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OBILJEŽJA KORIŠTENJA SNAPCHATA KOD ZAGREBAČKIH SREDNJOŠKOLACA

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Abstract

Društvene mreže u današnje vrijeme predstavljaju jedan od važnijih »tehnoloških alata« u životima ljudi diljem svijeta, a u najvećoj mjeri koriste ih adolescenti (pogotovo djevojke), pri čemu su najčešće korištene Snapchat, Instagram, TikTok i Facebook. Glavni cilj ovoga rada je istražiti obilježja korištenja Snapchata među srednjoškolcima Grada Zagreba, prije svega zbog iznimne popularnosti, količine provedenog vremena na ovoj društvenoj mreži, potencijalnih psihosocijalnih rizika te nedostatka domaće literature u ovom području. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 825 učenika (NM = 404; ND = 418; 3 učenika nije označilo spol), a raspon dobi kreće se od 14 do 20 godina (Mdob = 16,65; SDdob = 1,208). Rezultati pokazuju da preko 80% srednjoškolaca koristi Snapchat, te su utvrđene razlike u učestalosti korištenja s obzirom na spol, dob/razred te vrstu škole. Instagram, Snapchat i TikTok najpopularnije su društvene mreže među zagrebačkim srednjoškolcima, a korištenje jedne umjereno je povezano s korištenjem ostalih, stoga rezultati govore u prilog postojanju preferirane i dominantne društvene mreže koja se koristi češće u odnosu na druge. Zaključno, nisu utvrđene razlike u izraženosti ovisnosti o internetu s obzirom na učestalost korištenja Snapchata. Dobivenim rezultatima omogućeno je bolje razumijevanje obilježja korištenja Snapchata među srednjoškolcima, a isti su interpretirani u kontekstu aktualnih znanstvenoistraživačkih spoznaja i izazova, te mogućnosti razvoja psihosocijalnih intervencija.
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OBILJEŽJA KORIŠTENJA
SNAPCHATA KOD
ZAGREBAČKIH
SREDNJOŠKOLACA
1SAŽETAK
Društvenemrežeu današnjevrijemepredstavljajuje-
danodvažnijih »tehnoloških alata«uživomaljudidiljem
svijeta,a u najvećojmjerikoristeih adolescen (pogotovo
djevojke), pri čemu su najčešćekorištene Snapchat, Insta-
gram,TikToki Facebook. Glavnicilj ovoga rada je istraži
obilježja korištenjaSnapchata među srednjoškolcima Gra-
daZagreba,prijesvegazbogiznimnepopularnos,količine
provedenogvremenanaovojdruštvenojmreži, potencijal-
nih psihosocijalnih rizika te nedostatka domaće literature
uovompodručju.Uistraživanjujesudjelovalo825učenika
(NM=404;ND=418;3učenikanijeoznačilospol),araspon
dobi kreće se od 14 do 20 godina (Mdob = 16,65; SDdob
= 1,208). Rezulta pokazuju da preko 80% srednjoškolaca
korisSnapchat,tesuutvrđenerazlikeuučestaloskorište-
njasobziromnaspol,dob/razredtevrstuškole.Instagram,
SnapchatiTikToknajpopularnijesudruštvenemrežemeđu
zagrebačkimsrednjoškolcima, a korištenjejedneumjereno
jepovezanos korištenjemostalih,stoga rezultagovoreu
prilogpostojanjupreferiraneidominantnedruštvenemreže
kojasekorisčešćeuodnosunadruge.Zaključno,nisuutvr-
đene razlike u izraženos ovisnos o internetu s obzirom
naučestalostkorištenjaSnapchata.Dobivenimrezultama
1 dr.sc.SabinaMandić,socijalnapedagoginja,e-mail:sabina.mandic@erf.unizg.hr
SabinaMandić1
orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-6283
Odsjekzaporemećajeuponašanju
Edukacijsko-rehabilitacijskifakultet
SveučilišteuZagrebu
Prethodnopriopćenje
Primljeno:srpanj,2022.
Prihvaćeno:studeni,2022.
UDK:004.738.5-371.8
DOI10.3935/ljsr.v29i3.498
Ključneriječi:
Snapchat;društvenemreže;adolescen;
srednjoškolci;ovisnostointernetu.
Ljetopis socijalnog rada 2022., 29 (3), 471-495.
472
članci
omogućenojeboljerazumijevanjeobilježjakorištenjaSnapchatameđusrednjoškol-
cima,aissuinterpreraniukontekstuaktualnihznanstvenoistraživačkihspoznaja
iizazova,temogućnosrazvojapsihosocijalnihintervencija.
UVOD
Društvenemrežekojesekoristezainterakcijuikomunikacijusdrugima(eng.
SocialNetworkingServices)uposljednjihsudesetakgodinapostalejedanodvažni-
jih»tehnološkihalata«uživomaljudidiljemsvijeta,anjihovaseuporabadodatno
povećalauslijedpandemijekoronavirusakojajerezulralaradomodkuće,online
nastavomzaučenike,te obveznimsocijalnimdistanciranjem(Fengi Tong,2022.).
Prema recentnim istraživanjima, skupina koja u najvećoj mjeri koris društvene
mrežesuadolescen(pogotovodjevojke),anajzanimljivijesuimonenakojimase
usporednomoguobjavljivamedijskisadržajiikomunicirasdrugima,kaoštosu
Instagram,Facebook,TikTokiSnapchat(OhannessianiVannucci,2021.).Taskupina
jeiuposebnomrizikuzarazvojrazličihproblemauslijedprekomjernogkorištenja
društvenihmreža,ameđunajizraženijimasuodređeniproblemimentalnogzdrav-
lja(primjerice,anksioznostvezanauz»strahodpropuštanja«;eng.fearofmissing
out),većavjerojatnostuključivanjaurizičnainasilnaponašanjauvirtualnomokru-
ženjuterazvojovisnosointernetu(Athanasiouisur.,2018.;Cataldoisur.,2021.;
Tandonisur.,2021.).
Analizominozemneidomaćeznanstveneliteratureuovompodručju,primjet-
nojekakopostojebrojnaistraživanjakojasebaveobilježjima,trendovimairizicima
korištenjadruštvenihmrežaopćenito,doksuonakojausredištuinteresaimajujed-
nuspecičnudruštvenumrežuvrlorijetka.Pristupistraživanjupojedinedruštvene
mrežemogućejeusporedisprincipimaistraživanjakockanja,gdjesu,polazećiod
pretpostavke dapostojikorelacijaizmeđudominantneigresostalima,provedena
brojnaistraživanjakojimajeciljbioistražiobilježjakockanjaizperspekvejedne
akvnos(Dodig, Ricijaš i Rajić-Stojanović, 2014.).Sličan jeobrazaczamjetani u
korištenjudruštvenihmreža,zbogčegajeovajradusmjerennajednuodadolescen-
manajatrakvnijudruštvenumrežu,akojaupravoutojpopulacijibilježiiekspan-
zivanporastpopularnos−Snapchat(OhannessianiVannucci,2021.).
Snapchatjeosnovan2011.godine,adanasbilježigotovo400milijunadnev-
noakvnihkorisnikadiljemsvijeta(SnapInc.,2021.),pričemuvećinučineosobe
ženskogaspola(oko70%)(Kasahara,HoulihaniEstrada,2019.;Al-Shamailehisur.,
2022.).Ovadruštvenamrežaomogućavarazmjenuidijeljenjevideoifotoporuka
(tzv. snapova) među korisnicima,ajedno od glavnihobilježjaje opcija »samouni-
štenja poruka«, odnosno postavljanje određenog trajanja gledanja podijeljenog
sadržaja,nakončegaoninestaju.VažnojenaglasikakojeSnapchatprviuveotu
mogućnosttejeupravotom,tadainovavnomopcijom,posgaoinicijalnupopu-
S. Mandić: Obilježja korištenja Snapchata kod zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca
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larnostkojaidanasprivlačiizadržavapozornostkorisnikanapodijeljenomsadržaju
zbograznihdodatnihmogućnos,kaoštosukorištenje»ltera«skojimasemože
mijenjaizgledlicaijela,okruženjeupozadiniislično(AmponsahiYoun,2020.).
