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Future Mindedness in Single Middle Adult Women

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Febby Listya Ekayanti
Febby Listya Ekayanti
Febby Listya Ekayanti
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Abstract and Figures

This article examines future mindedness among single middle adult women. In line with the dominant culture, most parents in Indonesia rely on their children for support in old age. Some women, however, choose to remain single and childless. This article focuses its exploration on the ways in which these unmarried, childless women plan and prepare for their lives in old age. Using the case-study approach and employing, as its theoretical framework, Seginer’s concept of future mindedness, we collected our data through semi-structured interviews with four women, aged 42 to 55, who served as research participants. After triangulating the data, we interpreted it using the thematic analysis method. Our study produced four findings. First, comfortable with being single, three of the four women had no desire to marry. Second, taking a positive view of old age, and knowing fully well that their kinfolk will take care of them in their advanced years, all the four participants do not worry about old age. Third, none of their relatives has put pressure on them to marry. Fourth, personality and family support appear to play a key role in these women’s choice to live a life of celibacy. In sum, unmarried middle-aged women are happy with their status and have plans for life in old age, including where to live and how to get elderly care.
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Analitika:)Jurnal)Magister)Psikologi)UMA,"Vol."15"(1)"(2023)"""
ISSN:"2085-6601"(Print),"ISSN:"2502-4590"(Online)"
DOI:"http://doi.org/10.31289/analitika.v15i1.9069"
ANALITIKA!
Jurnal'Magister'Psikologi'UMA!
Available)online)http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/analitika)
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Future&Mindedness!pada!Perempuan!Dewasa!Madya!yang!Melajang!!
!
Future&Mindedness&in&Single&Middle&Adult&Women&
!
Febby!Listya!Ekayanti*!&!Nurchayati
Study"Program"of"Psychology,"Faculty"of"Education,"Universitas"Negeri"Surabaya,"Indonesia"
!
Submitted:"8"Februari"2023;"Reviewed:"2"Mei"2023;"Accepted:"17"Juni"2023"
!
*Corresponding)author:""E-mail:"febbylistya35@gmail.com!
Abstrak(
Artikel" ini" bertujuan" untuk" mengkaji" perencanaan" masa" depan" perempuan" lajang" dewasa" madya." Kajian" ini"
penting" karena" adanya" kultur" dominan" dalam" masyarakat" Indonesia" yang" menggantungkan" hari" tua" pada" anak-
anaknya." Perempuan" yang" tidak" mempunyai" anak" karena" tidak" menikah" menyebabkan" mereka" tidak" bisa"
menggantungkan" hidupn ya" di" masa" tua."Penelitian" ini" akan" mengeksplorasi" bagaimana" para" perempuan" lajang"
dewasa"madya" merencanakan" hari" tua"meskipun"hidup"tanpa"keturunan"dan" pernikahan." Metode" penelitian"yang"
digunakan"adalah"kualitatif"deskriptif"yakni"studi"kasus."Data"dikumpulkan"melalui"wawancara"terstruktur"dengan"
empat"perempuan"lajang"berusia"42-55"tahun"sebagai"partisipan."Setelah"ditriangulasikan,"data"ditafsirkan"dengan"
analisis" tematik." Penelitian" ini" membuahkan" empat" temuan." Pertama,"partisipan" merasa" nyaman" dengan" status"
lajang"mereka,"tiga"dari" empat"partisipan"tidak" berkeinginan"menikah."Kedua," semua" partisipan" memandang" usia"
lanjut" secara" positif." Mereka" tidak" mengkhawatirkan" hari" tua" karena" merasa" ada" kerabat" yang" kelak" merawat"
mereka." Ketiga," keluarga" keempat" partisipan" tidak" mendorong" perempuan" dewasa" madya" untuk" menikah."
Keempat," kepribadian" partisipan" dan" dukungan" keluarga" berperan" kunci" pada" pilihan" mereka" untuk" hidup"
melajang." Dengan" demikian, " perempuan" dewasa" madya" yang" melajang" tergolong" bahagia" deng an" statusnya" dan"
mereka"telah"mempunyai"perencanaan"hari"tua"pada"aspek"domisili"serta"perawatan"hari"tua."
Kata(Kunci:"Future&Mindedness;&perempuan"dewasa"madya;"melajang"
!
Abstract(
This)article) examines) future) mindedness)among)single)middle)adult)women.) In)line) with) the) dominant)culture,) most)
parents)in)Indonesia)rely)on)their)children)for)support)in)old)age.)Some)women,)however,)choose)to)remain)single)and)
childless.)This)article)focuses)its)exploration)on)the)ways)in)which)these)unmarried,)childless)women)plan)and)prepare)
for)their)lives)in)old)age.)Using)the)case-study)approach)and)employing,)as)its)theoretical)framework,)Seginer’s)concept)
of)future)mindedness,)we)collected)our)data)through)semi-structured)interviews)with)four)women,)aged)42)to)55,)who)
served)as) research) participants.) After)triangulating) the) data,) we)interpreted)it) using) the) thematic) analysis) method.)
Our)study)produced)four)findings.)First,)comfortable)with)being)single,)three)of)the)four)women)had)no)desire)to)marry.)
