RESIDENT ADAPTATION AND HOUSING ADJUSTMENT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA

Full text

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Volume 16 (Issue 1) June 2023
International Journal on Sustainable Tropical Design Research and Practice
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Keywords:
adaptation
adjustment
housing
pandemic
resident
The purpose of this research is to analyze resident’s adaptation and housing adjustments in
accordance with the implementation of the stay at home policy by the Indonesian government
during the pandemic. This is a quantitative research with data obtained from respondents using
a questionnaire. Data were collected to determine public opinion using a survey method, such
as a questionnaire due to the inability to carry out direct and face-to-face interviews during
the pandemic. Respondents’ opinions were discussed with contingency coefficient analysis and
explained descriptively. The result showed that residents adjusted to working and studying from
home via online. Most of the adjustments took place in self-owned houses. A significant number
agreed to receiving guests and holding community meetings at home by adjusting the terrace and
implementing social distancing. Most respondents have adequate awareness of implementing
health protocols to limit the spread of COVID19 in their homes, such as by creating space.
Residents make adaptations in response to threats to health, welfare, and comfort during the
pandemic. Adjustment of housing space is carried out for awareness and the existence of a
health protocol that needs to be met. The more complex the requirements, the more varied the
adjustments.
*Corresponding author: amos.setiadi@uajy.ac.id
RESIDENT ADAPTATION AND HOUSING ADJUSTMENT DURING THE COVID-19
PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA
Setiadi, A.1*, Rudwiarti, L.A.2, Wardhani, M.K.3 & Rahayu, T.E.4
1,2,4 Department of Architecture, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, Indonesia;
3 Research Organization of Open Innovation & Collaboration, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
1. INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 pandemic is an outbreak with a high risk of
being transmitted to humans. Restrictions on social contact and
participating in activities outside the home are some of the preventive
efforts implemented by the Indonesian government (Bandeira et
al., 2019). In the Philippines, restrictions on activities outside the
home become an important issue during the pandemic (Cahapay,
2020). According to Banerjee et al., (2020), the stay-at-home policy
signicantly increased depression cases due to feelings of loneliness,
stress, sadness, and anxiety. Furthermore, mobility restrictions
during the pandemic limited peoples’ movement to places, such
as work, schools, neighbors’ houses, recreation centers, and other
public services, which limited the spread of the virus (Howe &
Hall, 2020). However, low-income people had difculty complying
with these policies. Therefore, to improve compliance with
mobility restrictions, it is necessary to pay attention to community
participation and improve communication in formulating policies
(Bouye et al., 2009).
Restrictions on activities outside the home during the COVID-19
pandemic led to the loss of jobs and a decrease in working hours (Li
& Mutchler, 2020). The majority of people experienced a decline
in income, saving expenses for more than six months. Thinagar
et al., (2021) stated that most people experienced a decline in
income and saving expenses due to the restrictions, which tends to
increase poverty, crime rates, and impaired mental health. However,
irrespective of these disadvantages, it is imperative for people to
adhere to these restrictions, especially those with other acute and
chronic health conditions (Said et al., 2020). According to Morrow-
Howell et al., (2020), mobility, social distancing, and quarantine at
home tend to affect health. Saraiva et al., (2021) stated that mobility
restriction is also considered a sudden limitation of living space
and is likely to continue over the next few months (Deloitte, 2020).
The COVID-19 pandemic promotes people to take the initiative to
increase their sense of security in responding to the recovery period

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Volume 16 (Issue 1) June 2023
(Shari & Khavarian-Garmsir, 2020). This virus brought changes
both directly and indirectly to the infected community and became
the main focus of government policies related to handling the impact
of the pandemic. The policy of handling the pandemic in the housing
sphere is an important factor in reducing its spread (Horne et al.,
2020).
The rapid spread of the virus in early 2020 led to the gosvernment’s
restrictions on social interaction activities (Mendolia et al., 2020).
Human mobility is related to the quality of life (Webber et al., 2010),
therefore restrictions are considered to be the cause of reduced
quality of life (Said et al., 2020). Conversely, housing is the safest
place during the pandemic, especially with access to environmental
facilities accessible on foot. The government also restricted the use
of public transportation due to the risk of transmission from the
workplace, shops, and social gatherings (Litman, 2021). The term
“social distancing” is used to appeal to the public to self-quarantine
by staying some meters away from other people and avoiding
unnecessary travel (Arimura et al., 2020). Research has shown that
self-quarantine at home tends to changes the dynamics of living
spaces and the rhythm of domestic activities.