Slikeivideozapisidijelesesamosodabranomgrupom»prijatelja«(eng.friends)2ili
»pratelja«(eng.followers)3(Xuisur.,2016.),anedavnojeuvedenanovaznačajka
»Priča«(eng.Story)putemkojesefotograjeivideozapisidijelesaširompublikom
jekom24sata(AbbasiDodeen,2022.),štojeopcijaidrugihdruštvenihmrežakao
štoje,primjerice,Instagram.Sdrugepakstrane,iInstagramdanasnudibrojneopci-
jeltera,kaoimogućnostsamouništenjaporuka,čimevidimoidaserazlikeizmeđu
društvenihmrežasvevišesmanjuju,odnosnodadruštvenemreženeprestanoosmi-
šljavajuinovacijekojimanastojeprivućinoveizadržapostojećekorisnike.
PodacioprevalencijiiučestaloskorištenjaSnapchataukazujunatodaado-
lescenimladi(dootprilike20godinaživota)čineoko90%svihnjegovihkorisnika,
dokga odrasla populacijagotovopa uopće ne koristesu vrlomalo upoznao
načinu funkcioniranja ove društvene mreže, a me i rizicima koji se uz nju vežu
(Al-Shamailehisur.,2022.).Otprilikejednakpostotakmladihnavodikakogakoriste
svakodnevno(Massey,BrockenberryiHarrell.,2021.),nanjemukrozdan provedu
otprilikedvado tri sata(Alhabach i Ma, 2017.), aprosječno ga dnevnoposjete i
do 40 puta (Forbes, 2021.), što gačini i najposjećenijom društvenom mrežom u
ovojpopulaciji.Najčešćamovacijazakorištenjejekontakranjesvršnjacima,mo-
gućnostdrukčijeg,odnosnokreavnijegnačinakomunikacije(Kamble,DesaiiMe-
hendale,2021.),zabava,jednostavnostkorištenja,osjećajbržegprotekavremena,
tejednostavnijinačin samoprezentacijei prikazavlastog života (Alhabashi Ma,
2017.).Sadržajikojemladinajčešćedijeleiokojima»snapaju«suvlastefotogra-
je,tzv.selji(eng.seles),tefotograjeivideouradcisugrađenimtekstualnimsadr-
žajemilianketama(Jarmanisur.,2021.).Istraživanjaokorištenjudruštvenihmreža
međuadolescenmau Hrvatskojuglavnomsu usmjerena na istraživanjeutjecaja
korištenjanarazličiteaspektementalnogzdravljailiuodnosunarizičnaponašanjai
sigurnostmladihnainternetu(npr.Cibociisur.,2020.;Vodinelić,2021.),doksuona
kojasuusmjerenanaspecičnudruštvenumrežu(najčešćeFacebookiInstagram)
provedenanamanjim,prigodnimuzorcima(npr.Ćudina,2019.;Buder,2020.).Je-
dino (autoru dostupno, op.a.) istraživanje u kojem se (između ostaloga) ispituju
obilježjakorištenjaSnapchatanauzorkusrednjoškolacaukazujunasličnetrendove
kaoiuinozemnojliteraturi,adodatnosekaoključneakvnosnavodeipraćenje
inuencera,teuključivanjeuraznovrsneigreiizazove(BuljanFlanderisur.,2020.).
2 Prijatelji(eng.friends)–trebajuimainstaliranuaplikacijunasvojemmobilnomuređaju,biregistrirani
korisniciSnapchata,temeđusobnoposlaiprihva»zahtjevzaprijateljstvo«sdrugomosobom.
3 Pratelji(eng.followers)–korisnicikojinetrebajudrugojosobisla»zahtjevzaprijateljstvo«,većsamo
trebajuodabraopciju »Pra« (eng. Follow)čime im se omogućavapristupsadržajimakojekorisnici
odlučepodijelisasvojimprateljima.
Ljetopis socijalnog rada 2022., 29 (3), 471-495.
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Iakoje Snapchat zbog svojihobilježja mladimavrloprivlačan(Ohannessiani
Vannucci,2021.),postojeiodređenirizicitenepoželjneposljedicekojihmladičesto
nisusvjesni.Prijesvega,toseodnosinamogućnostzloupotrebeobjavljenogsadr-
žajakojase pokušalaumanjinanačin da sekorisnikobavijesakodrugaosoba
napravisnimkuzaslona(eng.screenshot),međumusporednoserazvilaaplikacija
Snapsaved,kojaomogućavaskrivenosnimanjezaslonabezslanjaobavijesautoru
otome,štoznačajnopovećavavjerojatnostzlouporabedruštvenihmreža,odnosno
vikmizacijeucyberprostoru(CharterisiGregory,2021.).Samačinjenicadapostoji
komercijalniinteresdasetakavpaplikacijarazvijaukazujenamnatodaoneimaju
isvojekorisnike,odnosnoda postojitendencijada sezadržavasadržajkojine bi
trebaobijavnodostupanilikojibi,pak,trebaobisamoprivremen.Osimnave-
denog,kaodaljnjenepoželjneposljediceSnapchatamladinavodevršnjačkonasilje
uvirtualnomokruženju(eng.cyberbullying)(Green,2020.),seksualnuucjenu(eng.
sextoron)(vanOuytselisur.,2017.)teosvetničkupornograju(eng.revengeporn)
(Mandau,2021.). Zabilježenjeiporastdepresivnihsimptomaianksioznos,kaoi
ostalihproblemamentalnogzdravlja(VannucciiOhannessian,2019.),nooprirodi
povezanosproblemamentalnogzdravljaikorištenjadruštvenihmrežajošseuvijek
voderaspraveunutarznanstveneistručnejavnos(Zhouisur.,2020.).
Zbogiznimnovelikeaktualnepopularnosmeđuadolescenma,količinepro-
vedenogvremenanaovojdruštvenojmrežiipotencijalnihrizikakojimoguutjeca
namentalnozdravljemladih,ovajradusmjerenjenaistraživanjeobilježjakorištenja
Snapchatausrednjoškolskojpopulaciji.
CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA
Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je istraži obilježja korištenja Snapchata među
srednjoškolcimaspodručjaGradaZagreba.Vodećisenavedenimciljem,denirana
susljedećaistraživačkapitanja:(1)KoristelizagrebačkisrednjoškolciSnapchatte,
akoda,postojelirazlikeuučestaloskorištenjasobziromnaspol,razredivrstuško-
le?;(2)UkojojmjerizagrebačkisrednjoškolcikoristeSnapchatuodnosunadruge
društvenemreže?;(3)Postojilirazlikauizraženossimptomaovisnosointernetu
sobziromnaučestalostkorištenjaSnapchata?
S. Mandić: Obilježja korištenja Snapchata kod zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca
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METODOLOGIJA
Uzorak sudionika
Istraživanjejeprovedenonauzorkuodukupno825učenika(49,0%mladića;
50,7%djevojaka;0,3% nije zaokružilospol) iz 20srednjihškolas područjaGrada
Zagreba.Istraživanjemsuukupnoobuhvaćena42razrednaodjeljenja,pričemuse
raspondobi sudionikakrećese od 14 do 20godina(Mdob=16,65;SDdob=1,208).
