr.Sugeet Sethi)
110-114
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE:- A
COMPARATIVE STUDY AMONG HIGHER
STUDENTS AT GHAZIABAD REGION
Ms. Shikha Choudhary
Assistant Professor
HLM COLLEGE GHAZIABAD
ABSTRACT:-
The purpose of this study is to examine the level of emotional intelligence among higher
level students in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. The present study was conducted on a sample of
100 higher level students (Male & Female) which are studying in undergraduate and
postgraduate from different colleges of Chaudhary Charan University, Meerut. The research
This Scale provides five Separate dimensions of emotional intelligence viz, self-awareness,
Self-Regulation, Self-Motivation, Social-skills and Empathy. It also give a total emotional
intelligence score . The main hypothesis of the study is that There is no significant difference
in Emotional Intelligence between Male and Female students at Higher Level. The sample
was collected by using simple random sampling technique. Data obtained were analysed
study suggest that there is no difference between the level of emotional intelligence among
these students.
Key Words:- Emotional Intelligence, Self- Awareness, Self- Management, Self-Motivation,
Social Skills, Empathy, Male & Female Students.
INTRODUCTION:-
According to Goleman (1995), Emotional Intelligence is the ability to motivate
oneself and persist in the face of frustrations, to control impulse and delay gratification, to
hope. Emotional Intelligence consists of a learned set of competencies that determines how
we interact with people. Emotional Intelligence qualities such self-control zeal and
persistence and the ability to motivate oneself that are needed for the success in every aspect
of life are described by EQ.
Emotional Intelligence maybe defined as an abil
emotions as well as emotions of other and act appropriately based on these emotions.
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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For Emotional Intelligence to qualify as intelligence, it must meet three established
criteria- a) Conceptual b) Co-relational c) Developmental
According to Goleman
in the 21st century there are four pillar of education
According to Mayer and Salovey
to access and generate emotions, so as to assist thought to understand emotions and emotional
knowledge to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual
growth.
LITERATURE REVIEW:-
Cherniss, Cary (2000) “Emotional Intelligence: What it is and why it matterss? School
of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University: From this article, it was
concluded that is there anything new about emotional intelligence? In some ways emotional
intelligence is not new. In Fact, it is based on a long history of research and theory in
personality and social, as well as I.Q., Psychology, Furthermore, Goleman has never claimed
otherwise. In fact one of his main points was that these abilities are important for success in
many areas of life.
Kaur M.(2001) studied emotional maturity of adolescent in relation to intelligence Academy
the achievement and environmental catalyst the study was done on a sample of 356 student of
IX class it was found that there is positive significant correlation between General
Intelligence and emotional maturity it was founded the student having high IQ level have
high emotion maturity and the vice versa it was a found that the high IQ level student Have
good academic achievement.
Anjum S, Mishra G, and Srivastava A K (2004) examined the notion of Emotional
Intelligence in the Indian Socio cultural context. It is found that the Indian view of
Emotional Intelligence is context and focuses on the role of family and society in shaping
factors as social sensitivity, pro-social values, action tendencies and affective states.
Bansibihari P. &Surwade L. (2006). “A Study of the Adjustment of Secondary School
Students,” Andhra Pradesh. The findings of the study were the secondary school students
were with low adjustment; the non- residential school students were more adjusted than the
residential school students, though both of them were with low adjustment; there was no
significant differences in the level of adjustment possessed by boys and girls, though both
were with low adjustment.
Javadi, Mehrabi, Jamkhaneh, &Samangooei (2012) studied that emotional intelligence
and spiritual intelligence have significant impact on organizational entrepreneurship and
identified that emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence are most important personality
trait which could determine the participation of employees in organizational
entrepreneurship.
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:-
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE:- A COMPARATIVE STUDY AMONG HIGHER
STUDENTS AT GHAZIABAD REGION.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:-
To Study and compare the Emotional Intelligence between Male & Female Students
at Higher Level.
MINOR OBJECTIVES:-
1.1 To comparethe Self -Awareness between Male & Female Students At Higher Level.
1.2 To comparethe Self-Management between Male & Female Students At Higher Level.
1.3 To comparethe Self-Motivation between Male & Female Students At Higher Level.
1.4 To comparethe Social Skills between Male & Female Students At Higher Level.
1.5 To comparethe Empathy between Male & Female Students At Higher Level.
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY:-
1. There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between Male and Female
students at Higher Level.
To verify this hypothesis following Sub-Hypothesis were formed.
1.1 There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between Male & Female
students in relation to the Self- Awareness.
1.2 There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between Male & Female
Students in relation to the Self -Management.
1.3 There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between Male & Female
Students in relation to the Self -Motivation.
1.4 There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between Male & Female
Students in relation to the Social-Skills.
1.5 There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between Male & Female
Students in relation to theEmpathy.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:-
The research is quantitative in nature. In this research the researcher explores the
Emotional Intelligence of the Higher Students on Emotions. In this study, the investigator
applied normative survey method.The present study consists of 100 undergraduate and
postgraduate students studying in different colleges situated in the Ghaziabad District of Uttar
Pradesh. All these colleges are affiliated from Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut.
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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For measuring the level of emotional intelligence among higher students a questionnaire
DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL:-
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE QUESTIONNAIRE:-This Scale provides five Separate
dimensions of emotional intelligence viz, self-awareness, Self-Regulation, Self-Motivation,
Social-skills and Empathy. It also give a total emotional intelligence score.
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE USED:-
For the analysis of the data, the following statistical techniques have been used.
a. Descriptive analysis (mean & S.D.) and
b.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA:-
HYPOTHESIS 1:-There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between
Male and Female students at Higher Level.
Table:-- value of Emotional Intelligence of Male and Female Students
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„t‟ value
1.
Male
107.98
11.12
98
0.329
2.
Female
113.36
13.61
INTERPRETATION:-Table 1
freedom 98 is less than table value at the levels of significance (0.05= 1.98, 0.01= 2.63), so
the null hypothesis is accepted and it can be interpreted that there is no significant difference
between the Emotional Intelligence of Male & Female students at Higher Level. In daily life
we see that almost all male and female students have equal environment and equal
opportunities in the field of education, so that there is no significant difference in level of
emotional intelligence.
To verify this hypothesis following Sub-Hypothesis were formed.
HYPOTHESIS 1.1:-There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between
Male & Female students in relation to the Self- Awareness.
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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Table:-- value of Self -Awareness of Male and Female Students.
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„t‟ value
1.
Male
29.16
4.11
98
0.0012
2.
Female
32
4.44
INTERPRETATION:-Table 1.1
freedom 98 is less than table value at the levels of significance (0.05= 1.98, 0.01= 2.63) so
the hypothesis is accepted and it can be interpreted that there is no significant difference
between the Self -Awareness of Male & Female students at Higher Level. In this we see that
male and female students have developed an ability to recognize and understand their own
emotions, anger, desire, drives and moods.
HYPOTHESIS 1.2:-There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between
Male & Female Students in relation to the Self -Regulation.
Table:-1.2 Me- value of Self Regulation of Male and Female Students.
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„t‟ value
1.
Male
24.98
3.89
98
0.035
2.
Female
26.58
3.59
INERPRETATION:- Table 1.2 of
freedom 98 is less than table value at the levels of significance (0.05= 1.98, 0.01= 2.63) so
the hypothesis is accepted and it can be interpreted that there is no significant difference
between the Self-Management of Male & Female students at Higher Level. In this we find
that both the genders have an ability to known the impact of temper on others rather than
HYPOTHESIS 1.3There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between
Male & Female Students in relation to the Self -Motivation.
Table:-- value of Self -Awareness of Male and Female Students.
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„t‟ value
1.
Male
18.68
3.35
98
0.385
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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2.
Female
17.84
5.93
INTERPRETATION:-Table 1.3
freedom 98 is less than table value at the levels of significance (0.05= 1.98, 0.01= 2.63) so
the hypothesis is accepted and it can be interpreted that there is no significant difference
between the Self-Awareness of Male & Female students at Higher Level. In this we find that
both the genders have ability to known the people who possess internal motivation are self-
ey.
HYPOTHESIS 1.4There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between
Male & Female Students in relation to the Social-Skills.
Table:-- value of Social-Skills of Male and Female Students.
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„t‟ value
1.
Male
16.06
4.10
98
0.699
2.
Female
16.40
4.65
INTERPRETATION:-Table 1.4
freedom 98 is less than table value at the levels of significance (0.05= 1.98, 0.01= 2.63) so
the hypothesis is accepted and it can be interpreted that there is no significant difference
between the Social- Skills of Male & Female students at Higher Level. In this both the
genders have an ability to managing the relationships and building network proficiently,
skilled to attract the people and make social circle easily.
HYPOTHESIS 1.5There is no significant difference in Emotional Intelligence between
Male & Female Students in relation to the Empathy.
Table:-- value of Empathy of Male and Female Students.
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„t‟ value
1.
Male
20.02
3.77
98
0.027
2.
Female
21.64
3.47
INTERPRETATION:-Table 1.5
freedom 98 is less than table value at the levels of significance (0.05= 1.98, 0.01= 2.63) so
the hypothesis is accepted and it can be interpreted that there is no significant difference
between the Empathy of Male & Female students at Higher Level. In this we see that both the
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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genders have an
build true relations.
CONCLUSION:-
This study looked at the emotional quotient of higher-level students in Ghaziabad,
Uttar Pradesh. A sample of 100 undergraduate and graduate students from various colleges
connected to Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, participated in the study utilising
a survey questionnaire. Self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, social skills, and
empathy were the five components of the Emotional Intelligence Scale, which also provided
a total emotional intelligence score. The study's major hypothesis was that, at the higher
level, there is no appreciable difference in emotional intelligence between male and female
students. The results of the study showed that there were no differences in the students' levels
of emotional intelligence, suggesting that both sexes have comparable emotional intelligence
skills.The study emphasizes how crucial emotional intelligence is for success in all facts of
life and backs up the idea that it is a taught set of abilities that affects how we relate to others.
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS:-
Based on the results of the current study, the following future research directions are
possible:
1. Doing a long-term study to look into how kids' emotional intelligence changes over time.
This could help evaluate whether emotional intelligence can be learned and trained for,
and if so, whether there are any key stages in its growth.
2. Investigating the link between academic success and emotional intelligence. It would be
fascinating to see whether kids with higher emotional intelligence levels outperform those
with lower levels in terms of academic performance.
3. Examining the cultural variations in how emotional intelligence is perceived and
demonstrated. This could entail contrasting the findings of this study with those from
studies conducted in different cultural settings and determining whether any cultural
factors affect emotional intelligence.
4. Examining how emotional intelligence affects other facets of students' lives, including
their social interactions, professional success, and general well-being.
5. Evaluating the efficacy of various interventions designed to help kids enhance their
emotional intelligence. This can entail evaluating the effectiveness of various educational
initiatives, instruction sessions, or counselling services.
6. A qualitative investigation to learn more about how emotional intelligence affects
students' lives and their experiences with it. This can entail asking students in focus
groups or interviews about their opinions on emotional intelligence and how they use it in
their daily lives.
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
and emotional quoti
guidance and research, 20(2), 157-167.
as correlates to Intelligence
Education, Punjab University, Chandigarh.
Kedarnath,B.T. (2001).Mental Health, Emotional Intelligence and self-
presented in the National Conference on Emerging Trends in Applied Psychology in the
New Millennium. Department of Psychology, Sri Venkateswara University, 8th to 10th
Feb.2001.Kerlinger, F.N. (1978).Foundations of Behavioral Research, First Indian
Reprint,Suejeet Publication Delhi.Jayakody, T. and Gamage, P. (2015).
Impact of the Emotional Intelligence on the Transformational Leadership Style and
Leadership Effectiveness: Evidence from Sri Lankan National Universities. Journal of
Strategic Human Resource Management, 4(1), 1-11. Jiménez, M. (2018). Leadership
Style, Organizational Performance, and Change through the Lens of Emotional
Intelligence. Foundations of Management, 10, 237-250.
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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Experimental Sperm Cryopreservation of Buenos
Aires Tetra,
Hemigrammus caudovittatus (Ahl, 1923) using
DMSO as cryoprotectant
C. Justin David
Department of Rural Development Science,
Arul Anandar College, Karumathur,
Madurai- 625514, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract
The absence of acrosome in many fish sperm and the presence of micropyle in oocytesof
teleostean fin fishes facilitate heterospecific insemination of cryopreserved sperms in about a
hundred species. Further, production of fertilehybrids resulting from 136 natural and 150
artificial crossesreliably indicate that the occurrence of heterospecific insemination in fishes
may be a more ubiquitous phenomenon. In this study we sought to cryopreserve the sperm of
Buenos Aires Tetra (BA tetra), Hemigrammus caudovittatususing DMSO. We compared
three different concentrations of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) for sperm cryopreservation.
Semen was diluted in modified Hanks Solution as extender with the addition of DMSO at
three different concentrations (10%, 15% and 20%). Cryopreservation was performed using
Styrofoam box Container with straws at 10.5 cm distance from liquid nitrogen vapor level
(N2L); The preserved samples were evaluated for sperm quality in vivo and in vitro.
Different concentrations of DMSO produced varied results for fertilization efficiency(67%
for 10% DMSO and 43% for 15% DMSO and 37% for 20% DMSO). Fertilization efficiency
and hatching rates using the Styrofoam Box method with 15% and 20% DMSO differed
(P<0.05) but concentration of 10% DMSO resulted in higher fertilization efficiency (67%)
than other treatments (P< 0.05) as well as for sperm motility (P<0.05). Considering the
variables evaluated, the use of the Box Conditioner Method enhanced sperm motility (>50 -
70%) and fertilization rate.The problems and prospects are discussed.
Introduction
Buenos Aires Tetra, Hemigrammus caudovittatus (BA Tetra, Ahl, 1923) is an
ornamental fish used commonly in south India while its native is in the Amazon basin (David
and Pandian, 2006a,c). The fishinhabit several streams now in the Tamilnadu as they are
being released in waters from Ornamental fish farms causing theformation of diverse
populations with a high degree of homogeneity andrestricting gene flow, resulting in
reduction oftheir genetic heterogeneity (Odum, 1971; Braga et al., 2005;Carpio, 2006; David
& Pandian, 2006b). Hence, preservation of the heterogeneity of the genetic heritage of these
species throughsemen cryopreservation by postmortem preservation by fish farmers may
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avoid negative impacts on local fish population (David & Pandian, 2006c). The use
ofcryoprotectants in Hanks Solution as diluent for freezing tetra semen may protect sperm
and its fertilization efficiency. Further the method used depends on the ability to protect
sperm cells from damage during freezing, and to inhibit plasma membrane toxicity from
occurring for sperm cells (Babiak et al., 2002; Squires et al., 2004).
Dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) is the most used cryoprotectant in freezing semenof
freshwater fish native to Brazil (Viveiros&Godinho,2009) as an internal cryoprotectant, and
its rapid cell penetration (Lovelock &Bishop, 1959) but also retains the plasma membrane
integrity and fertilizing ability.The use of internal and external cryoprotectants in diluent for
freezing semen seeks to protect sperm, and efficiency of technique used depends on the
ability to protectcells from damage during freezing, and to inhibit chemical and osmotic
toxicity for sperm cells (Squires et al., 2004). Dimethylsufoxide(DMSO) is the commonly
sought internal cryoprotectant for Characid species (Viveiros & Godinho,2009), due to its
ability to penetrate sperm cellsowing to its low molecular weight (Lovelock &Bishop,
1959). The most widelyused methods for freezing semen from Brazilian nativefish are the
Styrofoam Box method when sperm are located above 10 cm from the N2L (Viveiros
&Godinho, 2009). Therefore, theaim of the present investigation was to analyze the effects of
threedifferent concentrations of DMSO on cryopreserved sperm structure andsperm
functionality (sperm motility, fertilization rate and hatching rate) of H.caudovittatus using a
simple alternative such as Styrofoam box to liquid Nitrogen canisters and expensive
machines to cryopreserve semen.
Material and Methods
Animal Husbandry:
Males and Females were reared separately in glass tanks (20 litres) and acclimatized
to 12:12 LD cycle and fed thrice a day with fresh bloodworms and frozen Tubifex worms. on
the day of breeding, fish were kept in plastic tanks filled with aquatic plants and in a ratio of
2 males:1 female. Before the day of mating and during mating the fishes were not fed any
feed as it may contaminate the eggs and sperm while collection. Sperm viability, motility
pattern and duration of motility were tested on the day of experiment before fertilization and
only milt with >70% motility were used as controls. The thawed milt was mixed with
control or irradiated eggs, followed by addition of tap water. Wet fertilization procedures
were followed for both fresh and cryopreserved sperm.
Sperm collection:
After mating behaviour begins, males were collected separately from females and
stripped of semen by applying gentle abdominal pressure.For obtaining sperm, both males
and females were separated after courtship behavior and milt was pooled from the males in 2
healthy albino WT males, anesthetized in 1 l
of water containing 0.2% of clove oil for 5 min, were stripped in ringers containing 10, 15
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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and 20 % DMSO, diluted 1:5 (Milt: Ringers with DMSO) and immediately freeze stored
(David, 2016). For each experiment, two vials (0.25 to 0.5ml) of diluted cryopreserved sperm
were thawed immediately at 55°C in a water bath for 10 seconds, one was used for
fertilization and other for evaluation of quality parameters such as sperm viability, count and
motility duration; the control eggs were estimated for fertilizability and hatchability as
prescribed elsewhere (David & Pandian, 2014). Fresh sperm were collected directly into a
embryo cup containing different concentrations of DMSO in Hanks solution. Prior to
cryopreservation, sperm motility and latencytime of each semen sample was evaluated by
using anoptical microscopy slide under a cover slip avoiding errors of contamination by urine
and faeces (David & Pandian, 2006).
Sperm Quality analysis:
Diluted sperm were analyzed for sperm quality such as percentage of motile sperm
motility pattern and motility duration before and after cryopreservation. Sperm motility was
recorded using Electronic stopwatch and its pattern using a microscope. Percentage of motile
sperm was calculated by counting the motile spermatozoa using a high power microscope
(Nikon, Japan) and fresh motile sperm was used to fertilize fresh eggs to compare
fertilization rate and hatching efficiency (David & Marimuthu, 2014).
Cryopreservation:
In thismethod, the N2L was inthe vapor form and straws that were initially held at
room temperature were placed on a plastic stand at a distance of 10.5 cm from the N2L in a
Styrofoam box designed for semen storage that was 40 cm in height that contained15 cm of
N2L therein. Semen was pre-frozen for 10 min inthe N2L steam and, after this period, the
straws were dippedin N2L and were later placedin Styrofoam box and stored in N2L
(196°C). Different concentrations of cryoprotectant DMSO (10, 15 and 20%) were used for
evaluating sperm parameters (% sperm motility, motility duration and pattern, fertilization
and hatching rate) along with live embryos 48 hrs post hatching. A Styrofoam box half filled
with Liquid Nitrogen was used for cryopreservation. Diluted sperm were immediately packed
into plastic straws (0.25 and 0.5 ml) and kept frozen by keeping them 10.5 cm above liquid
Nitrogen level. Straws containing sperm were preserved for 3 months inside the Styrofoam
box with liquid Nitrogen without any disturbance.
Thawing and Fertilization:
Cryopreserved sperm were thawed by exposing the straws under hot water (55± 5°C)
and immediately used for fertilization experiments. Dry fertilization method was used with
eggs kept inside a embryo cup without any extender solution and cryopreserved sperm were
poured directly over the eggs and 2 drops of water was mixed to activate the sperm and
mixed gently with a bird feather. Embryos with development arrested and dead were
removed to evaluate the fertilization rate and hatchability (David & Pandian, 2006a, b,
c).Fertilization rate was calculated by number of activated eggs i.e. eggs entering into cell
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division and hatchability was calculated by counting the total number of hatched out embryos
successfully completing their embryonic development.
Statistical analysis
Values were expressed as Mean+SD and analyzed by oneway ANOVA for estimation
of the level of significance (at a level of P<0.05) among the corresponding data following
zed using Sigma
STAT (Ver 7.0).
Results and Discussion
Sperm Quality Parameters:
Sperm motility was assessed byplacing 1ul of semen with 99 uL distilled water
underthe cover slip placed on a glass slide under an optical phase contrast microscope and
used for sperm quality assessment with a magnification of 100X(Nikon, 1000X Japan)
following established protocols (David, 2016). Sperm of males used in the present study had
amotility value of greater than 80% after activation and a motility duration of 103 ± 14 secs
(Table 1). To evaluate the latency time (motility duration), the timefrom activation to
complete stoppage of progressive spermmovement was measured (in seconds) and the
pattern (circular, zig zag and irregular) of sperm motility was also recorded following
protocols described elsewhere (David & Marimuthu, 2014).The sperm concentration was
determined using aNeubauer chamber with semen being diluted 1:1000 in4% formalin. Cells
(after settling for 5 min) were countedunder a phase contrast microscope at higher
magnification. More than ~6-8 million sperm were used for fertilizing fresh eggs (500 nos) in
both control and cryopreserved experiments as prescribed by David (2016).
Table 1. Sperm quality parameters and hatchability of fresh and cryopreserved sperm of H.
caudovittatus
Fertilization and Hatchability:
Thawed samples of 3 treatments (three DMSO concentrations and one control), were
mixed witheggs for fertilization. For each aliquot of eggs(300 eggs), 50 uL (10 million
sperm) were used fromthe thawed sample of each treatment. Two aliquots of eggs were
fertilized with fresh semen and used as control samples, sperm collected from two other
DMSO
conc (%)
Motility (%)
Motility
duration
(secs)
Motility
pattern
Fertilization
rate (%)
Hatchability
(%)
0
96± 2.41
103 ± 14
zig zag
92 ± 3.42
87± 1.35
10
77 ± 2.13
92± 07
zig-zag
67 ± 3.16
59± 2.14
15
51 ± 3.17
51± 05
circular
43 ± 1.42
38 ± 1.79
20
43 ± 1.46
33 ± 08
irregular
37 ± 1.03
16 ± 1.02
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males were used for preliminary assessments and imaging (Figure 1). Aliquots with fresh
semen were usedto fertilize the first and last batch of eggs while the remaining eggs were
fertilized with cryopreserved sperm, the differencein fertilization rate and hatchability
between control and experimental batches were noted (Table 1).
Evaluation of alternative methods for fish sperm cryopreservationis important
because of the inherent shortfalls of freezing methods used, such as the cost of using a
canister and the great expense of N2L (David & Pandian, 2006a); while the use
ofstyrofoamBox reduced costs drastically and remain economically feasible for small scale
fish farmers. However, it is also important to ascertain the most efficientmethod for
preservation of the quality of theH. caudovittatus spermatozoa (David & Pandian, 2006b).
Figure 1.SEM micrograph of cryopreserved sperm of H. caudovittatus
In the present study, we show that spermatozoa of H. caudovittatus could withstand
extreme temperature variations up to 196C. High concentrations (15 and 20%) of DMSO had
a greater impact on sperm motility duration and percentage of motile sperm and therebyhad a
huge impact on fertilizationrate and hatching success. Sperm motility duration decreased
significantly (P<0.05) with increasing concentrations of DMSO.
Semen cryopreservation with use of ultra-fast freezing, is an unconventional process
for H. caudovittatus, being mainly used for freezing of embryos and tissues where it is
important that the formation of intra- and extra-cellular ice crystals is prevented (Vajta &
Kuwayama, 2006). The detrimental impacts when using this method occurs due to high-
speed freezing, the lack of appropriate dehydrating and thus a lethal formation of ice crystals
(Yang & Tiersch, 2009, David and Marimuthu, 2014). Vitrification Method used for rabbit
sperm storage were not promising with poor or no survival of rabbit sperm and use of this
method had a negative impact on sperm variables in humans (Khalili et al., 2014). Semen
cryopreservation processes can lead to two typesof damage to mitochondria, affecting sperm
motility: directdamage to the genetic material or its membrane, and indirect damage caused
by the fragmentation of nuclear DNA(Kurland &Andersson, 2000).
In this study, the pattern of motility which is zig-zag in control spermatozoachanged
into circular and irregular at 15% and 20% DMSO, respectively. While the control had a
higher fertilization rate of >92%, increasing concentrations of DMSO after 3 months of
cryopreservation significantly (P<0.05) decreased the number of motile sperms and their
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fertilizing ability. while the control had the higher fertilization rate (92%) the treatment with
the highest concentration (20%) of DMSO resulted in only 37% fertilization of eggs. The
duration of the treatment was for 3 months since the Liquid Nitrogen cannot be purchased at
regular intervals and hence we have already experimented a simple post-mortem
cryopreservation without using N2L canisters and expensive equipment for cryopreservation
(David & Pandian, 2006a).
Thus, the results of the present study provide evidencethat under the experimental
conditions imposed, the freezing with the styrofoam box method using 10%DMSO was
effective and significantly (P<0.05) superior to other concentrations, we have also
demonstrated that the use of a styrofoamice box for cryopreservation of H. caudovittatus
semen is a fiscallyinexpensive and viable alternative in global fish farming with these
species.Further studies are required to perfect the cryopreservation technique with different
cryoprotectants although DMSO is known to be the suitable one for characidae (David,
2016).
Acknowledgement:
The author would like to thank the unknown reviewers for improving the manuscript.
Author thanks the Arul Anandar College Management for providing necessary infrastructure
and financial support for carrying out this research.