Second,) taking) a) positive) view) of) old) age,) and) knowing) fully) well) that) their) kinfolk) will) take) care) of) them) in) their)
advanced)years,)all)the)four)participants)do)not)worry)about)old)age.)Third,)none)of)their)relatives)has)put)pressure)on)
them)to)marry.) Fourth,)personality)and)family)support)appear)to) play)a)key)role)in) these)women’s)choice)to)live) a)life)
of) celibacy.)In) sum,) unmarried) middle-aged) women) are) happy) with) their) status) and) have) plans) for) life) in) old) age,)
including)where)to)live)and)how)to)get)elderly)care.)
Keywords:&Future&Mindedness;&Middle&Adult&Woman;&Single&
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How(to( cite:(Ekayanti," F.L.," &" Nurchayati." (2023)."Future" Mindedness" in" Single"Middle" Adult"Women."
Analitika:&Jurnal&Magister&Psikologi&UMA,&15"(1):"22"–"30."
Febby(Listya(Ekayanti(&(Nurchayati,""
Future"Mindedness"pada"Perempuan"Dewasa"Madya"yang"Melajang!
23
INTRODUCTION!
In! Indonesia,!the! phenomenon! of! single! life! is! increasing! from! year! to! year.! The!
National!Socioeconomic!Survey!(Susenas)!in!2016!and!2020!showed!that!the!number!of!
single!women! rose! by! 8! percent.! According! to! Susenas! in! 2016! there! were! 8.3! million!
adult!women!who!were!single.!Then,!in!2020,!their!number!increased!to!9.04!million.!An!
increase!of! 0.38!percent!was!experienced!by!the!middle!adult!group!in!the!age!range!of!
40-49!years,!while!an!increase!of!24.65!percent!occurred!in!the!middle!adult!group!aged!
50-59!years!(Maharrani,!2021).!
This!increasing!phenomenon! of! single!living!can! be! caused!by!the! positive!impact!
felt.! According! to! Oktawirawan! and!Yudiarso! (2020),! single! life! makes! you! feel! happy!
because! you! live! in! freedom.! In! addition,! single! middle! adult! women! also! enjoy! their!
status! more,! they! become! productive! individuals! and! feel! good! about! themselves!
(Papalia!et! al.,!2009).! On! the! other! hand,! there! are! negative! impacts! caused! by! the!
phenomenon! of! singleness,! including! having! minimal! intimate! relationships,! worries!
about!old!age! and! feelings!of!loneliness! (Nanik!et!al.,! 2018).!The!same!thing! is!said!! by!
Lehmiller! (2018)! where! single! women! tend! not! to! feel! the! roles! lived! by! married!
women.!Those!who!are!single!are!often!attached!to!negative!stereotypes!by!society.!!
!! The!negative!stereotype!attached!to!single!women!is!called!singlism.!Examples!of!
singlism! received! by! single! women! include! "overdue",! "spinster",! "unsalable",!
"abnormal",! "incompetent"! and! other! negative! mentions.! This! singlism! makes! single!
women!an!identical!social!category!with!negative!attributes.!(Himawan,!K.!K.,!Bambling,!
M.,! &!Edirippulige,! 2018).! The! impact! felt! by! single! women! can! affect! their! outlook! on!
their!future.!A!positive!environment!for!single!status!can!provide!the!support!needed!by!
single! women,! especially! in! the! middle! adult! age! range.! In! middle! adulthood,! single!
women! will! be! oriented! towards! old! age! planning.! Some! of! the! images! of! old! age! can!
include!elderly!care,!financial!planning,!housing,!to!the!decision!to!be!single!until!the!end!
of!life!or!the!decision!to!marry.!!
!! Planning! can! be! called! future! mindedness.! According! ! to! Seginer! (2009)!future!
mindedness!can! be!defined! by! the! ability! to!describe! the! future.!This! picture!is! formed!
through!a!set!of!schematics!from!previous!experiences.!Next,!the!schematic!will!relate!to!
the!information! available! in!the! current!environment.! Then,!the! information! will! create!
expectations!about!the!future,!planning,!and!goals!that!can!provide!personal!judgment!on!
future! events! (Allen,! 2019;! Peterson! et! al.,! 2009).! Future! Mindedness! consists! of! three!
aspects.! According! to! Seginer! (2009)! these! aspects! consist! of! motivational,! cognitive!
representation,!and!behavioral.! The! motivational!aspect!includes! everything!that!drives!
individuals! to! plan.! This! first! aspect! also! consists! of! three! elements,! including! values,!
expetance,! and! control.! Second,! the! cognitive! aspect! of! representation! which! is!
something!that! individuals! expect! in! the! future.! This! aspect!is! formed! from!two! things,!
namely! content! and! valance.! The! third! aspect,! namely! behavioral! or! behavioral,! this!
aspect!describes!the!form!of!effort!made!by!individuals!to!achieve!dreams!in!the! future.!
Behavioural!consists!of!two!things,!namely!exploration!and!commitment.!!
Analitika:&Jurnal&Magister&Psikologi&UMA,&15"(1)"(2023):"22"-"30"
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!! Future!Mindedness!is!influenced!by!two!factors.!First,!internal!factors!in!which!an!
individual's! cognitive! development! and! self-concept! play! an! important! role! in! future!
mindedness.!Second,!contextual!factors!such!as!gender,!socioeconomic!status,!peers,!age,!
and! patterns! of! interaction! with! parents! (Seginer,! 2009).! In! unmarried! middle! adult!
women,!the!picture!of!the!future!can!be!influenced!by!these!internal!and!external!factors.!!