Restricting people to stay at home encourages problems and
challenges (Rogers & Power, 2020). Therefore, adjustment of
housing space and the quality of its environment need to be
considered during a pandemic, such as the determining the number of
residents and available facilities. Self-quarantine at home and social
distancing restrictions are effective policies implemented by the
government to limit the spread of the virus (Oluwatosin et al., 2020).
The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with diverse health, social
and economic risks globally (Rogers & Power, 2020). Occupancy
conditions also determine the risk, and the quality of housing
conditions plays an essential role in determining the residents’
health. According to Bonnefoy (2007), the home also inuences
psychosocial and mental well-being. Therefore, it is important to
enforce public health regulations and protocols in houses to prevent
the spread of infection during a pandemic (Nyashanu et al., 2020).
The COVID-19 pandemic has awakened the importance of the role
of architecture and urban studies in dealing with the emergence of
subsequent viruses (Rogers & Power, 2020).
In conditions of community mobility restrictions, a public service
system capable of serving the various citizens’ needs, such as an
online shopping application, is needed, especially during a pandemic
(Seramova, 2020). During the pandemic, the house becomes a
space accommodating activities that were carried out in other places,
such as work and school activities. Rambøll (2020) stated that the
importance of the house has shifted from a ‘private space’ to a ‘safe
space’ in control of the possible dangers of viral infection.
Furthermore, people are required to be able to adapt to changes in
the new normal which are currently occurring globally. To adapt, the
local wisdom possessed by the community contributes positively to
resilience in the face of changes in the order of life (Kurniawan, 2020).
The resilience concept to pandemic risk promotes the development
of housing planning strategies and covers various aspects (Shama &
Motlak, 2020). During the pandemic, housing is an important element
(strength) in response planning in each region. Management planning
strategy focuses on building resilient, socially inclusive, and sustainable
communities (UNESCO, 2020).
2. BACKGROUND LITERATURE REVIEW
Local wisdom is practiced in handling the impact of a crisis, mitigation,
emergency phase response, and recovery period (Zulfadrim et al., 2018).
One form of local wisdom in overcoming the impact of the crisis in
Indonesia is gotong royong (mutual cooperation), which is an activity of
mutual assistance carried out by the community in an area, especially in
times of crisis. Self-quarantine at home and maintaining social distance
during the COVID-19 pandemic reduces mutual cooperation activities.
This is because it involves large numbers of people and crowds, making
them vulnerable to contracting the virus.
Self-quarantine at home considers the quality of spatial housing planning
that supports the residents’ activities, especially in terms of working
and studying. According to (Eltarabily & Elghezanwy, 2020), spatial
housing planning needs to pay attention to the organization. Eltarabily
& Elghezanwy (2020), further stated that the COVID-19 pandemic has
made architects aware of the importance of a smart, sustainable, and
comprehensively designed residential environment. These factors are
expected to make housing responsive to future crises.
The COVID-19 pandemic has made architects aware that housing acts as
an independent entity in the event of a crisis. According to Ateek (2020),
the sustainable design creates healthy housing, reduces environmental
impact, and helps prevent infectious diseases. Furthermore, the
pandemic has brought about a change in the view that the need for a
healthy and comfortable living space is very important for mental and
physical well-being (Tokazhanov et al., 2020). Housing has the ability to
become healthy shelters for residents through the use of technology and
good sanitation to reduce the possibility of viral infections and gardens
to help with recovery (Tokazhanov et al., 2020). It plays an essential
role during mobility restrictions where people are required to stay at
home to prevent further spread of the virus, thereby prompting a rethink
on how it needs to be designed for future pandemics (Tokazhanov et al.,
2020). The literature review outlined the importance of adjusting the
residential space during the pandemic, thereby making residents feel
comfortable carrying out activities at home and minimizing the spread
of the virus.

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Volume 16 (Issue 1) June 2023
Adaptation is a change in the behavioral response to suit
environmental conditions, while the adjustment is a change in the
environment to suit behavior. Therefore, the adaptation process
occurs when organisms face environmental stimuli. Adaptation
is carried out when there is an imbalance between human and
environmental interactions.