References
Ahl E. (1923). Ichthyologische mittelungen. III. Uber eine neue Art der Gattung
Hepatus. Mitt Zool Mus Berlin. 11, 367.
Babiak, I., Dobosz, S., Goryczko, K., Kuzminski, H., Brzuzan, P. and Ciesielski, S.
(2002). Androgenesis in rainbow trout using cryopreserved spermatozoa: the effect of
processing and biological factors. Theriogenol. 57, 1229 -1249.
Braga, B., Hespanhol, I., Conejo, J.G., (2005). Introduc, ão à Engenharia Ambi-ental,
2nd ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, São Paulo, pp. 3222
Carpio, M.J., (2006). Analisis do losstudios de impacto ambiental delcomplejo
hidroelléctrico Del Rio Madeira: hidrologia y sedimentos.Ministerio de Agricultura y
Ganaderia, La Paz, Bolívia, pp. 28.
David, C.J., (2004). Experimental sperm preservation and genetic studies in selected fish.
Ph.D. thesis - Madurai Kamaraj University, India. 123pp.
David, C.J., (2016). Induction and survival of androgenetic clones of Widow tetra,
Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895) generated using cryopreserved sperm. Int. J.
Adv. Sci. Eng., Vol 2 (3), 150-154.
David, C.J., and Marimuthu, G., (2014). Successful Induction of Intra-specific
Androgenesis inWidow Tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger 1895)Using UV
Irradiation. Asian Fish. Sci. 27, 117-126
David, C.J., and Pandian, T.J. (2006a). Cadaveric sperm induces intergeneric
androgenesis in the Buenos Aires tetra. Theriogenol. 65, 1048-1070
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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David, C.J., and Pandian, T.J. (2006b). GFP reporter gene confirms paternity of the
androgenetic Buenos Aires tetra, Hemigrammus caudovittatus. J. Exp. Zool. 305(A), 83-
95.
Gao, D.Y., Liu, J., Liu, C., Mcgann, L.E., Watson, P.F., Kleinhans, F.W., Mazur,P.,
Critser, E.S. and Critser, J.K., (1995). Prevention of osmotic injury tohuman spermatozoa
during addition and removal of glycerol. Hum.Reprod. 10, 11091122.
Khalili, M.A., Adib, M., Halvaei, I., and Nabi, A., (2014). Vitrification of neat semen
alters sperm parameters and DNA integrity. Urol. J. 11, 14651473.
Kurland, C.G., and Andersson, S.G.E., (2000). Origin and evolution of the mitochondrial
proteome. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64, 786820.
Lovelock, J.E., and Bishop, M.W., (1959). Prevention of freezing damage to living cells
by dimethyl sulphoxide. Nature 183, 13941395
Odum, E.P., (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd ed. W.B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia, pp. 927.
Squires, E.L., Keith, S.L., and Graham, J.K., (2004). Evaluation of alternative
cryoprotectants for preserving stallion spermatozoa. Theriogenol. 62, 10561065.
Vajta, G.,and Kuwayama, M., (2006). Improving cryopreservation systems. Theriogenol.
65, 236244.
Viveiros, A.T.M., and Godinho, H.P., (2009). Sperm quality and cryopreservation of
Brazilian freshwater fifish species: a review. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 35, 137150.
Yang, H., and Tiersch, T.R., (2009). Current status of sperm cryopreservation in
biomedical research fish models: zebrafifish, medaka, and xiphophorus. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. C. 149, 224232.
Zar, H. J. Biostatistical analysis, 1994. PrenticeHall International, New Jersey. pp. 718.
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INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS IN AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY
J.D.Nallasivam1, K.Yasotha2
1Associate Professor, Dept., of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Ranganathar Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
2Assistant Professor, Dept., of Computer Science, PPG College of Arts and Science,
Coimbatore
ABSTRACT
In recent years, robots have become available to even tiny firms. Manufacturers can deploy
human labour for more productive roles by automating repetitive operations. Robots can do
repeated tasks with no interruptions in production. They are now advanced enough to conduct
exceedingly complex functions without the need for human intervention. Intelligent
automation technologies enable automakers to remain profitable and competitive over time,
even in an increasingly competitive and difficult-to-maintain market environment. This
realisation has becoming increasingly common among top management, with the
international robots market experiencing rapid expansion in recent years. The employment of
robots in automobile production processes allows for extremely high repeatability and
precision, resulting in process optimisation and higher productivity. This paper encompassed
application of robotic automation in industry and how manufacturers' increasingly demanding
industry standards are met. Robots are extensively utilised in this industry for spot welding
and painting, but the application possibilities are diverse and span the whole automotive
supply chain. For many years, collaboration with a number of companies to provide robot
solutions for the automobile sector, mostly for the surface finishing of automotive parts and
components.
KEY WORDS: Industrial Robots, Automotive sector and Automation in Industry.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Products and procedures in the automobile business can change quite quickly. When
robots are utilised in the production chain, operational changes are no longer a problem: this
technology can be easily reprogrammed and configured for different purposes, preventing the
loss of critical time. The flexibility of robots is thus an advantage that vehicle manufacturers
take into account and value.Robots can be utilised in a range of jobs in the automobile sector,
from welding and assembling to maintaining machines, removing material, and moving parts.
To offer some examples, robots can be used to load and unload CNC machining
centres, transfer metal moulds from one press to another, eliminate dangerous work for the
operator, cut and finish various automobile materials, polish moulds, and so on.In the latter
situation, machine intervention is limited to surface finishing. The V8 engine blocks of
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premium supercars are machined within a robotic cell for high-precision deburring in this
case.When it is necessary to mill elements with limited accessibility, such as those with key
working points, specialised tools placed on electro spindles are incorporated and employed.
For polishing roof rails, a robotic cell capable of providing a complete finish to the
highest degree of precision has been set up.As a result, the bars are smooth and high-gloss,
with no need for manual retouching following processing.In addition to offering high-quality
technology, it will responds quickly to each company's individual needs, combining robotic
solutions customised to the goal production reality.
Robots in the automotive industry satisfy unique industry needs, allowing for high
levels of manufacturing quality. Today, more than ever, it is critical to include them into the
various processing phases in order to maintain the automobile manufacturer's
competitiveness and establish oneself as an industry leader.
2. INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS AND USES:
Industrial robots are one of the best innovations of the modern era, having countless
applications in factories, warehouses, and industries. Industrial robots can move on three or
more axes and are completely automated and programmable. There are numerous
applications and uses for industrial robots. Loading and unloading, Arc Welding, Spot
Welding, Painting Investment Casting, and more industrial robots are inevitably used for
different applications.
Industrial robots, like humans, have numerous joints, articulations, and manipulators
that can be programmed to do a specific task efficiently and swiftly. Furthermore, industrial
robots aid in the achievement of cost synergies and the reduction of waste. Because they are
motorised and deliver fast, consistent performance in heavy-duty or repetitive operations,
these Industrial Robots are used in the manufacturing, industrial, and assembly industries.
Automated robot parts are utilised in a variety of industries and workplaces for simple tasks.
These robots are built of tough metal, typically steel or cast iron.
As part of the manufacturing process, small pieces must be assembled into bigger
ones. Previously, such assembly could only be achieved by combining human skill, eyesight,
and intelligence. Robots that can administer bonding chemicals are a related technology
because adhesives are required in many assembly procedures.
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Fig: 2.1 Robot Assemblies and Dispensing
Casting is the method of producing metallic things by pumping liquid metal into a die
or hollow moulded in the shape of the object to be made. Moulding is comparable to casting;
however the material used is typically plastic. Die-casting robots, injection moulding robots,
and deburring, grinding, and polishing robots are examples of these.
Fig: 2.2 Robots for Casting and Moulding
Industrial facilities must be kept clean in order to ensure the quality of the finished
product as well as the health and safety of people who work there. Cleaning is a time-
consuming and repetitive chore. Cleaning robots, disinfection robots, and industrial robot
vacuums assist in the autonomous cleaning, sanitation, and removal of dust and waste from
industrial facilities.Handling and picking robots can move products about a warehouse or
take items from a tote and place them in a shipping container. Robots that can pick and fill
orders are in great demand due to the expansion of e-commerce. Autonomous mobile robots
(AMRs) include material handling robots, pick and place robots, and order picking robots.
Order picking, packing, sorting, labelling, and transportation are just a few of the
many tasks that warehouse or distribution centre robots can perform. In cities, delivery robots
that look like wheeled carts are used to distribute meals. Other delivery robots, like humans,
stand on two legs; have arms, and dome-shaped bodies.Some quality control issues are life
and death because they could come from faulty or improperly placed parts, which could
endanger the user's life. Frequently, the human examination is only 80% accurate.
Applications for industrial robots have the potential to be extremely precise. A few attributes
that can be examined by vision robots are the existence of fractures, dimension measurement,
and coating consistency.
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Fig: 2.3 Robots for Inspection and Quality Control
Robots can automate a number of monotonous operations in a manufacturing or
machine shop. Workpieces are placed inside machine tools by robots that tend to machines,
and they are taken out after an operation is finished. CNC automation is made possible by
milling robots by enabling automatic tool replacement and unattended operation. The
material is less prone to distort when using laser cutting robots, and precision might even be
increased because the laser beam never loses its potency.
Applying paint or other coatings to a workpiece is known as industrial painting and
coating. The painting and coating processes are relatively repetitious since the component
that needs to be painted or coated in manufacturing has a clearly defined shape and size.
Therefore, painting and coating operations are highly suited for industrial robot applications.
Facilities for manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution execute packing and
palletizing duties. The packing and palletizing procedures grow increasingly repetitious as the
trend towards smaller products persists. For instance, palletizing robots can stack these boxes
and containers neatly and effectively on a pallet while packaging robots may independently
make boxes in a variety of sizes as needed.
Robotic soldering stations are frequently utilised in the consumer and industrial
electronics industries. They can also be found in factories that make medical, automotive, and
aerospace products.
Fig: 2.4 Robots for Soldering
Manufacturers employ a range of robots to carry out soldering operations due to their
compact nature. Robots of many kinds are frequently employed in soldering applications:
Six-axis, sSCARA, and Cartesian.
3. INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN THE FUTURE
Although previously these may have been the most typical uses and types of industrial
robots, modern robots are less concerned with their mechanical design. They are gatherers of
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info. Robots from earlier generations had to be kept apart in their own universe, but now they
may be incorporated into the workforce.
In the past, robots were typically placed in fixed locations and given extremely
precise jobs to complete. But today, environmentally conscious sensors that have an impact
on their form factor and functionality, the collaborative use of industrial robots is
dramatically evolving. These cooperative industrial robots, also known as co-bots, now
operate alongside plant operators, performing some of the tasks that human workers used to
accomplish. Due to the widespread use of sensors, it is now possible for them to function
alongside people and collect data about their surroundings. We are able to gather information
on every stage of the production process as a result, allowing for complete traceability and in-
depth data analysis to help us make better decisions in the future.
CONCLUSION:
The automobile sector has already started deploying collaborative industrial robots in
production processes. These robots improve quality, are lightweight and mobile, and are
simple to programme to carry out various activities.The vehicle's life cycle is shortening,
necessitating increased production capacity in the automobile sector, while at the same
timethe market needs increased diversity, which necessitates flexible automation in
manufacturing operations.Experts are constantly striving to improve quality in the automobile
business, which leads to the use of complex robotic systems.
REFERENCE:
1. Alves, C.; Cardoso, A.; Colim, A.; Bicho, E.; Braga, A.C.; Cunha, J.; Faria, C.; Rocha, L.A.
HumanRobot Interaction in Industrial Settings: Perception of Multiple Participants at a
Crossroad Intersection Scenario with Different Courtesy Cues. Robotics 2022, 11, 59.
2. Flögel, D.; Bhatt, N.P.; Hashemi, E. Infrastructure-Aided Localization and State Estimation
for Autonomous Mobile Robots. Robotics 2022, 11, 82.
3. Vlantis, P.; Bechlioulis, C.P.; Kyriakopoulos, K.J. Mutli-Robot Cooperative Object
Transportation with Guaranteed Safety and Convergence in Planar Obstacle Cluttered
Workspaces via Configuration Space Decomposition. Robotics 2022, 11, 148.
4. Gonçalves, F.; Ribeiro, T.; Ribeiro, A.F.; Lopes, G.; Flores, P. A Recursive Algorithm for the
Forward Kinematic Analysis of Robotic Systems Using Euler Angles. Robotics 2022, 11, 15.
5.
of Robotic Arms. Robotics 2022, 11, 29.
6. Leão, G.; Costa, C.M.; Sousa, A.; Reis, L.P.; Veiga, G. Using Simulation to Evaluate a Tube
Perception Algorithm for Bin Picking. Robotics 2022, 11, 46.
7. Bhuiya, M.; Aziz, M.M.; Mursheda, F.; Lum, R.; Brar, N.; Youssef, M. A New Hyperloop
Transportation System: Design and Practical Integration. Robotics 2022, 11, 23.
8. Matos, D.; Costa, P.; Lima, J.; Costa, P. Multi AGV Coordination Tolerant to
Communication Failures. Robotics 2021, 10, 55.
9. Santos, J.; Rebelo, P.M.; Rocha, L.F.; Costa, P.; Veiga, G. A* Based Routing and Scheduling
Modules for Multiple AGVs in an Industrial Scenario. Robotics 2021, 10, 72.
10. Ferrentino, E.; Salvioli, F.; Chiacchio, P. Globally Optimal Redundancy Resolution with
Dynamic Programming for Robot Planning: A ROS Implementation. Robotics 2021, 10, 42.
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science & Commerce (Volume-4) ISBN: 978-81-962702-4-7
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GREEN BANKING: A STUDY ON
PERCEPTIONS OF CUSTOMERS AND
BANKERS
Rudrakumar.M.M
Senior Assistant Professor and Principal
Nehru Memorial College, Sullia, Dakshina Kannada
Abstract:
A recent and significant development in the financial industry is green banking. It is a type of
banking, and its primary goal is to safeguard the social and economic system. This new
phenomena has been successfully incorporated into daily business operations in numerous
nations. The fact that more people are aware of pollution, sensitive to it, and in the mindset
to safeguard the environment is a positive development. Banks must play a significant part in
lowering carbon footprints. In order to properly contribute to sustainable development and
provide institutional mechanisms to improve sustainability, Indian banks are taking steps to
implement a green banking system. This essay provides in-depth details on green banking,
including its significance, advantages, and bank activities. This essay aims to examine
customer perceptions of green banking as well as the methods used by banks to educate their
clientele about the topic. In order to learn more about the various green banking activities that
the banks have undertaken and the customers' understanding of green banking, a survey on
the development of green banking that included both the banks and their customers was done.
To create the banking methods the banks will use, suggestions are considered.
Key words: Green Banking, Environment, New phenomenon, Carbon print, Sustainability.
1. Introduction:
Green banking is a brand-new idea that has recently gained popularity with the aim of
fostering environmentally friendly practices to lessen the financial sector's carbon impact. A
typical bank is Green Banking. Additionally, it takes into account each environmental and
social component. The bank is referred to being ethical. because environmental protection
was one of the founding principles of ethical banking. Green Banks operate similarly to
standard banking systems and are governed by the relevant authorities. It also goes by the
name sustainable bank. In order to preserve natural resources and maintain the environment,
green banking, like regular banking, takes into account all environmental, social, and
ecological concerns.
Making decisions to lessen a business's negative influence on the environment can be
characterised as practising environmental sustainability. It also involves creating a phase that
enables future sustainable growth. The 21st century brought about new developments in
banking operations with this goal in mind. Due to this significant transformation, the focus of
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the bank has changed to cutting-edge banking solutions. Use of ATMs, online banking,
online transfers, debit and credit card payments, green loans, online utility bill payments,
telebanking, SMS banking, e-ticketing, premium savings, etc. are a few of them. In
comparison to traditional banks, green banks place a greater emphasis on environmental
considerations, with the goal of promoting ethical environmental and social business
practices. In addition, they look into things like whether the project is environmentally
friendly and whether it would have any long-term effects before extending a credit.
Green Banking Initiatives Taken up by Banks:
1. Mobile Banking
2. Net Banking
3. Debit and Credit Cards
4. SMS Banking
5. Missed Call operations for queries and advisory services.
6. Internet Banking, ATM cards.
7. Green Loans.
2. OBJECTIVES:
1. To study what kind of initiatives taken up by the Syndicate Banks with respect to
Green Banking.
2. To evaluate the benefits of green banking to the banks and customers.
3. banking.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
Primary Data: A convenient sampling approach randomly chooses 50 clients and 10
banks. The respondents are given questionnaires, and opinions are collected. Simple
percentage calculations are conducted in order to achieve the goals. Bank executives
are surveyed regarding the advantages, strengths, prospects, and challenges of green
banking.
Secondary Data: Previous projects are referred for Literature review and used as
evidence to support the findings of this study.
4. ANALYSIS OF DATA:
4.1. Analysis of Customers Perspective
Table 1. Demographic Profile of Customers
Variables
Parameters
Frequency
Percentage
Age
Below 25 years
26 35 years
36 45 years
Above 45 years
10
15
10
15
20%
30%
20%
30%
Gender
Male
Female
20
30
40%
60%
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Marital Status
Married
Unmarried
35
15
70%
30%
Education
Below PUC Level
Diploma
Undergraduates
Postgraduates
05
10
15
20
10%
20%
30%
40%
Income Level(monthly)
Below - Rs. 20000
Rs. 20000 Rs. 30000
Rs. 30000 Rs. 40000
Above - Rs. 40000
15
10
10
05
30%
40%
20%
10%
Source: Survey
Table 2. Showing Awareness about Green Banking
Customers Awareness
Yes
No
Total
1. Knowledge about Green Banking
36
14
50
2. Heard about Net Banking
40
10
50
3. Awareness of online bill payments
35
15
50
4. Knowledge about debit and credit cards
40
10
50
5. Heard about EFT and NEFT etc
30
20
50
6. Knowledge about Mobile banking
30
20
50
7. Knowledge about the importance of paperless transactions
30
20
50
8. Awareness about Green Loans
10
40
50
Source: Survey
Table 3. Showing Sources from which Green banking Awareness is created by banks.
Sources
No of Customers
TV Channels and News Papers
10
pamphlets and door to door information
12
Magazines
08
Online information and cell phone messages
05
Bank Employees and others
15
Total
50
Source: Survey
Table 4. Showing Benefits of Green Banking – Customers Perceptions
Perceptions
Strongly
Disagreed
Disagreed
Neutral
Agreed
Strongly
Agreed
Easy to access online banking
statements
-
10%-
06%
54%
30%
Faster services to the customers
10%
-
60%
30%
Convenient in terms of long hours
of waiting at bank counters
-
-
10%
60%
30%
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Saves time and money (postage,
envelope, travelling
-
30%
-
50%
20%
Enhances security measures
-
-
04%
60%
36%
Reducing wastages by eliminating
paper statements
-
10%
-
80%
10%
Automatic deposit- easy to access
pay checks
-
20%
-
60%
20%
More benefit our future generation
-
-
-
80%
20%
Source: Survey
4.2. Green Banking in the Bank‟s Perspective
A poll was carried out in Madikeri Kodagu District to gather bankers' thoughts about
the green banking efforts they had undertaken, the advantages of green banking for customers
and banks, and the challenges that lay ahead.
Banks were questioned regarding the number of clients who now use Internet and
mobile banking services. According to the majority of banks, 60% to 70% of clients use
internet banking, 50% to 60% use mobile banking, and 90% to 95% of customers have debit
and credit cards. Every year, 10% to 15% of clients profit from Green loans.
Table 5. Showing Benefits of Green Banking to customers from bankers point of view
Perceptions
Strongly
Disagreed
Disagreed
Neutral
Agreed
Strongly
Agreed
Great positive impact on environment
-
-
10%
60%
30%
Avoids paper work
10%
-
60%
30%
Saves time
20%
-
50%
30%
Less manpower requirements to
handle paper work
20%
-
60%
30%
Enables to do a environmental
friendly business practice
-
-
60%
40%
Creates awareness to business people
about social responsibility by lending
Green loans
10%
-
80%
10%
Increases profitability
30%
-
60%
10%
Generates clean and healthy
environment
-
-
80%
20%
Source: Survey
Table 6. Showing the Challenges of Green Banking- Bankers point of view
Challenges ahead
Yes
No
Total
Customers will take time to adopt it as it is a new
concept
90%
10%
100
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Green Banking requires costly and advanced
technology
80%
20%
100
It demands renewable and recycling techniques
50%
50%
100
Bank employees need training to practice Green
Banking techniques
90%
10%
100
Protection of Data is a challenge
90%
10%
100
Operational cost is high
86%
14%
100
Reputational Risk
76%
24%
100
Source: Survey
5. FINDINGS:
1. In the above survey 36 respondents said that they know about Green banking concept. 40
customers said that they heard about Net banking system. Only 35 customers are aware
about online bill payments. But majority of the customers are using debit and credit cards.
Only 30 customers know about Electronic Fund Transfer and NEFT etc. Only 30
customers know what is paperless and its benefits. Only 10 customers took the benefits of
Green loan. It shows that more awareness must be created among the customers about
green banking benefits.
2. 10 customers responded that they received information on green banking through TV
channels, and newspapers. 12 customers said they received through door-to-door
information through pamphlets. Out of 50 respondents, 05 got information through online
and cell phone messages, and 15 respondents collected information through face-to face
interaction with bank employees. It was found that more awareness must be created
through individual cell phones or face-to-face interaction.
3. 84 percent of customers agreed that easily they can access online banking statements. But
10 percent of respondents opinion was that is somewhat difficult to access with lack of
knowledge. 90% of he customers said that green banking provides faster services to the
customers. And it is so convenient to make the transactions. 70% responded that it saves
time and money. The most advantage is it enhances the security measures. 96% of
customers gave their opinion about this.90% of customers gave their opinion that green
banking reduces wastages, 80% said that through automatic deposit it becomes easy to
receive payments as well as checking payments. All the customers gave their opinion that
definitely green banking will benefit future generation.
4. Out of 10 bank officials, 90 percent agreed that green banking creates positive impacts on
environment and it avoids paper work and wastages. 80% of the bankers responded
positively that it saves time as there is less paper work. 90% of the bankers responded
that it is less costly as it requires less manpower. All the bankers responded that green
banking generates clean and healthy environment and enables to do environmental
friendly business practice. 90% of the bankers opinion was that green banking creates an
awareness on social responsibility by lending green loans. 70% bankers said that it
increases profitability as it is customer friendly also.
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5. In the above survey 90% of the bankers agreed that there is great challenge ahead to
convince the customers to accept the changing technologies. 80% of the bankers
responded that it requires costly and improved technology. 90% of them responded that
bank employees need more training to practice it and protection of data is also a great risk
they have to face. 86% of the bankers responded that operational cost is also high because
cost of service has gone up and it requires more training and awareness among people.
6. SUGGESTIONS:
1. Develop a website for creating awareness about green banking among the customers
2. Educate the people through the bank s intranet and Public website.
3. Organize awareness programs on Green Banking to the people
4. Set up outlets to promote green business.
5. Send information to the customers through the Press.
6. Distribute information through leaflets.
7. Create awareness on Social responsibility services among businessmen
8. Try to reduce Carbon footprints and develop paperless bank offices
9. Create customer awareness through media
10. Promote different forms of electronic banking
7. CONCLUSION:
Green banking policies would serve as a stimulus for banks and other financial
organisations to more clearly define their efforts to provide their best to the continuing
international efforts to ensure sustainable development. Banks are trustworthy businesses.
They hold that each individual can contribute to a healthier global environment and that even
the smallest "GREEN" action made today will have a significant impact on creating a greener
future. A company-wide project called "Go Green" aims to raise environmental awareness by
transferring banks' operations, clients, and customers' activities to automated, cost-effective
channels. Each businessman will tremendously benefit the environment and make a lot of
money through green banking, which is a terrific technique for individuals to become more
attentive of global warming.
8. REFERENCES
1)
Business spectrum, vol1, no.1, (2011)
2) Green banking A Practical Approach For Future Sustainability, Tajmmr, VOL.3,
ISSUE1, (2014)
3) A study of green banking trends in India, International referred journal of research in
management & technology, vol. 11, may (2013)
4)
financial services &management research, vol. 1, no. 2
5)
6)
7) Amarthya Sen (1984) Resources Value and Development, Oxford University Press,
Bombay, Edition.
8)
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PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT IN RURAL AREAS: A CASE
STUDY OF KHANPUR KALAN
Sheeba Tomar
Bhagat Phool Singh MahilaVishwvidayalaya
Khanpurkalan, Sonipat
Department of social work
Abstract:
Gender equality is the first and predominant human right. Women is authorized to live with
dignity and freedom. Empowering women is essential tool for development and reducing
insufficiency.
For improving the status of women, firstly to enhancing their decision-making capacity in all
sphere of life especially when it comes into the matter of reproduction.
Secondly with the knowledge that develops skills and self-confidence to participate fully in
the development. The un
There are various problems that are hindrances in women empowerment like: child marriage,
sexual harassment, dowry,marginal status in the family, gender discrimination etc.
Women constitute almost 50% of the population not only today but in earlier time as well.