The! phenomenon! of! singleness! in! middle! adulthood,! especially! in! women,! has! been!
reviewed!by! several! previous! studies.! Aspects! that! have! become! the! main! highlights! in!
previous! studies! include! their!psychological! well-being! during! singleness! (Selan! et! al.,!
2020),! adjustment! to! conflict! and! stigma! in! society! ! (Primanita! &! Lestari,! 2018),! and!
feelings!of! loneliness! when!single! in!middle! adulthood!(Wardani! &!Septiningsih,!2016).!
In!addition!to!some!of!the!studies!above,!there!are!other!studies!that!review!middle!adult!
women!from!a! positive!side,! the! study!has! a!focus! on! discussing!the! hopes!and! fears! of!
single!middle!adult!women!(Nurhalimah,!2019).!
!! Similar!to! Nurhalimah's!(2019)!research,! this!study! reviews!the! positive!aspects!
of!single!middle!adult!women,!although!this!study!has!differences.!First,!the!focus!of!this!
study! does! not! only! include! hopes! and! fears! but! includes! many! things! such! as! outlook!
and! retirement! planning,! factors! that! support! retirement! planning,! and! planning!
strategies! owned! by! middle! adult! women! who! are! single.! Meanwhile,! Nurhalimah's!
research! only! focuses! on! aspects! of! hope! and! fear.! Second,! participants! in! this! study!
involved! various! work! backgrounds! and! Nurhalimah's! research! only! involved!
participants!with!the!same!work!background.!Third,!the!method!used!in!this!research!is!a!
case! study,! while! Nurhalimah! uses! phenomenological! methods.! Based! on! the!
presentation! of! the! differences! in! research,! it! can! be! concluded! that! this! study! is!
interesting! because! the! positive! aspects! of! single! middle! adult! women! are! rarely! the!
main! topic! in! research.! In! addition,! this! study! is! important! mainly! because! of! the!
dominant!culture!in!Indonesian!society!that!relies!on!old!age!to!their!children.!Therefore,!
this! study! aims! to! describe! how! future! mindedness! in! middle! adult! women! who! are!
single.!!
RESEARCH!METHODS!!
This!research!uses!a!qualitative!approach.!The!method!chosen! is!a!case!study.!The!
participants!of! this! study!were!middle!adult!women!ranging!in!age!from!40!to!60!years!
and!single,!namely!individuals!who!had!never!been!married,!did!not!live!with!a!partner,!
had! hopes! of! marriage,! but! accepted! the! possibility! of! living! alone.! These! participants!
(pseudonyms)!include.!
Table"1."Participant"Details"
Name"
Age"
Occupation"
Nur"
42"
Traders"
Kholifah"
51"
Shopkeeper"
Lilik"
55"
Private"Employees"
Sakinem"
53"
Traders"
"
Febby(Listya(Ekayanti(&(Nurchayati,""
Future"Mindedness"pada"Perempuan"Dewasa"Madya"yang"Melajang!
25
"" This! study! used! a! data! collection! method,! namely! interviews.! Researchers!
conducted! semi-structured! interviews! using! open-ended! questions,! but! still! guided! by!
interview! guidelines! that! had! been! compiled! previously! based! on! the! theory! of! future!
mindedness.! The! rapport! development! process! was! carried! out! by! researchers! before!
conducting!interviews.!The!interview! process! was!carried!out!from!August! to! December!
2021.!Researchers!conducted!interviews!2-3!times!with!a!duration!of!60!to!120.!The!data!
was! analyzed! using! thematic! analysis! and! the! validity! of! the! data! was! tested! through!
member! checking! and! triangulation! of! data! sources.! This! process! is! carried! out! using!
significant! others,! namely! family! members! of! participants! such! as! nieces! and! nephews!
and! siblings.! The! selection! of! significant! other! is! based! on! the! level! of! closeness! with!
participants!where! they! live! with! nieces! and! nephews! and! biological! family! and! are! far!
from!other!families.!!
!
RESULTS!AND!DISCUSSION!!
Interviews! that! have! been! conducted! with! four! participants! produced! four! key!
themes.!These!themes!describe!the!main!topic!of!the!study,!namely,!the!future!thinking!
of!single!middle!adult!women.!
Table"2."Research"Theme"Results"
Theme(
Motivational(
(
Cognitive(
Representation(
Behavioural(
Supporting(
Factors(
!
!Motivational!Themes!!
! Three!of!the!four!participants!had!a!future!orientation!unrelated!to!marriage,!all!
three! participants! were! no! longer! motivated! to! marry.! Lilik! said! the! reason! was!
voluntary! choice.! Kholifah! and! Sakinem! wanted! to! be! single! because! of! the! fear! of!
separating! from! the! family! after! marriage.! Kholifah! and! Sakinem's! decision! was!
influenced! by! external! factors! such! as! the! family! environment.! Loving! families! and!
providing!social!support!to!single!middle!adult!women!will!discourage!their!motives!for!
marriage!(Allen,!2019).!!
!Unlike! the! three! participants! above,! Nur! has! the! desire! to! get! married.! Nur's!
motivation! to! get! married! comes! from! her! desire! to! improve! her! social! status! where!
married!women!will!be!considered!nobler!women!than!single!women!who!are!attached!
to!negative!stigma.! According!to!Himawan! (2020),!marriage!in! Indonesia!is!considered!
an! individual! "social! achievement",! so! most! Indonesians! yearn! for! marriage,! and! of!
course! this! desire! is! also! influenced! by! the! pressure! of! conservative! cultural! values.!
