The Impact and Importance of the Pre-Implementation of Sex Education in Catholic Schools

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study is to determine the importance and impact of implementing sex education in Catholic schools. With this, the study can identify the effects if the students do not know properly about sex, specifically to prevent the risks of sexual health-related problems and teenage pregnancies. This study utilized quantitative research that uses descriptive survey research to acquire the student’s perspective on sex education and the impacts and importance of implementing sex education. In this study, the researchers used an online survey platform, Google Forms, to provide questions that helped gather the needed data. The results indicate that all respondents agreed that sex education needs to be implemented in Catholic schools because it will be effective. It will help give us proper knowledge about sex. The study also found out the importance and possible effects of a lack of sex education and that most of the participants, roughly 12 people, indicated that their parents did not often discuss sex education at home. The research findings have contributed to understanding how important it is for the students to be open about this topic, be knowledgeable about sex, and learn about the consequences of sexual activities such as teenage pregnancy, HIV, and reproductive health. The research also reveals that sex education is necessary for every school and should be discussed and explained more often. This result has implications that support the previous research.

Full text

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research
ISSN (Online): 2980-4124 ⦁ISSN (Print): 2980-4116
Volume 2, Issue 1, May 2023
Journal Homepage: http://actonlineedu.org/ijaapr/
This is an open access
article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license.
Research Article
Published by
Academic Course Tutorial Online Education Inc., Philippines
Philippine SEC Registration No. 2022090068590-16 Website: https://actonlineedu.org/
103
The Impact and Importance of the
Pre-Implementation of Sex
Education in Catholic Schools
Shane Irish C. Cervantes and
Sophia Chrishel Franz S. Galang
Senior High School, High School Department, Espiritu Santo Parochial School of Manila, Inc.,
Manila, Philippines
Article Information
Abstract
Article ID Number
202304045
Article History
Received
05
Mar
2023
Reviewed
06
Mar
2023
Revised
08
May
2023
Accepted
31
May
2023
Published
14
Jun
2023
Gunning Fog Index: 13.55
Similarity Index: <20%
Corresponding Author
Shane Irish C. Cervantes
cervantesshane14@gmail.com
Sophia Chrishel Franz S. Galang
chrishelfranz01@gmail.com
Quick Response Code
Copyright © 2023 by the Author/s
The primary purpose of this study is to determine the importance and impact
of implementing sex education in Catholic schools. With this, the study can
identify the effects if the students do not know properly about sex,
specifically to prevent the risks of sexual health-related problems and
teenage pregnancies. This study utilized quantitative research that uses
descriptive survey research to acquire the student's perspective on sex
education and the impacts and importance of implementing sex education.
In this study, the researchers used an online survey platform, Google Forms,
to provide questions that helped gather the needed data. The results
indicate that all respondents agreed that sex education needs to be
implemented in Catholic schools because it will be effective. It will help give
us proper knowledge about sex. The study also found out the importance
and possible effects of a lack of sex education and that most of the
participants, roughly 12 people, indicated that their parents did not often
discuss sex education at home. The research findings have contributed to
understanding how important it is for the students to be open about this
topic, be knowledgeable about sex, and learn about the consequences of
sexual activities such as teenage pregnancy, HIV, and reproductive health.
The research also reveals that sex education is necessary for every school
and should be discussed and explained more often. This result has
implications that support the previous research.
Keywords
Catholic school, impact, sex education, sexual health-related problem,
teenage pregnancy
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.8036774
URL: https://actonlineedu.org/ijaapr-v2i1-202304045

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research
Volume 2, Issue 1, p. 103–110, May 2023
104
Introduction
Background of the Study
The concept of sex education here in the Philippines is
still considered taboo because many people believe that
any information about sex should be provided only by
parents. Teaching sex education is right-based and
gender transformative. Also, it is more effective when it
teaches appropriately by age. According to Guarnotta
(2021), discussing sex with your children is essential.
Children with open and positive conversations with their
parents about sex are more likely to make safer
decisions. Parents should approach sexuality as an
ongoing conversation starting in toddlerhood. Parents
can provide more in-depth information and guidance as
children progress to adolescence. However, not all
parents will talk to their kids about this subject. Because
of this, young people do not know much about pregnancy
and sexual health, which can lead to risky sexual
behaviour and sexual violence like rape and sexual
harassment. It also results in teen pregnancy and
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by a lack of
sexual education in schools. According to Kumar et al.