DetaljnijeinformacijeostrukturiuzorkaprikazanesuuTablici1.
Tablica 1.Strukturauzorkasobziromnaspolivrstuškole(N=825)
3G STRUKOVNA 4G STRUKOVNA GIMNAZIJA
N=88(10,7%) N=372(45,1%) N=365(44,2%)
MLADIĆI DJEVOJKE MLADIĆI DJEVOJKE MLADIĆI DJEVOJKE
n=58 n=30 n=207 n=164 n=139 n=224
65,9% 34,1% 55,8% 44,2% 38,3% 61,7%
Mdob=16,38
SDdob=0,986
Mdob=16,72
SDdob=1,290
Mdob=16,64
SDdob=1,162
1.razred=27(30,7%)
2.razred=25(28,4%)
3.razred=36(40,9%)
1.razred=98(26,3%)
2.razred=84(22,6%)
3.razred=91(24,5%)
4.razred=99(26,6%)
1.razred=92(25,2%)
2.razred=94(25,8%)
3.razred=92(25,2%)
4.razred=87(23,8%)
Uzorakjeprobabilisčki(slučajnistracirani)pričemususestratumideni-
ralivodećisepopisomMinistarstvaznanosiobrazovanjakojisadržisverelevan-
tneinformacijeoškolamatespolnojidobnojdistribucijiučenikaupojedinojškoli
irazreduuGraduZagrebuuškolskojgodini2020./2021.Uodnosunabrojučenika
usvakomsrednjoškolskom programuinjihove omjere, prvoje odabranaveličina
uzorka,apotomsuuprvomkorakuslučajnimodabiromizabraneškole,audrugom
razredniodjeliukojimaseproveloistraživanje.
Instrumentarij
Sciljemodgovoranapostavljeneistraživačkeprobleme,korištenisuUpitniko
osnovnimobilježjimasudionika,Upitnik oučestaloskorištenjadruštvenihmreža
(kreiranzapotrebeovogistraživanja)teTestovisnosoInternetu(Young,1998.).
Upitnikomo učestaloskorištenjadruštvenihmrežasudionikeseispitujeo
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učestaloskorištenjarazličihdruštvenihmreža,alistaobuhvaćenihformiranaje
prema deniciji koja opisuje kako društvene mreže dozvoljavaju pojedincima da
kreirajuvlasprolu sustavu,odredepopisostalihkorisnikaskojimadijelesvoj
proltedapregledavajuproledrugihosobaikomunicirajusnjima(BoydiEllison,
2007.).Na ljestviciodgovoraod petstupnjeva(0-nikada;4-svakodnevno)sudioni-
cidajuodgovorekolikočestokoristepojedinudruštvenumrežu:(1)Facebook,(2)
TikTok, (3)Snapchat,(4)Instagram,(5) Pinterestte(6) Twier.Uovoistraživanje,
iakosesvrstavaudruštvenemreže,nijeuključenYoutubekojiseprimarnokorisza
pregledavanjesnimkistrategijanavideoigricama,praćenjeinuenceraislično(Bu-
ljanFlanderisur.,2020.),aumanjojmjerizadirektnurazmjenumedijskihsadržaja
isvakodnevnukomunikaciju.Sciljem odgovoranaposljednjeistraživačkopitanje,
varijablaučestaloskorištenjaSnapchatakategoriziranajenasljedećinačin:1−ni-
kada,2 −povremeno(1−2xmjesečno;otprilikejednomtjedno),te3−redovito
(nekolikoputatjednoisvakodnevno).
TestovisnosoInternetu(Young,1998.)jeprvivalidiraniinstrumentzaprocje-
nurazineovisnosointernetukodsvihdobnihskupina(ChiniLeung,2018.)tejedo
danasnajčešćekorištenuovompodručju.Upitniksesastojiodukupno20čescana
kojeseodgovaranaljestviciodgovoraod0(nikada)do5(uvijek),aukupnirezultat
krećeseod0do100bodova(0do19bodova−nepostojanjeznakovaovisnos;od
20do39bodova–blagarazinaizraženosproblema;od40do69bodova−umje-
renarazinaovisnos; od 70do100bodova−visokarazinaovisnosointernetu)
(Faraciisur.,2013.).Istraživanjagovoreonjegovojdobrojpouzdanospasetako
Cronbachovkoecijentpouzdanos(α)nauzorkumladihurazličimistraživanjima
krećeod0,82do0,93(Jelenchick,BeckeriMoreno,2012.;Keseri sur.,2013.).Za
potrebeovogistraživanjakorištenaje validiranahrvatskaverzijaTesta ovisnoso
internetu(Černja,RajteriVejmelka,2017.;ČernjaRajter,VejmelkaiRajter,2019.),
aCronbachovaαnaovomuzorkuiznosi0,89(odvojenopremaspoluiznosi0,90za
djevojke,te0,88zamladiće),štoukazujenadobrupouzdanostiunutarnjukonzi-
stencijuovoginstrumenta.
Kakobi se dobileinformacijeo osnovnim obilježjimasudionika,kreiranasu
pojedinačnapitanjaospolu,dobi,razredukojitrenutnopohađajutevrsškole.
Postupak provedbe istraživanja i poštovanje etičkih
načela
Za provedbu ovog istraživanja dobivena je suglasnost Ečkog povjerenstva
Edukacijsko-rehabilitacijskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te suglasnost Mini-
starstvaznanosiobrazovanjaRepublikeHrvatske(uzpozivnomišljenjeAgencije
zaodgojiobrazovanje).Prije početkaistraživanja,tražilose odobrenje ravnatelja
odabranihškola,apotomsetražiloidavanjepisanesuglasnosroditeljamaloljet-
S. Mandić: Obilježja korištenja Snapchata kod zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca
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nihučenikaizodabranihrazreda.Podobivanjunavedenihsuglasnos,započeloje
istraživanjeuškolama.Istraživanjejeprovedenojekomdrugogpolugodištaškol-
skegodine2020./2021.,grupnourazredimakojeučenicipohađaju,akorištenaje
metodasamoiskaza(po principu »papir-olovka«).Ispunjavanjeupitnika trajalo je
jedanškolskisat.Učenicisuprijepočetkaistraživanjabiliinformiranioosnovnom
ciljuistraživanja,načinuispunjavanjaupitnika,anonimnosidobrovoljnossudje-
lovanjatemogućnosodustajanjaodispunjavanjaupitnikaubilokojemtrenutku.
Način obrade podataka
Tesranjenormalnosdistribucijerezultataprovedenojekoristećiseindeksi-
maasimetrije(skewnessikurtosis)zazavisnevarijableuključeneuovoistraživanje
(učestalostkorištenjaSnapchatateukupnirezultatnaTestuovisnosointernetu),
uodnosunacijeliuzoraktesobziromnaspol,razredtevrstuškole(Tablica2.).
Ljetopis socijalnog rada 2022., 29 (3), 471-495.
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Tablica 2. Prikaz deskripvnih pokazateljauzprovjerunormalnos distribucije re-
zultata–indeksiasimetrije(skewnessikurtosis)
UČEST. KORIŠT. SNAPCHATA
min max MSD SKEW Zs KURT Zk
Cijeliuzorak(N=825) 0 42,94 1,635 -1,077 - 0,0669 -
Spol M(n=404) 0 42,77 1,722 -0,863 - -1,118 -
Ž(n=418) 0 43,12 1,518 -1,352 - 0,053 -
Vrstaškole
GIM(n=365) 0 42,67 1,767 -0,721 - -1,363 -
4GSTRUK(n=372) 0 43,11 1,528 -1,358 - 0,061 -
3GSTRUK(n=88) 0 43,32 1,309 -1,810 7,04 1,833 3,61
Razred
1.raz(n=217) 0 43,27 1,447 -1,687 10,22 1,062 3,23
2.raz(n=203) 0 42,92 1,661 -1,043 6,09 -0,765 2,25
3.raz(n=219) 0 43,03 1,565 -1,220 7,44 -0,291 0,89
4.raz(n=186) 0 42,47 1,789 -0,496 2,78 -1,613 4,54
UKUPNI IAT
min max MSD SKEW Zs KURT Zk
Kategorije
učest.korišt.