Adaptation also starts from concerns on the housing environment,
awareness, and responsiveness of residents that inuence the ability
to determine one’s behavior. Based on this basis, an understanding
of the housing environment allows individuals to investigate
the problems around them and take action independently and
collectively to improve the quality of the environment (Abu Bakar
et al., 2020). The homes play a role in supporting family ties and
psychological, spiritual, social, and cultural aspects. Therefore, the
pandemic demonstrates the extent to which adaptation is possible
while maintaining the basic role of the home and emphasizing its
implicit role imposed by current and future situations (Bettaieb &
Alsabban, 2020).
Research carried out by Peters & Halleran (2021) identied
synergies between passive design strategies and health-promoting
architecture. According to their research, there are 6 housing
design priorities in the post-pandemic era, namely (1) placement of
windows to support stress recovery, (2) satisfactory lighting levels,
(3) bedrooms designed for residents to sleep properly, (4) living
room with better air quality and focus on natural ventilation, (5)
access to nature through balcony design, and (6) layout that allows
physical distancing.
Several factors need to be considered in the implications of work from
home culture, such as health protocols, ofce atmosphere, creating
workspaces separate from domestic activities, and preventing the
simultaneous conduction of household and ofce works (Mungkasa,
2020). Abdul Rahim & Hashim (2018), in their research related to the
modication of terrace houses in Malaysia, found several behavioral
adaptations in some aspects of Malay culture and modications that
were more supportive to the provision of a more supportive living
environment. However, these adaptations had adverse effects on
individuals, families, and housing communities due to terrace house
design constraints.
The Public Welfare and Health Recommendations for healthy, safe,
and sustainable housing are framed into the following key points:
(1) Visible and accessible green elements and spaces, (2) Flexibility,
adaptability, sharing, and crowding of living spaces, and appropriate
functions located within the building, (3) Reallocation of basic
principles and archetypes of sustainable architecture, thermal
comfort and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), (4) Water consumption and
Wastewater Management, (5) Urban Solid Waste Management, (6)
Automation of housing and electromagnetic elds, and (7) Indoor
buildings and nishing materials (D’alessandro et al., 2020).
After the pandemic, new housing designs need to be introduced
with sustainability requirements with an emphasis on health and
safety measures, green spaces (gardens), new touchless and better
communication technologies for remote services, as well as improved
light control, humidity, air quality, temperature (Kaklauskas et
al., 2021). Amerio et al., (2020) carried out research related to
the effect of the housing environment on mental health during the
pandemic and revealed a strong association between poor housing
and moderate and severe depressive symptoms. Furthermore,
deteriorating performance related to working from home increased
the risk of depressive symptoms.
Findings based on literature review: Residents feel the need to make
simple room renovations during the pandemic. Limiting activities
outside the home and working and studying at home has made the
house a center of activity. The impact is increased attention to family
members. This impact needs to be followed by good communication
between family members not to trigger disputes. In conditions
of stay at home, minor problems at home can start ghts. Lower
economic groups and people living in densely populated settlements
are generally vulnerable to this impact. Because staying at home in a
narrow house with many family members and a dense environment
can be at risk of triggering
3. PROBLEMS AND STATE OF THE ART
During the pandemic, the Indonesian government prioritized the
limitation of large-scale social activities outside the home and
encouraged residents to study and work from home. People carried
out various activities from home as an option that feels safe during
the pandemic. This research intends to reveal the forms of residential
space adjustment by the community to support activities at home
during the COVID-19 pandemic.
4. CASE STUDY AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
The study area is located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and
the surrounding area. The scope of the discussion and the structure
of the questionnaire includes accommodation adjustments for
activities: working from home, studying from home, room for self-
quarantine, provision of handwashing facilities, optimizing natural
air circulation in the room, using Air Conditioning, providing gardens
and sports facilities at home, adjusting the physical condition of the
house, adjusting the function of the room, adjusting the housing
environment (restrictions on entry access, security posts, vehicle
disinfection), adaptation mobility outside the home, adaptation on
the use of transportation modes, and adaptation on the use of online
services. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires during
February - July 2021. The sampling method used in this study is
non-probabilistic sampling. Each element in the population does
not have the same probability of becoming a sample. The non-
probability sampling technique used in this research is purposive

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Volume 16 (Issue 1) June 2023
sampling. Purposive sampling is sampling with consideration of
adjusting several research criteria to improve sample suitability.
Due to the COVID19 pandemic, it is impossible to conduct a direct
survey of the public, so that the questionnaire will be distributed via
the internet (accessible by mobile phone, in google form format).