Nur's!motivation!to!immediately!get!married!is!because!of!Nur's!belief!that!marriage!is!a!
religious!recommendation!if!it!meets!the!physical,!mental,!and!material!requirements.!In!
Analitika:&Jurnal&Magister&Psikologi&UMA,&15"(1)"(2023):"22"-"30"
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26
addition,!the!difference!in!Nur's!age!with!the!other!three!participants!also!affected!Nur's!
desire! to! marry.! Nur's! age,! which! has! just! passed! early! adulthood! and! entered! middle!
adulthood,!makes!her!inseparable!from!the!task!of!early!adult!development.!In! contrast!
to!the!other!three!participants!who!had!entered!the!final!stage!of!middle!adulthood.!!
! The! motivational! aspect! in! future! mindedness! consists! of! three! elements.! First,!
value!can!be!defined!by!an!individual's!understanding!in!describing!a!detailed!sequence!
of!relevance!and!importance!of!goals!in!the!future!(Seginer,!2009).!All!participants!in!the!
study! had! the! same! understanding! of! marriage.! Where! they! agreed! that! the! ideal!
marriage! was! carried! out! at! the! age! of! 25! years! for! women! and! 30! years! for! men.!
According!!to!Santrock!(2012)!this!age!is!classified!as!an!early!adult!age!category,!where!
the!developmental!task!carried!out!is!to!explore!careers!and!establish!relationships!with!
the!opposite!sex.!Participants!in!the!study!had!passed!the!age!of!early!adulthood!so!that!
the! developmental! tasks! that! should! have! been! performed! could! not! be! fulfilled! and!
were! replaced! by! intermediate! adult! development! tasks.! Unlike! the! three! participants!
who! have! entered! middle! adulthood,! Nur,! who! has! just! turned! 42! years! old! and! is!
counted!as!just! entering!middle! adulthood,! still!has! the!desire! to! fulfill!her! initial! adult!
development!task,!namely!marriage.!!
! Second,! expetance! is! a! feeling! of! optimism! about! the! realization! of! future!
planning.! Nur! said! that! she! is! optimistic! that! she! can! get! married! because! she! is!
currently! in! a! romantic! relationship! and! plans! to! end! her! singleness! soon.! For! Lilik,!
Sakinem,!and!Kholifah!said!that!they!have!no!worries!about!old!age,!this!is!because!they!
have! a! positive! community! environment! and! the! support! of! family! members.! From! all!
participants! it! can! be! said! that!they! are! positive! about! the! future.! Third,! there! is! an!
aspect!of!control!which!is!an!individual's!belief!to!control!themselves!to!realize!dreams!
in!the!future.!To!achieve!her!dream,!Nur!said!that!she!continues!to!approach!each!other's!
families.!Then!for!Lilik,!Sakinem,!and!Kholifah!confessed!that!they!continued!to!connect!
both!with!the!neighborhood!and!family!members.!With!full!power!to!control!themselves,!
it! will! make! it! easier! for! participants! to! realize! the! planned! future! picture! (Seginer,!
2009).!
!
Cognitive!Representation!Theme!
! Future! mindedness! is! useful! as! a! basis! for! determining! an! individual's! future.!
This! determination! lies! in! the! aspect! of! cognitive! representation,! where! there! are! two!
elements!underlying! this! aspect,!namely!first,!content!that!covers!various!sides!to!build!
life.! The! content! in! this! study! is! described! by! old-age! planning! consisting! of! domicile,!
finance,!and!old-age!care.!Second,!valance!means!personal!opinions!regarding!individual!
hopes!and!fears,! as!well! as!ways!of! avoiding!unwanted! events!in!the! future.!Valance! in!
this! study! was! shown! through! various! kinds! of! feelings! of! participants! when! single! in!
middle! adulthood.! The! four! participants! claimed! to! have! made! their! retirement! plans,!
both! in! terms! of! finances,! old! age! care,! and! residence! domicile.! Three! out! of! four!
participants! wanted! to! live! with! their! nieces! and! nephews! when! they! were! old.!
However,!Nur,!who!still!has!the!desire!to!get!married,!hopes!to!live!with!her!new!family,!
Febby(Listya(Ekayanti(&(Nurchayati,""
Future"Mindedness"pada"Perempuan"Dewasa"Madya"yang"Melajang!
27
but!does! not!rule! out!the! possibility!that! she!will! live!with! her! siblings! if! the!marriage!
plan!cannot!be!realized.!!
!Financial!plan!all!participants!agreed! to! continue!working!even!though!they!had!
entered! old! age.! According! to! Nanik! and! Hendriani! (2016)!this! desire! is! caused! by!
increasing! age! the! increasingly! changing! cognitive,! economic,! physical,! and! functional!
levels! in! individual! lives.! Thus,! the! need! for! economic! stability!is! one! of! the! problems!
that!must! be!faced!by!single!middle!adult!women!who!have!never! married!and!have!no!
children.!All!four!participants!had!expectations!of!being!able!to!work!if!it!was!possible!by!
their! conditions! and! abilities.! The! ideal! condition! that!usually! occurs! is! that! single!
middle!adult!women! have! prepared! life! support! and! savings! to! enter!old!age.!However,!
the!conditions!found!in!the!three!participants!showed!that!they!did!not!have!savings!for!
old! age,! except! for! Lilik! who! had! an! old! age! allowance! from! his! company.! Three!
participants! who! did! not! have! financial! preparation! in! old! age! due! to! lack! of! financial!
income!so!they!could!not!set!aside!income!for!old!age!care!funds.!!