Snapchata
(n=825)
Nikada(n=168) 0 72 25,83 16,501 0,804 4,30 -0,60 -1,61
Povremeno(n=56) 0 64 28,54 15,683 0,233 0,73 -0,736 -1,71
Redovito(n=601) 0 92 27,38 15,212 0,810 - 0,626 -
Kategorije
učest.korišt.
Snapchata
(M;n=404)
Nikada(n=101) 0 72 23,60 15,507 0,964 4,02 0,478 1,00
Povremeno(n=24) 0 59 26,17 15,586 0,185 0,39 -0,684 0,75
Redovito(n=279) 0 68 22,57 12,943 0,768 5,26 0,299 1,03
Kategorije
učest.korišt.
Snapchata
(Ž;n=418)
Nikada(n=65) 2 72 28,89 17,374 0,603 2,03 -0,451 -0,77
Povremeno(n=31) 464 29,81 15,759 0,357 0,85 -0,701 -0,85
Redovito(n=322) 192 31,54 15,810 0,732 - 0,466 -
Legenda:SKEW–Skewness;Zs–zvrijednostzaskewness;KURT–Kurtosis;Zs–zvrijednostzakurtosis
Napomena:zauzorkemanjeod50,z-vrijednostobaindeksaasimetrijemorabiizmeđu-1,96i+1,96kakobismo
mogligovorionormalnojdistribucijirezultata.Zauzorkevećeod50,amanjeod300,z-vrijednost-između-3,29
i+3,29=normalnadistribucijarezultata.Zauzorkevećeod300,promatrajuseapsolutnevrijednosSKEWiKURT,
pričemurezultazaSKEWmorajubiizmeđu-2,00i+2,00,azaKURTizmeđu-7,00i+7,00(Kim,2013.).
Rezultaprikazaniutabliciukazujunaprimjerenostkorištenjaparametrijske
staskezaprovjerurazlikau učestaloskorištenjaSnapchatas obzirom na spol
(t-testzanezavisneuzorke)tenaukupnomrezultatunaTestuovisnosointernetu
koddjevojaka(analizavarijance),doksuzapreostalevarijablekorištenemetodene-
parametrijskestaske.Sobziromnavećibrojstasčkihusporedbi(ukupno18),
akakobisesmanjilavjerojatnostpogreškeuzaključivanju(Petz,KolesarićiIvanec,
S. Mandić: Obilježja korištenja Snapchata kod zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca
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2012.;Armstrong, 2014.), izračunataje Bonferroni korekcijas ciljem postavljanja
strožegkriterijastasčkeznačajnos. Slijedom navedenog,uovomslučaju Bon-
ferronikorekcijapostavljagranicustasčkeznačajnosnap<0,002.
REZULTATI I RASPRAVA
PrviciljovogaradajestjecanjeuvidaunekaosnovnaobilježjakorištenjaSnap-
chatameđuzagrebačkimsrednjoškolcima.Prijesvega,potrebnojeutvrdiukojoj
mjeri,odnosnokolikočestouopćekoristeovudruštvenumrežu.Rezultaukazuju
daoko20%sudionikaistraživanjanijenikadakorisloSnapchat(20,4%).Manjiudio
njih(manjeod7%)korisgapovremeno,pričemuga3,9%koris1−2putamje-
sečnote njih2,9% otprilikejednom tjedno. Najvećiudio mladih, njih preko70%
korisSnapchatredovito,odnosnonekolikoputatjedno(7,3%)ilipaksvakodnevno
(65,6%). Drugim riječima, pena mladih uopće ne koris Snapchat,a oni koji ga
koriste,upravilujetosvakodnevnoivrlointenzivno,štojeuskladusinozemnim
istraživanjimakojanavodekakoganajvećiudiokorisnikakorissvakodnevno,dok
gatekmanjidionjihkorisnatjednojilipakmjesečnojrazini(Green,2020.;Massey
isur.,2021.).
Usmjerimoli senaspolnerazlikeudistribucijiodgovora(Tablica3.),jasnoje
kakooko25%mladićanijenikadakorisloSnapchat,dokjekoddjevojakatajudio
neštonižiod16%.Sdrugepakstrane,gotovo80%učenicaredovitokorisovudruš-
tvenumrežu,nasprammanjeod70%učenika.Ovakavrezultatsamposebiimplicira
postojanjerazlikasobziromnaspol,kojesuipotvrđenet-testomzanezavisneuzor-
ke(t=-3,049;df=820;p<0,01).
Tablica 3.RazlikeuučestaloskorištenjaSnapchatauodnosunaspol(t-testzane-
zavisneuzorke)(n=418djevojaka;n=404mladića)
Spol FREKVENCIJE ODGOVORA (%) MSD t df d
01 2 3 4
Učestalost
Snapchat
M25,0% 3,0% 3,0% 7,9% 61,1% 2,77 1,722 -3,049** 820 0,21
Ž15,6% 4,5% 2,9% 6,7% 70,3% 3,12 1,518
Legenda:0-nikada;4-svakodnevno,**p<0,01,d–efektrazlike(Cohenovd).
Prikazanoje uskladu sinozemnimspoznajamakojegotovopajednoznačno
potvrđujuda djevojkečešćekoristedruštvenemreže,pogotovoSnapchatiTikTok
(Dufourisur.,2016.;Suisur.,2020.),dokmladićiviševremenaprovodenaYoutubeu
(Hootsuite,2021.;Stasta,2022.a),igrajućionlinevideoigreilipaknainternetskim
stranicamaspornografskimsadržajima(Štulhoferisur.,2019.;Columbisur.,2021.).
Ljetopis socijalnog rada 2022., 29 (3), 471-495.
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Međum,iznenađujepodatakda,iakopostojirazlikauučestaloskorištenjaizme-
đudjevojakaimladića,terazlikeinisutolikovelike(d=0,21)kaoštoseočekivalo
sobziromnaprethodnonavedenipodatakdapreko70%korisnikaSnapchatačine
pripadniceženskogaspola(Kasaharaisur.,2019.;Al-Shamailehisur.,2022.).
UTablici4.prikazanisurezultatesranjarazlikauučestaloskorištenjaSnap-
chatasobziromnadob/razred.Sobziromnatodasuvarijabledobirazreduvisokoj
međusobnojkorelaciji(r=0,943;p<0,001),udaljnjeobradeuključenajekatego-
rijalnavarijablarazreda.Kruskal-Wallisovimtestomutvrđenojepostojanjerazlikas
obziromnarazred(KW=25,300;df=3;p<0,001),asciljemutvrđivanjasmjerah
razlikaprovedenjeMannWhitneyUkaopost-hoctest.