Data were collected to determine public opinion using a survey
method, such as a questionnaire in the google form format due to
the inability to carry out direct and face-to-face interviews during
the pandemic. Respondents’ opinions were then analyzed using
the contingency coefcient method, and the results were explained
using the descriptive method. The research scheme in this study is as
follows (see gure 1):
Figure 1: Research Scheme
Source: Author, 2021
4Education
Senior high school 62
Diploma 29
Bachelor 223
Masters 100
Doctoral 18
Total 432
5Home ownership status
Own house 327
Not own 105
Total 432
6Number of family members
< 3 73
3 - 5 284
> 5 75
Total 432
Source: author, 2021
Resident’s adaptation and adjustment of housing for work
Before the pandemic, only a small percentage of respondents worked
from home (12.5%). However, this number increased to 20.1%
during the Covid-19 pandemic. Although the work from home
policy is implemented in all regions to prevent the spread of the
virus, respondents are more adaptable in combining this policy with
working from the ofce (53.2%), as shown in gure 2. According
to approximately 41%, working from home requires adjusting
their living space. Before the pandemic, 66.2% of the respondents
worked 5-6 days per week, and a small percentage of 33.8% was
indenting. However, during the pandemic, the adaptable working
time increased to 56.8%, while the remaining was 43.2%. Based on
the type of work, entrepreneurs were not really affected in terms
of working time. To support work-from-home activities, 19.6% of
respondents made adjustments in adding an internet network (wi-
), 16.6% adding tables and chairs, 4.8% made other forms of
adjustments, while 59% made none, as shown in gure 3.
5. DISCUSSIONS
Questionnaires were distributed to 500 respondents, and only 432
responded, with the result explained as follows.
Tabel 1: Respondent background
1Age Respondent
< 23 41
24 - 60 369
> 61 22
Total 432
2Gender
Male 235
Female 197
Total 432
3Profession/job
Government employee 61
Private employees 198
Enterpreneur 66
Retired 24
Unemployment 40
Students 43
Total 432
Figure 2: Housing adjustment for work during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021

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Volume 16 (Issue 1) June 2023
Figure 3: Adaptation of learning during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
Residents Adaptation and housing adjustment for learning
Figure 4 shows that learning from home dominated educational
activities during the pandemic by 83.9%. Although 60% of the
housing conditions are adequate for studying from home, with
38.4% adequate, 44% still carry out further adjustments. Based on
ownership status, 49.7% of the houses were owned by individuals.
Meanwhile, the adjustment of space in self-owned and rental
houses is 34.7% and 9.3%. Although the number of residents
in a house did not affect learning activities during the pandemic,
12% of respondents with a population of 3-5 people still utilized
a combination of online and ofine learning. To support learning
activities from home, 19.6% of respondents made adjustments in the
form of adding an internet network (Wi-Fi), as shown in gure 5.
Residents Adaptation and Housing adjustment for self-
quarantine
The condition of the house that is considered adequate for self-
quarantine assuming there are family members infected with the
virus is 40.5%, while 39.4% were adequate and 20.1% inadequate,
as shown in gure 6. Based on ownership, houses with self-owned
status undergoing adjustment for self-quarantine were 13.2%, while
those on rent were 6.9%. Based on the number of residents, 28.2% of
houses with 3-5 residents are sufcient for self-quarantine purposes,
while 37.5% are required to be adjusted by preparing separate
bedrooms for those that tested positive to the virus and require self-
quarantine at home, as shown in gure 7.
The study’s results also show that the COVID-19 pandemic affects
the understanding of the home. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused
the home to be understood as the safest place from the threat of viral
infection. This is in line with the statement of Ramboll (2020).
Figure 4: Adaptation of learning during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
Figure 5: Adjustment of housing for studying during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
Figure 6: Adaptation of self-quarantine during a pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
Figure 7: Housing adjustment for self-quarantine
Source: Authors, 2021
Resident adaptation and housing adjustment for environmental
activities
During the COVID-19 pandemic, 61.6% of respondents restricted
environmental activities, while 33.3% adjusted their housing
space as a place for environmental activities, such as community
gatherings. It is in the form of changing the terrace as a space for
environmental activities by implementing a health protocol, such as
social distancing.