Viewing the gender inequality in every stage of the society and its long history, the present
work would look into the matter of prospective women empowerment through the following
steps. Working with them in the rural backdrop. Following would be our pathway of
research: we will look at the basic education(1) that would provide women an overall
awareness, from the awareness created among women, they would be able to think freely and
thus they would be thinking of and they would have the courage to fight for their rights. Next,
this study would look at the emotional and financial investment on women(2). Thirdly, the
present study would talk about the hard skill development(3) that would teach the rural
women to earn (from their pocket money to their living) and would lead them to financial and
social independence in return.
Key Words: women, rural, education,
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INTRODUCTION:
Women empowerment can be defined as a multifaceted social process. It helps
women in gaining control over their life. It means making women both financially and
socially independent. Women can be empowered through education, literacy ,and women too
shall be keeping her viewpoint at crucial situation. It is only education that may allow women
to take decision in the midst ofdifferent problems.
For improving the status of women, firstly to enhancing their decision-making
capacity in all sphere of life especially when it comes into the matter of reproduction.
Secondly with the knowledge that develops skills and self-confidence to participate fully in
Educating women is the most important means through which women can be
empowered with knowledge, skill and self confidence. To present the statement we are
stating here would be proved through the following methodology.
METHODOLOGY:
The study is based on the data which is collected from the respondents of district
Sonipat through the questionnaire. It includes name age ,religion, community, role played in
decision making. In this questionnaire based study we have found the following points
FINDING...
Socio economic condition of the women in rural area:-
Its disappointing and undeniable that after seven decades of independence the
miserable condition of the rural women remain the same. In education about 6%of have
complete Post-graduation while 14% have completed graduation. It shows that half of the
women have knocked the door or the education.
Rural women are at the high risk of abuse, sexual harassment and gender based
violence. It has been observed that girls are required to contribute in household work.
Preference is given to the male education. Girls are trained for implementing the
household activities such as cleaning, washing,rearing of livestock fetching water, taking
care of the siblings AMD elderly members of the family.
Women involvement in family affairs:-
Indian society is been patriarchal society from the ancient period.
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government which men hold the power and women are largely
Women are forced to remain indoor to take care of men and the family. Women are
not allowed to speak or to take any decision in their matter or for other things. Active
participation in the family gathering or to utter something in some matter is still a dream for
them.
Education: Education is essential for the sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity and its
conservation. It is also crucial for mainstreaming the biodiversity. A pivotal role is lying with
parents and the caregivers to influence the ability and willingness of the child to be reflective,
self-aware and mindful of others. Building awareness is a process that seeks to inform and
educate people about the areas and issues around us, especially women, to influence and
shape their attitudes, behaviors and beliefs towards achieving a particular purpose or goal.
Awareness raise the hope within oneself and thus it pushes an individual toward the tendency
to think and respond in a certain way to the existing and prevalent situations.
Emotional And Financial Investment On Women: Investment in women enhances the
commercial purposes of any business as it has already been researched by the garment and
perfume industry. It is also found that the clientele structure changes with the investment on
women. But, here, it is not only about investing upon showcasing the items, it is also about
uplifting the overall social status of women.
Skill Development: This term here means the process of identification of the skills gap in
women and providing training and employment benefits to them accordingly. Skills are
something like nurturing talents that can be acquired by learning. It enhances the proficiency
of a person in a particular area. Thus, it develops the personality as well to a great extent
along with the capacity of building the professional network, better communication, time
management and negotiation skills. In India, skill-based education does exist and it can be
obtained through short-term training and mostly it is called the vocational skill and this skill-
based education is still not the part of formal education in our country, yet it has a plausible
rate of employability.
CONCLUSION:
Superficially women empowerment means freeing the women from the age old
bondages that paralyzed their movement under the pretext of domestic harmony, societal
welfare, tradition and culture. But in reality, it has another dimension of the same meaning.
At the maximum the only freedom that the rural women enjoy today is in their choice of
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employment / marriage, the men of the house take the lead. To put in a nutshell, the rural
woman is still a shadow to man. If probed further, it can be found that the benefits of the
women empowerment can not only be enjoyed by women but also by their children and the
elderly generation of the household. First and foremost,it unfolds the triple freedom of
thought, word and action, so far denied to women. As psychologically, women are less selfish
and less self-centred than men, she would certainly apply her freedom for the upliftment of
family, welfare of the society and sustainable development of the nation by broadening her
boundary. Hence it is imperative that a society to be humanitarian and more egalitarian
toward the just causes of its own, it should pave the smooth and easy way for women
empowerment which will take them to the next stage of women emancipation.
References
Research India publication -www.linked.com
https://webrate.org/index.php/site/legalserviceindia.com/ - searched on 12/12/2022.
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Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science And
Commerce
Shazia Rahman
Abstract-
Multidisciplinary Approach for Arts, Science and Commerce is represented as methods, way,
policies, techniques, rules and regulation in the foundation and successful functioning of the
Education, Learning and Research work in the management of the three different streams of
Departments those are Arts, Science and Commerce. Then Technology is a important thing in
the Educational system and the foundation and establishment made under UGC Union Grants
Commission is important the laws that has been enforced by the government of India.
Keywords- Multidisciplinary Approach, Arts-Science-Commerce, Education-Learning-
Research, PHD.
Methodologies-
The use of different questionnaires, survey, graphhs, pie-charts Research,
Experiments, Models and Projects, Examinations, Mcqs and Quizzes.
Objectives-
The introduction to Modern Technology of Learning. Today's modern techniques
plays role of building the base through bookish language but also from Technology.
Technology plays a major role in the foundation of the Teaching Career subject like B.Ed
Bachelors in Education. The education that runs according to these three streams. In schools
and Colleges the study of Arts. Science and Commerce is compusory. For all age group
students the studying of these streams is mandatory till class Ten then after that you can
change your stream according to your academic score after giving secondary examination
you are eligible for College. The education should be considered compulsory and the choice
of the subject should be merely based on marks and grades. Any University Or Council
Board should strictly check upon the performance and the eligibility. New syllabus should be
introduced when it becomes backdated.
Then Internet should be used for Research Work. In the Classroom method of Teaching the
classes should be interactive.
There should be no unfair means, injustice or malpractrices during any kind of examinations.
Introduction-
Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts,Science and Commerce. Multidisciplinary which
talks about the various streams of Education and Learning, Arts, Science and Commerce
these are the different streams and the method of learning takes place is a question because
there should be a proper functioning in the teaching of Arts, Commerce and Science. In these
three streams without basic learning and Teaching Method these three departments are
incomplete. What do you understand by Arts, Science and Commerce are these just streams
of learning. No it is connected to real life and the study of these streams is compulsory
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because it solves real life problem makes a person educated for not only Teaching but also for
Challenges to know what is unfamiliar and to know what is unknown. Education makes a
person fully established, personality wise, wisdom and knowledge and a better human being
or say literate and a learned person in different fields and sectors of life. Arts Department for
higher Education it is designated as Bachelors of Arts, Bachelors of Science and Bachelors of
Commerce. The study materials are hectic but valuable. Arts stream consists of History
Geography, Pshycology, Political Science, Social Science and Sociology. Then Science
streams consist of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology, Engineering,
Medical Science. The Commerce stream consists of Accounts, Finance, Business Studies,
Economics and Maths. English, Computer Science, Environmental Education and Moral
Science,2nd Language and 3rd Language are compulsory subjects. Masters is for Highest
achievement in the Educational Qualification System. The education is becoming more and
more complex and hard due to the growth of advancement.
Advantages for The Multidisciplinary Approach-
Today's modern techniques play a vast role in the career opportunities. The best way
to make a student understand is through Technology demonstration. There are various short
term and long term courses that are important and are being introduced to make a student
thorough with the streams of Education which is Arts,Science and Commerce. Then use of
Technology is not only important for the lectures but also for the use in the examinations
especially for Competitive Examinations. Then mock tests, quizzess whichs makes the
preparation for the examinations alot more easier. The genuine platforms like Unaccademy
where all courses or for example various Online Universities which provides with free
courses where the lecturers makes things easier for the students to understand and the
students become thorough with the syllabus. Along with study, practice is also compulsory.
Disadvantages For The Multidisciplinary Approach
Then as you know that there are differences between the streams. In Arts department
there is alot of subjects to memmorize, in Science where you need to use your intellect,
practice and learn where as in Commersr you need to understand and practice alot especially
all mathematic problems which need to be solved. Not only in examination but also in the
real life challenges in a job post. Computer which is a must and important subject there is a
trend of having online classes. Online classes is beneficient but regular classes are important
for Education. Like for example to give attention to each and every students during online
classes. But if there is any kind of Research Work Or presentation or professional meetings
then Online Classes are very good and helpful. But for juniors when there is the learning
stage it becomes very difficult to manage every one in an online session. There are so many
websites that are launching various educational platforms and facilities for the students of any
stream but there are frauds as well investment should be checked upon. PHD is the final stage
of an entire Education System there are so many drawbacks in pursuing it and there are no
limitations and boundaries that you can research according to your chosen stream and
Department. There are very few who cope up with the thesis part. The lengthy and long
papers after paper is a part of Research work which are given to PHD students. The students
faces alot of problems like health problems, stress, tention, and waking up nights after nights
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to submit Research papers are so much burdernsome. Have to complete Thesis writing
otherwise your PHD will remain incomplete.
Suggestions-
PHD is not that important you can continue later on when there is alot of free time.
Then you can apply for different posts like Assistant Professor and Senior Research
Assistant. Then alot other posts like Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. Then
alot more other opportunities are there for the Department you have chosen for. UGC has
taken into consideration and other Government related Online Universities such IGNOU,
MOOC, SWAYAM to give education and also government jobs. There are also free online
courses available. If you want to become a Researcher or you want to opt for any kind of job
related courses or educational courses you will find here. There are too many courses listed in
their website portals where you can apply for. The admission the examination are held all
Nationally and is recognized globally and courses will be helpful in your competitive
examinations.
Conclusions-
The Multidisciplinary Approach in Arts, Science and Commerce can be done through
seminars and webinars and also many ways as stated above. Syllabus of various subjects
should be completed by the School and University Teachers but in Higher Education it
becomes impossible so notes should be provided. Psychology which should be made
compulsory subject for all streams and departments. And Degree Certificates and Award are
given on Completion of various subjects after any Board Examinations And University
Examinations. And not being able to complete any degree such as Graduations and Post
Graduations which will result as an incomplete degree no Degree will be provided. Then
there are various examination rules and regulations which are enforced by the State
Government Or a National Government should be practice sincerely regarding failing and
passing, giving supplementary examinations and rechecking examination papers are given
equal rights for every students.
Referrences-
From The internet and from Sociology Books. Experience as I am a PHD student in the
department of Sociology (Arts). Rules and Regulations Book for University Council Boards.
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SURVIVAL MECHANISM OF LAID OFF
WORKERS IN THE ERA OF COVID – 19 AND
ITS IMPACT ON SMALL SCALE BUSINESS
Nanet Joy1, Femy Moni2
PG Department of Commerce, St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth1 & 2
ABSTRACT
Covid - 19 cases have been documented in Kerala since the year 2020 began. Everyone was
impacted by the spread of Covid-19 in some way. It is still going strong, and a new variant is
expected in the near future.The entire world was impacted by this pandemic. After losing
their jobs, a great number of people went back to their home country. Due to the ongoing
lockdown and other restrictions put in place to get around Covid -19, many who are
employed here also lost their jobs. Despite the unfortunate circumstances, people developed
new ways of thinking as a result. The research on layoff victims' coping strategies is
fascinating and inspiring. The article aims to study laid-off workers' coping strategies and
their effects on small businesses. The sample size for the study, which is centred on the
Thrissur district, is 258.By distributing a standardised questionnaire, the data was gathered.
Both descriptive statistics and analytical statistics were used to analyse the data that had been
gathered. According to the data, most of the laid-off workers were involved in small-scale,
food-related businesses. The article sheds light on how laid-off people can start new
businesses with little start-up capital by using their own initiative and the support of their
families.
Key words: Covid -19, laid off workers, survival mechanism.
INTRODUCTION
Since Covid 19 first appeared, a lot of things in our world have changed.The entire
world was impacted by this pandemic.People were made to leave their jobs and go back to
their own countries.When we look at Kerala's economy, we can see that a sizable portion of
the money comes from abroad. A family has at least one member who is employed abroad.
These folks suffered as a result of Covid 19's unanticipated arrival.The majority went back to
their own homes after losing their jobs. Similar to that, residents of this area lost their jobs as
a result of unanticipated lockdown, business closures, and public place closures. All of this
compelled our people to consider survival strategies.That makes it possible to carry out this
research.This study was designed to examine how laid-off workers employed their survival
strategies in the Covid 19 era and how that affected small-scale industries.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Workers who have been laid off must make it through this time.They came up with a
variety of plans to stay alive.Most of them struggle with lack of resources, knowledge, etc.
Some people make an effort to find another job. But everything is shut down due to
lockdown.They therefore consider various options. Some people move into small-scale
agriculture, poultry, and other industries because they require less capital up front. The issue
of which way they migrate in more for survival arises.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
★ To find out survival mechanism of laid off workers in the era of covid 19
★ To know its impact on small scale industries.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This investigation was significant at the time. Many people experience job loss. They
must get work in order to provide for their family. But there are fewer job opportunities as
well. They therefore consider alternative options to provide for their family. Due to a lack of
funding, they became involved in small-scale manufacturing and agriculture. Food and
related products are an extra draw for small-scale companies.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Both descriptive and analytical research methods were used to complete the study. It
uses both primary and secondary data. By establishing a structured questionnaire, primary
data are gathered.Books, media, newspapers, the internet, and other sources of secondary data
are examples. All Thrissur Corporation employees who have been laid off make up the
population. 258 individuals that were chosen at random to participate in the survey make up
the sample size. The data collected from the respondents has been analysed using the basic
percentage approach and the simple average.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Senthilkumaran Piramanayagam et.al. (2020)
family-owned small foodservice firms in India responded to the Covid- This
article's goal is to investigate how family-owned small foodservice business owners have
responded to COVID-19 by looking at the crises they have faced, the solutions they have
used, the obstacles to recovery, and their hope for the future. The COVID-19 pandemic has
brought about hitherto unimaginable difficulties, drastically damaged the family-run small
foodservice company units, and frequently brought them dangerously close to going out of
business.
Alexander W Bartik and Et el. (2020) -19 on small business
coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) on small enterprises based on a survey of more than 5,800
small firms. The findings revealed the precariousness of many small firms' finances as well as
the profound effect COVID-19 had on them in the weeks following the onset of its associated
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disruptions. The outcomes also show how businesses feel about the government's relief
initiatives and their expectations for COVID-19's longer-term effects.
Rachele Mariani and Et. al. (2020) The Impact of Coping Strategies and Perceived
Family Support on Depressive and Anxious Symptomatology During the Coronavirus
Pandemic (COVID-19) L
psychological interventions for the general public in the post-emergency period but also
health policies that consider citizens' psychological well-being.
Agnieszka Bienkowska et. al. (2022) i COVID-19 oriented HRM strategies
influence on job and organizational performance through job--
related attitudes including work motivation, job satisfaction, and organisational commitment,
this study intends to explain the role of COVID-19 centred HRM strategies in moulding job
performance during a moment of organisational crisis brought on by the COVID-19
pandemic. During the second wave of the COVID-19 epidemic, the survey was conducted
among 378 organisations working in Poland. Using IBM SPSS to produce descriptive
statistics and IBM AMOS to run a route analysis, the hypotheses were tested. The outcome
demonstrates that a combination of "hard" HRM strategies related to the financial aspects and
"soft" HRM strategies related to maintaining employees' wellbeing during the crisis provides
the best results in influencing work performance through attitude-related behaviours, thereby
enhancing organisational performance. This work advances our understanding of how
COVID-19-focused HRM strategies can be developed and perhaps has practical applications.
Yidong Tu et. al (2021) -19- -19 related
stress and performance in hospitality industry:. This study, which is based on the
conservation of resources theory, attempts to empirically investigate how and when COVID-
19-induced layoffs affect workers' in-role and extra-role performance in the hospitality sector.
We put this concept to the test using real-world information gathered from 302 workers and
their managers over the course of two waves in China. Results showed that COVID-19-
induced layoff raises survivors' stress levels, which in turn causes their performance in their
roles and outside of them to suffer. The apparent support of the family against COVID-19
lessens the severity of these indirect effects. These indirect effects are unexpectedly made
stronger by perceived organizational opposition to COVID-19. Further discussion is given to
the study's theoretical and practical ramifications.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 1: Demographic Profile
No. of Respondents
Percent of Respondents
Gender
Male
175
67.83
Female
83
32.17
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Total
258
100
Age
18 - 35
75
29.06
35 - 50
116
44.96
50 - 65
57
22.09
65 and Above
10
3.88
Total
258
100
(Source: Primary Data)
Interpretation: From the table it is clear that 67.83% of respondents are male and others are
female. 44.96% of respondents lie in the age group of 35-50 years. Around 75% of
respondents are in the age group of below 50 years.
TABLE 2: No. of respondents losing their job during Covid - 19 Pandemic
Variables
Male
Female
Total
Yes
123
46
169
No
52
37
89
Total
175
83
258
(Source: Primary Data)
Interpretation: The table shows that 169 out of 258 respondents are losing their job during
covid - 19 pandemic. Out of that 123 are male.
TABLE 3: Types of Business or Activity opted while lose their job
Business/ Activity
Male
Female
Total
Agricultural Activities
20
11
31
Small scale Business
87
29
116
Clerical Jobs
12
3
15
Other Jobs
4
3
7
Total
123
46
169
(Source: Primary Data)
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Interpretation: Out of 169 respondents who lose their job due to Covid - 19 pandemic, 116
are turned to small scale business. Both male and females are concentrated in the small-scale
sector for better earning for daily life because it's convenient to do and low capital investment
is required.
TABLE 4: Type of small scale business opted during pandemic period
Small scale business opted
Male
Female
Total
Stationery shops
54
27
81
Vegetable shops
64
32
96
Hawkers and peddlers
(Fish/ vegetables)
38
5
43
Take Away huts/ cake making/
food related business at home
91
17
108
Affiliated marketing
15
41
56
Cottage industry
6
23
29
(Source: Primary Data)
Interpretation: From the table it is clear that, out of 116 respondents opted for small scale
business, 108 are engaged in takeaway hut business or cake making and distributions and
food related business at home. Almost all respondents are engaged in more than one business
at a time.
TABLE 5: Reason for opting Small scale business
Reason
Average (likert
scale)
Rank
No/ Low capital investment
4.6
1
Convenient to do
3.8
3
Family give support
2.68
7
Ability to use our own effort
1.73
10
Government restrictions in the pandemic situation
2.96
8
Further development of business concerned
2.17
9
Immediate cash collection is possible
3.1
6
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To meet day to day living expenses
4.28
2
Think of Better control over small scale industries
3.42
5
Easy to operate and no need of expertise
3.69
4
(Source: Primary Data)
Interpretation: From the above table it is clear that the major reason for opting small scale
business by laid off workers is low capital investment. The second reason is that the living
cost can be met from small scale business. The third reason is Convenience to do business.
And the ability to use one's own effort is considered as the last reason.
SUGGESTIONS
The study gives the following suggestions,
The government should ensure the well being of each and every laid off worker during
the Covid - 19.
The Government should implement some kind of programs that give job opportunities
off workers for starting or developing small scale businesses.
Laid off workers should be ready to take the risk involved in the business or any other
activities they engage in.
CONCLUSION
The study on survival mechanism of laid off workers in the era of Covid - 19 and its
impact on small scale business aims to identify the survival mechanism of laid off workers in
the era of covid 19 and to know its impact on small scale industries. From the analysis it is
clear that out of 258 respondents 169 are losing their job during covid - 19 pandemic. The
laid off workers are engaged in various other areas like small scale business and agricultural
activities for surviving the situation they faced. Most of the respondents are engaged in
small scale industries especially in food related business and also started takeaway huts.
During covid - 19 pandemic lots of people engaged in the cake making business. The major
objective of the study is to identify the impact of covid on small scale business. Most of the
respondents are turned into food related businesses. The reason for why they started the same
is because of low capital investments and living cost met by day to day activities and also
convenient to do the same in the home or nearby home.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bhave, D.P., Teo, L.H., & Dalal, R.S. (2020). Privacy at work: A review and a research
agenda for a contested terrain. Journal of Management, 46, 127-164.
Crespo, N.F., Crespo, C.F. and Calado, M. (2022), "Strategic responses of the family
businesses in the accommodation industry: lessons for overcoming crises", Journal of
Family Business Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.
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40
Olatunde, N. A., Municio, A. M. G., & Awodele, I. A. (2022). Examination of survival
strategies of quantity surveying firms amid COVID-19 pandemic disruption in Lagos
State, Nigeria. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, (ahead-of-print).
Bartlett, R. P., & Morse, A. D. A. I. R. (2021). Small-Business survival capabilities and
fiscal programs: evidence from Oakland. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,
56(7), 2500-2544.
Bhrammanachote, W., & Sawangdee, Y. (2021). Sustaining or surviving? An exploratory
case study on COVID-
management, 27(2), 273-292.
Websites
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=99284
https://hbr.org/2020/04/how-to-manage-coronavirus-layoffs-with-compassion
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2488149
https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/supporting-livelihoods-during-the-
covid-19-crisis-closing-the-gaps-in-safety-nets-17cbb92d/
https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2020/article/employment-recovery.htm
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006991117
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006991117
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.587724
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RIGHT TO MARRY
Comradeship : Indian perspective
Sheeba Tomar
Bhagat Phool Singh MahilaVishwvidayalaya
Khanpurkalan, Sonipat
Department of social work
Abstract.
Encyclopedia and Dictionary says that legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between
a man and a woman that is regulated by laws, rules, customs and belief.
and blood. On the other hand according to Muslim c .
ied once appetency. So it can be said
that marriage is sacrosanct union and an important social institution. Marriage in India are
basically between two families rather than two individuals.
Marriage is such a social necessity that marrying children is the primary responsibility to
Indian parents. Daughters should be married as soon as they attain puberty and sons are
married as soon as they start earning. The expectations from a married lady in Indian society
is to foster the welfare of her in- marital relation is culturally conceptualized, yet
it is globally solemnized with the witness of elders.
Right to marry is a fundamental rights under ARTICLE 21 Indian constitution. It is universal
right and is attainable by every individual (adult). According to Hindu marriage act ,1955 it
was intended to secure the rights of marriage for the Hindu bride and Groom and are bound
under the scared bond of marriage under any ceremony.
This Lea is binding to any person who is Hindu by birth or by religion in the present work we
consider the three age group and the following questions:
What the believe about marriage?
What age is the best to get married?
What do they think if a marriageable girl is a self sufficient?
Based on three age group opinions, we would like to intervene in this matter to find out :
How the scope of employment may or can change there opinion about marriage?
Key Words: marriage, rights, women, patriarchy, tolerance.
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Introduction
Encyclopedia and Dictionary says that A legally and socially sanctioned union,
usually between man and women that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs.
Our constitution says that marriage is as mentioned in article 21 an intgral part of
right to life.
Following are the characteristics of marriage.
It is an universal social constitution.
It is found in all stages of society.
Marriage is considered to be a permanent bond between spouses to fulfill needs like
social, religious, physical, psychological etc.
Marriage is a specific relation between of same and opposite sex.
Marriage requires social approval.
It establishes family which provides facilities for procreation and upbringing of
children.
It creates mutual obligation between spouses and couple and to fulfill them on the
basis of customs and rules.
Marriage is always associated with some civil and religious ceremony.
Marriage regulates sexual relation.
Marriage has certain symbols like rings, varmala, special cloths etc.
So, it can be said that marriage is a sacrosanct union and an important social
institution. Marriage in India are basically between two families rather than two individuals.
Marriage is such a social necessity that marrying children remains the primary responsibility
to Indian parents. Daughters should be married off almost as soon as they attain puberty and
sons, as they start earning. The expectations from a married lady in Indian society is to
foster the welfare of her in-laws.
Though marital relation is culturally conceptualized, yet it is globally solemnised with
the witness of elders. Right to marry is a fundamental right under article 21 of the Indian
constitution. It is a universal right and is attainable by every individual (as he/she turns
adult).This law is binding to any person who is Hindu by birth or by religion.
Methodology
In this present work we consider a quantitative research through a short questionnaire
containing four questions. They are
I. What they believe about marriage?
II. What age is the best to get married?
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III. What do you think if a marriageable girl becomes self-sufficient?
IV. What do you think about marriage (arrange? Or love?)
These questions are asked to three different age groups in village Gamri. Gamri is taken in
consider because of two reasons:
It is adopted by Bhagat Phool Singh women university (firstly)
Findings
population consider that marriage is the starting up of in-laws family. They say marriage
means the h
need. According to them, marriage means to bring an all-purpose full-time maid for home
ted that
” |According to the lady, this not wrong to say that
ladies, in their old age, are being treated as toy who is brought to her groom house only to
fulfill their needs and to complete the daily task.
Whereas 70% of newly married ladies agreed that marriage means heaven. She is
being pampered as a baby. She differentiates her own parents with her in-laws in the context
of love, respect, freedom and in choice. A prominent figure in the village called Neetasays
regarding marriage is just as "her in-laws treat her like their own daughter, they respect her
immature but life is full of new aspirations after marriage. Beautiful world which a girl
imagine before her marriage comes in reality which is full of happiness and colors. Life that
becomes easy for her as there is someone who holds her hand and stands by her side in this
complexity of life.