Tablica 4. Razlike u učestalos korištenja Snapchata u odnosu na razred (Kru-
skal-WallisovtestuzMannWhitneyevUpost-hoctest)(N=825)
RAZRED MR KW χ2MW U (post-hoc) r
GRUPA N MR REZ
Učestalost
Snapchat
1.
razred 454,79
25,300***
df=3
1.r-2.r 1. r 217 220,66 19820,00 -
2.r 203 199,64
1.r-3.r 1. r 217 227,77 21749,00 -
2.
razred 412,85
3.r 219 209,31
1.r-4.r 1. r 217 224,36 15329,50** 0,24
4. r 186 175,92
3.
razred 420,99 2.r-3.r 2.r 203 209,35 21793,00 -
3.r 219 213,49
2.r-4.r 2.r 203 207,86 16268,50 -
4.
razred 355,00
4. r 186 180,97
3.r-4.r 3.r 219 218,19 17040,50** 0,16
4. r 186 185,12
Legenda:MR–srednjirang,KW– Kruskal-Wallistest,MWU(post-hoc)–posthocMannWhitneyU test,***p<
0,001,**p<0,01,r–efektrazlike(r=Z/√N)
Iakouzniskeefekte,razlikepostojenadvatesranapara(izmeđuprvihiče-
tvrh,tetrećihičetvrhrazreda),auvidomurezultateMWUtestaipojedinačne
srednjerangove,možese zaključikakojeriječorelavnohomogenojnavicipo-
našanjaneovisno o dobiučenika, uz manjaodstupanja kada jeriječ o učenicima
prvihizavršnihrazreda.Slijedomnavedenog,najvećerazlikeuučestaloskorištenja
utvrđenesuizmeđuučenikaprvihičetvrhrazreda(MWU=15329,50;p<0,001),
što je u skladu s inozemnim istraživanjima u kojima se navodi kakonajveći udio
korisnikaSnapchatapredstavljajuupravoadolescenudobnojskupiniod13do17
S. Mandić: Obilježja korištenja Snapchata kod zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca
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godinaživota,tekakosporastomdobipadapopularnostoveaplikacije(Throuvala
isur.,2018.;Hootsuite,2021.).Također,znanstvenespoznajejednoznačnoukazuju
natodamlađiučeniciuvećojmjeriboraveiakvnisunasvimdruštvenimmreža-
ma,tesuuvećemrizikuzarazvojnepoželjnihposljedicauslijedprekomjerneupora-
beinterneta,kaoizarazvojovisnosointernetu(Vigna-Taglianisur.,2017.;Dodig
Hundrić,RicijašiVlček,2018.).
SciljemprovjerepostojanjarazlikauučestaloskorištenjaSnapchatasobzi-
romnavrstuškole,ponovnojeprovedenKruskall-WallisovtestuzMann-Whitneyev
Utestkaopost-hoctest(Tablica5.).Rezultaprovedenihanalizaukazujunaposto-
janjeodređenihrazlikaitonanačindagimnazijalcirjeđekoristeSnapchatuodnosu
načetverogodišnjestrukovneškole.
Tablica 5.RazlikeuučestaloskorištenjaSnapchatauodnosunavrstuškole(Kru-
skal-WallisovtestuzMannWhitneyevUpost-hoctest)(N=825)
VRSTA
ŠKOLE MR KW χ2MW U (post-hoc) r
GRUPA N MR REZ
Učestalost
Snapchat
3G
strukovna 451,68
15,035**
df=2
GIM-4G GIM 365 346,60 59713,50** 0,12
4G 372 390,98
4G
strukovna 433,08 GIM-3G GIM 365 219,62 13364,50 -
3G 88 257,63
gimnazija 383,21 3G-4G 3G 88 238,55 15659,50 -
4G 372 228,60
Legenda:MR–srednjirang,KW–Kruskal-Wallistest,MWU(post-hoc)–posthocMannWhitneyUtest,p<0,01,
r–efektrazlike(r=Z/√N)
Navedene rezultate nije moguće neposredno usporedi s već provedenim
istraživanjimajer je njihizuzetnomaloizapravose neusmjeravajuna konkretnu
društvenumrežu,većnanjihovoopćenitokorištenje.Ipak, pojedini rezultauka-
zuju na to da učenici gimnazija u većoj mjeri koriste društvene mreže u odnosu
nastrukovneškole,akao objašnjenje takvogtrenda navode kakosu gimnazijalci
višeusmjereninaboljiakademskiuspjeh,adruštvenemrežeuglavnomkoristeza
pretraživanjeliterature,razmjenuinformacijas kolegamaiučenje,te naglašavaju
kakogimnazijevećinompohađajudjevojkekoječešćeikoristedruštvenemreže(Vi-
gna-Taglianisur.,2017.).Iakogimnazijalciuvećojmjerikoristedruštvenemreže,
kadajeriječoSnapchatu,pojedinainozemnaidomaćaistraživanjapotvrđujudase
onuglavnomkoriszakomunikacijuizabavu(Kambleisur.,2021.),doksezaedu-
kavnesvrhečešćekoristeFacebookiYoutube(Diklić,NakićiŠošić,2019.;Ansarii
Khan,2020.),štomožeuodređenojmjeriobjasnirezultatdaučenicigimnazijau
manjojmjerikoristeSnapchatodučenikastrukovnihškola.
Ljetopis socijalnog rada 2022., 29 (3), 471-495.
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članci
Učestalost korištenja Snapchata u odnosu na učestalost korištenja drugih
društvenihmrežaprovjerenajeFriedmanovimtestomkojijeznačajan(Friedman=
2038,841;df=5;p<0,001),štogovoriuprilogpostojanjurazlikateWilcoxonovim
testomrangakaopost-hoctestom(Tablica6.).Rezultapokazujudasutridruštve-
nemrežekojezagrebačkisrednjoškolcinajčešćekoristeInstagram,SnapchatiTik-
Tok,aovakavtrenduskladujesbrojniminozemnimistraživanjimakojapotvrđuju
njihovunajvećupopularnost međuadolescenma(Stasta,2021.; Pew Research
Center,2021.).
Tablica 6.RazlikeuučestaloskorištenjaSnapchatauodnosunaučestalostkorište-
njadrugihdruštvenihmrežakodzagrebačkihsrednjoškolaca(Wilcoxonovtestranga
kaopost-hoctest)(N=825)
OSTALE DM MSD Mdn Z r
Snapchat
(M = 2,94;
SD = 1,635;
Mdn = 4,00)
<Instagram 3,60 1,031 4,00 -10,859*** 0,38
=
>
TikTok 2,18 1,825 3,00 -10,480*** 0,36
Facebook 0,91 1,348 0,00 -19,348*** 0,67
Pinterest 0,86 1,272 0,00 -19,969*** 0,70
Twier 0,43 0,960 0,00 -22,005*** 0,77
Legenda:Mdn–medijan,Z–ZvrijednostWilcoxonovogtestaranga,***p<0,001,r–efektrazlike(r=Z/√N)
Podatakda jeInstagramzauzeo»prvomjesto«,iakouzumjereneefektera-
zlika,uskladujesdomaćimistraživanjemkojesuproveliBuljanFlanderisuradnici
(2020.)nauzorkusrednjoškolaca,aliiinozemnimistraživanjimakojiukazujunato
dajeuEuropiInstagramjošuvijek vodećadruštvenamrežameđumladima (Sta-
sta,2020.),iakopopularnostSnapchatainaovompodručjusvevišeraste(Forbes,
2021.).ZanimljivjeipodatakdasenaameričkompodručjuSnapchatuposljednje
dvijedotrigodinesmatranajatrakvnijomdruštvenommrežommeđuadolescen-
ma(PewResearchCenter,2021.;Stasta,2021.),dokInstagramuvećojmjeriko-
ristestuden i mlade odrasleosobe(Stasta,2022.c). S drugepakstrane,TikTok
sekorisneštorjeđeuodnosunaSnapchat,aistraživanjaukazujunatodajeova
društvenamrežajošuvijekneštopopularnijameđumlađompopulacijom(udob-
nimskupinamaod10do15godina)(PewResearchCenter,2021.;Stasta,2022.b),
štodjelomičnomožeobjasnizaštojenaovomuzorkuzauzeo»trećemjesto«.
