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III. Kent Konseyleri Sempozyumu Tam Metin Kitabı
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Memory is defined as the mental faculty of retaining and recalling the past experiences. It is the act or instance of remembering, recollection. In psychology, memory is defined as the ability to store experiences and learned information with their relations to the past in mind as a result of a conscious process. Perceptual knowledge which changes with different cultures effects or social environments are stored in memory. Memory is an individuals' characteristic; societies can not "own" memories but can determine the memory of the individuals. (Assmann,2001). In a similar way, Connerton suggests that societies impose individuals a kind of a frame that allows setting their memories in a meaningful place by mapping virtually. This mapping takes place in a mental context that is provided by the society. (Connerton,1999). Although a society does not have a memory, we can talk about existence of a "social memory". In other words, values belonging to the past-experiences of a society can be defined as an important characteristic of social memory. When compared with social memory, collective memory has a wider meaning. A collective memory can appear concerning a family, a group or universe. Boyer, in his book The City of Collective Memory (1994), declares that the city can be defined as a fact of collective memory. (Yücesoy, Gökbulut,1999). From the point of these determinations, we can consider the urban memory as a kind of collective memory that is constituted by individuals' experiences within the place itself and through its history and social environment. The experiences of both habitants and observers have effects on urban memory. In this paper, we consider the "urban memory" not only through the social memory of habitants, but the collective memory of people who experience the city. We should focus both on these experiences and physical circumstances. It can be observed that, the lost of urban memory occurs when there is major change in physical or social environment. A change in physical environment (disasters, great fires, etc.) is one of the facts that cause discontinuities and urban memory loss. However the societies can also break this continuity creating a renewal of urban memory through social, economical and political changes (like immigrations). Formation of urban identity requires achieving sustainability without interruptions in urban memory. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the new urban memory; which contains the perception of new but not original images that are produced in globalization process. In this paper, we would like to discuss the urban memory from a perspective where it is reformed dynamically with new but not original images perceived by individuals in a globalizing world rather than analyzing the experiences of the habitants. Memory is reestablished dynamically. What we refer "new urban memory" is not a memory formed by new images, but new references where memory links images which are detached from their places and no longer be considered as "new ". In this paper, to explain the formation of new urban memory, it is a necessity to mention about the memories, imaginability and the cultural changes. Globalization is a process in which these topics can be discussed in new perspectives, so we would like to focus on these titles in order to interpret "the new urban memory" that can be criticized today.
In academic and policy discourse, the concept of urban resilience is proliferating. Social theorists, especially human geographers, have rightfully criticized that the underlying politics of resilience have been ignored and stress the importance of asking "resili-ence of what, to what, and for whom?" This paper calls for careful consideration of not just resilience for whom and what, but also where, when, and why. A three-phase process is introduced to enable these "five Ws" to be negotiated collectively and to engender critical reflection on the politics of urban resilience as plans, initiatives, and projects are conceived, discussed, and implemented. Deployed through the hypothetical case of green infrastructure in Los Angeles, the paper concludes by illustrating how resilience planning trade-offs and decisions affect outcomes over space and time, often with significant implications for equity.
Background: As the US continues to experience increases of COVID-19 cases, there is an urgent need to identify ways to improve individuals’ knowledge of COVID-19 to achieve effective prevention and vaccination. The primary objective of the current study was to examine whether the knowledge of COVID-19 was associated with the general health literacy among patients in an emergency department. Methods: A sample of 252 adults was collected in an urban ED. Patients’ knowledge of COVID-19 was measured by the agreement to 10 statements. Health literacy was measured by the Brief Health Literacy Screen (BHLS). Participants were also asked about their primary source of COVID-19 information, sociodemographics, comorbidities and familiarity with the healthcare system at baseline. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Results: The average COVID-19 knowledge score was 7.09 (range 0-10) and BHLS score, 11.09 (range 3-15). About 43% obtained the information primarily from TVs, radios, and newspapers and only 8% from scientific sources. The group with the primary source being social media had the lowest average COVID-19 knowledge score of 6.25. The BHLS and COVID-19 knowledge scores were positively correlated in both bivariate and multivariate analyses. Compared to primary source of information being social media, internet sites and searches (p=0.03) and families, relatives, and friends (p=0.02) were associated with higher COVID-19 knowledge scores, controlling for other factors. Education and income levels were statistically significant in both the bivariate and regressions. Conclusions: Patients with better general health literacy had better knowledge of COVID-19. To better prevent further increases in COVID-19 transmission and improve the rate of vaccination, individuals of low educational and income levels should be prioritized in community interventions. Regulations on and/or guard against misinformation presented on social media platforms should be included in any effective interventions to improve individuals’ knowledge of COVID-19.