On the other gand almost all the young unmarried girls stated during the intervention
that they are somehow excited about marriage but they are grimly concerned about their
carrier as well. They want to get married according to their own choice. They have several
dreams for their marriage as in how they will behave, how their look will be changed etc..
They have a lot more colourful dreams related to this subject and it is important to mention
here that they feel shy to talk about it as well.
Conclusion
In spite of it being as universal right, the Indian women are not free to practice it as
liberally as they should thanks to the traditional orthodox social structure.
Further it is the responsibility of the family and at the same time it is also being
responsible on personal front towards the family. As it is obvious that the patriarchy rules,
when it is all about marriage.
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It is pertinent to mention here that women being a human being shall have tasted at least the
economic freedom before marriage.
References
https://www.legalserviceindia.com/ , last visited for the purpose is on 22/12/2022.
www.myadvo.in, last viewed for relevant information on 20/12/2022
www.indialawjournal.org, last visited on 12/12/2022
The Indian express, daily newspaper, information and cases and their solution were
noted for reference from time to time.
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Thoughts of Gandhi and Ambedkar on
Untouchability
Mr. Himansu Kumar Mandal
Assistant Professor, Department of History
SabangSajanikanta Mahavidyalaya
Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal
Abstract:
The word 'Dalit' is derived from the word 'dolan',which means to suppress. The upper castes
of the society who suppress or trample the lowe
The points of difference between Gandhi and Ambedkar about Dalit rights are that Mahatma
Gandhi considered the Dalit problem in a humanitarian perspective and emphasizedon
removing untouchability from the society. During the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920,
he took up the program of abolition of untouchability but after a few years Ambedkar was in
favor of the abolitionof untouchability as well as establishment of economic rights of
group but Gandhiji did not want it but from the society.
Keywords:Harijan, caste, untouchability, Buddha,
Introduction:
Untouchability was considered by Gandhiji as a stain on Hinduism. According to him,
one-sixth of the population of the nation was allegedly exploited by foreign rulers under the
guise of religion, which contributed to the long-term establishment of their authority in India.
In 1920, he wrote, without the eradication of the stain (of untouchability), Swaraj would lose
all significance. ("Swaraj is a meaningless term"). He made it his life's work to eradicate
untouchability and advance the underprivileged and disadvantaged. He saw himself as the
world's servant. He preached from this stance. Gandhi supported the separation of Hindu
society into four castes. He believed that the Sudra Varna included the untouchables. He
objected to the Harijans being included in the fifth caste. He discussed changing the caste
structure fundamentally rather than trying to abolish it. He believed that the custom of
untouchability was immoral. If untouchability is not bad, nothing else is wrong in the world,
he said. He emphasized the wellbeing of the Harijans.
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Gandhiji‟s works for eradication of untouchability:
Gandhiji supported the idea of creating four castes within Hindu civilization. Not as
Avarnas and Shudras. He made an appeal to the public's conscience, imploring them to see
the historical necessity of granting the "Harijans" a fair position in society. So, he believed
the necessity to raise the untouchables rather than eliminate caste in order to bring about a
fundamental shiftin the caste system without removing it. Gandhi stated in "Young India" in
April 1925 that "temples, public wells, and public schools must be open to untouchables
equally with caste Hindus." He started two journals named "Harijan" and "Young India,"
through which he advocated his ideas. He also started an ashram where people of all castes
and religions could come together.
The significance of Gandhiji's non-violence lies in the realization of spiritual truth. He
believed that man's spiritual belief in his human-loving nature, through the pursuit of non-
violence, will lead to the realization of spiritual truth. TakkarBapa, a social reformer, founded
the "Harijan SevakSangh," for which Gandhiji worked in 1932, to work for the religious and
social welfare of Harijans.From an economic perspective, it is true that a man's or woman's
own decision about whom he or she marries and with whom he or she drinks and eats is final.
That is, upholding untouchability is an unforgivable crime. Today, untouchability takes
different forms in different states and regions of India. This inhumane practise of separating
people based on their caste system should go stock and barrel. At the age of eighteen, Gandhi
defied caste restrictions when he went abroad. This strength of mind was with Gandhi even in
South Africa (18931914), where he treated all communities, including the untouchables, as
equals. Gandhi believed in untouchability through the power of lifelong action. In 1881,
Gandhi disregarded his mother's warning not to touch Uka, an untouchable, who would
cleaned the latrines in their home.
We are all children of the same God, and God can never divide among his children;
therefore, Gandhi denounced the superiority mindset of the Brahmins, saying that a Brahmin
who despises caste and believes of himself as superior is not a true Brahmin. "Being
untouchable is a misfortune. Gandhi criticizes untouchables becoming Muslims and
Christians. Communal Awards for lower-caste Hindus were introduced by the British
government in 1932. Gandhi believed that temples should remain open to Hindus of lower
castes on equal terms since they were places of devotion to God. The act of entering a temple
is spiritual and sends a message of liberation to untouchables. Untouchables were referred to
as Harijans by Gandhi. Gandhi advised them to make a variety of plans to improve their
situation, including the creation of specially designed model schools and temples for the use
of untouchables, full access to public temples and schools, and the use of common restrooms.
He also advised that Harijans pursue higher education, which would raise their academic
standards and enable them to become better citizens of India.
Gandhiji was assaulted at the Jagannath temple in Puri for protesting caste
discrimination; as a result of his movement, many significant temples were compelled to
grant entry to Harijans. Jawaharlal Nehru wrote in his autobiography that Gandhiji's
movement shook the foundations of Hindu caste prejudice. He visited Madurai four times
between 1921 and 1939 but did not enter the Meenakshi temple.Ambedkar, however, claimed
that Gandhiji did not want to go against caste Hindus; he spent his life appeasing them. As
much as he spoke of Swaraj, or Hindu-Muslim unity, he did almost nothing against
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untouchability. It must be recalled that Nehru made Ambedkar the Law Minister in his
cabinet in 1946, largely on Gandhi's initiative, and Ambedkar became the country's first
openly gay prime minister. "Gandhi, in my opinion, genuinely attempted to persuade the
Hindus of the upper caste to come to a compromise. For instance, decreasing the severity of
casteism by implementing reservations and ensuring access to "lower" castes everywhere
Gandhi and Ambedkar did not have precisely the same experience with apartheid. Ambedkar
had to deal with societal prejudice even after coming home with all the degrees from higher
education. Gandhi experienced considerable social prejudice in Patna in the early days of the
Gandhian movement, but it was incomprehensible to him. Consequently, the two had very
different perspectives on the caste question's political relevance. However, there are some
startling parallels between the two men's thought processes.
The first commonality between Gandhi and Ambedkar is their shared perception of
caste as an enduring but shifting phenomenon in India. Gandhi also considered the
"abolition" of caste in all of his later endeavors, and Ambedkar gave one of his works the title
The Annihilation of Caste. Gandhi and Ambedkar were at the forefront of several movements
because of this. In opposing the caste system, both promoted non-violence and development
of individuality. However, both theorists placed a strong emphasis on the socio-cultural and
economic factors that underlie the caste issue. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the two
leaders approached the Dalit problem in quite different ways. Ambedkar mentioned a never-
ending battle against Brahminism. Gandhi also emphasized the value of each person realizing
their own worth, independent of caste.
- B.R.Ambedkar
held that caste system [
B.R.Ambedkar subscribed to the notion that 'cultural reformation' is a duty of the state,
Gandhi, on the other hand, held it to be an internal process of Hindu society. B.R.Ambedkar
believed that transfer of power from the Britishers will have the impact only of shifting the
untouchables to the tutelage of Indian [Hindu] masters, and so the colonial state is bearable
provided it would mitigate the evil of social ostracism. This was to be achieved prior to the
withdrawal or termination of the colonial establishment through a joint endeavor of Indian
leaders and alien rulers. B.R.Ambedkar doubted the sincerity of the emerging leadership in
India. Gandhi wanted to settle the issue of uplift without the interventions of the alien state
and value frame; he doubted the sincerity of the Britishers.B.R.Ambedkar regarded the
untouchables as a religious minority [political minority] outside the pale of Hindu
community, whereas Gandhi proceeded from the proposition that they are an integral part of
Hindu community disjointed due to the Interference of extraneous, non-religious
consideration. Gandhi fully agreed with B.R.Ambedkar on all the degradations that have
crept into Hindu order, but differed on the point of change of religion from Hinduism to
Buddhism as B. R. Ambedkar had changed his religion. This attitudinal difference is due to
differences in perception
Gandhiji, a well-loved political figure among the populace, was unable to ignore the
effort to end untouchability and elevate Harijans. In 1919, Gandhiji joined the fight for Indian
independence. Under Gandhiji's leadership, the Indian National Congress became dedicated
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to liberation and the elimination of untouchability starting in 1920. Untouchability "must be
accorded a secondary position" in the Congress agenda, he said in 1920. Gandhiji objected to
the idea of establishing a separate electorate for the Harijans because he strongly disagreed
with the British tactic of "divide and rule," which divided the Harijans from the other Hindus.
Gandhiji said at the Minority Committee of the Second Round Table Conference in London
[1932] that "We do not want untouchables to be classed as a distinct class.
Ambedkar
The great struggle started by Babasaheb Ambedkar for the legal establishment of
social, political and economic rights of backward communities in the history of India marks a
new chapter in the context of Indian social system. A victim of the irony of untouchable
Dalit life, he felt that if the Dalit community could not be shown the way forward, only the
be crippled, stumbling every moment
on the way forward, and would eventually turn into a fractured nation. He keenly observed
that the aggressive attitude of the so-called upper castes was the root cause of the jealousy
towards the untouchable Shudra community. His contemporary Mahatma Gandhi was fully
aware of this and wanted to bring about change in the upper castes. Mahatma Gandhi named
the untouchable Shudras 'Harijan'. He believed that if the upper castes changed their chain of
command, their attitude towards the lower castes would change and thus open the doors of
society to the lower castes. But Babasaheb Ambedkar could not agree with this idea. He felt
that if Shudra Samaj looked to sincere changes in the upper castes for development, that
development would never materialize. It requires a change in the mindset of the Dalit
community. He divided the entire movement into two levels. The first was the awakening of
Dalit consciousness in the community and the second was that the awakening of Dalit
consciousness would lead the oppressed society out of the agony of being deprived by the
upper castes. Even today the whole of India is following the path indicated by Babasaheb
Ambedkar in the question of Dalit development. BabasahebAmbedkar anti-untouchability
struggle and at the same time the issue of Dalit and Shudra emancipation mainly stand on
three issues, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
He realized that social discrimination, untouchability was observed in Hindu society
in a big way and it was having a serious impact on the society. It is rooted in the centuries-
old system of casteism associated with the 'caste system'. And this 'Varnasrama' was the
political and institutional power of Brahmanism. Through this, the interests of the upper
caste would be protected and the dignity of the lower caste would be lost. As a result, the
backward people of the society are suffering deprivation in all political, economic and social
spheres. And the nation's progress is being destroyed. In this context, "Unless you change
your social order you can achieve little by way of progress" by B. R. Ambedkar.That is why
he wanted to destroy this caste institution through logic in a revolutionary way. Ambedkar
opposed the caste system of Hindu society saying that there is division of labor according to
birth. But in the original 'Vedas' this system of Varna division is not present but later on it is
added in 'Manusmriti' i.e. 'Purusha Sukta'. Again from 'Shatpatha Brahmin' and 'Trattoria
Brahmin' it is known that in Arya society there were three castes Brahmin, Kshatriya,
Vaishya which later as a result of class conflict, a part of the weak Kshatriya class joined with
the non-Aryans to form a service lower class. This means that it can be said that
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casteism,untouchability,casteism, casteism and injustice were created in the society by
Manusmriti. He believed that division of labor in society should be based on merit and merit
rather than birth. Only then will the establishment of justice and progress in the society be
possible.He saw that in different countries of the world there are different types of social
inequality but they have political freedom.
Ambedkar devoted himself wholeheartedly to the removal of long-standing
disabilities imposed on India's underdeveloped untouchables. He has taken all possible
initiatives in this regard. The majority Hindus practiced social oppression on the minority
and untouchable Mahar communities. The pond water was not allowed to be used.
Ambedkar joined the Satyagraha movement to protest this social oppression of Hindus. He
organized a fortnightly magazine as editor to inform the public about the sufferings and
demands of the backward classes of India. The name of this magazine is 'Bahiskrit Bharat'.
Apart from that, he arranged for the publication of another fortnightly newspaper. The name
of this magazine is 'Janata'. Not only the untouchable Mahar community, but all the
backward communities of the country have received the sincere and active support of
Ambedkar in their organizational initiatives and protest movements against injustice. He was
associated with various associations of backward communities. He has joined the
movements supporting the interests of the working people. He also formed a party called
'Swadihan Sramik Dal'. An organization was established in 1924 on the initiative of
Ambedkar to deal with the anthropology of strange and underdeveloped communities. The
name of this organization is 'Babinski Hatakarini Sabha'. He addressed various conferences
of the untouchables within and outside the country and strongly expressed his views against
racism. He declared Jihad against traditional Hinduism and religious hatred and divisive
practices, bigotry and conservatism. At some point in 1935, Ambedkar severed his
connection with Hinduism and embraced Buddhism. His interest and attraction towards
Buddhism was sincere. In 1951, he formed an association of Buddhists in India
According to Ambedkar, professional social stratification was created in India along
caste lines. Such or serious harm to public life, because Hindu social system have rules and
restrictions are established. As a result, the individual becomes human. The idea that human
society is made up of individuals is traditional. In fact, society is made up of different
classes. Social, economic and intellectual differences are observed between the various
classes of the society. Everyone in Hindu society is a member of one or the other class. This
system is random. But in Hindu society this classification has almost reached its conclusion.
Originally there was only one caste. Over time the castes have become different castes
through imitation and exodus. The system and principle of division of labor is recognized in
all civilized societies. There is no room for disagreement about this. But the caste system is
accepted as an immutable system in Hindu society. In Hindu society a caste becomes a
distinct cultural unit.In 1930 the Government of Bombay (Mumbai) constituted a State
Committee. The purpose of forming this committee was to understand the educational, social
and economic condition of Dalit classes. Ambedkar was made a member of this committee.
Ambedkar made some recommendations in this regard. Notable among these
recommendations are: provision of scholarships for Dalit students; Arrangements for
recruiting them in the military and police forces, involving them extensively in socio-cultural
activities etc. Ambedkar was the president of the All India Dalit Classes Organization. In
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1930, on the basis of this position, he initiated the constitutional recognition of some of the
demands of the backward and untouchable classes. He demanded that arrangements should
be made to include representatives of this category in various governmentcommittees.
Mahatma Gandhi advocated the use of the word Harijan instead of the word untouchable.
Ambedkar could not support this initiative of Gandhiji. Mahatma Gandhi formed the Harijan
Sevak Sangh. The objective of forming this Sangh was the removal of untouchability. But
even in this case, Ambedkar could not support Gandhiji's initiative. The management and
control system of Harijan Sevak Sangh was caste Hindus. Apart from this, this association
was a branch of the Congress party. This association was formed to garner the support of the
Dalit classes for the Congress.
Conclusion:
Ambedkar was in favor of abolition of caste system but Gandhiji emphasized
harmony and fraternity among castes while retaining the caste system.Ambedkar supported
the communal road policy in 1932 for demanding separate elections for Dalits. Mahatma
Gandhi, on the other hand, was opposed to separate elections, for which he went on a hunger
strike against the communal partition policy and was eventually forced to accept Gandhiji's
demand. The Gandhi Ambedkar controversy over Dalit rights was not fully resolved. The
Poona Pact of 1932 abolished the issue of separate elections and reserved 18 percent seats for
improve as expected. As a result, the Gandhi Ambedkar dispute remained.
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44, I1 Ed., Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad. 1945-85
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Delhi, p.166
8. Tendulkar, Mahatma, vol. 2: 176. Also see "The Constructive Programme," vol. 65: 200.
The removal of untouchability was an integral part of the Constructive Programme
9. Gauba, O.P, Indian Political Thought, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Babasaheb Ambedkar,
Perilya: E.V.Ramaswami Nicker, p.145-163, New Delhi- 110002, 2015.
10. Chakraborty, Bidyut and Pandey, Rajendra Kumar, Modern Indian Political Thought:
Text and Context, Jyotiba Thule: Unique Socio-Political Ideas, p.16-19, B.R. Ambedkar,
p. 76-102, SAGE Publications , New Delhi- 110044, India, 2009.
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A Critical Analysis of Sudha Murthy‟s Selected
Novels
Mr. Rajesh I. Bansod
Department of English, Dr. Arun Motghare Mahavidyalaya, Kondha-Kosra, Dist. Bhandara
(Maharashtra)
Abstract:
T
renowned personality in Indian English Literature. She is a true role model for women in
India because she marked her presence by doing extreme work in the period when women
were given neither support nor appreciation to study and work in the male dominated society.
Presently, she is a successful personality and her life journey has become an inspiration for
other women. Her novels deal with the theme of human relationship, struggle of women in
the male-dominated society, traditionalism, identity and self-realization. The woman
protagonists in her novels show the intent to fight against the adverse situations and break the
barriers of traditional society. They rise questions and prove that; they are not the puppets
male domination. Despite of difficulties, they emerge as strong and create their own identity.
Though, Sudha Murthy is the voice women in male-
blame men alone for the sufferings of women but sometimes blames woman for another
because it is emotio
Key Words: Sudha Murthy, women, relationship, identity.
Sudha Murthy is a renowned writer, social worker and computer engineer. She was
born in 1950 in a Brahmin Kulkarni family of Karnataka. Her literary works include novels,
collection of short stories, travelogues, technical books and non-fiction. She started her career
as a software engineer and designer. She is married to Mr. Narayan Murthy, the co-founder of
remarkable and has made a great impact in the field of education in the rural areas of
Karnataka. She has
she writes in English and Kannada. Her works have been translated into Indian languages.
of social work.
According to Sudha Murthy, her life has changed a lot after she met JRD Tata, who
turned towards social work. She has put the photograph of JRD Tata on the wall of her office
because it reminds her of giving back to society. As a writer, through her novels, she
empowers women and motivates them to be strong in the adverse circumstances. Her writing
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is based on the background of Indian society and culture. The protagonist of her novels are
women who are educated with natural inner power and they are strong enough to face any
adverse situation of life. They bravely fight for their place in the traditional Indian society.
Sudha Murthy is one of the most influential contemporary woman writers of the modern
period and her literature is a realistic picture of the socio-psychological problems faced by
Indian women. Her novels throw light on the violence, humiliation and exploitation faced by
women. The cores in her novels are mainly man-woman relationship, acceptance and
estrangement in modern life. It is observed that, the woman characters in her novels are
simple, hardworking and innocent whereas the male characters are influenced by the power
of luxury, comfort and materialism. They do not realize the value of woman and family life.
But ultimately, the woman characters overcome the barriers by fighting hard to lead a
s the best example to prove the point that a woman
can do anything if she decides and adverse situation cannotprevent her from leading a happy
and successful life. The novel is a story of a young girl, Anupama and her marriage. Like
every woman, she dreams to lead a happy married life. She gets married after falling in love
with a doctor called Anand. But unfortunately, after marriage, she suffers from a skin disease
n
does not support or rescue her from this terrible situation. Anupama is shocked by his
behavior. Because of her skin disease, Anupama is humiliated by all and treated as
untouchable. They blame her for having the disease before marriage. She is helpless and the
situation becomes unbearable for her. Nobody comes forward for her rescue. It becomes
more painful when the person, she loves most, is against her. Finally, she must leave her
would he have found himself in the same situation? The answer is no. Anupama is suffering
because she is a woman victim of male-dominated society. She moves ahead and fights the
situation with courage and hope in order to create a life for herself. She moves to city, faces
troubles, pressures and threats in the busy city life but eventually succeeds. Finally, Anand
realizes his mistake and begs he
symbol of courage and hope that every woman needs in the adverse situation.
Initially, they are neighbors and their houses are surrounded by a Bakula tree. The families
are rivals and do not like each other. In spite of the family rivalry, Shrimati and Shrikant are
in love with each other and get married ignoring the family disagreement. Though Shrimati is
an intelligent and capable woman, after marriage, she sacrifices a lot for her husband and
remain a sincere, dutiful, and caring wife. Shrikant progresses in his professional life while
Shrimati gives up her academic aspirations to fulfill her duties as a corporate lea
with her. He forgets all her sacrifices which she did for him. She is fed up with that lonely
life and want to find her own happiness. She decides to leave Shrikant and follow her vision.
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At the time of separation, she expresses her emotions and says that she sacrificed her
After her departure, Shrikant realizes his mistake. He understands that he was very cruel to
The novel deals with a theme of human relationship and a woman who is always victim of
male domination. Murthy has portrayed the character of Shrimati as a confident woman who
fights hard against the situation and moves ahead to create her own identity.
small village. Sanjay meets her in a marriage ceremony, and they fall in love with each other.
Very soon, they tie themselves in the bond of marriage and start leading a very happy married
fe.
Sanjay takes up a job at Government hospital Banglore and they settle down there. Sanjay
progresses in his professional career. Very soon, there are clashes of village culture and city
culture between them which affects their relationship. Sanjay manipulates Mridula because of
her ignorance and doubts. Mridula remains the same sincere and devoted wife but there is a
sacrifices her ambitions for her husband and becomes an obedient wife. But Sanjay loses her
trust and the conflict between them grows because of his selfish and rude behavior. Mridula
bears the pain and agony alone. He speaks politely with others but rudely with her. Sanjay
shows more trust in his sister than his wife. He does not share anything with her. Sanjay helps
very upset when discovers the truth. She feels bad, not because he financially helps his family
members, but because he does not disclose it to her. Finally, Mridula decides to leave Sanjay.
The novel deals with husband-wife relationship and their trust in each other.
Conclusion:
Thus be stated that her
novels are the voice of every woman. Shudha Murthy deals with the complications of man-
woman relationship, the place of a woman in the male dominated society and her struggle for
listically. She has portrayed all her
woman protagonist very skillfully. The common thing in all the three novels is that the
woman protagonist are victims of male domination, but they are strong enough to fight for
their survival. She proves the fact that the identity of a woman can not be denied. Generally, a
woman leads her life by sacrificing her aspirations and dream for the shake of her husband,
but when it is a question of her existence and identity, she fights back to overcome the
adverse situation. The major themes in her novels are feminism, love marital relationship,
family issues, self-realization and struggle of women for their identity.
References:
1. .
2. Gently Falls the Bakula8.
3. The House of Cards13.
4. https://en.m.wikipedia.org
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Theoretical frameworks for understanding
employability skills and emotional intelligence-
Literature Review
Anant Agrawal1, Dr. Manmohan Rahul2
Reseach Scholar- Sharda University1, Professor- Sharda University2
Abstract:
This paper investigates the role of the various employability skills required for the fresher
students of higher education institutes and the importance of emotional intelligence in the
life. The students take admission in HEIs to acquire knowledge and skills and do their career
planning but there is gap between the acquired and desired, knowledge and skills by
corporate world.(Awadhiya, 2020) Various skills are suggested as employability skills and at
the same time emotional intelligence is also required to grow in corporate life. The gap which
is identified is that there is nothing related to the correlation between employability skills and
emotional intelligence.
Keywords: Employability skill, Emotional intelligence, students, higher educational
institutes.
1) Introduction:
Human beings strives for success in life through many conventional and non
conventional ways and education is surely one of the way to get success in life. However in
Indian context, good education supercedes other methods for success in life. Sports and arts
and other interests are not viewed as ladders for success. Because of this mind set, parents
are sending their children to various private institutes and universities to get the conventional
degrees so that they can settle in their personal and professional life. The journey begins from
schools where kids start cramming theoretical concepts and keep on advancing in their
educational journey by joining professional colleges post completion of their schooling.
Once they become the part of professional education system, the efforts are focussed
on to enhance the skill sets of their students to make them employable in the corporate world.
This becomes a tough task because students find it hard to fulfil the expectation of corporates
for employment and to sustain in the professional life. The reasons are low skills at the time
of entry in HEi, easy admission process and the students own reluctance to learn and put in
hard work in academics and in skill building.
The question then arises about the quality of output these HEI are producing for the
employment in various sectors. What happens to all the students who complete their
education from these colleges and universities and eneter real world. Do they excel in their
personal or professional life? Does the education being provided to the students in these
colleges and universities, make them ready to face the challenges of the real life? Or do all
the students perform equally in their real life?
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In our professional life, communication, teamwork, managerial abilities, empathy and
many other skills sets you up to suatain and excel in professional life. Our colleges and
universities are working only on theoretical technical skills and more of developing cognitive
skill but it is also important to have employability skills like Emotional Intelligence which is
now being used widely in all walks of life. Does EI have any impact on employability skills
of fresh engineers and managers? Like Intelligence Quotient, Emtional Quotient is not fixed
and can be increased over the period of time throughout the life. Daniel Goleman in his book
over IQ to succeed in personal and professional life.
2) Literature Review:
As per the existing pedagogy in India, majority of colleges have their focus towards
providing the degree only and same is the focus of students. The knowledge and wisdom is
missing. Students who are not well equipped or prepared for real world, join corporate world
that only bookish knowledge and degree is not enough to cope up with the real life
challenges.
2.1) Concept of Employability Skills: Employability skill is defined as the skill set which is
required to perform the allocated tasks to an employee. It can be defined that the skills
required by an individual in order to make them employable. These skills are combination of
technical and non-technical skills.