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Volume 16 (Issue 1) June 2023
Adjustment of housing facilities
a. Hand washing place
During the COVID-19 pandemic, 67.1% of the respondents, with
53% in self-owned homes and 14.1% in rented places, provided
a handwashing area in front of their home as a form of adjustment
to the health protocol. Based on the number of residents, 43.5% of
respondents that provide handwashing facilities have 3-5 family
members.
b. Room ventilation
During the pandemic, 97.2% of residents optimized the ventilation
function by a 2.8% increment. Optimization of ventilation is carried
out to maximize fresh air circulation, which smoothly enters the room.
c. Air Conditioning (AC)
During the pandemic, 56.5% and 18% of self-owned and rental houses
used air conditioners, thereby culminating in 74.5%. Furthermore,
48.1% of houses with AC had 3-5 people.
d. Garden
The garden is a housing element that supports the comfort of residents
during the pandemic. Approximately 63.4 % and 16.4% of self-owned
and rented houses had gardens, thereby culminating in 79.9%. Most of
these houses with gardens are inhabited by 3-5 people (52.5%).
e. Sports venues
Respondents that provide sports venues at home are 52.5%, and of this
number, 41.4% are self-owned, while the rental status is 11.1%. Homes
with 3-5 residents provide more sports venues (33.1%) in the form of
open space for gymnastics and children’s play activities. Adjustments
of housing facilities are shown in Figure 8.
Home condition adjustment
The respondent’s home condition that already supports health is
65.5%, while 34.5% need improvement. Based on ownership status,
self-owned and rental homes are supported by 54.4% and 11.1%,
respectively. Furthermore, 13.2% of homes with rental status require
an increase in order for better support health, while 6.5% have not
been able to improve the cleanliness and health of the housing space.
Room type adjustment
The types of rooms that underwent adjustments during the pandemic
were bedrooms (7.6%), living rooms (13.4%), work spaces (6.9%),
study rooms (3.9%), terraces (3.2%), family rooms (2%), dining
room (0.9%), special room for self-quarantine (0.6%), storage room
(0.4%), garden (0.9%), kitchen (0.4%) and reading room (0.2%).
Housing environment adjustment
a. Access to enter housing
The adjustment of the environmental access road was associated
with the installation of a portal in the housing entrance area to
limit visitors during the pandemic. Respondents that lived in self-
owned and rental houses with portal roads were 54.9% and 16.9%,
respectively, thereby culminating in 71.8%.
b. Security post and item drop off area
During the pandemic, respondents with a housing environment with
a guard post and a drop-off area for goods packages at the entrance
were 29.4%.
c. Vehicle disinfection
The adjustment of environmental control is the availability
of disinfection on vehicles entering and leaving the housing.
Respondents living in housing that apply environmental control
procedures are 42.8%, while those that do not apply it are 70.2%.
Disinfection of vehicles is essential, especially when entering
housing hence it does not become a medium for the virus spread.
Mobility adaptation to go outside
Before the COVID-19, respondents with a high frequency of
mobility outside the home were 42.1%, which increased to 76.9%
during the pandemic. Furthermore, the majority of respondents only
carry out activities outside the home when needed, with the largest
number being private employees (32.2%).
Adaptation on the use of transportation modes
Approximately 87.3% of the respondents used private vehicles when
leaving their homes. Based on the type of work, the majority are
private employees (39.4%), and 5.5% use a combination of private
vehicles and public transportation.
Figure 8: Adjustment of housing facilities during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
Additional facilities include internet/wi network (19.6%), desk/
chair for work (16.6%), study table (3.7%), bookshelf (0.9%), guest
table/chair (0.9%), audio/sound system (0.9%), bed (0.6%), computer
(0.6%), plants (0.4%), jacket rack (0.4%), webcam (0.4%), television
(0.4%), cell phone (0.4%), water purier (0.2%), diffuser (0.2%), room
divider (0.2%), drinking water dispenser (0.2%) and reading chair
(0.2%).

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Volume 16 (Issue 1) June 2023
Adaptation on the use of online services
Online services have become a facility that is sometimes used,
especially when self-quarantine is needed (54.4%). Respondents
between the ages of 24-60 years used the most (79.4%) to dominate
the use of online services, with 71.5% self-owning their homes.
Respondents working from home increased during the pandemic.
However, larger numbers are adapting to the combination of working
from home (WFH) and ofce (WFO). In addition, working hours
during the pandemic are erratic compared to before the pandemic,
except for home entrepreneurs. The combination of working from
home and the ofce requires a housing space adjustment, such as the
addition of an internet network (Wi-Fi), tables, and chairs.