!Living!single!until!old!age!is!one!of!the!choices!of!individual!life.!One!of!the!things!
that!must!be!planned!is!old-age!care.!The!three!participants,!Lilik,!Sakinem,!and!Kholifah,!
explained!that!they!relied!their!old!age!on!their!nephews.!They!want!to!be!cared!for!and!
live!with!their!nieces!and!nephews!because!they!feel!comfortable.!According!to!Nanik!et!
al.!(2018)!this!feeling!of!comfort!is!caused!by!acceptance!and!positive!attitudes!in!family!
members! towards! middle! adult! women! who! are! single.! Single! life! is! also! inseparable!
from!some!negative! feelings.!One!of! them!is! loneliness.! One!way! to!overcome!this! is!to!
build! close! relationships! with! family! members.! Support! and! attention! provided! by!
family! members! can! help! participants! overcome! loneliness.! All! four! participants!
admitted! that! they! never! felt! lonely.! This! is! because! they! are! surrounded! by! relatives!
who!love!them.!In!addition!to!family,!the!cause!of!middle!adult!women!not!experiencing!
loneliness! is! a! feeling! of! habituation! to! experiencing! loneliness! without! a! partner!
(Winterstein,!T.!B.!&!Rimon,!2014).!
! All! four! participants! said! they! felt! happy! and! comfortable! about! their! single!
status.!Three!of!the!four!participants,!namely!Kholifah,!Lilik,!and!Sakinem!said!that!being!
single!could! have!a! positive!impact! in!the! form!of! freedom!and! avoiding!the! burden!of!
household! chores! while! Nur! also! felt! happy! about! her! single! status! but! felt! anxiety!
because! she! wanted! to! get! married! soon.! This! reinforced!the! reasons! for! the! three!
participants!to!maintain!the!desire!not!to!marry!except!Nur.!By!maintaining!their!single!
status,!all!three! participants! also!agreed!that! they!had!more!opportunities! for!personal!
development!and!increased!personal!freedom.!!
!
Behavior!Theme!!!
!Behavior!!!in!future!mindedness!is!defined!by!efforts!to!realize!goals!in!the!future.!
Behavior!consists!of!two!elements,!namely!exploration!and!commitment.!Exploration!is!
the! activity! of! searching! for! information,! asking! other! individuals! for! advice,! and!
identifying! the! compatibility! of! choices! with! future! goals.! Then,! commitment! is! an!
individual's! decision-making! process! that! relates! to! future! goals! (Seginer,! 2009).! In!
Analitika:&Jurnal&Magister&Psikologi&UMA,&15"(1)"(2023):"22"-"30"
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28
middle!adult!women!who!are!single,!exploration!can!be!interpreted!by!the!emergence!of!
efforts! to! find! the! opposite! sex! who! have! the! potential! to! become! a! soulmate,! the!
support!of! family!and! friends!to! find!a! mate!can! also!be! categorized!in! the!exploration!
phase! to! prepare! for! the! future.! In! addition,! exploration! also! appeared! when! the! four!
participants! continued! to! build! a! harmonious! relationship! with! the! family,! this! is!
because!the!family!is!the!old!age!dependency!for!middle!adult!women!who!are!single.!
! Based! on! the! confessions! of! the! three! participants,! namely! Lilik,! Sakinem,! and!
Kholifah,! they! no! longer! explore! life! companions.! The! three! participants! refused! to! be!
helped!to!find!a!life!partner!by!their!family!members,!they!chose!to!maintain!their!single!
status! because! of! their! values.! Family! members! who! help! this! exploration! phase!
certainly! do! not! have!the! autonomy! to! force! arranged! marriages,! single! women! have!
their!own!autonomy!and!the!value!that!marriage!is!not!conventional,!but!lies!in!the!side!
of!individual!freedom!(Himawan,!2020).!
! This! determination! to! maintain! single! status! shows! the! commitment! that! three!
out!of!four!participants!have!for!their!old!age.!Rather!than!committing!to!marriage,!these!
three! participants! preferred! to! strengthen! relationships! with! family.! Lilik! and! Nur!
expressed!their!form!of!business!to!establish!a!harmonious!relationship!with!the!family,!
namely! by! taking! care! of! the! children! of! nieces! and! nephews! and! gathering! every!
holiday.!They!also!often!spend!time!together!doing!activities!such!as!cooking!and!eating!
with! family.! For! Nur! and! Sakinem! also! do! the! same! thing,! namely! vacationing! with!
family! and! taking! care! of! their! niece's! child.! The! parenting! carried! out! by! these! four!
participants! can! meet! the! needs! of! adult! development,! namely! building! a! family!
(Santrock,! 2012).! According! to! Ericson,! the! crucial! stages! of! adult! development! are!
intimacy! and! generativity.! Intimacy! refers! to! having! a! special! relationship! with! the!
opposite!sex!or!a!like-minded!individual,!the!goal!of!which!is!to!gain!a!positive!value!in!
the! form! of! love.! Meanwhile,! generativity! refers! to! contributing! oneself! to! caring! for!
others,! as! well! as! making! positive! impacts! for! future! generations.! Generativity! is!
demonstrated!through!strengthening!relationships!with!family!and!raising!children.!!