(2017), sex education should be an integral part of the
learning process beginning in childhood and continuing
into adult life and its lifelong learning process. It should
be for all children, young people, and adults, including
those with physical learning difficulties or emotional
difficulties.
Nowadays, most teenagers between 13 and 18 years old
are involved in unprotected sexual activity, which leads
them to be teenage parents. They are unaware of the
potential consequences of their impulsive decisions and
actions because they are not prepared for the
responsibilities. The pre-implementing of sex education in
Catholic schools is important because it focuses on
preventing teenage pregnancies and other sexual health
issues and instructing students or teenagers on dealing
with pressures such as saying no or refusing to have
sexual activity. Also, parents must be aware of and give
consent to the sexual education that their children are
receiving in schools. Sex education in schools is a matter
of public health, not religious or political (Rabbitte &
Enriquez, 2019). Overall, this research is all about sex
education to be implemented in schools or, specifically, in
Catholic schools. The target of this research is the issues
of pregnancy and sexual health. Mostly, the beneficiaries
of this are the teenagers and students in the schools.
The students can prevent HIV or AIDS. It is proven more
effective in preventing sexually transmitted infections
than education focusing solely on teaching abstinence
until marriage. The second is the prevention of teenage
pregnancies. Sex education teaches students to use
contraceptives and makes them think thoroughly before
having sex.
Lastly, it empowers against sexual harassment. Sex
education helps teenagers understand themselves
biologically and prepare to face the world, so they do not
fall victim to sexual predators. It also empowers girls and
boys to speak up if their sexual boundaries are violated.
Sex education does not encourage teenagers to have
sex but teaches them to be responsible enough to think
about their actions' consequences and use
contraceptives properly (Izugbara, 2008).
Theoretical Framework
The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) started as the Social
Learning Theory (SLT) in the 1960s by Albert Bandura. It
developed into the SCT in 1986 (Decker, 1986). SCT
proposes that learning occurs in a social context, with a
dynamic and reciprocal interaction between the person,
environment, and behaviour. This theory is about the
unique way individuals acquire and maintain behaviours
while also considering the social environment in which
they perform the behaviour., But Social Cognitive Theory
has its limitations. The theory assumes that applying the
changes in our environment will automatically lead to
changes in each person when this may not be true. Also,
this theory focuses on the processes of learning.
There is a connection in this theory between the pre-
implementation of sex education, and the theory talks
about the individual's behavior when it changes. In
contrast, the pre-implementation of sex education talks
about the possible effects on the community when it
teaches the students. Because of the high percentage of
teenage pregnancy and sexual assaults, sex education
will impact those who can experience this kind of
experience. Sex education teaches teens many things
that they can apply in their daily lives. The researcher will
determine whether teaching sex education to students at
a Catholic school is effective in reducing the number of
teenage pregnancies and sexual assaults. The Social
Cognitive Theory will be imperative in helping the
researchers. Because it focuses on behavior, the
researcher will see how sex education affects the
students and the teachers' perspectives on implementing
sex education. It is essential because they will learn to
lessen insensitive jokes on their students. Notably, the
researcher will see the impact of sex education on the
students and if they will take it positively or negatively.
Conceptual Framework
This research presents conceptual frameworks based on
the IPO (Input-Process-Output) Model to identify the
factor or significant variable contributing to the pre-
implementing sex education in Catholic schools. It has
the inputs for the research study, like the names, ages,
and grade levels of the students and teachers, as well as
the subjects they teach to get their thoughts on the
research study. It also has the procedures for how the
questionnaires will be given out and the outputs and
instructions on running the research study to get a
specific survey result. This model will help the researcher
analyze and determine the importance of having sex
education in Catholic schools.

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, 2(1), 103–110 (May 2023)
The Impact and Importance of the Pre-Implementation of Sex Education in Catholic Schools
© Author/s 2023
105
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this study is to let people know the impact
and importance of the pre-implementation of sex
education in Catholic schools. These days, so many
young people are getting pregnant because they are not
getting proper teaching when it comes to intercourse.
The researchers hope that sex education will be taught in
schools to reduce or avoid having an enormous
responsibility at such a young age. More precisely, the
researchers aim to answer the following:
1. How does the lack of knowledge about sex
education impact young people’s lives?
2. How is sex education beneficial for preventing early
teenage pregnancies?
3. What is the importance of having sex education in
Catholic schools for young people?