Dobiveni rezulta također pokazuju da zagrebački srednjoškolci vrlo rijet-
ko(gotovonikad)koristeFacebook,PinterestiTwier, štopotvrđuju aritmečke
sredineučestalosizmeđu0i1, kaoivelikiefekrazlika(r>0,50)uodnosunatri
najučestalijekorištenedruštvenemreže.Navedenojeočekivanosobziromdaupo-
sljednjihnekolikogodinainozemnaidomaćaistraživanjakonnuiranoibeziznimke
S. Mandić: Obilježja korištenja Snapchata kod zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca
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potvrđujuda je Facebookdruštvenamreža koja je, iako se još uvijekkoris,sve
manjepopularna među adolescenma(PewResearchCenter, 2021.),Pinterestu
većojmjerikoristestarijeosobeivećinomženskogaspola(Ooniisur.,2021.),dok
jeTwiergotovopaupotpunos»rezerviran«zaodraslupopulacijuteuglavnom
služizapraćenjepoličkihkampanja,raznihkongresaiaktualnihzbivanjausvijetu,
prijenosznanjaislično(Liu,SinghiMneimneh,2021.).
Uodnosunadobivenerezultate,potvrđenasuočekivanjakakoćeInstagram,
Snapchat i TikTok bi najčešće korištene društvene mreže među zagrebačkim
srednjoškolcima.S obzirom da mladirijetkokoristesamojednu društvenu mrežu
iuglavnomsuakvninavišenjihistovremeno,zapretpostavijekakojeintenziv-
nije,odnosnoučestalijekorištenjejednepovezanosučestalijimkorištenjemdrugih
društvenihmreža(BuljanFlander isur.,2020.; Ohannessiani Vannucci,2021.). S
obziromna toda gotovouopćenekoristeFacebook,PinterestiTwier,udaljnju
analizuuključenesusamoranijenavedenetrinajčešćekorištenedruštvenemreže.
Tablica 7.PovezanostučestaloskorištenjaSnapchatasučestaloskorištenjadru-
gihdruštvenihmreža(Spearmanovkoecijentkorelacije)
UČESTALOST CIJELI UZORAK (N=825) DJEVOJKE (n=418) MLADIĆI (n=404)
SNAP INSTA TIKTOK SNAP INSTA TIKTOK SNAP INSTA TIKTOK
Snapchat - - -
Instagram 0,32** - 0,26** - 0,35** -
TikTok 0,38** 0,26** - 0,40** 0,24** - 0,33** 0,23** -
Legenda:**p<0,01
RezultaSpearmanovogkoecijentakorelacijepotvrđujukakojekodsrednjoš-
kolaca(neovisnootomepromatralisecijeliuzorakiliodvojenopospolu)učestalije
korištenjeSnapchatapovezanosučestalijimkorištenjemInstagramaiTikToka,note
korelacijesuniskedoumjerene.Navedenipodacizapravosuočekivanisobziromna
todajeriječodruštvenimmrežamakojeimajusličneznačajke,noiznenađujuniske
doumjerenemeđusobnekorelacije.Ovakvirezultastogaupućujukakojekorište-
njejednedruštvenemrežezasigurnopovezanoskorištenjemdrugih,aizvrijedno-
skorelacijamožesezaključiuprilogpostojanjujednepreferirane,dominantne
društvenemrežekojasekorisčešćeuodnosunadruge.
Sobziromdaseu istraživanjimarazvojovisnosčestopovezujesučestalijim
korištenjempojedinedruštvenemreže(Baggio i sur.,2017.; Zenebeisur.,2021.),
posljednjimistraživačkimproblemomnastojaloseutvrdipostojelirazlikeuizraže-
nossimptomaovisnosointernetusobziromnaučestalostkorištenjaSnapchata.
RezultaprikazaniuTablici8.i Tablici9. govoreu prilognepostojanjuprethodno
navedenihrazlika,sobziromdaKruskall-Wallisovtestnijeznačajanninajednom
tesranomuzorku,kaoniprovedenaANOVAzauzorakdjevojaka.
Ljetopis socijalnog rada 2022., 29 (3), 471-495.
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Tablica 8.RazlikeuukupnomrezultatunaTestuovisnosointernetusobziromna
učestalostkorištenjaSnapchata(Kruskal-Wallisovtest)(cijeliuzorakimladići)
UZORAK UČESTALOST
SNAPCHAT MR KW χ2
Ukupni IAT
Cijeliuzorak
(N=825)
Nikada 383,76 3,601
df=2
p>0,002
Povremeno 440,29
Redovito 418,63
Mladići
(n=404)
Nikada 201,54 1,306
df=2
p>0,002
Povremeno 228,85
Redovito 200,58
Tablica 9.RazlikeuukupnomrezultatunaTestuovisnosointernetusobziromna
učestalostkorištenjaSnapchata(Analizavarijance)(djevojke)
UZORAK UČESTALOST
SNAPCHAT MSD ANOVA
Ukupni IAT Djevojke
(n=418)
Nikada 28,89 17,374 0,830
df=2,415
p>0,002
Povremeno 29,81 15,759
Redovito 31,54 15,810
Kaododatnideskripvnidoprinos,uTablici10.prikazanjeudiomladihprema
kategorijama izraženos ovisnos o internetu s obzirom na učestalost korištenja
Snapchata,gdjejeponovnojasnovidljivokakose temeljemučestaloskorištenja
samojednedruštvenemreženemožezaključivao razlikamausimptomatologiji
ovisnosointernetu.Tako,primjerice,vidimodaukategorijamamladihkojinika-
danisu korisliSnapchat,postojiodređeniudionjihkojizadovoljavajukriterijeza
umjerenuivisokurazinuovisnosointernetu.Navedenopotvrđujeprethodnona-
vedenipodatakdamladičestoistovremenokoristenekolikodruštvenihmreža,ali
suiakvninadrugimonlineakvnosmauslijedčegamogurazviprobleme.
S. Mandić: Obilježja korištenja Snapchata kod zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca
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Tablica 10.ZastupljenostznakovaovisnospremaTestuovisnosointernetumeđu
srednjoškolcimasobziromnaučestalostkorištenjaSnapchata(N=825)
UZORAK
Učestalost
korištenja
Snapchata
IAT KATEGORIJE
Nepostojanje
znakova
ovisnos
Blaga razina
izraženos
problema
Umjerena
razina
ovisnos
Visoka razina
ovisnos
Cijeliuzorak
(N=825)
Nikada(n=168) N
%
70
41,7%
63
37,5%
33
19,6%
2
1,2%
Povremeno
(n=56)
N
%
16
28,6%
25
44,6%
15
26,8%
0
0,0%
Redovito(n=601) N
%
206
34,3%
272
45,3%
118
19,6%
5
0,8%
Djevojke
(n=418)
Nikada(n=65) N
%
21
32,3%
26
40,0%
17
26,2%
1
1,5%
Povremeno
(n=31)
N
%
8
25,8%
15
48,4%
8
25,8%
0
0,0%
Redovito(n=322) N
%
73
22,7%
159
49,4%
85
26,4%
5
1,6%
Mladići
(n=404)
Nikada(n=101) N
%
49
48,5%
36
35,6%
15
14,9%
1
1,0%
Povremeno
(n=24)
N
%
8
33,3%
10
41,7%
6
25,0%
0
0,0%
Redovito(n=279) N
%
133
47,7%
113
40,5%
33
11,8%
0
0,0%
Ovakvirezultanepredstavljajuiznenađenjeiuskladususaznanstvenimspo-
znajamauovompodručju.Prijesvega,učestalostkorištenjadruštvenihmrežasama
posebinijeprediktorrazvojaovisnosointernetu(Gamitoisur.,2016.),većpred-
stavljanužanpreduvjetzarazvojproblema.Naime,iakoznačajanudio populacije
korisdruštvenemreže(idrugespecičneakvnosnainternetu),samomanjidio
razvijaštetnepsihosocijalneposljediceiliovisnostointernetu.Stogaseučestalost
morapromatrau odnosu na drugečimbenikekaoštosuspol,vrstasrednjoškol-
skogprograma,osobineličnos,predisponirajućiproblemimentalnogzdravlja,mo-
vacijaupodlozikorištenja,okolinskičimbenici,tebrojnidrugi(Brandisur.,2016.;
Vigna-Taglianisur., 2017.;BiseniDeshpande, 2020.; Bu,ChiiQu, 2021.). Osim
navedenog,istraživanjapotvrđujudasumladičestoakvninanekolikodruštvenih
mrežaistovremeno,amladićisudodatnočestouključeniiuigranjeonlinevideoiga-
ra,odkojihpojedineimajuvisokiadikvnipotencijal(LemmensiHendriks,2016.;
Rosenkranzisur.,2017.),stogaeventualnuprisutnostznakovaovisnosirazlikeu
njihovojizraženosnemožemopripisaisključivoučestaloskorištenjaodređene
društvenemreže.