! Winterstein,!T.!B.! and! Rimon!(2014)!add! that! this!intimacy!and! generativity! can!
be! fulfilled! through! non-sexual! relationships.! Unmarried! participants! in! middle!
adulthood! can! meet! intimacy! needs! by! establishing!supportive! social! relationships!
through! positive! activities.! According! to! the! results! of! interviews! with! the! three!
participants,! namely! Kholifah,! Nur,! and! Lilik,! they! are! individuals! who! actively!
participate!in!recitation!associations!in!their! environment.! However,!Sakinem!admitted!
that!he! did! not! like!to! blend! in! with! society.! So! even! though!three! participants! can! be!
said! to! have! fulfilled! intimacy! needs,! Sakinem! has! intimacy! needs! that! have! not! been!
fully! met.! As! for! the! needs! of! generativity,! all! participants! have! taken! the! right! step,!
namely!becoming!foster!parents!of!their!nieces!and!nephews.!!
!
Supporting!Factors!Theme!
!Based! on! the! results! of! the! interview,! the! factors! that! influence! future!
mindedness!in!unmarried!middle!adult!women!in!terms!of!contextual!are!socioeconomic!
Febby(Listya(Ekayanti(&(Nurchayati,""
Future"Mindedness"pada"Perempuan"Dewasa"Madya"yang"Melajang!
29
and! when! viewed! internally! are! individual! personalities.! Through! contextual! factors,!
individuals! who! have! a! high! socioeconomic! status! will! tend! to! think! ahead.! While!
individuals!who!have!low!socioeconomic!status!do!not!seem!to!think!about!more!mature!
future!planning,!this!is!because!these!individuals!only!focus!on!the!present!life!(Seginer,!
2009).!!
! Participants! in! this! study! belonged! to! the! middle! to! lower! socioeconomic!
category.!The!absence!of!savings!due!to!economic!limitations!makes!them!more!focused!
on!efforts!to! meet! their! daily! needs! so! that! there! is! no! time! and! financialempowerment!
to!plan!for!old!age.!From!an!internal!point!of!view,!there!are!personality!factors!that!play!
a!role!in!determining!the!future!planning! of! middle!adult!women!who!have!never! been!
married,! this! factor! is! self-concept.! Individuals! who! have! a! positive! and! ideal! self-
concept!will!make!it!easier!for!individuals!to!make!retirement!planning!(Seginer,!2009).!
The! results! of! interviews! with! participants! showed! that! all! participants! had! a! positive!
self-concept!so!that!they!had!an!optimistic!attitude!towards!old!age.!All!participants!also!
admitted!that!they!did!not!have!old!age!worries!such!as!loneliness.!All!four!participants!
were!optimistic!that!they!would!not!feel!lonely!or!worry!about!planning!for!old!age.!!
!
CONCLUSION!!
!Based!on!the!results!of!the!study,!the!conclusion!that!can!be!drawn!is! that! three!
out!of!four!participants!do!not!have!the!desire!to!marry,!while!one!other!participant!still!
has!the! hope! of! getting! married!but! does! not! rule! out!the! possibility! of! choosing! to!be!
single.!Participants!who!did!not!want!to!marry!admitted!that!they!had!no!demands!from!
family,!were! closed! to!relationships! with!the! opposite! sex,!and! were!more! comfortable!
when! living! single.! All! participants! had! plans! for! retirement,! especially!in! terms! of!
retirement! care! and! residence.! From! the! financial! aspect,! the! four! participants! had! no!
intention! to! prepare! retirement! savings.! In! terms! of! residence! and! old-age! care,! they!
plan!to!lean!on!next!of!kin!such!as!nieces!and!nephews!and!siblings.!All!participants!had!
a! positive! outlook! on! old! age! despite! not! being! married.! This! is! supported! by! the!
fulfillment! of! the! needs! of! intimacy! and! generativity! through! social! relations! of!
residence,! work,! and! family.! Although! socioeconomic! factors! make! them! unable! to!
prepare! financially! for! old! age,! they! remain! optimistic! and! focus! more! on! what! is!
happening!in!the!present.!!
!
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"
... Peningkatan angka persentase mengenai perempuan lajang di Indonesia dapat disebabkan karena adanya dampak positif yang dirasakan oleh individu. Kehidupan lajang juga dapat membuat perempuan lajang menjadi bahagia karena dapat hidup dalam kebebasan (Ekayanti & Nurchayati, 2023). ...