Number of researches have been conducted on what is employability. The purpose of
taking admission in these private colleges and universities is that students expect that
education institutes will equip them with the necessary knowledge and skills required for the
real world. Same is the expectation of corporate world. According to (Bok,2006), employees
have this expectation that education institutes will provide the necessary skills required, to
their students.
According to (Overtoom,2000) basic employability skills are transferrable skills,
which are combination of core functional knowledge and other skills to execute those
functional knowledge, which is required at all levels of employment, to get the success.
e
lacking in these skills the most. Communication skill was having special focus in this report.
Ted Nunanrevealed that students expect that their academic certificates should be considered
as passport for the employment (Nunan, 1999)
According to Cotton, employability skills include verbal communication (R,W,S),
problem solving, decision making, team work, self-motivation and self-regulation.(Cotton,
1997)
Archer & Davision, highlighted in their research that working in teams and
communication skill as the most important skills required by employers (Archer et al., 2008).
In various studies it was found that there is gap in required skill set and possessed skill set. In
a study conducted in South Nigeria and focus was on 13 skills namely:
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communication skill,
team work skill,
integrity skill
self-confidence skill
planning skill
writing skill
ICT skill
problem solving skill
analytical skill,
leadership skill,
critical thinking,
decision making skill
and initiative skill
As per the study, these skills were required to be employable but it was found that
students were having only three skills in an adequate amount and those three were
communication skill, integrity skill and Self confidence. (Ekpoh, 2015)
One longitudinal study was done in Sweden by Staffan Nilsson in 2010. In this study
the focus was on perception of engineering graduates about employability(Nilsson, 2010).
The perception of these graduates was that hard vocational skills are losing their importance
and as per them, instead of having hard skills, interpersonal skills are more important and are
desirable too.
Similarly one study was conducted in Punjab state in 2015 by TejbirKaur,Singh
Jaskaran Dhillon, RubeenaBajwa. In this study they compare the perception of 3 stake
holders Students, Faculty members and Executives from corporate world.(Bajwa, Dhillon and
Kaur, 2015)
It was observed that all institutes imparting professional education adopt various
different strategies to upgrade the skill sets of their students so they can be absorbed by
corporate houses. During the course, students feel that the moment they will step out of the
college, companies would be waiting with the red carpet for them, outside their college. But
the reality is different. They have to face fierce competition to get a job and for that
something other than their hard skills is required to make them employable.
In the existing scenario, it is the biggest challenge for students to become employable.
The understanding of students, faculty members and industry people, about the employability
skills is different. They have different viewpoints regarding the weightage of different skills.
The methodology of teaching is also being perceived differently by these three groups.
All the above studies were about to identify the skills required to become employable but
employability of students.
In the year 2016,a study was conducted in Banglore to find out the impact of soft skill
training on employability. As per this study, the person having various soft skills like
communication skill, working in a team, customer handling skill and leadership skills were
the attributes of the personality which make that person different from the person having
similar kind of experience.(Kumar.K.R., 2016). It is quite possible that two persons are
having same number of experiences but due to different level of soft skill sets, their growth
will be different. Surveywere conducted and the inference drew from those surveys was that
there was a positive correlation between soft skill training and employability competence.
In 2019, Mohd. Osmani and his fellow researchmates found that there is gap in the
demand (Employers) and supply (students). They said that it is not important that what skills
are being taught to studetns but the important is what employability skills are instilled in the
students. (Osmani et al., 2019)
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Ashish Kumar Awadhiya found out in his research that Communication, Problem
solving, Decision Making, Critical Thinking and Innovative Skills, Team Work,
Professionalism and Ethical Behaviour, Self-Management followed by Planning and
Managing Skills are required as employability Skills. (Awadhiya, 2020)
On the basis of review of literature by various researchers, following are the skills
which are considered as employability skills:
Communication Skill(G.Gowsalya; and Kumar, 2015)(Kumar.K.R., 2016)(Awadhiya,
2020)(Osmani et al., 2019)
Team Work(G.Gowsalya; and Kumar, 2015)(Riebe et al., 2010)(Kumar.K.R.,
2016)(Awadhiya, 2020)(Osmani et al., 2019)
Planning/ Organising & Management(G.Gowsalya; and Kumar, 2015)(Awadhiya, 2020)
Analysing & Problem Solving(G.Gowsalya; and Kumar, 2015)
Initiative(Blom and Saeki, 2011)(Nilsson, 2010)
Flexibility(Blom and Saeki, 2011)
Numerical Ability(Alamelu, Lakshminarayanan and Badrinath, 2017)
Action Planning(Ekpoh, 2015)
Personal Impact & Confidence(Nilsson, 2010)
Leadership(Alamelu, Lakshminarayanan and Badrinath, 2017)(Ekpoh, 2015)(Osmani et
al., 2019)(Awadhiya, 2020)
Networking(Blom and Saeki, 2011)
Negotiating (Chowdhury and Miah, 2016)
Decision Making(Ekpoh, 2015)(Osmani et al., 2019)(Awadhiya, 2020)
2.2) Concept of Emotional Intelligence: In the recent past few years, the concept of
emotional intelligence has emerged and it is considered to be the most important factor for
the successful and happy life. It was believed that if any student is having good IQ, can be
employed easily but later on it was discovered that only IQ is not enough. IQ can help you to
get a job but to remain in the job and to climb the ladder of success in life, emotional
intelligence is also required.(Goleman, 1995)
Many researchers came up with their models and Goleman in 1995 came up with this
Bar-On's talked about personality.
As per Mayer & Salov
formally,we define emotional intelligence as the ability to perceive and express
emotion,assimilate emotion in thought, understandand reason with emotion,and regulate
emotions.(Mayer and Salovey, 1993)
nal intelligence includes self - control, zeal,
persistence and the ability to motivate one -
management of emotions, motivating one self, recognizing emotions in others and handling
(Goleman, 1995)
As per Bar- -cognitive
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cus was on Intra Personal Skills,
Interpersonal Skills and General mood.
2.3) Recent Development: Atif Aziz, Faizuniah Pangil established and identified the impact
or effect of emotional intelligence on communication skills, interpersonal skill,
entrepreneurial skill and computing skill.(Aziz and Pangil, 2017)
Priyam Dhani, Tanu Sharma worked on the
intelligence on his/her performance. They found that emotional intelligence is an important
people having the high level of emotional intelligence were able to understand themselves
and others in a better manner and were able to perform better than others and were having a
stable career.(Dhani and Sharma, 2017)
Ailish Jameson, Aiden Carthy, Colm McGuinness & Fiona McSweeney talked about
the perception of industry people about lack of social & emotional intelligence. As per them,
fresher were lacking in these competencies and due to lack of these competencies, they face
difficulties to cope up with the stress and pressure and due to inability to cope up with
workplace stress, their productivity drops down. They suggested that coaching should be
incorporated in the system and the curriculum should be upgraded so that students can
develop their emotional intelligence and social skill and can equip themselves with these
skills and can live better life with less stress and more happiness.(Jameson et al., 2016)
2.4) Components of Emotional Intelligence: The compenents of EI is classified under two
major factors which are Personal and and Social Compencies. Each factors has two
componenst as explained below:-
Personal Competencies
Self - Awareness
Self - Management
Social Competencies
Social - Awareness
Relationship Management
2.4.a) Self – Awareness: A component of personal Competence ,self awarenessis the ability
to understand your own emotions under any situation. It includes to understand your reactions
to any specific situation, event, challenge or people.One should be willing to manage its
discomfort while dealing with any negative situation. To understand them in a better manner,
we should analyse them properly like from where do they come and why do they come.
2.4.b) Self – Management: Self -
act. It depends on self awareness. Self - management is the ability to use your awareness of
your emotions to respond in a positive manner in any given situation. This is the ability to
manage your reactions or to convert your reactions into response on the basis of self -
awareness by managing your emotions in a positive manner.
2.4.c) Social – Awareness: A component of Social Competence , social awareness is the
ability to understand the emotions of other person in any particular situation. It is the ability
to understand what is going on with them.
Listening and observing are critical elements of social awareness. We can understand
the real situation of other person by listening him properly and by having good observations.
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2.4.d) Relationship Management: It is your ability to use your emotions effectively and
emotions of other in order to manage your interactions effectively and successfully.
To generate the synergy, relationship management is must. If we are in a position to manage
relations in an effective manner, it would be much easier for us to put our view point across.
Conflicts are due to poor self - management & relationship management.
2.5) Research Done in The Area Of Emotional Intelligence: Lopes, Kadis, Grewal, Gall
and Salovey, confirmed in their research that employment success and Ei are correlated.
Accordinginly, if any person is having high EI, his chances of succeeding in career are also
high.(Lopes et al., 2006)
Ciarrochi, Deane & Anderson told that EI has positive significant effect on well-being
and mental health.(Ciarrochi, Deane and Anderson, 2002)
Karimi, Leggat, Farrell, Couper supported the idea of moderating effect of EI on
wellbeing and job stress.(L. et al., 2014)
Atif Aziz &FaizuniahPangil conducted a research in Malaysia. They conducted this
research on 300 students and found that EI has moderating effect on skills &
employability.(Aziz and Pangil, 2017)
Ailish Jameson, Aiden Carthy, Colm McGuinness & Fiona McSweeney conducted a
study on college freshmen students who were lacking in these competencies and faced
difficulties to cope up with the stress and pressure and their inability to cope up with
workplace stress that results in their productivity going down. (Jameson et al., 2016)
Arijit Pathale, Shardul Shankar &Vijayshree Tiwari studied the impact of EI on
employability of IT professionals. In their research they found that EI has impact on
employability positively.(Pathak, Shankar and Tewari, 2018)
Gopika Kumar and Vaishali Sharma conducted a study on EI through self - skills for
employability. Here the major focus was on soft skills and employability. They talked about
the important soft skills required for employability. They talked about personal and
interpersonal skills. The important factors of EI (Self Awareness, Self Management,
Social Awareness and Relationship Management) were not considered.(Kumar and Sharma,
2019)
Pawan Kumar Chand; Ashwin Sadasive Kumar and Amit Mittal did study on EI and
its relationship to employability skills and employer satisfaction with fresh engineering
graduates. It was found that in the opinion of employers, fresh engineering students were
lacking in their emotional intelligence and were not able to cope up with work stress and
pressure. In this study also the major focus was on soft skills and the factor of Emotional
Intelligence were ignored.(Chand, Kumar and Mittal, 2019)
Anand Nagrecha & Shruti Sharma conducted a research and the purpose was to
explore the EQ level of working professionals of Gujrat and to find out the relation of EQ
with other variables like gender and age. The results were that EQ is related with age but not
with gender.(Nagrecha and Sharma, 2011)
Similarly, Karani Anushree,Rajput Hema, Panda Rasananda found that various
demographic variables like, gender, age, educational qualifications, and experience have
significant impact on emotional intelligence.(Karani, Rajput and Panda, 2017)
Another study was conducted by Pooja P, Kumar P. In this study the relation of
various demographic variables with EI was established. Variable considered were age,
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gender, education (technical & non-technical), work experience, management level,
geographical regions and industry. Industries covered in this study were tourism, IT & ITES,
real estate, health, education, media, retail, banking and hospitality.(Pooja and Kumar, 2016)
In one of the studies, the EQ scores were measured in all 4 years of engineering
program in one of the Malyasian University and comparison was studied.(Saibani et al.,
2015) In this study they used MEQI to evaluate Emotional Intelligence. In an another
research, it was found that EQ scores were almost the same in first year (77.92%) and in last
year (77.83%). (Saibani et al., 2012).
It has already been established that unlike IQ, EQ can be enhanced throughout the life. In one
research, study was done on Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance. (MacCann
et al., 2019)
Ashwin Sadashiva Kumar conducted a research in Punjab (2019) on Employability
Skills and Emotional Intelligence as Determinants of Employer Satisfaction in Information
Technology Sector in India and found that Emotional intelligence has significant effect on
(Chand, Kumar and Mittal, 2019)
One research was conducted in Malaysian University and it was to examine the
relationship between Emotional Intelligence and work performance in higher education
institutes from the students perspective. It was found that there is gap around the Emotional
Intelligence and labour market. (Rasiah, Turner and Ho, 2019)
Due to COVID-19, all the educational institutes were closed across the globe and
students were supposed to change their mindset and make a shift in their behavior of learning
as entire education was being imparted online. This study was conducted to study the
perception of academic stress and emotional intelligence coping strategies among college
students. It was observed that students were using emotional intelligence to cope up with the
negative effects arising due to pandemic situation. (Chandra, 2021)
3) Research Gap:
Though mainstream literature clearly defines and exhibits EI as an important factor
for working employees and their success in their respective careers , the research linking Ei
and employability factors for students remains absent. Most of the research in the domain of
students and employment are based on various factors that are important for employability
and how industry looks for these skills during the time of their recruitment interviews.
Emotional Intelligence as one of the crucial skillrequired for the growth in the life and
facing the challenges of the life is well accepted too. It is required for the effective leadership,
to reduce the stress, to have good health, to increase the confidence and to have work life
balance etc.
With this background , we see this as a research gap where the factors that constitute
bodies like NAAC and NBA looks out for holistics development of students in universities
and independent institutions , this research will go a long way in establishing that EI and
ignored now. With Pandemic and HEI closed and mental health and well being is talked
about, there is yet another reason for us a s researchers to see whether EI and ES can be
associated
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On the basis of literature review, gaps identified can be summaried as below:
• EI is seen as a preferred tool to diagnose employee mental health and performance in the
company.
• EI is not seen to be tested as a preferred tool for students studying in HEIs
• There is a gap between EI & Employability skill as a diagnostic tool for employability
• So, Emotional Intelligence and Employability Skills are not studied & researched upon
• No Linkage between Emotional Intelligence and Employability for fresh graduates
• Quantification of Employability Skills
4) Conclusion:
It is very obvious that a lot of work has been done in the area of employability skill
and emotional intelligence but in isolation. There is a need to find out the linkage between
these two, if any, and this can change the entire scenario of career planning, employability
and happiness in the life.
5) Future Scope:
Once the correlation between the employability skill and emotional intelligence is
established, a fram work or model can be designed to improve the emotional intelligence and
can be implemented in schools and colleges.
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research.
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL
ASPIRATION & SELF-CONCEPT AMONG
SENIOR SECONDARY STUDENTS OF
GHAZIABAD DISTRICT
Dr. Sangita Rani1, Ms. Meenakshi Chauhan2, Ms. Shikha Choudhary3
Assistant Professor, Mahalaxmi College for Girls Ghaziabad1 & 2
Assistant Professor, HLM College Ghaziabad3
ABSTRACT: -
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between educational aspiration
&self-concept among senior secondary students of Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh. The
present study was conducted on a sample of 120 senior secondary students (Boys &Girls)
which are studying in class xi and xii from different schools of Ghaziabad. All the senior
secondary schools are affiliated from CBSE board Delhi. The research was carried out
through
educational and Intellectual concept. The main hypothesis of the study is thatthere is no
significant relationship between Boys and Girls with respect to the level of educational
aspiration and Self- Concept.The sample was collected by using simple random sampling
technique. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics mean, median, standard
is significantrelationship
between Boys and Girls with respect to the level of educational aspiration and Self- Concept.
Key Words: - Educational Aspiration, Self- Concept.
INTRODUCTION: -
Educational Aspirationis defined as the level of aspiration at which a person sets
certain goals and hopes to attainthem. It is the scale of measurement by which a person
judges his performances either it is good or bad.
Educational aspiration means to obtain a definite level of education. It is an
there is not a single individual who is devoidof ambitions in some or other form. The
aspiration of young minds are influenced by the learning at school, which prepares them for
rest of the adult life and guide them what they eventually do (1989).
Educational aspiration characterizes future performances and individual on the basis
of past performances. In the present study the level of aspiration involves the estimation of
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the abilities for future performance on the basis of past experiences i.e. abilities, capacities
and efforts made towards attaining the goal.
"Self-thought is a staggering section in the character structure, thus, self-thought is the
central approximation. Techniques and methodology have been arranged to examine self-
thought.
The issue of self-planning is evaluated to a vast degree. Is still unresolved. The issue
in coordinating investigations in such a field is that the possibility of the self is not
specifically depicted and is in a state of change. . There are some words that are in all
practical sense, which are synonymous with self-discern between their mental self-picture
'feeling of self' self-appreciation, self-knowledge and self-concept.
LITERATURE REVIEW:-
Joshi, C. N. (2019) effect of gender and medium on educational aspiration of secondary level
Porbandar District school students. Total sample size 400 students from private and
government schools were simple random techniques selected as a subject.The results were
found that boys and girls differ significantly on overall educational aspiration similarly;
Gujarati medium students have a greater level of educational aspiration. The findings
revealed will be useful for a range of stakeholders such as educationists, policy makers,
teachers, parents, etc.
Tiwari, M. R. (2019) investigated the study of effect of gender on educational aspiration and
academic achievement motivation of visually impaired secondary level school students. The
sample consisted of 100 hundred secondary level visually impaired school students were 44
selected between the age ranges of 15 to 17 years. Further, they were classified into two
groups i.e. boys-50 and girls-50.The result study shows that both boys and girls have by and
large equal education aspiration., and visually impaired girls have better academic
achievement motivation than visually impaired boys
Dr. Chawla, M. (2018) the main purpose of this study was to find out of comparative study
of educational aspirations of secondary school students in relation to their achievement
scores. The sample was consisted of 200 school students of Panipat City.The result shows
that there is no significant gender difference in educational aspiration of secondary school
students with respect to gender as the t-value came out to be 1.12, which is not significant at
0.05 & 0.01 level of significance.
Kumari, & Chamundeshwari (2013) studied the self-concept and Academic achievement
of students at higher secondary level that observed that self - concept plays a prime role in
determining the academic achievement of learners. It was also noted that the learners from
central board have high selfconcept when they compared to other boards. Further, the results
of the study revealed that there is a strong positive relationship between academic
achievement and self-concept.
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Nanda (2012) examined the study of self-concept on adolescents: An attempt has been made
to examine the effect of gender and academic competence on the self directed on two
gatherings (scholastically skilled refrains scholastically less able) of kid's stanzas young
ladies. In the current examination, 240 young people were chosen through the arbitrarily
inspected procedure of urban school of Odisha. The outcome demonstrated that scholastically
capable teenagers have higher physical, social, good and close to home self-idea than less
able ones. The quality of relationship between close to home self-idea and over all self-idea
in young men is higher tshan the affiliation found in young ladies.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:-
Relationship between educational aspiration & self-concept among senior secondary
students of Ghaziabad district
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: -
1. To study the level of Educational Aspiration of boys and Girls among senior secondary
students.
2. To study the self- concept of boys and girls among senior secondary students.
3. To find out the relationship between educational aspiration and self- concept of boys and
Girls among senior secondary students.
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY:-
Hypothesis-1 There is no significant difference between Boys and Girls with respect to the
level of educational aspiration.
Hypothesis- 2 There is no significant difference between Boys and Girls with respect to Self-
Concept.
Hypothesis- 3 There is no significant relationship between Boys and Girls with respect to the
level of educational aspiration and Self- Concept.
To verify this hypothesis following sub-hypothesis were formed:-
Hypothesis-3.1 There is no significant relationship between the level of educational
aspiration and Self- Concept of boys.
Hypothesis-3.2 There is no significant relationship between the level of educational
aspiration and Self- Concept of girls.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:-
The research is quantitative in nature.In this study, the investigator applied normative
survey method. The present study was conducted on a sample of 120 senior secondary
students (Boys &Girls) which are studying in class xi and xii from different schools of
Ghaziabad. All these senior secondary schools are affiliated from CBSE board Delhi. For
measuring the level of educational aspiration & self- concept among senior secondary
students questionnaire has been used. For measuring the Self concept a questionnaire
constructed by Dr. Raj Kumar Saraswat has been used and for measuring the educational
constructed by Dr. Rekha Aggarwal. The Self- Concept inventory provides six separate
dimensions of self concept viz, physical, social, intellectual.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA:-
Hypothesis- 1 There is no significant difference between Boys and Girls with respect to the
level of educational aspiration.
Table:-- value of educational aspiration of boys and girls.
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„t‟ value
1.
Boys
109.48
15.68
118
0.553
2.
Female
111.21
16.24
Interpretation:-
118 is less than table value at the level of significance (0.05= 1.98 and 0.01 = 1.66), so the
hypothesis is accepted and it can be interpreted that there is no significant difference between
Boys and Girls with respect to the level of educational aspiration. Hence, we can say that
boys and girls have more or less similar educational aspiration. In daily life we also see that
both boy and girl students have equal educational environment and shows more or less
similar level of educational aspiration.
Hypothesis- 2 There is no significant difference between Boys and Girls with respect to
Self-Concept.
Table:-2 - value of self- concept of boys and girls.
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„t‟ value
1.
Boys
178.43
15.79
118
0.102
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2.
Female
174.16
12.38
Interpretation:- value (0.102) at the degree of freedom
118 is less than table value at the level of significance (0.05= 1.98 and 0.01 = 1.66), so the
hypothesis is accepted and it can be interpreted that there is no significant difference between
Boys and Girls with respect to the Self- Concept. Hence, we can say that boys and girls
almost have equal opportunities in the field of education, so their level of self concept more
or less similar.
Hypothesis- 3 There is no significant relationship between Boys and Girls with respect to the
level of educational aspiration and Self- Concept.
To verify this hypothesis following sub-hypothesis were formed:-
Hypothesis- 3.1 There is no significant relationship between the level of educational
aspiration and Self- Concept of boys.
Table:-- Concept
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„r‟ value
1.
Educational
aspiration
107.68
20.15
118
0.265
2.
Self-Concept
178.43
15.79
Interpretation:- Table 3.1 shows that the obta
118 is greater than the table value at both the level of significance (0.05= 0.174 and 0.01 =
0.228), so the hypothesis is rejected and it can be interpreted that there is a significant
relationship between the level of educational aspiration and Self- Concept of boys. Hence it
can be concluded that self- concept and educational aspiration of boys have significant
relationship with each other. In daily life, we also see that in order to raise the educational
aspiration of boys there is a need to work improving their self-concept.
Hypothesis-3.2 There is no significant relationship between the level of educational
aspiration and Self- Concept of girls.
Table:-ion and Self- Concept
S.No.
Group
Mean
S.D.
Degree of
Freedom
„r‟ value
1.
Educational
aspiration
111.01
15.96
118
0.199
2.
Self-Concept
174.03
12.45
Interpretation:-
118 is greater than the table value at both the level of significance (0.05= 0.174 and 0.01 =
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0.228), so the hypothesis is rejected at 0.05 level and accepted at 0.01 level. Hence it can be
concluded that self concept and educational aspiration of students there is a need to enhance
the self concept.
CONCLUSION:-
This study suggests that the views on boys and girls student hold about their academic
competence and capabilities are valuable variables that have the potential to facilitate the
realization of students goals in a range of setting include the school. For the enhancing the
educational aspiration and self concept of students teacher should give due importance to
increase opportunities and support in school.This findings provide evidence to suggest that
when both girl and boy students are given equal opportunities and support in school, both
sexes will see themselves as academically capable and competent and will thus strive to work
hard to achieve their educational goals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
Bashir, L. &Kaur
Educational and Applied Social ScienceVol.8, Special issue 269-275
Phychometry and Education, Vol. 41(2):224-
Educational Aspirations of Secondary School Students in Relation to their Achievement
ial Sciences, vol.8, issue4, pp 1-9.
Applied Business and Economic Research,Vol.15.
Anitha&Parmashwari, G. (2013). Correlates of Self Concept among High School
Students in Chennai City, Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of Current Research
and Academic Review, ISSN: 2347-3215 Vol.1, Nov.4 (2013), Pp.30-34.
Awan, R.N., Noureen, G. & Naz, A. (2011). A Study of relationship between
Achievement Motivation, Self Concept and Achievement in English and Mathematics at
Secondary Level. International Education Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3.
Jain, M., Divya, &Pasrija, P. (2015). Emotional Maturity and Self Concept among Senior
Secondary School Students. Bharityam International Journal of Education and Research
A Quarterly Peer Reviewed International Journal of Research & Education, Vol. 4, Issue
III, June 2015, ISSN: 2277-1255.
Lone, P. & Lone, T. (2016). A Study on the relation of Self Concept and Academic
Achievement among Secondary School Students of Jammu District. Journal of Education
and Practice, ISSN: 2222-1735, Vol.7, No. 31, 2016.
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Review on Women Safety Night Vision Patrolling
Robot
Priyanka Shirsat1, Akshay Torane2, Vaishnavi Raut3, Vikas Takale4
Student of Department of Electronic and Telecommunication1, 2 &3
Lecturerof Department of Electronic and Telecommunication
JSPM, Bhivarabai Sawant Polytechnic4
ABSTRACT:-
In this growing world, population is increasing day by day and because of this, security
problems are also increasing. In this scenario, safety is one of the biggest issues for both men
and women. But mainly women are facing more problems in comparison to men. Due to the
large population, this may not be possible to provide physical security to everyone.
Currently we are using CCTV cameras for security purposes which only do the job of
recording events, so it can't be considered as preventive measure for women's safety.
Therefore, the us
safety night patrolling robot that can be used to replace manpower and provide quality
security. In this system we are using Ardunio, Bluetooth Modle, Camera, Motor Driver
which are mounted on the robotic vehicle. The ultrasonic sensors are used for manual and
automatic mode respectively. The night vision camera installed in this robot is used for
capturing events in day as well as night. If robotic vehicle senses any live object in front, it
sends the notification to the control room. Thus, we come up with the night patrolling robot
that can be used in large areas for securing the premises.