Research Design
This study is descriptive research. The goal of descriptive
research design is to get information that can be used to
describe a phenomenon, situation, or population
systematically (Cupid Ltd., 2021). Implementing sex
education in Catholic schools will use the people in the
school, such as teachers and students. The high cases of
teenage pregnancy have an impact on this study. Sex
education helps people gain the information and skills to
make the best decisions about sex and relationships
(Planned Parenthood). The information taught in sex
education can be applied in our daily lives.
Sample and Sampling Technique
The sample and sampling techniques that the
researchers will use are probability sampling and
stratified sampling techniques. The researchers will have
an easy way of collecting data since it is divided among
the students and teachers in Catholic schools who will
answer the questionnaire surveys for the research study
about pre-implementing Sex Education in Schools. Also,
it will lead to better insights and more specific results.
Research Instrument
In this study, the researcher uses survey questionnaires
created through Google Forms to be distributed to
Catholic school students and teachers to collect the data.
The researcher will prepare several questions for
respondents. The questionnaire was divided into three
parts: Part A, respondents' personal information; Part B,
with multiple-choice questions; and Part C, open-ended
questions to get specific results about the respondents'
opinions on implementing sex education in Catholic
schools. Also, to ascertain their level of knowledge about
sex education. On the other hand, the researchers
ensure that the collected data from the respondents will
be confidential. Researchers will study and analyze the
data they gather to make it easier to judge the results.
Data Gathering Procedure
In this research, the researcher will use Google forms to
collect the thoughts of the students and teachers in a
Catholic school about implementing Sex Education in
Schools. The gathering procedure will take four phases
that will be discussed.
First Phase
The researcher will make a questionnaire to help them
conduct their research. There will be two questionnaires,
1 for students and 1 for teachers. The researchers aim to
get the point of view of the educators and those who will
benefit from implementing sex education. The questions
will be entered into a Google form that students and
teachers at Espiritu Santo Parochial School can.
Second Phase
The questionnaire will be distributed to the teachers and
students at school. It may take 2-4 days to reach the
number of respondents the researcher targets. While
waiting for the survey results, the researcher will
assemble other things needed for the study, such as
graphs, to help analyze the data gathered.
Third Phase
After gathering the data, the researcher will start
analyzing the results. It may take 4–7 days because the
study has two questionnaires, and the researcher will
need to understand each point of view of the students
and teachers. Analyzing every data gathered will give the
researcher thoughts on what other people think about
implementing Sex education.
Fourth Phase
When the data is analyzed, the researcher can finally
evaluate or conclude it. It ensures that all the questions
from the Google forms will help the researcher conduct
this study. The researchers finally see the pros and cons
of implementing sex education in Catholic schools.
Furthermore, in the end, the study will prove that it is
essential to implement sex education in Catholic schools.

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research
Volume 2, Issue 1, p. 103–110, May 2023
106
Data Analysis
This part presents the result of the study using a scientific
method in accordance with the respondents' insight about
sex education implementation in Catholic schools. The
researchers will evaluate and summarize the collected
data through descriptive analysis as the study is
quantitative. The information gathered during data
collection will assist researchers in finalizing the data and
explaining the specific findings of the significance of
teaching sex education in Catholic schools.
Ethical Considerations
This study ensures that the researcher's conditions are
mentally and emotionally ready for this research. Also,
this research topic is agreed to do this research that talks
about the importance of Sex education. They will make
sure that sex education is necessary to teach students
and not just for extracurricular activities. They also
ensured that they considered every grade and age in
conducting this kind of study. It will be sensitive on this
topic because it also discusses cases of sexual illiteracy,
such as teenage pregnancy and sexual abuse. The
researcher has nothing against the Catholic Institute. It is
not promoting the students to have sex at a young age,
but sex education is making them think seriously about
having sex.
Furthermore, sex education teaches them how to say no
if they are not ready, teaches them the proper use of
contraceptives, and helps to protect them from sexual
abuse. It may also lead them to be less curious when it
comes to sex.
The Impact of the Lack of Knowledge
about Sex Education on Young People's
Lives
This section of research data is according to research
problem number 1. The researchers used Google Forms
to see if the students in grade 12 had sufficient
knowledge and were willing to discuss sex education.
Table 1
Parental Discussions on Sex Education at Home
Indicators
Frequency
Percentage
(%)
Rank
Yes, especially when we
watch television,
movies, and YouTube
videos
1
5.00
4
No, because it is a
sensitive topic to talk
about with my parents.
3
20.00
3
Sometimes, when we
watch news related to
rape, and sexual abuse.