Amaç: Araştırma, bir vakıf üniversitesi ve bir devlet hastanesine başvuran hastaların sağlık okuryazarlığının ve kullanılan eğitim materyallerinin sağlık okuryazarlığına uygunluğunun değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipte bir araştırmadır. Araştırma kapsamına bir Vakıf Üniversitesi ve Devlet Hastanesinin dahiliye polikliniklerine başvuran toplam 688 hasta alınmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında, sağlık okuryazarlığını değerlendirmeye yönelik soru formu, Genel Sağlık Anketi, eğitim materyallerinin okuryazarlık yönünden uygunluğu için “Yazılı Materyallerin Uygunluğunun Değerlendirilmesi” formu ve materyallerin güvenirlik ve bilgi kalitesinin değerlendirilmesinde Tüketici Sağlığı Bilgileri için Kalite Kriterleri (DISCERN) ölçüm aracı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Hastaların yaş ortalaması 46.21±15.76, %72.2 ‘si evli ve %67.6 kadın, %44.8'i çalışmıyor ve %33’ünün geliri giderinden azdır. Hastaların %40.2’sinin okuma düzeyini kötü/çok kötü olarak değerlendirdiği, %52.5’inin bilgisayar ve 1/3’ünün sağlıkla ilgili bilgilere ulaşmak için internet kullandığı, çoğunluğunun okuma ve yazma ile ilgili aktivitelerde yardım aldığı saptanmıştır. Hastaların %68.9’unun tanı konulmuş bir hastalığı olduğu, %67.7’sinin en az 1 defa hastanede yattığı, çoğunluğunun ilaç kullandığı ve %56.1’ine yazılı bir eğitim materyali verildiği belirlenmiştir. Hastaların sağlık okuryazarlığı ile ilgili durumlara yönelik aktivite puan ortalamaları genel olarak yüksektir. Eğitim düzeyi düşük, geliri az olan, sağlık düzeyi kötü/çok kötü olan ve yüksek riskli hastaların sağlık okuryazarlığı puanlarının daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir(p<0.05). İncelenen yazılı eğitim materyalinden %40’ının uygun olmadığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Genel sağlık durumu kötü, eğitim düzeyi ve okuma yazma becerisi düşük, 60 yaş ve üstü hastaların sağlık okuryazarlığı yönünden riskli grupta olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu hastaların sağlık okuryazarlığı yönünden desteklenmesi ve eğitim materyallerinin tekrar gözden geçirilmesi önerilebilir.
There is an "infodemic" associated with the COVID-19 pandemic-an overabundance of valid and invalid information. Health literacy is the ability to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information, making it crucial for navigating coronavirus and COVID-19 information environments. A cross-sectional representative study of participants ≥ 16 years in Germany was conducted using an online survey. A coronavirus-related health literacy measure was developed (HLS-COVID-Q22). Internal consistency was very high (α = 0.940; ρ = 0.891) and construct validity suggests a sufficient model fit, making HLS-COVID-Q22 a feasible tool for assessing coronavirus-related health literacy in population surveys. While 49.9% of our sample had sufficient levels of coronavirus-related health literacy, 50.1% had "problematic" (15.2%) or "inadequate" (34.9%) levels. Although the overall level of health literacy is high, a vast number of participants report difficulties dealing with coronavirus and COVID-19 information. The participants felt well informed about coronavirus, but 47.8% reported having difficulties judging whether they could trust media information on COVID-19. Confusion about coronavirus information was significantly higher among those who had lower health literacy. This calls for targeted public information campaigns and promotion of population-based health literacy for better navigation of information environments during the infodemic, identification of disinformation, and decision-making based on reliable and trustworthy information.