Locus of Control and Psychological Well-Being in Single Women of the Toraja Tribe who Have a Career
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
Locus of control is one of the important factors in improving psychological well-being. This is also in line with what is experienced by single women of the Toraja tribe who have a career, for them being single and having a career is not an easy thing because of the many demands and pressures they feel. To be able to improve psychological well-being, it is necessary to have a locus of control for single women of the Toraja tribe who have a career so that they are expected to be able to overcome the problems they are facing. This study aims to determine the relationship between locus of control and psychological well-being in single women of the Toraja tribe who have a career. The method used is correlational quantitative. There were 110 single women of the Toraja tribe who have a career as participants in this study using a purposive sampling technique. This study uses two scales the IPC LOC (Internality, Powerful Others dan Chance Locus of Control) and the Scales of Psychological Well-Being. The result of hypothesis testing with Karl Pearson is .533 with sig = .000 (p<.01), which means this is accepted. These results proves that locus of control is one of the factors related to the achievement of psychological well-being in single women of the Toraja tribe who have a career. This means a relationship exists between an increase or decrease in locus of control and an increase or decrease in psychological well-being. The results obtained show that locus of control is one of the factors associated with the achievement of psychological well-being in single women of the Toraja tribe who have a career. This research provides a new understanding of the positive meaning of the community in seeing the role of women as part of the sacredness of Toraja local culture who are also responsible for the role or involvement to realize every cultural demand that is an obligation for each community. In addition, despite the highest degree of men's position in Toraja local culture who are responsible for every realization of daily family needs and customs, but still place women as a balance of life that helps the family take responsibility for a career and meet every demand of custom patently applies.Locus of control menjadi salah satu faktor yang penting dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologis. Hal ini juga sejalan dengan yang dialami oleh perempuan lajang suku Toraja yang berkarier, bagi mereka melajang dan berkarier bukan merupakan suatu hal yang mudah karena banyaknya tuntutan serta tekanan yang dirasakan. Untuk dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologis, maka diperlukan adanya locus of control dari dalam diri perempuan lajang suku Toraja yang berkarier agar diharapkan mampu mengatasi masalah yang sedang dihadapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara locus of control dengan kesejahteraan psikologis pada perempuan lajang suku Toraja yang berkarier. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif korelasional. Terdapat 110 perempuan lajang suku Toraja yang berkarier dijadikan partisipan dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua skala yang terdiri atas IPC LOC (Internality, Powerful Others dan Chance Locus of Control) dan Scales of Psychological Well-Being. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa locus of control menjadi salah satu faktor yang berhubungan dengan pencapaian kesejahteraan psikologis pada perempuan lajang suku Toraja yang berkarier. Penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman baru mengenai makna positif masyarakat dalam melihat peran perempuan sebagai bagian dari kesakralan budaya lokal Toraja yang turut bertanggung jawab atas peran atau keterlibatannya untuk mewujudkan setiap tuntutan budaya yang menjadi kewajiban bagi setiap masyarakat. Selain itu, meskipun posisi laki-laki lebih tinggi dalam budaya lokal Toraja yang bertanggung jawab dalam setiap realisasi kebutuhan keluarga dan adat istiadat sehari-hari, namun tetap menempatkan perempuan sebagai penyeimbang kehidupan yang membantu keluarga dalam bertanggung jawab baik itu secara berkarier maupun memenuhi setiap tuntutan adat istiadat yang berlaku secara turun temurun.
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Menikah adalah Ibadah: Peran Agama dalam Mengkonstruksi Pengalaman Melajang di Indonesia
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Religion plays a major role in the lives of most Indonesians. While most religions favour marriage, little is known regarding how religion shapes the singleness experience, especially from the Indonesian perspective. The study aims to explore whether and how religion constructs the meaning of singleness and contributes to the quality of life of Indonesian unmarried individuals. Multistage mixed-methods study was employed to answer the research questions through two stages. Stage one was an online survey to 635 participants (Mage = 31.49; SD = 5.49) across three groups (single, single in a relationship, and married). Stage two utilised interviews to 40 unmarried participants (Mage = 33.14; SD = 4.04). The survey results suggest that as a group, single individuals indicated lower levels of quality of life compared to married people. Among single participants, multivariate analysis suggests that religiosity significantly increases life satisfaction, but does not reduce loneliness. Three themes emerged regarding the role of religion in constructing the meaning of singleness: singleness as a God-willed temporary period, a period to embrace life outside marriage, and a period where conservative socio-religious norms are negotiated with contemporary values. The study highlights the complex and pivotal role of religion in the Indonesian singleness experience.
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  • Oct 2020
Generally married is done in early adult period which is at the age of 18 until 40 but the fact found that are still several people who are still single at those ages. Early adult women who are still single or not married can cause the negative perspective from society where they are living with the result they cannot adapt very well in their environment because of the pressure and insult from those people who make them feel shy and do not want to have social connection. This condition can be decreased when they have high subjective well- being where she is able to do things that make her happy to gather with family, recreation and others. Subjective well-being is an individual evaluation toward themselves through affective evaluation. Those are negative and positive affect and cognitive evaluation or self-satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to find out the subjective well-being picture of early adult women who have not married yet in Liliba disrict. This is qualitative research with descriptive method. This research uses three participants of early adult women whose found by purposive sampling technique characterized by single women at the age of 30 until 40 years old in Liliba district. The result found that three participants have different subjective well-being pictures where HL has positive affect and feels satisfy with her life now. Whereas LA and RF have more negative affect and still feel unsatisfied with their lives.
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Singleness, Religiosity, and the Implications for Counselors: The Indonesian Case
Article
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  • Jun 2018
This paper explores the unique role of religiosity in assisting Indonesian singles (extensively refer to those who are never married) and how it relates to the counseling and therapeutic practices with never-married clients. Whereas the role of religiosity has been drawn into scholarly attention for its effectiveness in dealing with many situations that are particularly related to social stigma, little is known regarding its role in assisting singles to overcoming stigma due to their singleness. Indonesian society regards marriage as a social achievement and this perception places singles in an undervalued position. On the contrary, the society regards positively those who demonstrate religious attributes. Therefore, religiosity is a potential factor that mediates social perception of singles who attach themselves to religious attributes (such as: religious symbols and rituals). Using database search methodology, this paper presents an overview of how religiosity assists singles in overcoming their challenges and discusses the implications of those dynamics in counseling settings.