12
60.00
1
Never talked about it
with my parents.
4
15.00
2
Total
20
100.00
Table 1 shows that if their parents discussed sex
education in their home, among 20 respondents, 60.00%
or 12 respondents sometimes answered when they
watched news related to rape and sexual abuse. 20.00%
or three respondents answered no because it is a
sensitive topic to talk about with their parents; 15.00% or
four respondents answered never talked about it with
their parents; and 5.00% or 1 answered yes, especially
when they watch television, movies, and YouTube videos.
Based on the results shown in the table, most students
answered that sometimes their parents discuss sex
education at home.
Table 2
Feelings of Discomfort and Awkwardness in Discussing Sex
Indicators
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Rank
Yes
2
10.00
3
No
9
45.00
1
Sometimes
9
45.00
1.5
Maybe
0
0.00
4
Total
20
100.00
Table 2 indicates how many respondents feel
uncomfortable or awkward talking about sex. The table
says that two respondents answered yes, nine answered
no, and nine answered sometimes.
Based on the results shown in the graph, most of the
respondents are not uncomfortable, and sometimes they
are uncomfortable talking about sex.
Table 3
The Negative Impact of Movies and Social Media on Sexual Risk
Behaviors
Indicators
Frequency
Percentage
(%)
Rank
Yes, because of the
portrayals that may
influence young people
to engage in sexual
activities.
11
55.00
1
No, it does not have a
negative effect.
1
5.00
4
Maybe
4
20.00
2
Sometimes
4
20.00
2.5
Total
20
100.00
Table 3 discusses whether movies and social media
harm sexual risk behavior. According to the collected
data, 55% (11 out of 20) of the respondents agreed that
movies and portrayals have a negative effect because
they may influence young people to engage in sexual
activities.
Furthermore, both maybe and sometimes got the same
number of people who think sometimes it contributes.
Lastly, one person says no; it does not have a negative
effect.

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, 2(1), 103–110 (May 2023)
The Impact and Importance of the Pre-Implementation of Sex Education in Catholic Schools
© Author/s 2023
107
Figure 2
Perspectives on Optimal Teaching Approaches for Students
Figure 2 talks about how the students want to learn about
sex education. Most respondents chose to teach it
"through watching video materials and presentations."
Students want to learn it entertainingly. The second
option on the list is interactive technology, such as
quizzes and games. The third is that respondents,
through lesson plan 5, choose it. Last in the lead is
printed material. Only three people chose it.
The Benefits of Sex Education in
Preventing Early Teenage Pregnancies
This part of the research data was related to the second
research problem. The grade 12 students responded to
the benefits of sex education in preventing teenage
pregnancies.
Figure 3
The Relationship Between Lack of Sex Education and Early/Unintended
Pregnancies
Figure 3 discusses whether the students think a lack of
sex education results from early and unintended
pregnancies. 10 out of 20 students agree that it results
from a lack of sex education, 8 out of 20 strongly agree,
meaning the respondents think it is the reason, and 2 out
of 20 disagree.
The respondents’ response to the question: How do you
think sex education can help reduce incidents like teen
pregnancy and sexual harassment? Does it really help or
not? The results that the researcher obtained all talk
about avoiding teenage pregnancies, health, and learning
how to say no or give consent to someone. The
respondents agree that sex education has helped in
reducing the incidents of teenage pregnancies and
sexual harassment.
Teenage pregnancy—many of the answers say that it is
the result of having less knowledge about sex. It is the
curiosity of the teens. It is the consequence of their
curiosity. " Sexual education is helpful, most especially to
young adults. Different scenarios may occur, intended or
not intended. Sex education can help to avoid wrong
interpretations when it comes to sex. Also, many cases of
sexual harassment have been reported. Young women
can somehow know how to protect themselves and avoid
giving themselves to the wrong people." It also stated
that sex education could reduce sexual harassment
because students have enough information to know
when someone is harassing or taking advantage of them.
Also, some respondents answered that sex education
could lessen sexually transmitted illnesses.
The Importance of Sex Education in
Catholic Schools for Young People
Figure 4
Understanding the Significance of Sex Education in Adolescent
Learning
Figure 4 contains the response to the question, "As a
student, why do you think you need to learn about sex
education?" Seven people said they did not want to have
children or did not want to have them right away. They
also said they did not want to get sexually transmitted
diseases or do dangerous sexual things. Five people
mentioned learning about sexual health as a goal. Four
people said it was so we would learn to be accountable
for our acts and consider the results. There were sixteen
"all of the above" responses. To conclude, most
respondents answered all the reasons and importance of
why they needed to learn about sex education.