Keywords-
INTRODUCTION:
With the fast-growing technologies, Robotics is also growing exponentially all over
the world. Robotics is a modern technology which is spreading its arms in almost every field
which helps people to make their life simpler and easier. One of the most demanding fields is
human security as robots can work more efficiently in comparison to humans. The key and
essential components of robotics are control and automation. Robot can be terrestrial or aerial
which can have eye on every small detail that is not noticeable to human eyes. The added
advantages of using robots are long-range visibility and not having risk to human life. With
the use of cameras and different type of sensors like temperature sensor, gas sensor, smoke
sensor and sound sensor, we can also detect hazardous situations. Thus, in today's scenario,
robot surveillance is the area of great interest.
LITERTURE REVIEW:-
scientists are trying hard to bring the revolution in this field [1]. This technology is
spreading at the great speed in various sectors like armed forces, space exploration, health
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care, security, etc [2]. One of the most targeted sectors is security. In countries like South
korea is leading the world in robot denseness [3]. South Korea's robot denseness is seven
times higher than the global average, and the country has been expanding its robot density
by 10% every year since 2015 [4]. Tejal Dnyandev Barhate and Sakshi Balasaheb
Chavanke proposed a basic robot with a wireless camera mounted on it. This robot is used
in military purposes for saving the lives of soldiers by sending the robot in place of risking
the life of soldiers [5].
The Night Patrolling Robot can be operated in manual as well as in automatic mode
depending on the requirement which makes it fully autonomous in nature [6]. Sudha
Chowdhury came up with a robot which is helpful during natural disasters such as floods,
tsunamis, earthquakes etc. This robot is used for detecting the human beings trapped under
the collapsed buildings using PIR sensor [7]. The proposed robot has one disadvantage of not
being able to detect the real time location of the bot. Adeel Azfar Khan, Muhammad Hamza
Khan, Sarmad Hameed, Muhammad Bilal Taak made a spy robot which keeps a track on the
actions and movements of the enemies in the enemy zone. The robot is operated in manual
mode using RF (radio frequency) transmission and is mounted with a rotating Night Vision
Camera which provides live streaming [8].
Pe
mounted with night
disadvantage of their proposed robot is that, it cannot provide audio communication [10]. In
2018, dong [11] made: visual audiometry with headlights.This technique measures relative
transfer for mobile robotic systems with a chain of camera images [12]. A camera can be
used to get large quantities of input data, which are comparatively lowcost sensors, making it
highly costly functional captures in mobile robots. As this is an idle part, however, it will be
dependent on external strength, which can decrease its accessibility.
METHOD:-
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1. Hardware Implementation
a) Arduino board: Arduino UNO is an open-source platform which consist of
ATmaga328P microcontroller. The board has various input/output pins that can be
used for interfacing with other circuits.
b) Night vision camera: The camera provides the live streaming of the events in day as
well as in night. Night vision camera detects the invisible IR wavelengths through
which we can see the objects in the night using camera.
c) Android phone/PC: This block works as the controller unit by which we can give
instructions to the robot and receive the notification on it.
d) Ultrasonic sensor: These sensors use a transducer to send and get ultrasonic sound
e) DC motor: DC motor is used for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.
f) IOT server: IOT server is used to connect the robot and android/PC through internet.
OUTPUT
CONCLUSION:
The multiple devices used in robot help in monitoring a particular area and provides security
with a well developed app through which robot can be monitored and controlled easily by
common people. By this method we can also keep
safety can be improved using night patrolling robot at a great extent. The final hardware setup
is shown in the given fig below
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REFERENCES:-
onomous Vehicle for
Vi
Technology, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 487-498,2007.
[2] Ahsanul Hoque, Md. Baijid Hasan Shorif, Shekh Nuruzzaman, Md. Eftekhar Alam,
Battlefield Assi n Technology conference, (R10-
HTC) 2017.
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[3]
Proceedings of 8th IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Education,
pp.633-638, 2013.
[4]Yu-Yueh Huang, Cheng-Te Li, Shyh- -based social networks
24th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference
(WOCC), 2015.
[5] or Identifying the
Influential Mem IEEE Transactions on Information
Forensics and Security, Vol.11, No.4, pp.811-822, 2016.
[6]
Crime Analysis and Prediction Using Data Mining Techniqu International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 4, April 2018.
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DIGITAL LIBRARY AND EDUCATION IN THE
MODERN SCENARIO
T. Rubanya1, Dr. T. Prabakaran2
Research Scholar, Department of Library &Info Science, Annamalai University1
Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Annamalai University
(Deputed to), Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai2
ABSTRACT
Digital libraries and their fut
libraries bring a perfect outcome from a variety of fields. Obviously, it does not have a
discrete objective. Digital library is a natural extension of a well-established profession.
Digital libraries can be noted as an important database from the viewpoint of information
retrieval; Digital libraries may emerge to be one usage of the World Wide Web. A digital
library is a most complex form of digital systems that always associate with the digital
document, dissemination of information. Digital Libraries were actually viewed as a
supporting system to assist the users with coherent information and data.
Key Words: Digital Library, Education, Information, Database, Technology.
INTRODUCTION
The digital library is a concept in the current situation that has a clear future. If digital
libraries are merely considered as a subfield of prior research pursuits, they will be unnatural.
To reach its full potential, the area must be understood as a synthesis of subfields from other
domains, combined with extra goals and, as a result, new research questions. Digital libraries,
on the other hand, store and modify enormous collections of materials in an electronic format.
The most important technological difficulty is determining how to find and show desired
selections from and across digital collections. Digital libraries should concentrate on concerns
such as access, cost, and digitalization technology, as well as how to build the required
infrastructure for successful mass manipulation of the information network. "Digital libraries
are organizations that provide the resources, including specialized staff, to select, structure,
offer intellectual access to, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence
over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available
for use by a defined community or set of communities.
OBJECTIVES OF DIGITAL LIBRARY
Some of the objectives of the digital library as follow
To provide best services to suit the needs of clients.
To give capable retrospective services.
Having a massive number of digitalized databases.
To save library time.
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To service communities that is scattered over the network.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIGITAL LIBRARY
The following are some of the qualities of a digital library that are described here:
Users are usually looking for information other than what they're looking for, and they
frequently want to combine data from multiple sources.
Cross-references to other documents are included in documents.
Document names are not the same as document identifiers.
The catalogue may describe things that aren't actually part of the current collection.
Different patrons are allowed to do different things and see different parts of each
collection, thus they must show authorization to use the library.
SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE DIGITAL LIBRARY
A library which supply a definite group of people.
A corporation of numerous units to assist.
Library which includes education and right to use it properly.
Library which offers quick and proficient access through numerous accessible approaches
and information.
A library having a compilation that is large and continues more over time, enclose lots of
formats and include materials.
NEED FOR DIGITAL LIBRARY IN EDCUATION
The libraries and the information are transforming from the storage of lots of books
and printed materials to an electronic access to a compilation of digital information. As the
data and content initiated to be electrically furnished libraries too commenced to transform in
a way to give data to their supporters. In the digital library materials, the learners get the
relevant information and the numbers of readers are uprising in the world on the other hand.
The reasons for the digital libraries which required for educations are:
There is a constant need for accessing huge amounts of information to the learners
irrespective of location and time.
For archiving those materials which are properly sorted, are authentic and
systematically arranged for easy access and with proper specifications and rights to use.
For accessing latest and current information.
For access to hypertext links for navigation to correct sources for easy access.
DIGITAL REPOSITORY FUNCTIONS
Digital Library provides access to huge information resources.
It always supports to multimedia contents.
Network accessible.
It provide user friendly interface.
Unique referencing of digital objects.
Enable link representation to local / external objects.
It supports advanced search and retrieval.
Information available for a very long time.
Also supports traditional library missions of collection development organization, access
and preservation of information.
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Support editing, publishing annotation and integration of information.
FUNCTIONS OF DIGITAL LIBRARY
The major functions of digital libraries are:
To provide accessibility to huge quantities of content to its users independent of location
and as per convenience.
To provide accessibility to main information resources.
To Support the multimedia information besides the text
COMPONENTS OF DIGITAL LIBRARY
Hardware
Software
Manpower
HARDWARE
Computer servers
Scanner
Storage media: high power hard disk
Wi-Fi tower and CDs
Digital camera
Networks
SOFTWARE
The software requirements are:
Linux operating systems
Digital library software like Greenstone and D-Space
Editing software
MAN POWER
The key skills are needed for man power
Management skills
Technical Skills
Subject Skills
BENEFITS OF THE DIGITAL LIBRARY
The benefits are as follows:
Preservation of the precious records, exceptional and extraordinary compilations of
libraries, archives and museums.
Guarded informational sources.
Provision of fast accessibility to the assets of libraries which are universally located
by means of automated enhanced catalogues.
Helping in locating physical as well as digitized accounts of scholarly articles and
books by means of solo interface.
Instant pursue by the users or the clients.
MERITS OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION
Libraries have always acting as a vital role of the learning practice. The library
described as a centrally structured arena which is consisted of resources that include an entire
scale of different types of media and also human services. The first thing that to be mentioned
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was nothing but the physical components like space, tools, storage, and other material that
needed for the digital library. Since digitalization has taken over most of the components in
education field learning through digital libraries is not only a thing of present and past but
also for the future.
INSTANT ACCESS TO RESOURCES
A Digital library cuts short the time and effort one would put into visiting a
conventional library and finding the right book. With options like in-built content search with
only a few keywords or titles, searching for what you need from thousands of resources
becomes easy.
PRESERVATION OF RESOURCES
Conventional libraries are need to invest heavily to maintain and for the preservation
of the resources. On the other side the physical library are to be accessed and it should be
reused by the users regularly, because it becomes tough to prevent the deterioration of books,
records and the cassette tapes like the other resources. In the digital libraries the resources
are digitalized moreover large number of readers can be able to access the material regularly
without any difficulty.
REAL-TIME INTERACTIONS
The first and foremost merit of using the digital library is nothing but the students can
easily clarify their doubts and confusions. The new-age management software can facilitate
interaction between readers and administrators without any delay. The readers can also
interact in online and can find a resolution to their issues.
CONCLUSION
Digital libraries will always help readers to access the updated resources with the
latest technology which was available; the conventional libraries can come after the digital
libraries in purchasing the latest editions of books, magazines, and other content resources
because in the education field the organization can update the data or the information
regularly. Nowadays many publishers may allow their publishers to make the latest editions
and the resources accessible to the readers based on the payment in the online mode. Hence
digital libraries always help the readers by providing all sorts of latest publications. The
importance and the necessity of digital libraries for education in the era of modern
technological digitalization is always rendering the service in the field of education and also
to help the readers.
REFERENCES
1. https://blog.teachmint.com/importance-of-digital-library-for-students/
2. https://in.pearson.com/blog/2021/09/5-
3. https://www.cs.cornell.edu/wya/DigLib/text/titlepage.htm
4. International Journal of Research in Library Science (IJRLS)
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Electric Vehicles: A Better Choice for Sustainable
Transportation
Birendra Kumar Chauhan1, Anuj Kumar Chauhan2
School of Basic Sciences & Technology, IIMT University, Meerut, (UP)
Abstract:
Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional
fossil-fuel vehicles. This research paper examines the advantages of Electric vehicles over
other vehicle types, particularly in terms of environmental impact, cost, and performance.
The transportation sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions,
which is a major cause of climate change. Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered to be one of
the best alternatives to traditional gasoline vehicles for sustainable transportation due to their
lower emissions and higher efficiency. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in
the production and use of Electric vehicles worldwide, driven by government policies and
consumer demand.
Keywords: Electric vehicles (EVs), Environmental Impact, Government Policies,
Sustainable Transportation, Renewable Energy Sources.
Introduction:
The world is facing numerous challenges associated with the use of conventional
vehicles, such as air pollution, climate change, and resource depletion. Electric vehicles are
increasingly being recognized as a potential solution to these problems. Electric vehicles use
electric motors powered by rechargeable batteries, eliminating the need for fossil fuels and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the cost of battery production has decreased
significantly in recent years, making Electric vehicles more affordable than ever before. This
paper reviews the current state of Electric vehicles technology and its potential to reduce
emissions and mitigate the negative impacts of transportation on the environment. It also
discusses the challenges facing Electric vehicles adoption and explores potential solutions.
The results suggest that Electric vehicles are a better choice for sustainable transportation and
can play a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting energy security, and
improving air quality. However, further research and policy interventions are required to
overcome the barriers to Electric vehicles adoption and accelerate the transition to a more
sustainable transportation system The study also explores the current state of Electric vehicles
technology and its potential for future growth.
The transportation sector is a vital component of modern society, facilitating
economic growth, social interaction, and personal mobility. However, it also contributes
significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which are a leading cause of climate
change. To mitigate the negative impacts of transportation on the environment, there is a
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growing need to transition to more sustainable modes of transportation. Electric vehicles
(EVs) are considered to be one of the most promising alternatives to traditional gasoline
vehicles due to their lower emissions and higher efficiency. The technology behind Electric
vehicles has been rapidly advancing, and they are now becoming increasingly accessible and
affordable to consumers. This paper provides an overview of the current state of Electric
vehicles technology, explores the potential benefits of Electric vehicles for sustainable
transportation, and discusses the challenges that need to be addressed to accelerate the
adoption of Electric vehicles. By doing so, this paper aims to demonstrate that Electric
vehicles are a better choice for sustainable transportation and can contribute significantly to
reducing GHG emissions, improving air quality, and promoting energy security.
The transportation sector is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions,
which is a leading cause of climate change. Electric vehicles (EVs) are being hailed as a
cleaner and more sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline vehicles, with the potential to
significantly reduce emissions and mitigate the negative impacts of transportation on the
environment. However, the environmental impact of Electric vehicles is complex and
depends on various factors such as the source of electricity used to charge them, the materials
used in their manufacture, and their end-of-life disposal. This paper aims to explore the
environmental impact of Electric vehicles and compare it with that of traditional gasoline
vehicles. By doing so, it seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential
benefits and drawbacks of Electric vehicles for sustainable transportation.
Environmental Impact:
One of the primary advantages of Electric vehicles is their low environmental impact.
According to a study by the Union of Concerned Scientists, Electric vehicles produce less
global warming emissions than gasoline-powered vehicles in nearly every region of the
world. Electric vehicles emit no tailpipe pollutants, reducing local air pollution and
improving public health. Electric vehicles can also be powered by renewable energy sources,
further reducing their environmental impact. This section of the paper will review the life
cycle analysis (LCA) of Electric vehicles which is a methodology used to assess the
environmental impact of a product throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material
extraction to disposal. The LCA of Electric vehicles will be compared with that of gasoline
vehicles, focusing on greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and energy consumption.
The paper will discuss the environmental impact of battery manufacturing, which is a
critical component of Electric vehicles. Battery production requires the extraction and
processing of raw materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can have significant
environmental and social impacts, particularly in developing countries where these materials
are often sourced. The section will also explore potential solutions to reduce the
environmental impact of battery production. The paper will examine the impact of the
electricity used to charge Electric vehicles, which depends on the source of electricity
generation. If the electricity is generated from renewable sources such as wind or solar, the
environmental impact of Electric vehicles will be significantly lower than that of gasoline
vehicles. However, if the electricity is generated from fossil fuels, the emissions associated
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with Electric vehicles will be comparable to or even higher than those of gasoline vehicles.
The paper will discuss the end-of-life disposal of Electric vehicles, including battery
recycling and disposal. EV batteries contain toxic chemicals and metals that can have
significant environmental impacts if not properly managed. The section will explore potential
solutions to mitigate the negative environmental impact of end-of-life disposal of Electric
vehicles. The environmental impact of Electric vehicles is complex and depends on various
factors such as the source of electricity used to charge them, the materials used in their
manufacture, and their end-of-life disposal. Electric vehicles have the potential to
significantly reduce emissions and mitigate the negative impacts of transportation on the
environment if properly managed. Policymakers, manufacturers, and consumers must work
together to ensure that Electric vehicles are produced, used, and disposed of in a sustainable
and responsible manner.
Cost of Electric Vehicles:
Electric vehicles have become more cost-competitive with conventional vehicles due
to advances in battery technology and economies of scale. Although the upfront cost of an
Electric vehicles is higher than that of a comparable gasoline-powered vehicle, the total cost
of ownership over the vehicle's lifetime can be lower. Electric vehicles require less
maintenance and have lower fuel costs. Moreover, federal and state incentives for Electric
vehicles can significantly reduce the upfront cost. The paper will review the cost of Electric
vehicles and their components, such as batteries, electric motors, and charging infrastructure.
The section will compare the cost of Electric vehicles with that of gasoline vehicles and
explore the factors that contribute to the high cost of Electric vehicles. The paper will
examine the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Electric vehicles, which includes not only the
purchase price but also the cost of maintenance, fuel/energy, and residual value. The section
will compare the TCO of Electric vehicles with that of gasoline vehicles and explore the
factors that contribute to the lower TCO of Electric vehicles in the long run. The paper will
discuss the government policies and incentives that promote the adoption of Electric vehicles,
such as tax credits, subsidies, and free charging infrastructure. The section will explore the
impact of these policies on the cost of Electric vehicles and their adoption rate.
Performance of Electric Vehicles:
Electric vehicles have several advantages in terms of performance. Electric vehicles
have instant torque, providing quick acceleration and a smooth driving experience. Electric
vehicles are also quieter and smoother than conventional vehicles, reducing noise pollution.
Furthermore, Electric vehicles have a lower center of gravity due to their battery placement,
improving handling and stability. One of the advantages of electric vehicles (EVs) is their
superior performance compared to traditional gasoline vehicles. This is due in part to the fact
that Electric vehicles have electric motors, which deliver power more efficiently and
effectively than combustion engines. One key performance advantage of Electric vehicles is
their instant torque, which means that the motor can deliver maximum power to the wheels
immediately, resulting in quick acceleration and responsive handling. Unlike combustion
engines, which require time to build up power, electric motors deliver maximum torque from
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the moment they start running, providing a smooth and seamless driving experience. Electric
vehicles also tend to be quieter than traditional vehicles, as they do not have the same noisy
combustion engine. This can provide a more relaxing and enjoyable driving experience,
especially in urban environments where noise pollution is a concern. Furthermore, electric
motors have fewer moving parts than combustion engines, making them more reliable and
requiring less maintenance. Electric vehicles also do not require oil changes or emissions
inspections, reducing the overall cost of ownership. The superior performance of Electric
vehicles is one of the key factors driving their increasing popularity and adoption, as
consumers seek vehicles that provide both sustainability and driving pleasure.
Benefits of Electric Vehicles:
There are several benefits of electric vehicles (EVs), including:
1. Environmental Benefits: Electric vehicles produce no emissions and are a cleaner
alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. This helps to reduce air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions, which can contribute to climate change.
2. Cost Savings: Electric vehicles can be more cost-effective in the long run than gasoline-
powered vehicles, as they are cheaper to maintain and fuel. The cost of electricity to
charge an Electric vehicles is typically less than the cost of gasoline for a comparable
vehicle, and Electric vehicles require less frequent maintenance since they have fewer
moving parts.
3. Quiet and Smooth Ride: Electric motors are quieter and smoother than internal
combustion engines, which means that Electric vehicles provide a more pleasant driving
experience.
4. Energy Security: Electric vehicles reduce dependence on foreign oil and increase energy
security by utilizing domestic energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric
power.
5. Public Health Benefits: Electric vehicles reduce air pollution and can improve public
health by reducing the number of harmful pollutants in the air, which can cause
respiratory and other health problems.
6. Innovative Technology: Electric vehicles are an example of innovative technology that
has the potential to transform the way we move and use energy. As technology improves
and prices come down, Electric vehicles will become an increasingly attractive option for
consumers.
Electric vehicles offer a variety of benefits that make them an appealing option for
drivers who are looking to reduce their environmental impact, save money, and enjoy a quiet
and smooth ride.
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Technology and Future Growth:
Electric vehicles technology is rapidly advancing, with significant improvements in
battery capacity and charging infrastructure in recent years. One of the most significant
barriers to the widespread adoption of Electric vehicles has been the issue of range anxiety, or
the fear of running out of power before reaching a charging station. However, as Electric
vehicles technology continues to improve, this concern is becoming less of an issue. One of
the key factors driving this improvement is the development of more efficient and powerful
batteries. Lithium-ion batteries, which are commonly used in Electric vehicles, have seen
significant advancements in recent years, with increased energy density and longer-lasting
charge cycles. As a result, many Electric vehicles can now travel up to 300 miles or more on
a single charge, providing drivers with greater peace of mind and reducing the need for
frequent charging stops. In addition, the availability of charging infrastructure has also
improved significantly, with more public charging stations and fast-charging options
available than ever before. This has made it easier for Electric vehicles drivers to find
charging options on the go, and has helped to alleviate range anxiety concerns. These
advancements in EV technology have made electric vehicles a more practical and viable
option for consumers, as they offer both environmental benefits and a driving experience that
is increasingly comparable to traditional gasoline vehicles. As technology continues to
improve, we can expect to see further improvements in battery capacity, charging
infrastructure, and overall performance, driving even greater adoption of Electric vehicles in
the coming years
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Electric vehicles offer numerous benefits for sustainable transportation
and should be prioritized as a key component of efforts to address climate change and
promote sustainable mobility. Policymakers and consumers alike should work to promote the
adoption of Electric vehicles, through incentives, investments in charging infrastructure, and
education about the benefits of Electric vehicles for both the environment and the economy.
Electric vehicles offer numerous advantages over traditional gasoline vehicles, including
reduced environmental impact, lower cost of ownership, and superior performance. As
technology continues to improve, Electric vehicles are becoming an increasingly practical
and viable option for sustainable transportation. In terms of environmental impact, Electric
vehicles produce significantly lower emissions than traditional vehicles, which can help to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality. Additionally, Electric vehicles can
be powered by renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power, further reducing their
carbon footprint. The cost of owning an Electric vehicles is also becoming more competitive
with traditional vehicles, as the cost of batteries and charging infrastructure continues to
decline. Electric vehicles have a lower total cost of ownership over the lifetime of the vehicle,
due to factors such as lower maintenance costs, fuel savings, and tax incentives. Given these
benefits, policymakers and consumers should prioritize the adoption of Electric vehicles to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve public health. Governments can play a role by
offering incentives for Electric vehicles adoption, investing in charging infrastructure, and
implementing policies that encourage the transition to electric transportation. Consumers can
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also do their part by considering Electric vehicles when purchasing a new vehicle, and
advocating for sustainable transportation options in their communities. Electric vehicles offer
superior performance and driving experience, with instant torque and smoother acceleration.
This can make them a more enjoyable and comfortable option for drivers, especially in urban
environments where noise pollution is a concern. Overall, the benefits of electric vehicles
make them a crucial component of a sustainable transportation system, and their adoption
should be prioritized in efforts to address climate change and promote a healthier, more
sustainable future.
References:
1. Bloomberg New Energy Finance: Electric Vehicle Outlook 2021 Executive Summary.
Available online: https://bnef.turtl.co/ story/evo-2021/page/1 (accessed on 23 August
2021).
2. The World Bank. Electric Power Consumption (kWh per Capita)-South Africa 2014.
Available online: https://data.worldbank. org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC locations
ZA (accessed on 27 July 2021).
3. Jabalameli, N.; Ghosh, A.; Su, X.; Banerjee, B. Stochastic Assessment of Plug-In Electric
Vehicles Charging In LV Distribution Network On Voltage Unbalance. In Proceedings of
the 9th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems (ICPES), Perth, WA,
Australia, 1012 December 2019; pp. 16.
4. Park, S.; Ahn, C. Power management controller for hybrid electric vehicle with predicted
future acceleration. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2019, 68, 1047710488. [CrossRef]
5. Morsalin, S.; Khizir, K.; Town, G. Electric vehicle charge scheduling using an artificial
neural network. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-
Asia (ISGT-Asia), Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 28 November1 December 2016; pp. 15
6. Foley, A.; Tyther, B.; Calnan, P.; Gallachóir, Ó. Brian. Impacts of electricity vehicle
charging under electricity market operations. Appl. Energy 2013, 101, 93102.
[CrossRef]
7. Weiller, C. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle impacts on hourly electricity demand in the
United States. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 37663778. [CrossRef]
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A STUDY ON FUZZY MATHEMATICS IN
ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE
Dr.P.Bharathi
Assistant Professor of Mathematics
DR Umayal Ramanathan College for Women
Abstract
To develop the theory of Astronomical Science, Mathematical Science plays a vital role. An
initial use of Mathematics in Astronomy is counting entities, sources or objects in the sky.
Also Mathematics is used to calculate the distance between objects in the sky. Now a day
dimensional analysis and astronomical units also need Mathematics. In this work, some of the
research works on Mathematics for astronomy are studied and analyzed.
Keywords: Fuzzy Logic, Astronomical Science
Introduction
Astronomical Science is a natural science that studies celestial objects and
phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics and chemistry to explain their origin and evolution.