Salgının ortaya çıkmasından bu yana yaratabileceği ekonomik etkiler bakımından temelde iki strateji öne çıkmaktadır. Birinci strateji, virüsü tümüyle baskılamaya dayalı "sıkı izolasyona" dayalı mücadele yöntemi, diğeri ise virüsün görece daha geniş bir kesime yayılmasını göze alan "sürü bağışıklığına" dayalı strateji yaklaşımı. İlki geniş bir toplum kesimini aktif hayattan çekmeyi gerektirdiği için ekonomik maliyeti diğerine göre çok daha yüksektir. Dolayısıyla ilk stratejiyi uygulamaya koyan ülkeler büyük bir bütçeyi bu mücadelenin ekonomik etkilerini hafifletmek için kullanmak durumundadırlar. Buna karşılık, sürü bağışıklığı yaklaşımı görece düşük izolasyon öngördüğünden ekonomik işleyişi yavaşlatmamayı öngörmektedir. Kısaca ifade etmek gerekirse, hastalıkla mücadele performansı (daha az ve zamana yayılmış hasta sayısı ve daha az kayıp) ile ekonomik performans arasında bir ödünleşme ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Covid-19 salgınının hanhalklarının gelirleri üzerindeki etkisi iki senaryo üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Temel bulgularımıza göre iki senaryo temelinde ve kamunun müdahalesi öncesinde ücretli istihdamı üzerinde olumsuz etkileri görülmektedir. Buna göre istihdam oranının ve doğal olarak bağımlılık oranının sırasıyla %40 ve %30'a kadar düşmesinin beklenmesi mümkündür. Yani istihdam edilenlerin ortalama olarak bakmakla yükümlü oldukları nüfus bir hayli yükselmektedir. Öte yandan yaşanan şokun istihdama bağlı tüm gelir türlerinde meydana getirdiği etkiler dikkate alındığında ve diğer gelirlerin değişmediği varsayımı ile hanehalklarının önemli bir gelir kaybına uğradıkları ancak gelir dilimleri üzerindeki etkinin farklılaşması nedeniyle gelir dağılımının bozulduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Düşük gelir gruplarının gelir kaybı yüksek gelir gruplarına göre daha yüksektir. Türkiye'nin bugüne kadar uygulamaya koyduğu iktisat politikaları genelde pek çok ülkede uygulanan politikalardır, ancak boyutu çeşitli göstergeler açısından çok sayıda ülkede uygulanan programlara göre oldujça hafif kalmaktadır. Bu haliyle özellikle hanehalklarının uğradığı kayıpların giderilmesi mümkün değildir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar ise yaşanan ekonomik şokun uzun süreli ve derin bir bunalıma dönüşmemesi için süratle daha ağır etkilenen kesimlerin kayıplarının bir bölümünü giderecek ek tedbirlere ihtiyaç bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Buna karşılık Türkiye'nin şok öncesi ekonomik durumu pek çok zayıflıklar barındırdığı için bu türden kapsamlı ve virüsü sert biçimde baskılamayı hedefleyen bir politikayı yürürlüğe koyabilecek bütçeyi iç kaynaklardan oluşturmasını imkansız kılmaktadır. Bu durumda yapılması gereken, virüs ile mücadelenin uluslararası karakterini dikkate alarak uluslararası kurumlar 1
Araştırmanın amacı Türkiye'de bireylerin sağlık anksiyetesi seviyeleri ile COVID-19 salgını kontrol algısı düzeylerini saptamak ve sağlık anksiyetesinin COVID-19 salgını kontrol algısı düzeyi üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmada veriler online olarak bireylere dağıtılmış olan anket formu ile toplanmıştır. Anket formu katılımcıların demografik özelliklerine dair soruların yanı sıra sağlık anksiyetesi envanteri; COVID-19 salgını kontrol algısını ölçeği olmak üzere üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çevrimiçi anket yöntemi kullanılarak 47 şehirde yaşayan 1050 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, katılımcıların sağlık anksiyetesi düzeyleri orta şiddetli olarak saptanmıştır. Bireylerin COVID-19 salgınına yönelik kontrol algılarının eğitim ve yaş değişkenlerinin yanı sıra sağlık anksiyetesi düzeylerinden etkilendiği gözlemlenmiştir. COVID-19 salgını sırasında tüm grupların ruh sağlığını iyileştirmek için psikolojik müdahaleleri formüle etmek ve daha düşük düzeyde etkilenmelerini sağlamak salgına yönelik kontrol tedbirlerinin anlaşılması ve uygulanması için önemlidir.