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research
Volume 2, Issue 1, p. 103–110, May 2023
108
Table 4
The Effectiveness of Sex Education in Catholic Schools from Students'
Perspectives
Indicators
Frequency
Percentage
(%)
Rank
Yes, because it will help
give us proper
knowledge about sex.
15
75.00
1
No, because not all
parents want to give
consent to teaching
their children in school
about sex education.
1
5.00
3
Maybe effective.
4
20.00
2
Not particularly
effective.
0
0.00
4
Total
20
100.00
Table 4 indicates the effectiveness of having sex
education in Catholic schools. Among 20 respondents,
15 answered yes; only one answered no, and four
answered maybe. To summarize, respondents consider
that having sex education will be effective because it will
help give us proper knowledge about sex.
Figure 5
An Inquiry into the Knowledge of Different Contraceptive Methods
Figure 5 shows what contraceptives are familiar to the
students. The most common item the respondents know
is condoms. It got 19, while the second on the list is
contraception pills. The third is the implant. While the last
is the calendar rhythm method.
The respondents’ response to the question: Does sex
education need to be implemented in Catholic schools?
Yes or no? and why? All of the respondents agreed that
sex education needs to be implemented in Catholic
schools. The respondents explained how important it is to
have sex education in Catholic schools. Some
respondents stated that having sex education will help
the students become more knowledgeable about sex and
aware of the possible consequences, such as teenage
pregnancy. One participant stated, "aside from educating
students, it is also a way for students to be open about
the topic because it is normal and not taboo." Another
one also stated that "Catholic schools are responsible for
providing students with accurate and comprehensive
information about sexuality, contraception, and healthy
relationships to help them make informed decisions
about their sexual health and behaviors."
According to the findings of this study, every single
respondent believes that an absence of sex education is
to blame for unwanted pregnancies. According to the
information sought, it has been discovered that almost all
of the respondents feel uneasy and are not open to
discussing sex education in their own homes with their
families. Every single person who participated in the
survey shared the opinion that sex education classes
ought to take place in schools and ought to make use of
audiovisual materials and presentations. This study
discovered that engaging in sexually risky activities
results from misusing social media platforms. It gives rise
to a new line of inquiry, which is how the use of social
media influences the sexual behaviors of students.
In conclusion, sexual education is essential, particularly
for today's young generation, who are very good at
keeping secrets hidden. Recent research shows that how
students use social media dramatically affects how they
act sexually. Because of this, comprehensive sexual
education programs must incorporate social media into
their curriculum to better equip students with the
knowledge and skills they need to make informed
decisions.
Conclusion
The researchers, therefore, conclude that the lack of sex
education significantly impacts young people's lives. It
began with their inability to communicate appropriately at
home. Based on our survey, the parents need help
discussing it correctly in their homes. They need more
knowledge about it. The portrayals in movies or on social
media trigger them because they do not know what to do
when encountering one. The young people are ready to
talk about it in a way that they will learn from and enjoy
while learning it. They want it to be entertaining, like
watching videos and presentations to present it to them.
In the second statement problem, it is asked if sex
education is beneficial to preventing teenage
pregnancies. According to the survey, the respondents
say that they agree that the lack of sex education is the
result of early and unintended teenage pregnancies. Also,
the respondents think that sex education helps young
people in different aspects. First, it avoids teenage
pregnancies because sex education teaches about
contraception, methods for having safe sex, and when to
tell if they are truly ready for it. The second is sexual
harassment. They can tell if someone is harassing them.
The young ones will know how to protect their bodies
from someone exploiting them. Lastly, in health aspects,
sexually transmitted diseases can be lessened because
sex education teaches them how to take care of
themselves when having intercourse.

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, 2(1), 103–110 (May 2023)
The Impact and Importance of the Pre-Implementation of Sex Education in Catholic Schools
© Author/s 2023
109
Lastly, in the third statement of the problem, what is the
importance of implementing sex education in Catholic
schools? The respondents in the survey agreed that
students should learn about sexual education for many
reasons. To prevent teenage pregnancies and risky
sexual behavior, one must have a lot of knowledge and
be aware of the consequences of each action. 75% of
respondents in the survey research acknowledge that
sex education will be effective in teaching in Catholic
schools. Many students know about sex, but not in the
proper way. Implementing sex education can help the
students become more knowledgeable about sex and
aware of the possible consequences, such as teenage
pregnancy.