Ljetopis socijalnog rada 2022., 29 (3), 471-495.
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OGRANIČENJA ISTRAŽIVANJA
Ovoistraživanjeimaiodređenaograničenjakojajetakođerpotrebnouzeu
obzir. Prije svega,podaci su prikupljenimetodom samoiskaza koja kao takvaima
određeneprednoskaoštosumogućnostobuhvatavećegbrojasudionikauodre-
đenomvremenskomrazdoblju,te ispivanje širelepezenavika korištenjaSnapc-
hata,alisuprisutnaiodređenaograničenjakojaseodnosenaiskrenostsudionika
prilikomispunjavanja anketnogupitnika, efektdosjećanja, nemogućnost kontrole
ispunjavanja upitnika, pitanje razumijevanja određenih pitanja i slično. Nadalje,
istraživanjejeprovedenojekompandemijekoronavirusakojaje,zbognemoguć-
nos neposrednih kontakata s vršnjacima, utjecala na učestalije korištenje svih
društvenihmreža,pa možemoočekivaiSnapchata.Slijedom toga,navedenire-
zultanužnonepredstavljajurealnostuintenzitetukorištenjadruštvenihmrežau
okolnosmaprijepandemije.Osimtoga,uovomistraživanjukorištenjeTestovisno-
soInternetu(Young,1998.) zbog mogućnos usporedberezultatasinozemnim
istraživanjimakojaunajvećojmjerikoristeupravotajinstrument.No,njimeseispi-
tujeprisutnostproblemapovezanihskorištenjemInternetaopćenito,neovisnoje
liriječokorištenjudruštvenihmreža,igranjuonlinevideoigarailipakprovođenju
vremenananekimdrugimonlineakvnosma.
ZAKLJUČAK
OvimradomistraženasunekaobilježjakorištenjaSnapchatazagrebačkihsred-
njoškolaca. Rezulta pokazuju da oko 20% njih nije nikada u životu korislo ovu
društvenumrežu,oko15% korisjenekolikoputanamjesečnojili tjednoj razini,
dokjeoko65%korissvakodnevno.Nadalje,utvrđenesurazlikeuučestaloskori-
štenjasobziromnaspol,nanačindadjevojkečešćenegomladićikoristeSnapchat.
Iakospolnerazlikeuučestaloskorištenjapostoje,naovomuzorkuone nisutako
velike,kaoštojetobiloočekivanotemeljemrezultataprikazanihinozemnihistraži-
vanjakojaukazujunatodasukorisniciovedruštvenemrežedominantnoženskoga
spola(preko70%).Također,utvrđenesuirazlikeuučestaloskorištenjasobzirom
nadobtevrstuškole,nanačindaučenicinižihrazredaučestalijekoristeSnapchat
kaoiučenicistrukovnihškola.PodatakdasuInstagram,SnapchatiTikToknajpopu-
larnijimeđusrednjoškolcimauskladujesočekivanjima,noiznenađujerelavnoni-
skameđusobnakorelacijakojaupućujenazaključakopovezanoskorištenjajedne
društvenemrežeskorištenjemostalih,aliiopostojanjujednepreferiraneidomi-
nantnemrežekojasekorisčešćeuodnosunadruge.Zaključno,utvrđenojedase
razlikeuizraženosovisnosointernetunemogupromatrasamoizperspekve
korištenjajednedruštvenemreže,većseuobzirmorajuuzeidrugičimbenici.
S. Mandić: Obilježja korištenja Snapchata kod zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca
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Sve ove spoznaje, a posebno uzevši u obzir da se radi o reprezentavnom
uzorkuzagrebačkihsrednjoškolaca,moguposlužikaotemeljzaširenjeznanstve-
nihspoznajate za kreiranjeznanstveno-utemeljenih intervencija, kakospecično
upodručjukorištenjaove društvene mrežetakoiupodručjukorištenjainterneta
iovisnos o internetumladih generalno.Konkretno,ovirezultadoprinose šire-
njuspoznajaospecičnojdruštvenojmrežikojabilježisvevećupopularnostmeđu
mladima,aokojojodraslivrlomaloznaju,teoobilježjimanjezinakorištenjameđu
srednjoškolcimanaovimprostorima.Slijedomnavedenihograničenjaistraživanja,
kaoiprikazanihrezultata,preporukajedaseubudućimistraživanjima,uzTestovi-
snosointernetu(Young,1998.),koristeiinstrumenkojisukreiranispecičnoza
mjerenjeproblemapovezanihskorištenjemdruštvenihmreža(npr.SocialMediaDi-
sorderScale;vandenEijndenisur.,2016.)kojimabisepotencijalnomogliboljedife-
renciraproblemipovezaniuzpojedinuspecičnuakvnostnainternetu.Nadalje,
iakobrojna istraživanjaukazujuna to dajejekompandemijeporaslaučestalost
korištenjainterneta,bilobizanimljivovidjejelise,nakonpopuštanjaepidemio-
loškihmjera,trendporastaučestaloskorištenjapromijenio.Također,sobziromda
seupravouzovudruštvenumrežuvežeivećaučestalostneprihvatljivihponašanja
i,posljedičnovikmizacijedijelakorisnika,bilobizanimljivodetaljnijeistražiitaj
aspekt.Uobzirtrebauzeispoznajuovogistraživanjao postojanju dominantne,
odnosnopreferiranedruštvenemrežemeđumladima.Tanamjeinformacija,osim
ukontekstudaljnjihistraživanja,bitnaikodkreiranjasadržajaintervencija,poseb-
noonihprevenvnih(upozoravanjenaspecičnerizike,unaprjeđenjeodgovornog
korištenjaodređenihaspekatadruštvenemrežei sl.), posebice uzmemo li u obzir
mladudobonihkojijunajučestalijekoriste.
Kada je riječ o korištenju interneta općenito i potencijalnim rizicima koji se
vežuuztuizuzetnozastupljenuakvnost,iovoistraživanjepotvrđujedajeonou
velikojmjerizastupljenoidanezanemarivudiomladihrazvijaštetnepsihosocijalne
posljedice.Stoga je neophodno istraživačkenaporeusmjeri na utvrđivanje pre-
diktorarazvojaovisnoso internetumeđumladimakojibiuvećojmjeriobjasnili
varijancukriterija,asvesciljemdodatnogširenjakorpusaznanjaoovom,jošuvijek
nedovoljnoistraženompodručju,tekreiranjaznanstveno-utemeljenihpsihosocijal-
nihintervencijausmjerenihmladima.