Mathematical Science has covered very vast area of astronomical science. Astronomers
gather data from a galaxy and they have to squeeze out every tiny bit of useful information
from each observation. This is why astronomers need to know mathematics.. Geometries,
Trigonometry, Calculus, Partial Derivatives, and Statistics are main divisions of
Mathematical Science to enhance the growth of modern astronomical science. Also, In order
to test the theories of astronomical equations, astronomers need to use Mathematics to
manipulate the equations. So, Mathematical Science makes an effective influence in the
research works on Astronomical Science. In this work, we review and analyze the papers
utilizing fuzzy logic in astronomical science.
How do astronomers use math in their jobs?
Astronomers use math all the time. One way it is used is when we look at objects in
the sky with a telescope. The camera that is attached to the telescope basically records a
series of numbers - those numbers might correspond to how much light different objects in
the sky are emitting, what type of light, etc. In order to be able to understand the information
that these numbers contain, we need to use math and statistics to interpret them. Another way
that astronomers use math is when we are forming and testing theories for the physical laws
that govern the objects in the sky. Theories consist of formulas that relate quantities to each
other. In order to be able to test these theories and use them to make predictions about what
we will observe in the sky.
Source:http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/147-people-in-astronomy/careers-in-
astronomy/being-an-astronomer/913-how-do-astronomers-use-math-in-their-jobs-beginner
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Fuzzy Mathematics and Astronomy
Fuzzy Mathematics has several methods to solve Problems with an imprecise of data
and to obtain an accurate conclusion.
After that the extension was applied to almost all domains of classical Mathematics to make
new disciplines such as fuzzy algebra, fuzzy topology, fuzzy geometry, fuzzy database and
fuzzy decision making etc. In particular, Fuzzy arithmetic of fuzzy numbers is used in
astronomical science.
The Greek Astronomer Hipparchus who lived in the second century founded
trigonometry and calculated the first trigonometric tables in order to predict regular
astronomical phenomena. He developed a method to measure the ratio of distances between
the earth, the moon and the sun.
In 1911, American Associates for the Advancement of Science published a research
this Paper, the interrelationship between astronomy and Mathematics was clearly explained.
Subsequently an in-depth research works were produced by the enormous improvement of
modern mathematical areas such as fuzzy systems, soft sets, Picture fuzzy sets, etc.
th
the heading of Fuzzy Sets in Earth and Space Science, the use of fuzzy set theory in Space
science was noted.
Turkish Journal of Electronical Engineering and computers science published a paper
astronomical observations are analyzed. Focus accuracy is an essential tool which affects the
quality of astro observations. Automatic focusing is necessary for celestial imaging systems.
In this research work fuzzy logic is used to transform images because of its imprecise and
incomplete data. High quality astronomical images are need for astronomical research
because it is highly accurate scientific work. The focus measure (FM) operator is used to
determine the focus levels of a sequence of images. These images are acquired at varying
distances between a camera lens and a scene object. Several focus measures are defined to
determine the focus levels of sequence of images. The operators rely on different criteria such
as gradient, correlation, statistics etc.
The Principal objective of this paper is to propose new operator using fuzzy logic as
an image transform. A modified measure based on image transformation is proposed. Fuzzy
logic is used to enhance the contrast of the images and used as an image transformer due to
its ability to deal with imprecise data.
The motivation is to obtain a simplistic operator with a better performance. The most
common operators depend on summing the pixel sharpness estimation. However, the
histogram focus measure relies on computing the difference between the maximum and
minimum gray-levels. In this method, the difference between the maximum and minimum
gray-levels is calculated.
FM = max {k/PK >0} - min {k/PK >0},where k is the gray-level, and PK is the
relative frequency. To overcome some drawbacks of existing method, new operator is
proposed with some modification in the existing histogram focus measure. The modified
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histogram focus measure is expressed as in following equation, where N is the number of
samples.
FM = max { k/ PK >0} - median{max(x,y)in Si {I(x; y)}} i = 1; 2; 3; :::;N
To obtain improved performance, it is applied to the fuzzy logic output, as shown in Figure.
Source: [ 1]
Transformation using fuzzy logic improves the sharpness of the image.
In January 2005, Pierre, Laurent Wendling, Jacky Desachy presented their research
work about in
International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing. This paper presents a fast
segmentation method using fuzzy sets theory applied to astronomical images interpretation.
The jour Astronomical
pipeline processing using fuzzy logic
astronomy are discussed. Fuzzy logic algorithm have been developed for the problem. In
March 2013
Lior Shamir and Robert J. Nemir off published a research work entitled “A Fuzzy
Logic Based Algorithm for Finding Astronomical Objects in Wide-
Cambridge University Press. To make a computer-based analysis of astronomical frames, a
quick and accurate identification of astronomical objects is required. This paper presents a
fuzzy logic based algorithm that estimates needed coordinate transformations in a practical
setting. Using a training set of reference stars, the algorithm statically builds a fuzzy logic
model. Use of this algorithm facilitates real-time monitoring of stars and bright transients,
allowing identifications and alerts to be issued more consistently. The fuzzy logic based
transformation formula has been tested and is in practical use with the Night Sky Live project
(NSL).
Conclusion
Recent research works on Fuzzy Mathematics showed the massive applications in all
the divisions of Natural Science. In Particular Astronomical Science and Mathematical
Science are interconnected subjects which produce many of the new findings in astronomy.
REFERENCES
[1]Alaa Hamdy Farag Elnagahy, Islam helmyApplication of fuzzy logic on astronomical
images' focus measures,September 2019Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Sciences 27(5):3815-3822
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[2]F. R. Moulton The Influence of Astronomy on MathematicsScienceNew Series, Vol. 33, No.
845 (Mar. 10, 1911), pp. 357-364 (8 pages)
[3]Irem Otay & Cengiz KahramanFuzzy Sets in Earth and Space Sciences Part of the Studies
in Fuzziness and Soft Computing book series (STUDFUZZ,volume 341)
[4]LiorShamiraRobert J.NemiroffbAstronomical pipeline processing using fuzzy logic
Applied Soft ComputingVolume 8, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 79-87
[5]Lior Shamir and Robert J. NemiroffA Fuzzy Logic Based Algorithm for Finding
Astronomical Objects in Wide-Angle FramesPublished by Cambridge University Press: 05
March 2013
[6] Pierre, Laurent Wendling, Jacky Desachy, Fuzzy Segmentation and Astronomical
Images Interpretation, Conference paper International Conference on Image Analysis and
Processing01 January 2005.
[7] Toshio FukushimaMathematics for Astronomy,March 2021 Conference: NAOJ
Colloquium
[8]Zadeh L. Fuzzy sets. Information and Control 1965; 8: 338-353.
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“A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON AGGRESSION
AMONG VOLLEYBALL AND BASKRTBALL
PLAYERS”
Mr. VINAYAK PATGAR1, Mr. VINOD C. MUDIBASANAGOUDAR2
Research Scholar, Dept. of Physical Education & Sports, Karnatak University, Dharwad1
Physical Education Director, Department of Physical Education, ShriGavisiddeshwara Arts,
Science and Commerce College Koppal, Karnataka2
ABSTRACT
A Comparative study on Aggression among Volleyball and Basketball Players of the present
study is to compare the Aggression among Volleyball and Basketball players. For the study
30 players of intercollegiate men and women Volleyball and Basketball players and their age
ranged between 18 to 27 years. The data collected from subject of Aggression (Inventory)
questionnaires. The objectives and hypotheses by using descriptive statistics, differential
analysis including independent t-test by using SPSS XXI statistical software.
Key Word: Aggression, Volleyball, Basketball.
INTRODUCTION
Sports are now a day's highly competitive. Sportsmen have to prepare themselves
physically, mycological and emotionally to gain the success. Not only physical fitness and
skills will helps to win with that strong psychological strength will boost the confidence of
the sportsmen to win the championship. Hard physical work needed to sustain in the sports
filed with that to sustain that pain for longer period of time psychological strength is most
important It includes anxiety. Motivation, goal setting, aspiration, group cohesion, aggression
and many more. In that aggression is most defined psychological character in now a days will
give psychological advantage than the opponent in sports.
Aggression is the behaviour must be directed at another human being with the goal of
causing some form of physical harm. Aggression is overt, often harmful, social interaction
with the intention of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual. It
may occur either in retaliation or without provocation. In humans frustration due to blocked
goals can cause aggression. Human aggression can be classified into direct and indirect
aggression, whilst the first is characterized by physical or verbal behaviour intended to cause
harm to someone, the second one is characterized by a behaviour intended to harm social
relations of an individual or a group.
In definitions commonly used in the social sciences and behavioural sciences.
Aggression is a response by an individual that delivers something unpleasant to another
person. Some definitions include that the individual must intend to Harman other person.
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Predatory or defensive behaviour between members of different species may not be
considered aggression in the same sense.
Aggression in Sports:
Aggression is seen throughout sport as such as it is shown in life. Sometimes through
reaction to on field activity and sometimes simply as part of a sport in sport. Aggression is a
characteristic that can have many negative as well as positive effects m performance.
Aggression is defined as Tarry form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming of
injuring another live being who is motivated to avoid such treatment" (Baron & Richardson,
1994). Most people view aggression as a negative psychological characteristic; however
some sport psychologists agree that aggression can improve performance (Wadmeyer &
Birch, 1984). This is called an assertive behaviour (Bredemeier, 1994), where a player will
play within the rules of the sport at a very high intensity, but will have no intention to harm
an opponent in sport.
Aggression has been defined into two categories
Hostile aggression
Instrumental aggression
Hostile aggression:
Hostile aggression is when the main aim is to cause harm or injury to your opponent
Instrumental aggression:
Instrumental aggression is when the main aim is achieve a goal by usingAggression.
For example a rugby player using aggression to tackle his opponent to win the ball the
player is not using his aggression to hurt the opponent but rather to win theball back.
Coulomb and P fester (1998) conducted a study looking at aggression in high- level sport.
They found that experienced athletes used more instrumental aggression in which they used
to their advantage and that hostile aggression was less frequently used. Experienced athletes
used self-control to help them with their aggression.
Although there are many positive aspects to sport participation as a player or
spectator-athletic events are also often allied with aggressive behaviour. Defined asthe
intention to physically, verbally, or psychologically harm someone who is motivated to avoid
such treatment, aggression can be either hostile or instrumental Hostile aggression refers to
actions that are motivated by anger and that are intended solely to harm someone. Thus, with
this form of aggression, the perpetrator simply wants the victim to suffer - eg. a soccer player
deliberately and illegally tripping an opponent with the sole purpose of injuring that person.
In instrumental aggression however, harmful actions have a purpose over and above that of
wounding another player. Athletes might, for instance, attempt to injure an opponent because
they believe that doing so will increase their chances of victory. In sport, research has
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focused mainly on the aggressive actions of three groups of individuals: athletes, spectators,
and parents at youth sporting events (panel).
With respect to spectators, heat, modelling of player violence and the emption of
alcohol all affect the extent of aggressive behaviour. Results of research done over the past 15
years indicate, however, that team identification ie, the extent to which a spectator feels a
psychological connection to a team and its players is the greatest predictor of fan aggression,
For those fans who identify strongly, their team's loss is felt as their own. Consequently, all
their reactions, including aggression, are intense. Three types of aggression are affected by
high degrees of team identification: hostile aggression, instrumental aggression (eg.
willingness to injure opposing players and coaches or to yell obscenities at officials, etc. to
intimidate their team's opponent) and fan rioting. It is noteworthy, however, that not all
instances of instrumental aggression among fervent fans are designed to assist the team. In
some instances, the reward for the aggressive behaviour is not team success but rather a
restoration of psychological health: Deep-seated and indifferent fans react differently to poor
m performance. Fans low in team identification tends to distance themselves from the team,
thereby protecting their mental health. Highly identified fans are, however, not able to
dissociate from the team because their role of team follower is too central to their identity. As
a result, their collective - ie, group or social self-esteem is lowered, resulting in an unpleasant
psychological state. These groups of fans will often resort to derogation of and aggression
towards others- namely, opposing players and fans, and officials in an attempt to restore their
lost self-esteem. Team identification also plays a part in sport riots, which are the result of
fans expressing their affective response to the result of competition- anger after a loss or
euphoria after a win.
Importance of aggression in sports
"Aggression is behaviour with a goal of harming of injuring another being motivated
to avoid such treatment "It can be seen that aggression comes from a variety of sources and it
is important to understand where these sources stem from. Sport stressors allow us to
understand what causes an athlete to become frustrated which can lead to aggression and a
decline in performance. In a player's career they will come across a number of high-pressured
situations where they will have to deal with many stressors. These can range from personal
stressors such as worry and anxiety, to situational stressors such as team-related problems
Research into player aggression has identified several factors that might promote
violence. Heat is an example: as temperatures rise, tempers flare. In baseball, this association
leads to more batters being hit by pitches on hot match days than on cold days. A second
situational determinant of player aggression is the point differential between two teams, with
the highest degrees of aggression arising when teams are separated by a wide scoring margin.
Furthermore, players on winning and losing teams exhibit different patterns of aggression as
game progresses. Hence, the aggressive behaviour of those on winning teams Increases
consistently throughout the contest, whereas individuals on losing teams are especially
aggressive at the beginning of a game, and less so towards the midpoint of the competition.
Presumably, athletes in the unsuccessful teams conclude that their aggressive actions are not
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effective and. consequently, switch to less aggressive strategies in an attempt to perform
better. Finally, possibly because of frustration, a team's position in the overall league affects
the degree of individual player aggression. Indeed, teams that come first tend to exhibit lower
amounts of aggression than the frustrated teams who have to be content with second place
and those who come last and who find it hard to justify to themselves their overall poor
performance.
Finally, parents of children involved in sport often behave aggressively in sporting
environments. Data shows that more than 80% of parents have witnessed a violent action
from another spectator and that almost 80% have been the target of a violent or abusive act.
There are several possible explanations for the actions of these parents. Situational factors-eg,
heat and alcohol consumption- no doubt play a part Furthermore, parents often get overly
involved le. Hostile and abusive when watching their children compete because they are
trying to secure an advantage for their child in the hope that their daughter or son's athletic
prowess will ultimately result in a financial windfall in the form of a college scholarship or
professional contracts. This hypothesis is known as the jackpot theory. However, again,
researchers tout team identification as the most common cause of the aggressive behaviour of
parents. As such, those involved in the organization and naming of youth sports should
encourage an emphasis on fun and improvement of skills rather than on the outcome of
competitions.
It is a form of behaviour: aggression can be either physical or verbal behaviour
It involves causing harm or injury: aggression is designed to cause either physical or
physiological harm.
The injury or harm is directed towards another being
The aggression must be intentional: an accident cannot be classed as aggression.
Psychological research related to Volleyball and Basketball
Human beings are capable of a wide range of behaviour. On one hand they may show
compassion and help for each other, on other hand they may seek to harm each other through
aggressive action. The word aggression comes from the Latin rootaggredi, ad (to or toward)
and grader (walk), Literally, then, the word means to walk towards or approach to move
against or to move with intent to hurt or harm Bat aggression in sports is a term frequently
used nowadays there is some confusion to its meaning. Aggression is seem to be a violent
outbreak, such as a fight, but in sports it is also used when an athlete competes hand and
gives a one hundred percent efforts.
Two types of aggression have been identified in the sports psychology literature.
Instrumental aggression and hostile aggression. Unlike other activities, sports and physical
activities related to sports involves confrontation between competent and make a good
platform for the occurrence of aggressive acts. Aggression in sports is not suppose to a
unequivocally negative, when it is an assertive behaviour as searching for success, aggression
is highly desirable (Wlazio et al., 2007). Instrumental aggression is defined as "The attempt
to injure characterized by the inner desire to win an advantage or to receive a reward (Baird,
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2009). The major problem when studying aggression in sport or any other environment is in
findings an acceptable universal definition. Johnson (1972) quoted that aggressive behaviour
was associated with destructive acts, sexual attack, prejudice, speech and genital activity.
Aggression has directional components as inwards and outwards some aggression is directed
inward and in its extreme form may cumulate its self- destructive behaviour including
suicide. Other aggressive behaviour is directed outwards towards other sports may be
classified according to the degree of aggression that is tolerated or encouraged within rules.
Sports in which the competitions must alternately agree and then terminate their action may
be more stressful than those in which alternating behaviour is not required. Our last may
years the sports psychologist have been empress on the aggressive behaviour of sports
persons in the field and even out of the field. University football players have been found to
be higher than other athletes in narcissism (Elman and Mckelvic, 2002), which involves
anger and aggressive behaviour (Ruiz et al. 2031). Keeping in view the importance of
aggressive tendency for the sportsperson the present research have been carried out to with
the objective to find out the levels of aggressiveness among the sportspersons of Volleyball
and basketball games.
Statement of the problem
A comparative study of aggression among Volleyball and Basketball players
Hypothesis
Volleyball and Basketball players significantly differ in their aggression level
Limitations
1. Food habits, lifestyle of the Volleyball and Basketball players considered as the
limitations of the study.
2. Socio-Economic status, socio psychological status of Volleyball Basketball players are
considered as the limitations of the study.
3. No social motivation technique was used during task.
Delimitations
1. Study was delimited to Kamnatak university inter collegiate Volleyball and Basketball
men and women players only.
2. Further study was delimited to aggression only.
Definition of the terms.
AGGRESSION: aggression is overt, often harmful, social, interaction with the intention
of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual. It may occur either
in relation or without provocation. Humans, frustrations due to blocked goals can cause
aggression.
VOLLEYBALL: volleyball game played by two teams usually of six players on side, in
which the players use their hands to hat a ball back and forth over a high net, trying the
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ball touch court within the opponents, playing area before it can be returned to prevent
this a payers are before it touches the court surface that teammate many then volley it
back across the net. A team is allowed only three touches of the ball before it must be
over the net.
BASKETBALL: a game played between two teams of five players in which goals are
scored by throwing a ball through a netted hoop fixed at each end of the court.
Significance of the study
1) This study will help coaches to unders
for the performance in Indigenous sports.
2) This study may help coaches and teachers to plan programmes for aggression development
if students are lacking in it.
3) This study may bring particular games need of aggression and whether sportsme nof that
game fulfilled it or not. If not coach can plan or create new programme to enhance the
aggression level amongst them.
METHODOLOGY
As discussed earlier main purpose of study was investigating aggression of men and
women Volleyball and Basketball players. To accomplish this purpose sport aggression
inventory, was administered. The selection of subject and procedure followed by the
collection of data analyses used in this study and described in the following section.
Subjects:
For the purpose of study Total- 30 Samples (15 Volleyball and 15 Basketball) who
represented their respective colleges in Volleyball and Basketball game are served as the
subject for the study. The age limit of the subject was in the range of 18- 27 years
Table Number 1:
SL.NO
GAME
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLE
1
Volleyball
Aggression
2
Basketball
Aggression
Collection of Data
The necessary data was collected by administering test for the chosen variables Test
was administered through google form
Test Administrations
The sports competitive aggression inventory was administrated and recorded at men
Volleyball and Basketball tournament which were held at different places.
In the collection of data to measure the aggression "sports aggression inventory" of
An and Kumar was administered.
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Scoring
In order accomplish aggression among male Volleyball and Basketball players sports
aggression inventory" consist of 25 item in which 13 item are key yes and 12 are keyed no to
the statement which are keyed yes are 1.4.5,6,9,12,14.16.18.21.22.24.25 and the statement
which are keyed no are2.3.7.8.10.11.13.15.17.19.20.23.
Statistical Technique
To accomplish hypothesis which was stated in first chapter aggression score of
volleyball and basketball players was subjected to Independent sample t-test. With that Mean
and Standard deviation of each game is calculated. To know the mean difference between
each game data further subjected to SPSS XXI software and "t" were used.
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT
Table No: 1 Mean, Standard Deviation and Independent sample t-test score of Aggression
among Volleyball and Basketball players.
Group
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
T
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Volleyball
15
20.00
5.55
1.792
28
0.084
Basketball
15
16.93
3.61
From the above mean and standard deviation of volleyball and basketball players we
can observe that volleyball players are having higher aggression score than the basketball
players to find out whether mean difference among two games at the significant level data
was subjected to independent sample t-test.
Independent sample t-test table revealed that t-value (1,792) is smaller than the p-
value (2.04 for 28 degrees of freedom and 0.05 level of significance), hence we many didn't
differs significantly when their aggression is compared. So the hypothesis is rejected.
Volleyball
Basketball
N
Mean
S.D
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMONDATION
SUMMARY:
The purpose of the study is to find out the difference of Aggression between
Volleyball and Basketball players.
In order to achieve the purpose of the stuity 30 samples were taken from Volleyball
and Basketball players, from each 15 samples have been selected from Volleyball and 15
samples from Basketball players for this study. To measure the players aggression
questionnaire were used
The datax were analysed with reference to the objectives and hypothesis by using
differential analysis with student t-test by SPSS statistical software and the result obtained
thereby have been interpreted
CONCLUSION:
With the limitation of this study following conclusion justified as per results obtained
Volleyball and Basketball didn't players have significantly different aggression scene
amongst them. From mean we can say that Volleyball players are having significantly higher
aggression score compared to Basketball players.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
With the help of the results derived from the present study. The following
recommendations can be made.
1. This study can be conduct by taking more number of players.
2. This study can be conduct in future for male and female sportsmans.
3. This study can be conduct different similar games.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Arnold, J. (2001). Researchers say some athletes prone to
domesticviolenceDuctoaggressionerssocializationhttp://www.uwire.com/contact/topsports
021601003.html.
2. Baird, S.M. (2009), Mean(ing) to me a symbolic interactionism approach toaggression I
sport psychology. Quest, 61(4): 377-396
3. Cox, R.H. (2002).Sports Psychology, Concepts and Application 5th edn. Boston:
WCB/McGraw Hill
4. Elman, W. &KcKelvie. S.J. (2002). Narcissism in football placyrs: Stereotype or reality
Athletic Insight.
5. [5]Huang.D.B. Cherek. DR. & Lane, SD (1999). Laboratory measurement ofaggression
in high school age athletes: Provocation in a non-sporting context. Psychological Reports.
85.1251-1262
6. Johnson, R. (1972). Aggression in Man and Animals Philadelphia Saunders
7. Keeler.L. (2007).The differences in sport aggression.life aggression and life
assertionamong adult male and female collision, contact and non-contact sport
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A STUDY ON THE PROBLEMS AND
DIFFICULTIES FACED BY LIC AGENTS IN
THE SALES OF INSURANCE POLICIES WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA
PRADESH
Dr.Kamma Ramanjaneyulu1, Mr.Ravi Rachapudy2
Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Dr K.V.Subba Reddy Institute of
Management, Kurnool-518218, (Andhra Pradesh), India1&2
ABSTRACT
Life Insurance Corporation of India has the largest market share in the Indian
insurance sector. More than 10, 00,000 agents are working for LIC across India. This study
focuses on the problems and difficulties faced by LIC agents. One hundred samples were
selected using the quota sampling method. Appropriate analysis was performed using
percentage analysis and the weighted ranking method. Finally, the study revealed the
following main results: Agents are satisfied with the commission and other benefits provided
by the branch, but are dissatisfied with medi-claim policies and their settlement ratio and
premium payment period over the long term.
Keywords: LIC, Agent, Commission and other benefits, Branch Service, Weighted Rank
Analysis.
INSURANCE INTRODUCTION
A promise of compensation for specified potential future losses in exchange for a
periodic payment. Insurance is designed to protect the financial well-being of a person,
business, or other entity in the event of an unexpected loss. Some forms of insurance are
required by law, while others are optional. Accepting the terms of an insurance policy creates
a contract between the insured and the insurer. In exchange for the insured's payments (called
premium), the insurer agrees to pay the policyholder a sum of money upon the occurrence of
a specific event.
LIFE INSURANCE
Life insurance is a contract; where by the insurer in consideration of a premium
undertakes to pay a certain sum of money either on the death of the insured or on the expiry
of fixed period. Life insurance is designed to provide protection against two distinct risks:
premature death and superannuation. Under life insurance, the subject matter of insurance is
life of a human being. The amount payable on a claim arising in life insurance is not in doubt.
It is as mentioned in the policy.
IRDA- INSURANCE REGULATORY AND AUTHORITY OF INDIA
The Insurance Development and Regulatory Authority of India is an autonomous
principal statutory body that regulates and develops the insurance industry in India. It was
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established by an Act of the Parliament of India called the Insurance Development and
Regulatory Authority Act, 1999 and duly passed by the Government of India. The agency
operates from its headquarters in Hyderabad, where it relocated from Delhi in 2000.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study focuses on the problems and difficulties faced by LIC agents in the
marketing of insurance policies in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.
This study gains importance in the aspect that focuses and analyzes the difficulties
and problems faced by LIC agents regarding the type of insurance plans in the Life Insurance
Corporation in Kurnool dist of Andhra Pradesh, since Kurnool is an area with savers.
Potentials. They invest their money in risk-free ways. The research work is limited to only
few respondents in Kurnool and Yemmiganur. There is area to investigate the failures of LIC
policies, their causes and effects. Therefore, this project is carried out with the LIC agents in
Kurnool.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
awareness of the respondents.
Manufacturing a product is a comparatively easier job than marketing such products.
From this point of view, LIC agents are the main assets of LIC. They bring politics to the
people.
While meeting people agents have faced so many difficulties, this study focuses on the
problems and difficulties Kurnool area agents face in selling policies to people.