Even though the respondents thought the housing conditions were
adequate for learning from home, they still tried to adapt, especially
those living in the self-owned home. Housing space adjustments are
carried out to support learning activities from home, in the form of
adding an internet network (Wi-Fi).
Although the respondents considered the home conditions
adequate for self-quarantine, they are trying to adapt to the need to
accommodate an infected member, especially in self-owned homes
with 3-5 residents. The adjustment made is to prepare separate
bedrooms for residents that need to self-quarantine themselves
(gure 9).
The analysis shows that the quality of the residential environment
needs to be a concern in efforts to adapt residents during the
COVID-19 pandemic. These results support Oluwatosin’s statement
that housing and settlement environments need to be considered
during the pandemic (Oluwatosin et al., 2020).
Figure 10: Adjustment of terrace layout during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
Most respondents adapted to health protocols at home, especially
those that occupy self-owned homes and have family members
of 3-5 people. Room adjustments according to health protocols
in the form of providing a handwashing area, hand sanitizer, and
providing a separate jacket/clothes storage rack (gure 11).
Figure 9: Adjustment of bedroom layout during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
Some of the respondents adapted to the restrictions on environmental
activities with local residents at home. Room adjustments for
environmental activities with local residents at home in the form of
changing the terrace and implementing social distancing at home
(gure 10).
Figure 11: Adjustment of hand washing are during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
Most of the respondents adapted to the comfortable conditions of
the housing space, especially in self-owned homes with 3-5 people.
Room adjustments in the form of optimizing the air ventilation
function by maximizing the circulation of fresh air from outside into
the building.
Most of the respondents adapted to the presence of a garden at home,
especially in self-owned homes with 3-5 people. Adjustment of the
garden as an area to exercise and get fresh air.
Most of the respondents adapted towards the entrance access to the
housing. Adjustment of housing entry restrictions to reduce contact
with outsiders.
Only a few residents adapted to vehicle disinfection when going
in and out of the housing environment. Adjustment in the form of
providing hand washing place in the housing.

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Volume 16 (Issue 1) June 2023
The majority of respondents adapted to activities outside the home
as needed. Room adjustments are carried out mainly in the living
room and bedroom, with the addition of Wi-Fi facilities and a table/
chair to support work and study activities from home (gure 12).
6. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the analysis above, residents adapt to health, welfare, and
comfort threats during the pandemic. Adjustment of housing space
is carried out for awareness and the existence of a health protocol
that needs to be met. Therefore, the more complex the needs, the
more varied the adjustments, including adjusting the function of the
terrace of the house, optimizing air ventilation, adding internet/Wi-
Fi networks, providing a hand-washing area, adding table furniture,
chairs, and shelves, and using the garden for exercise.
The impact of the COVID19 pandemic has made residents think
about home designs that allow one room to function as an independent
quarantine room. Cross ventilation is applied to facilitate air change
in the house. The need for gardens and space for sports at home is
increasing, although limited land is constrained. Residents feel the
need to make simple room renovations during the pandemic. Limiting
activities outside the home and working and studying at home has
made the house a center of activity. The impact is increased attention
to family members. This impact needs to be followed by good
communication between family members not to trigger disputes. In
conditions of stay at home, minor problems at home can start ghts.
Lower economic groups and people living in densely populated
settlements are generally vulnerable to this impact. Because staying
at home in a narrow house with many family members and a dense
environment can be at risk of triggering.
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Figure 12: Adjustment of living room layout during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
Respondents were more adaptable in the use of transportation modes
during the pandemic with the preference for private vehicles. Few
used a combination of private vehicles and public transportation.
Room adjustment provides a special shelf for storing jackets used to
conduct activities outside the home.
Respondents adapted to the use of online services. Room adjustment
in the form of providing a place to drop off goods, to reduce direct
contact with outsiders (gure13).
Figure 13: Adjustment of housing entrance layout during the pandemic
Source: Authors, 2021
The adaptation of respondents’ activities with residents is limited,
and only a small number of them are free to visit during the pandemic.
The types of rooms that are being adjusted according to priority are
the living room, bedroom, workroom, study room, terrace, family
room, dining room, a special room for self-quarantine, garden,
storage room, kitchen, and reading room.
The study’s results also show that the COVID-19 pandemic affects
the understanding of the home. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused
the home to be understood as the safest place from the threat of viral
infection. This is in line with the statement of Ramboll (2020).

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