Ljetopis socijalnog rada 2022., 29 (3), 471-495.
488
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S. Mandić: Obilježja korištenja Snapchata kod zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca
članci
495
SabinaMandić
CHARACTERISTICSOF»SNAPCHAT«USEAMONGZAGREB
HIGHSCHOOLSTUDENTS
ABSTRACT
Inthe last decade, social networkshavebecomeone of themostimportant
»technologicaltools«inthelivesofpeoplearoundtheworld,usedmainlybyado-
lescents(especiallygirls).Currently,themostwidelyusedonesareSnapchat,Insta-
gram,TikTokandFacebook.ThispaperaimstoexplorethecharacteriscsofSnap-
chatuseamonghighschoolstudentsintheCityofZagreb,mainlyduetoitsgreat
popularity,theamountofmespentonthissocialnetwork,andpossiblepsychoso-
cialrisks,mainly due to its greatpopularity,but also duetothe lack of domesc
literaturein this eld.A total of 825students parcipated in the study (NB=404;
NG=418;3studentsdid not provide gender informaon),andthe age range was
from14to20years(Mage=16.65;SDage=1.208).Theresultsshowthatover80%of
highschoolstudentsuseSnapchat,andthedierencesinfrequencyofusewerefo-
undintermsofgender,age,i.e.,grade,andtypeofschool.Instagram,Snapchatand
TikTok arethemostpopularsocialnetworksamongZagrebhigh school students,
andtheuseofoneofthesenetworksismoderatelyrelatedtotheuseoftheothers,
sotheresultsspeakoorapreferredanddominantsocialnetworkthatisusedmore
oenthanothers.Inconclusion,nodierencesintheseverityofInternetaddicon
werefoundinrelaontothefrequencyofSnapchatuse.Theresultsobtainedallow
abeerunderstandingofthecharacteriscsoftheuseofthissocialnetworkamong
highschoolstudentsandareinterpretedinthecontextofthecurrentchallengesof
sciencresearchandthepossibilityofdevelopingpsychosocialintervenons.
Keywords: Snapchat;socialnetworks;adolescents;high school students;In-
ternetaddicon.
Međunarodnalicenca/InternaonalLicense:
CreaveCommonsAribuon-NonCommercial-NoDerivaves4.0.
... It can be assumed that adolescents do not find them interesting, which is not surprising since Twitter is mostly used for business and political topics, while Pinterest focuses mainly on art, design, and culinary recipes. Moreover, even though Facebook was the first SN to achieve global success, it does not offer attractive ways to communicate and share media content [85], and these results are consistent with statistical data showing that 25-34-year-olds form Facebook's largest audience [86]. Only a small proportion of high school students have not used other social networks: 37.8% of students have never used TikTok, 20.4% Snapchat, and there is almost no high school student who has never used Instagram (5.3%). ...
... The results show that Instagram (90.4%), Snapchat (72.9%), and TikTok (54.8%) were used most frequently (several times per week and daily) during the pandemic, which is consistent with other studies [42,85,87]. The above is not surprising, considering that these are newer social networks that, with their technical possibilities, offer young people a fun, creative, exciting, and innovative way to interact. ...
... Moreover, females may use SNs to fill voids when depressed or when their social needs are not fully met [94]. Since the motivation to use SNs as a coping strategy is one of the significant predictors of a more intensive use and the development of severe problems [85], this finding implies the need to explore the importance of gender and intensity of SN use in relation to emotional problems, which is addressed in the following hypotheses. ...
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Various studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic have confirmed changes in online behaviour, with young people increasingly using social networks. This trend appears to correlate with a heightened risk of various psychological and emotional problems. The main aim of this study is to explore the patterns of social network use among high school students amidst the pandemic, particularly focusing on the presence of specific emotional problems and potential gender differences. In addition, this study aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the influence of lockdown measures on adolescents. A probabilistic sample of N = 825 students from 20 high schools in Zagreb participated in this study. Alongside basic sociodemographic variables, this study assessed social network habits and emotional problems using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21). The findings indicate intensive social media engagement during the pandemic. The results of the MANOVA analysis (gender x daily time on social media) show significant effects of both the time spent on social networks and gender on mental health, while no interaction effect was observed. Female students and those who spend more time on social media have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. These findings underscore the need for addressing emotional problems and habits in the virtual environment of high school students and implementing appropriate preventive and treatment interventions.
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ODREDNICE OVISNOSTI O INTERNETU ZAGREBAČKIH SREDNJOŠKOLACA [DETERMINANTS OF INTERNET ADDICTION AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE CITY OF ZAGREB] Introduction In the last twenty years, technology has become an indispensable part of people’s lives around the world, and at the same time the availability and accessibility of the Internet has been increasing. Children are surrounded by modern technologies from birth, and almost all young people are highly dependent on the Internet during their education. As a result, it is not surprising that there are currently nearly five billion active Internet users in the world and a portion of the population has been developing problems related to excessive Internet use or Internet addiction. Young people, i.e., high school and college students, are continuously cited as a particularly vulnerable group for the development of Internet addiction because they belong to a generation that has grown up with an extraordinary accessibility to modern technologies and for whom the Internet is inseparable from almost all aspects of life. Although prevalence data vary and there is no consensus, findings suggest a slightly higher prevalence of Internet addiction among high school students in Asian countries, where it ranges from 14% to 20%, while in European countries it ranges from 1% to 5%. As for individual risk factors for developing Internet addiction, the most significant are younger age of first Internet use, shyness, loneliness, certain personality traits, low self-esteem and self-efficacy, and low self-control. Special emphasis is also placed on the presence of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as impulsivity, hyperactivity, and problems with maintaining attention. In addition to individual factors, environmental factors, especially family and peer factors, are also important. Family factors include frequent conflicts between parents and between parents and adolescents, inadequate parental control of Internet use, substance abuse and positive attitude of close family members towards it, parents’ mental health issues, and lower level of family functioning. The most important risk factors related to peer relationships are social loneliness, peer pressure, and peer rejection. The main goals of this study are to gain insight into the characteristics and habits of social networking and video game use among adolescents, to examine the prevalence of Internet addiction, and to identify possible differences in the characteristics of use and Internet addiction in relation to key personal and sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, the contribution of selected personal characteristics to Internet addiction among adolescents who prefer social networking sites and adolescents who prefer online video games will be examined. Methodology This research was conducted on a probabilistic sample of a total of 825 students from the first to the final grade of different high schools (three- and four-year vocational schools and grammar schools) from the City of Zagreb. This type of sampling allows us to generalize the results of the sample to the population of high school students in the City of Zagreb. The sample consists of a total of 49.0% boys, 50.7% girls and 0.3% students who did not provide information about their gender, and the participants’ ages ranged from 14 to 20 years (Mage=16.65 years; SDage=1.208). In order to provide a comprehensive response to the research goals and problems, an extensive battery of measurement instruments was used: (1) Questionnaire on participants' baseline characteristics; (2) Questionnaire on frequency of use of social networks and online video games; (3) Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998); (4) International Personality Item Pool-20 (Donnellan et al., 2006); (5) Self-Description Questionnaire II (Marsh, 1992); (6) General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer and Jerusalem, 1995); (7) Hyperactivity - impulsivity - attention Scale (Vulić-Prtorić, 2006); (8) Questionnaire of emotional skills and competence (Takšić, 1998); (9) Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995); (10) Internet Motive Questionnaire for Adolescents (Bischof-Kastner, Kuntsche, and Wolstein, 2014); (11) Social Comparison Scale (Gibbons and Buunk, 1999); (12) Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale (diTommaso and Spinner, 1993). 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