OBJECTVIES OF THE STUDY
To study socio- economic factors of the respondents
To study problems faced by LIC agents while meeting precepts
To Study the level of satisfaction of the agents with the services of the branch,
To Study the level of satisfaction of the agents regarding the commissions and other
benefits provided by LIC
To Study the problems agents face when selling various insurance policies and the
problems they face with other agents.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study covers only 100 respondents
Area of the study only restricted to Kurnool dist
Study cover six months period only
By cost, convenience sampling method/time convenience used for the study.
Accuracy of results based solely on the response of selected respondents.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is used to systematically solve research problems. It can be
understood as a science that studies how research is carried out scientifically. In it, we look at
various steps that a researcher typically takes when studying their research problem along
with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the research to know not only about research
but also about methodology.
SAMPLING DESIGN AND SELCTION
There are two sources of data collection: the investigator has used primary data and
the investigator has also used secondary data to strengthen the results. Primary data is
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collected through a questionnaire. Secondary data was collected from various sources, such
as journals, past reports, and websites.
SAMPLING
Sampling is the use of a limited number of elements related to the population (or) the
universe to study the characteristics of the entire population (or) the universe.
Quota sampling was used in this study the population is divided into several
beginnings or parts and a sample is drawn from each stratum at random. Research area
divided into two areas Kurnool and Yemmiganur, 50 respondents from each area were
selected. A total of 100 samples have been selected for the study of 250 Kurnool branch
agents and 100 agents were selected for the study.
STATISTICAL TOOLS USE
Simple percentage analysis
Weighted score ranking analysis
SIMPLE PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS
The percentage refers to a special type of ratio the percentage is used to make a
comparison between two or more data series. The percentage is used to describe the
relationship. Since the percentage reduces everything to a common base and here, for all
meaningful comparison, one must make.
Simple percentage = Actual Respondents / Total Respondents *100
WEIGHTED SCORE RANKING ANALYSIS
In this method, the weights of the various aspects or factors are obtained by
multiplying the given rank by the frequency, gives the weighted score and based on the
weighted score the rank will be awarded.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Meidan (2007) presents different marketing strategies for insurers, suggesting that the
selection of an appropriate strategy should be based on internal conditions and external forces
facing the company. There are two broad categories of insurance marketing strategies:
growth strategies; and competitive marketing strategies. Due attention should be paid to the
marketing organizational structure and its departmental responsibilities.
Rajeshwari.K and Karthesswari.s (2012) in their study stated that the majority of the
respondents (54.24%) were in the age group of 21-40 years. 70% of those surveyed were
men, and the majority of male policyholders are taking the policy out of their own interest.
Women are given importance as nominees, 30.79% of the respondents preferred the
endowment policy and 40.50% of the respondents have continuously taken the LIC India
policies. And 81.5% of those surveyed pay the premium regularly and are very careful not to
expire. Among policyholders whose policies lapsed, they were unable to pay the premium
due to financial hardship.
Jothi A. L. (December 2014), after the privatization of the Indian insurance industry,
comprehensive the competitive environment kicked in and companies started selling multiple
products. Mix to seduce customers and meet their needs and achieve satisfaction through
positive customer apprehension. The aim of this research study is to question whether
Demographic characteristics have influenced customer perception towards the quality of
services provided by life insurance players.
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PROFILE OF LIFE INSURANCE CORPORATION OF INDIA
The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) was established with the
nationalization of the life insurance business in 1956. At the time of nationalization, there
were 246 private insurance companies and societies in operation in India. LIC had a
monopoly over the life insurance business in India from the day of its establishment in 1956
until 1999, when changes in India's economic philosophy brought relaxation of state control
over the insurance sectors of the economy by passing the insurance development and
regulatory authority bill. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) acts
as a watchdog to maintain best practices in the Indian insurance industry. Since the sector's
opening in 1999, 16 private companies had been granted licenses to operate in life insurance
as of March 2007, and the number is growing rapidly. At the time of the opening of the
sector, life insurance was considered a fiscal savings mechanism. Lately, the perspective of
policyholders is slowly shifting towards insurance coverage regardless of tax incentives.
Insurers are increasingly introducing innovative products to meet the specific needs of
potential policyholders. Most notably, most Indian insurance companies, whether nationally
owned or joint ventures, have recognized that completion of service should be more
important than price competition. The concept of termination of service is the result of the
participation of foreign insurance companies through joint ventures.
GENERAL PROBLEMS IN MARKETING OF INSURANCE
Insurance marketing is basically the marketing of insurance products. Insurance
marketing emphasizes the importance of customer preferences and priorities. The main
objectives of insurance products, the development of the corporate image, the improvement
of customer service, the improvement of the customer base and its dissemination, etc.
Factors hindering the insurance business, the absence of long-term development
strategies of insurance companies and the fact that insurers are mainly oriented to short-term
needs: and while trying to apply insurance marketing more actively, it is necessary to change
the entire organizational management structure of an insurance company, the sales channel of
insurance products, and communication technology with clients (kotler, 2003).
In effective promotion
Be wary of in the insurance relationship
Distribution channels
Competition
Availability of trained staff
Pricing of insurance services
Cost of insurance
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DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Table -1: Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Sl No
Variables
No of
Respondents
Percentages
1
Gender
Male
80
80
Female
20
20
2
Age
18 TO 30
6
6
30-40
34
34
40-50
34
34
Above 50
26
26
3
Educational
Qualification
SSC
30
30
HSC
34
34
Graduate
18
18
Post Graduate
18
18
4
Type Of Agency
Full Time
54
54
Par Time
46
46
5
Other Occupation
Agriculture
28
28
Business
24
24
Private employees
12
12
Others
26
26
6
Years of services
Up to 2 years
4
4
2 to 5 years
16
16
5 to 10 years
22
22
Above 10 years
58
58
7
Annual income
Up to 1,00,000
38
38
1,00,000, to
3,00,000,
38
38
3,00,000, to
5,00,000,
18
18
Above 5,00,000
6
6
Source : Primary Data
INTERPRETATION
Above table revels that, the social economic of respondents are the highest or majority
of the respondents are 80 % of male and 20% of the respondents are female, followed by the
majority of the respondents (68%) were lies between the age of 30 to 50 and majority of the
respondents are 34% only HSC level, the majority of the respondents were 54% full time
agents and the highest respondents are part time 28% were farmers and 58% of the
respondents are have more than 10 years services in LIC followed by the majority of the
respondents are 72% income from were up to 3,00,000.
It conclude that, the social economic of respondents are male in all aspects.
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Table -2: Methods and Techniques used by an agent to convert prospect into policy
holder
S.No
Methods and
Techniques
Variables
No of
Respondents
Percentage
1
Finding a new
prospect
Direct Oral discussion
86
86
Telephonic conversation
12
12
Sms
0
0
Mail
2
2
2
No of meetings to
convert prospect
into policy holder
First meeting
2
2
1-5 times
78
78
5-10 times
12
12
Above 10 times
8
8
3
Techniques used to
convert prospect
into policy holder
Wishes & Greetings
18
18
Day to day help
14
14
Monetary assistance
58
58
Creating insurance
10
10
awareness
4
Techniques used to
get high premium
Insisting tax benefit
38
38
High premium policy
6
6
introduction
Insisting insurance
16
16
protection
Stimulate savings
40
40
awareness
5
Assessment of
premium paying
capacity
Asset value
18
18
Occupation
46
46
Interest level on
16
16
Insurance protection
Savings awareness
20
20
Source: Primary Data
INTERPRETATION
Above table revels that, most of the respondents (86%) find new prospects through
direct oral conversations and followed by the most of the respondents are (78%) met with
their prospect 1-5 times to get a new policy, most of the respondents are (58%) provided
monetary assistance to their prospect to obtain a new policy. Majority of the respondents are
(40%) earned a high premium by harping on their respondents about saving; the highest
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respondents are (46%) assessed their prospect's ability to pay premiums through their
occupation.
Table -3: Satisfaction Levels of Commission and Other Benefits
Source: Primary Data
INTERPRETATION
Above table shows that, the level of satisfaction of the commission and other benefits
are most respondents are very satisfied with the regular bonus commission, which is why
they ranked it first and followed by the other respondents are also satisfied with the club's
membership conditions, which is why they ranked second and the benefits of club members
are the third satisfaction of those surveyed and other respondents ranked health insurance
benefits fourth. Satisfaction of commission on single premium rated in fifth place by those
surveyed.
It concludes that the benefits of group insurance have little satisfaction among those
surveyed, which is why they were placed in the last place.
S.NO
Particulars
Satisfaction level
Weighted
score
Rank
1
Highly
satisfied
(5)
Satisfied
(4)
Neutral
(3)
Dissatisfied(2)
Highly
dissatisfied
(1)
2
COMMISSION
ON REGULAR
PREMIUM
24(120)
68(272)
8(24)
0(0)
0(0)
416
1
3
COMMISSION
ON SINGLE
PREMIUM
14(70)
54(216)
20(60)
6(12)
6(6)
364
5
4
CONDITIONS
OF CLUB
MEMBERSHIP
20(100)
64(256)
10(30)
2(4)
4(4)
394
2
5
BENEFITS OF
CLUB
MEMBERS
16(80)
66(264)
12(36)
6(12)
0
392
3
6
GROUP
INSURANCE
BENEFITS
14(70)
48(192)
10(30)
1(2)
6(6)
300
6
7
MEDICAL
INSURANCE
BENEFITS
18(90)
60(240)
4(12)
12(24)
6(6)
372
4
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Table 4: Difficulties While Selling Various Policies
(Ranking)
S.NO
Factors
Whole
life
policies
Endowment
Child
plan
Ulip
Pension
plan
Term
insurance
1
MODE OF
PAYMENT
6
10
12
12
4
2
2
HIGH
PREMIUM
16
26
10
12
18
22
3
LOW
INSURANCE
COVERAGE
4
2
2
4
4
2
4
LONG TERM
52
30
34
10
18
10
5
LOW RETURN
4
10
6
14
12
6
6
MINIMUM
LOAN
2
2
4
0
2
4
7
LOW
SURRENDER
VALUE
2
4
6
2
2
4
8
AUTO COVER
2
4
0
2
4
2
9
NO RESPONSE
12
12
26
26
36
48
TOTAL
100
100
100
100
100
100
Source: Primary Data
INTERPRETATION
Above table revels that, the sale of various policies are 52% of those surveyed
considered that the long term is an important problem in the sale of whole life policies and
followed by 30% of those surveyed considered that the long term is an important problem in
the sale of endowment policies, The majority of the respondents (34%) also considered that
the long term is the main problem for the children's plan as well, In the case of ulip policies,
the majority of respondents (24%) faced a problem of low profitability, Regarding the
pension plan, respondents faced two difficulties, such as high premium and long term, In the
case of term insurance, the majority of respondents (22%) faced a problem of high premium
in LIC compared to other P&C providers.
FINDINGS
52% of those surveyed considered that the long term is an important problem in the sale
of whole life policies.
30% of those surveyed considered that the long term is an important problem in the sale
of endowment policies.
The majority of the respondents (34%) also considered that the long term is the main
problem for the children's plan as well.
In the case of ulip policies, the majority of respondents (24%) faced a problem of low
profitability.
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Regarding the pension plan, respondents faced two difficulties, such as high premium and
long term.
In the case of term insurance, the majority of respondents (22%) faced a problem of high
premium in LIC compared to other P&C providers.
SUGGESTIONS
Only male agents are interested in insurance work. The corporation must provide the
necessary support to the candidates and present them as agents.
Agents can use Electronic Media such as email/sms to attract new prospects through
Electronic Media; they are easily reaching a larger number of prospects. Social media like
whatsapp, face book, twitter agents can easily attract more people.
Today mobile phones play a vital role among people, agents can use sms to communicate
with their customers and new prospects.
Agents should prepare a prospect list before meeting with each prospect, agents prepare
the prospect list, get prior information from them, it will reduce the amount of visit time.
Term insurance policies and money back policies are not offered by agents due to the lack
of commission. Therefore, the corporation must review the full commission rates for all
types of policies.
Agents should raise awareness rather than provide financial assistance. The main
objective of insurance is to protect the insured. So it is essential to create awareness
among them.
The ability to pay premiums is the main factor for the continuity of the policy. So before
finalizing the premium amount, agents don't just consider the prospect's occupancy. They
also consider your assets, level of knowledge, saving habit, etc., based on all factors;
agents can set the right premium.
The study clearly shows that the level of consciousness of middle-class people is very low
compared to others. Therefore, the government and agents should take necessary
measures to create insurance awareness among the people and policyholders.
The corporation should relax the rules for reinstating policies to retain policyholders with
the corporation.
The rules for medical cases are also complicated, they must be modified according to the
convenience of the insured.
The policy allocation procedure also presents difficulties compared to other services of
the lic.
In medical cases, the availability of doctors and their services must be suitable agents.
No agent is interested in obtaining single premium policies, so the corporation must
revise the commission rate to an attractive one to obtain the maximum single premium.
Group insurance benefits are not satisfactory for agents; the corporation should consider
and give more insurance benefits to agents.
The main difficulty faced by agents is the lack of availability of hospitals. Corporation
must take appropriate measures in this regard. Long-term policies have more benefits like
bonus, final bonus, etc., so agents inform policyholders of these items. Corporation has
also introduced limited-year premium payment policies to attract more policyholders.
Most of those surveyed did not have an answer about ulip, pension plan and temporary
insurance; the corporation must take the necessary steps to initiate the measures. Private
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agents make false claims of high performance to attract people. The agents prepare a
comparative list of difficulties in private insurance with lic and restrict them to lic.
The completion of a new policy and the continuation of any policy are important to
agents. Therefore, agents must inform policyholders regularly about their premium
payment date and avoid the expiration of said policy.
CONCLUSION
Finally, we conclude that the main difficulties an agent faces when selling policies where:
There is no direct cash payment to the hospital by medi-claim, Non-availability of
hospital for medical cases, Faulty Representation by Private Insurance Agents, Low
commission for policies with higher premiums, Long-term premium payment period.
Insurance is one of the main elements for the protection of the life of each individual.
The study reveals that the level of awareness of people about insurance should be increased.
The government also provided several beneficial insurance plans under its social welfare
schemes, but most people don't know this. Therefore, the government, corporations and
agents are taking the necessary steps to create insurance awareness among the people.
Many difficulties have been found in the study, such as the unavailability of hospitals
with higher premiums, delays in the settlement of medical insurance claims, which will be
eradicated in the future days. Agents are the main source of policy sales, so their level of
satisfaction and their morale must be concentrated by corporation for the future improvement
of the business.
REFERENCES
BOOKS:
R.S.Pillai and Bhagavathi-Principles of marketing
Gupta S.P-Statistical Methods
Jagroop singh Banking and Insurance Law
WEB SITES:
www.licindia.com
www.google.com
www.irda.gov.in
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ROLE OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARY
Mr. Avinash G. Yette
Dr. Arun Motghare Mahavidyalaya
Kondha-Kosra, Tah: Pauni, Dist: Bhandara
Abstract
This paper describes the integrated use of ICT. ICT has influenced every walk of our life and
so as the libraries also. Information communication Technology plays an important role in
academic libraries. There is a strong need to produce ICT in Library. The paper is focuses on
ICT, impact of ICT in library & library services.
INTRODUCTION
Information and communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized the information
handling activities in the libraries and information centers during the past few years. The
information society demands that all the relevant technologies that are involved in
information, processing, consolidation, repackaging, communication and retrieval be merged
so as to evolve and integrated system capable of providing diversified services. Information
technology involved finding, sharing restructuring and communicating the information is
and quick accessibility of electronically transmitted data, today the world become global
village with a world of information at our fingertips, which is that no more than a few clicks
of the mouse away.
Definition of ICT
ICT may be defined as a combination of Computer and Telecommunication
techniques, which make possible new systems, and products to help people at work,
education and at home. It is the application of electronic technologies to the information.
Importance of ICTS
ICTs present a revolutionary approach to addressing developmental questions due to
their unequal led capacity to provide access to information instantly from any location in the
world at relatively low cost. This has brought down global geographic boundaries faster than
ever thought possible. The resulting new inter connected digital world heralds the fluid and
seamless flow of information, capital, ideas, people and products. The advances made in
convergence technologies, whereby the mode of information available is no longer restricted
to text but includes real-time audio and video data streaming, have many implications for and
applications in all fields of human knowledge as well as in social,, economic and political
life. In fact, many governments, the private sector and civil society members and beginning
to recognize the immense potential offered by ICTs in overcoming structural and historical
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weak
technologies that are more practical, environmentally sound and less expensive than
undergoing the traditional stages and cycles of progress to information society.
ADVANTAGES OF ICT
Before embarking on an elaborate discussion of the issues involved in library training
by deploying ICT, it is essential to understand the advantages of ICT in a Library situation.
These advantages include
Opportunities to deploy innovative methodologies and to deploy more interesting material
that creates an interest in librarians.
Enables better management of library a librarian thereby improving productivity of the
tutor as well as the taught.
Enables the librarian to concentrate on other tasks such as research and consultancy.
Enables optimum utilization and sharing of resources among institutions thereby reducing
the costs of implementing ICT solutions.
IMPACT OF ICT ON SOCIETY
Developments in ICT have brought about the merger of the computing, information,
communications, entertainment, and mass media industries thereby proving a means of
exchanging information anytime, anywhere in the digital format used by computers. This
technological convergence has brought about an enormous impact on the way we live, work,
think and play. These changes are quite prevalent in our everyday lives such as the use of e-
mail and cellular phones at home and in the workplace and also linked to all facets of society:
business, education, military, recreation, transportation, communication, scientific
exploration knowledge management, etc.
ICT IN LIBRARIES
Libraries which were considered only as the storehouses of knowledge have got a new
outlook in the modern Information Communication Technology era. The activities which
were carried out manually in libraries with so much of pain and strain are being carried out
smoothly with the help of ICT with greater effectiveness. Library organization,
administration and other technical processing have become easier and more quantum of work
can be done in relaxed mood.
APPLICATIO OF ICT LIBRARY SERVICES
The information Communication Technologies (ICT) Transformed and developed the
library organization, functions and services as under.
Automation and Mechanization of every function of libraries.
Compact Storage of Information, easy accessibility and faster communications.
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Subject databases particularly from academic institutions. Increasing number of practices
for LIS Professionals in Emerging Environment institutions, especially academic and
research institutes are making database in their specialized subject made available.
Automated Library Catalogue: Increasing numbers of libraries are making their Catalogue
electronically available over the internet, which may extend the use of library resources.
List Serves and discussion groups on a wide variety of topics. Participants have the
opportunity to exchange and share current information.
Document Delivery Services may be provided electronically using Internet Technology.
Electronic Mails allow users to send messages of files to each other.
Commercial Information databases are available on the internet include, DIALOG, Lexis-
Nexis, Dow Jones News/Retrieval and many others.
Teinet or remote login-allowing users to log into remote sites,
File transfer Protocol (FTP) and Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) allowing users to
access and retrieve files at remote sites.
Gopher-a text only non-graphic method to receive internet documents, which have largely
been interpenetrated into the World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web allows users to jump from one resource to another in easier way,
without going through gopher style menus.
Video-conferencing and Teleconferencing involves linking more than two users, so that
participants from different places over the world can see each other and view
presentations.
The Consortia like UGS-Infonet provides the information through access to a large
number of journals to academic libraries all over the India. Such services are enabled to
economize the services from single platform, to avoid duplication of subscription, to
strengthen the services of networking and encouraging research and development by
providing information in easy accessible way.
The open source initiatives; the Open Archives, Open Source Sfotware, Institutional and
digital repositories.
References
Atkins, Daniel. Digital Libraries: Report of the santa Fe Workshop on Distributed
Knowledge Environments. Mar 9-11,1997
Maecelle, G. (2000). Gener, Justice and ICTs, 2000.
led Library and Information Services. Winter School on ICT
enabled Library and Information Services. Dec 27-31,2004
Ageless Learner, www.agelesslearner.com/intros/elearning.html (last accessed on 21 Dec.
2011)
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Preparation of Cleaner for the removal of dirt and
corrosion stains on the brass and copper antiques
Mr.Sugeet Sethi
Chemical sciences department
Madhyanchal Professional University, BHOPAL, M.P, INDIA
Abstract:-
Some metals like iron, Silver, copper and brass gets corrode easily and some times dirt
particles stich on their surfaces. Rusting and corrosion of metals occurs due to atmospheric
oxidation of their free surface (Metal atomic surface) in presence of moisture and water
vapour. Those surfactants or surface cleaners which have acids in optimum concentration are
effective in rust removal, removal of mineral deposits, hardness stains, removal of mineral
salts & oxidation products.
The problem of dirt deposition on the metallic surface is due to the existence of dust particles
in the atmosphere which flows from one place to another place by air which serves as a
propagation medium.
Keywords:- dirt, deposition, propagation medium, oxidation, hardness, stains.
Introduction:-
The problem of the deposition of mineral salts and oxidation products in very
critical because it quickly damages the finish of metal surface. Deposition of hard water
stains and minerals present in the atmospheric moisture are two main factors which results in
the loss of metallic luster and surface smoothness. The surface cleaners which contains
stronger acids are more efficient in the cleaning mechanism and removal of such mineral and
salt deposits and dirt aggregates from the metal surface.
Effectiveness of basic products:- It has been tested many times that alkaline cleaners
do not work in the removal of such dirt and mineral salts deposits alone. So removal of such
deposits mainly depends upon the lower pH values on the pH scale ie- on the acidic nature of
the chemical substances used in the chemical composition of the surface cleaner.
Fruit vinegar is highly acidic in nature because its pH value varies from 2.40 to 3.90
at pH scale and is very effective in removing stains of mineral salts , hardness stains, rust and
dirt aggregate. pH value and chemical nature of Amla (Emblica) juice:- is between 2.80-2.90
& chemically it is very effective in surface cleaning. It has been observed that old fermented
juice of Emblica officinalis is much more effective in the surface cleaning action.
Focus of Research:-
Focus of my research is on the preparation of cheap and effective metallic surface
cleaner for the improvement in their appearance and regaining of metallic luster.
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Research Methodology:-
(1) Selection of raw materials,
(2) Determination of chemical composition of Metal surface Cleaner
(3) Development process.
(4) Observation and analysis.
(1) Selection of raw materials:-Selection of appropriate glassware, chemicals and
substances and lab equipment is the key factor in the research work which has its
significant role.
Glass-wares :-test tubes broad diameter- borosil, test tube stand, measuring cylinder-
pvc 50 ml,spatula, Beaker 100 ml, glass rod.
Chemicals:- Synthetic Vinegar, Emblica juice, fermented Emblica juice, sodium bi
carbonate, sodium chloride salt, Citric acid crystals.
(2) Determination of chemical composition of Metal surface Cleaner :-
Acidic solution:-
Citric acid crystals : synthetic Vinegar
Quantity taken:- 5 gm : 50 ml
Chemical composition of Metal surface cleaner:-
Acidic solution : Emblica juice extract
50 ml : 50 ml.
( in1 : 1 ratio)
(3) Development process:-
Development process or procedure of the production of any new product or
substance have many steps and is a step by step sequence process.
Step I : In the step first I have extracted the juices of gooseberry. For the extraction
of Emblica juice i have used juice extractor.
Step II :
In second step I have determined the chemical composition of acidic solution in
the following ratio:-
Chemical composition of Acidic solution:-
Citric acid crystals : synthetic Vinegar
Quantity taken:- 5 g: 50 ml
Fraction ratio = 1 : 10
Step III :
Chemical composition of Metal surface cleaner:-
Acidic solution : Emblica juice
50 ml : 50 ml
Fraction ratio = 1 : 1
Use of Combination Salt : - NaCl ( 100 g)
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Figure-1 showing standard solution figure -2 showing Citric acid
Solution.
Figure -3 shows Stain removing solution in Steel container
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Figure-4 shows Brass Antique with Dirt Figure -5 shows NaCl combination salt
Deposition for the surface cleaning of brass metal
Figure-6 shows combination soda ( Na.H.Co3) Figure-7 shows removed Dirt stains from
metal surface.
Observation:-
1) The color of the standard solution prepared found to be light brown which was formed by
the reaction between Amla juice and 1 gm sodium bi carbonate.
2) Color or the citric acid solution appears to be transparent color.
3) Color or the Stain removing solution appears to be mustard color.
pH value of the stain removing solution = 4.2
Result:-
After continous abrassive action with the combination of Stain removing solution and
Sodium chloride salt alternation with abrasive actions with combination of Stain removing
solution and Sodium Bi carbonate results in the complete removal of dirt and oil stains from
the brass metal surface.
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Figure-8 shows Clean Brass Antique product.
References:-
1) D.A Jones,corrosion principles and prevention of corrosion,2nd Edition,Prentice Hall
publication,year 1996,pp-11-15
2) the
Cleaning: Applications of Cleaning techniques.Volume-11, 2019, pp117-151.
3) - anti corrosion methods
and
Materials,ISSN:0003-5599,,vol-1,issue- 7,1 July 1954,pp-11-18.
4) Prof Mansai Ghamande,Gaurav gorhe,Jai Patel,Devashish Pande,Pooja
conference on Applied Science, Technology & Management,ISBN:978-93-86171-99-
3,febuary 2018,pp-1-4.
5) -II, Uttarakhand
open university, pp-08 to 11.
6) Dilesh Thakre1, Darshan Dhore2, Chetan Mehar3, Nikesh Mungmode4, Jayesh
Khobragde5, Md. Mustkim6, Siddharth Ghosh7
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology,
IJRASET Publication, volume-9,Issue: I, January 2021, DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.32393. Pp-1-5.
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