Recommendations
For students, it is essential to take sex education
seriously. Sex education will not be implemented to teach
the students to have sex but to educate them to be
knowledgeable enough about sexual health and to be
mindful and responsible for their actions. Also, do not
abuse the teachings of sex education because it is
essential for every student to be aware of the possible
effects of not knowing sex, which can lead to risks and
harmful things such as rape, teenage pregnancy, and
HIV.
The teachers are teaching sex education with the
preferred teaching modality of the students and using
appropriate words, vocabulary, and scientific terms in
teaching sex to relieve some of the students' discomfort
and awkwardness. Parents need to be open and discuss
this at home because parents are the teachers to guide
their children about sex and the risks and effects if their
child does not know about sex and is curious to try it;
they also need to teach their child to respect and value
themselves and others and learn how to refuse, say no,
and accept no.
For future researchers, critically analyze the relevance
and importance of sex education and convince students,
teachers, parents, and schools to implement and learn
sex education with studies and evidence. If the school
considers teaching it in Catholic schools, they must
consider several restrictions. They should consider the
teachings of the Bible. It should continue to be respectful
of the school and its religion. Also, if they include it in the
school schedule, it should be included rather than as an
extracurricular activity. Many students are already
exhausted from their standard classes. Moreover, it will
add to their tiredness if it is separate from their regular
classes.
Decker, P. J. (1986). Social learning theory and leadership. Journal of Management Development,5(3), 46-58.
Guarnotta, E. (2021). Effects of Drug Abuse on the Male and Female Reproductive Systems. American Addiction Center February,19, 2021.
Izugbara, C. O. (2008). Home-based sexuality education: Nigerian parents discussing sex with their children. Youth & Society,39(4), 575-600.
Kumar, R., Goyal, A., Singh, P., Bhardwaj, A., Mittal, A., & Yadav, S. S. (2017). Knowledge attitude and perception of sex education among school
going adolescents in Ambala District, Haryana, India: a Cross-Sectional study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR,11(3), LC01.
Rabbitte, M., & Enriquez, M. (2019). The role of policy on sexual health education in schools. The Journal of School Nursing,35(1), 27-38.
Author(s)’ Statements on Ethics and Conflict of Interest
Ethics Statement
The author/s hereby declare that research/publication ethics and citing principles have been
considered in all the stages of the study. The author/s take full responsibility for the content of
the paper in case of dispute.
Originality and
Plagiarism Assessment
The manuscript has a similarity assessment of less than 20% in accordance with the publication
ethics in terms of originality and plagiarism and the plagiarism policy of the journal.
Statement of Interest
The author/s have no conflict of interest to declare.
Funding
None
Suggested Citation
American
Psychological
Association (APA)
Cervantes, S. I. C., & Galang, S. C. F. S. (2023). The impact and importance of the pre-
implementation of sex education in Catholic schools. International Journal of Academic and
Practical Research, 2(1), 103–110.

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research
Volume 2, Issue 1, p. 103–110, May 2023
110
Author Biographies
Shane Irish C. Cervantes is currently a Grade 12 Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics student at
Espiritu Parochial School of Manila, Inc. She is a
graduating senior high school student and is aspiring to
pursue the college degree of Doctor of Dental Medicine
because her childhood dream is to become a dentist.
Currently residing in Tondo, Manila. She had also been
involved in extracurricular activities since elementary
school at Jose Rizal Elementary School and has been a
consistent honor student since junior high school at Lakan
Dula High School up until senior high school. She received
an award in grade 11 with high honors and with honors in
the first semester of grade 12. Email:
shcce2023@esps.edu.ph
Sophia Chrishel Franz S. Galang is a student at Espiritu
Santo Parochial School of Manila Inc. and is currently at
the 12th level of senior high school education in Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). She
graduated from Shiloh Christian Academy in 2017. She’s
been at the top of their class from grades 2 to 4. In her
junior high year, she received the "With Honors Award" in
grades 8–10 (2018–2021) and the "With High Honors
Award" in grade 11 (2021–2022). She currently receives
the "With Honors Award" in the first semester of Grade 12
with a GPA of 94. After graduating in her senior year, she
admires pursuing medicine in the course BS Medical
Technology. And continue it in medical school and
become a cardiothoracic surgeon. Email:
sosga2023@esps.edu.ph
Copyright © 2023 by the Author/s