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  • Jul 2016
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The Experience of Being an Old Never-Married Single: A Life Course Perspective
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2014
To explore the aging experience of the "over 60" group of singles who have never been married and have no children. How they experience their aging process in terms of their singlehood and vice versa. A qualitative-phenomenological approach was adopted. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 participants aged 60 to 87. Four major themes emerged: (a) "How come I stayed single?" (b) Between loneliness, aloneness and solitude. (c) "I have to take care of myself in old age." (d) The self behind prejudices and stereotypes. As the normative expectation is to live with partners, children, and grandchildren, they need to account for their alternative choice and give meaning to being a never married single. This meaning is expressed by constructing their self-dentity and accepting their way of life.
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PROSES PENYESUAIAN DIRI DAN SOSIAL PADA PEREMPUAN USIA DEWASA MADYA YANG HIDUP MELAJANG
Article
  • Apr 2018
Abstrak Menikah pada umumnya dilakukan pada usia dewasa awal yaitu sekitar usia 18 sampai dengan 40 tahun, namun di sisi lain ditemukan fakta bahwa terdapat beberapa orang yang tetap berstatus lajang bahkan di usia dewasa madya. Menurut beberapa penelitian, melajang pada usia dewasa madya cenderung membuat perempuan dilekatkan dengan stereotip dari masyarakat atau yang disebut dengan istilsh singlism, dan tuntutan dari orangtua untuk segera menikah. Kedua hal tersebut dapat memicu timbulnya perasaan tertekan dan kesepian pada perempuan lajang. Bertentangan dengan hal tersebut, studi pendahuluan pada penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa tidak semua perempuan lajang mendapatkan stigma, tuntutan orangtua, serta mengalami perasaan tertekan dengan kehidupan melajang, dan orang-orang usia madya bahkan cenderung sudah dapat menerima dan bahagia dengan kehidupan lajangnya (Hurlock, 2000). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap proses penyesuaian diri dan sosial pada perempuan dewasa madya yang hidup melajang serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Responden yang terlibat berjumlah 3 orang yang didapatkan melalui teknik purposive sampling dengan karakteristik perempuan, lajang, dan berusia 40 sampai dengan 60 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik penggalian data dengan wawancara, observasi, serta alat tes psikologi, dengan teknik analisis theoritical coding yaitu open coding, axial coding, dan selective coding. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa proses penyesuaian diri perempuan lajang meliputi terjadinya perubahan kondisi internal perempuan lajang sebagai hasil dari tindakan-tindakan yang dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, sedangkan proses penyesuaian sosial perempuan lajang meliputi perubahan kondisi perempuan lajang secara eksternal sebagai hasil dari tindakan-tindakan yang dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi proses penyesuaian diri dan sosial tersebut yaitu dukungan keluarga, keinginan menikah, serta pandangan bahwa perempuan tidak harus menikah atau memiliki anak. Kata kunci : penyesuaian diri, penyesuaian sosial, perempuan lajang, dewasa madya
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The Psychology of Human Sexuality (2nd Edition)
Book
  • Dec 2017
The thoroughly revised and updated second edition of The Psychology of Human Sexuality explores the roles that biology, psychology, and the social and cultural context play in shaping human sexual behavior. The text presents the major theoretical perspectives on human sexuality, and details the vast diversity of sexual attitudes and behaviors that exist in the modern world. The author also reviews the history of sexology and explores its unique methods and ethical considerations. Overall, this important and comprehensive text provides readers with a better understanding of, and appreciation for, the science of sex and the amazing complexity of human sexuality. -Features broad coverage of topics including anatomy, gender and sexual orientation, sexual behaviors, sexual difficulties and solutions, prostitution, and pornography -Offers more in-depth treatment of relationships than comparable texts, with separate chapters dealing with attraction and relationship processes -Includes cutting-edge research on the origins of sexual orientation and gender identity, as well as new treatments for sexually transmitted infections and sexual dysfunctions -Is written from a sex-positive perspective, with expanded coverage of cross-cultural research throughout and material that is inclusive and respectful of a diverse audience -Includes numerous activities to facilitate dynamic, interactive classroom environments Written for students of human sexuality and anyone interested in the topic, The Psychology of Human Sexuality offers a guide to the psychology of human sexual behavior that is at once inclusive, thorough, and authoritative in its approach.
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Future Orientation Outcomes
Article
  • Jan 2009
As previous chapters described the development of future orientation and its indicators in infancy, childhood, and adolescence, its personality correlates, gender differences, and how interpersonal relationships affect it, this chapter is about the ‘What for’ of future orientation? What behavioral and developmental purposes does future orientation serve? Why do individuals “need” an orientation to the future and consequently why should researchers have an interest in studying it? Answers vary from the global to the specific.
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Perkembangan Masa Hidup Edisi 13
  • Jan 2012
  • J Santrock
Santrock, J.. (2012). Perkembangan Masa Hidup Edisi 13. Jakarta: Erlangga.