Pandemics leave significant marks on the memories of societies with their permanent impacts. Going beyond a cause of disease or death, they can have consequences in many aspects, psychological, social and economic ones being in the first place. The Covid-19 outbreak, which first emerged in China and has spread to the whole world as of the first months of 2020, has the potential to constitute a breaking the course of history, as well. Turkey is located on the transit point between Asia and Europe with its geographical position, and thus, received its share from the outbreak of Covid-19, which spreads through social contact. The first official case was recorded on 11 March 2020, and then the virus spread rapidly. This study aims to assess the attitude of the public towards Covid-19 at times when the impact of the disease reached maximum. To this end, data were collected from 1586 people with different socio-demographic features through Covid-19 Pandemic Community Scale. The impact of the pandemic on the society was measured in three dimensions as Sensitivity to Pandemic, Protection against Pandemic and Social Trust. The research results showed that the people had high levels of sensitivity to the pandemic, exerted the maximum effort for protection and social trust was above the average although it fell behind the other dimensions. As a consequence, it can be concluded that Covid-19 has had a significant impact on the Turkish people.
Aracı Şehirler (Intermediary Cities), en genel tanımı ile nüfusu 50.000 ve bir milyon arasında olan şehirlerdir. Orta Ölçekli Kentler (Mid Size Cities) veya İkincil Şehirler (Secondary Cities) olarak da ifade edilirler. Bu çalışmada erişilen kaynaklarda farklı kullanımlar nedeniyle her üç kavrama da yer verilmiştir. Aracı Şehirler, kırsal alanların kentsel alanlardaki hizmetlerle bağlantısında birincil bir rol oynamaktadır. 2015 yılında, Birleşmiş Milletler Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri kabul edilmiştir. 2019 Yılında yayınlanan On Birinci Kalkınma Planı’nda ise sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçları yer almaktadır. Aracı Şehirler, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedeflerinin (SKH) uygulanabilirliği için ideal alanlar olarak kabul edilmektedir. Çalışmada, Türkiye’de aracı şehirler için bir yol haritası ve strateji belirlenmesi amacıyla, aracı şehirler için geliştirilen kent politikaları, yasal mevzuat ve strateji belgeleri Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri bağlamında incelenmiştir. Kavramsal çerçevede Aracı Şehirler ele alınarak, kentsel dinamikleri, yerel kalkınmada üstlendikleri rol ve taşıdıkları potansiyel incelenerek Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri bağlamında Aracı Şehirler için yol haritası ve stratejilerin ortaya konulması hedeflenmiştir. Aracı Şehirlerin nüfus yoğunlukları, işlevsel özellikleri, bulundukları bölgede ekonomik kalkınmayı destekleyici yönleri, yaşam endeksleri yayınlanmış ulusal ve uluslararası raporlar ve araştırmalar ışığında ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, tüm bu çalışmalar aracı şehirlerin sadece demografik açıdan değil, yaşam kalitesi, refah durumu, temiz ve yeşil çevre, eğitim olanakları, konut imkanları, istihdam olanakları, ticari faaliyetleri gibi işlevler ile ön plana çıktığını ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmada önemli rol ve sorumlulukları olduğunu göstermiştir.
In the context of multilevel governance, collaboration among governmental and non-governmental entities across different levels of government is increasingly popular in China’s environmental governance. Policy actors are engaged in two types of collaboration with other local governments: horizontal and vertical collaboration. Policy actors participate in horizontal collaboration when they work with entities at the same level, and in vertical collaboration when working with governments at different levels. This study examines multilevel environmental governance in China by studying how the decisions of policy actors to participate in local water governance networks are influenced by vertical pressures from higher level government and horizontal influences from other policy actors at the same level. We approach the research questions in the empirical context of local water governance in Dongguan city of Guangdong Province. With survey data collected from 31 municipal departments, 32 town governments, nine water-related private businesses and five NGOs, we tested the hypotheses with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions. The results indicate that vertical pressure and horizontal brokerage are both drivers for participation in the local water governance network.
2012 yılında çıkan 6360 Sayılı Kanun birlikte ülkemizde büyükşehir sayısı otuz olmuştur. Sınırları il mülki sınırları ile eşitlenen yeni büyükşehir belediyeleri kurulurken, İl Özel İdareleri ve köylerin yanı sıra belde belediyelerinin tüzel kişilikleri kaldırılmıştır. Büyükşehirlerin tamamında, 2014 yılı Nisan ayı ile birlikte, köyler aynı adla mahalleye, beldeler de beldenin adıyla tek mahalle olarak köyler gibi ilçeye bağlı mahallelere dönüştürülmüştür. Yeni büyükşehir olan illerde il merkezinde ve bazı ilçelerin bölünmesi suretiyle yeni ilçeler kurulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın konusu olan yeni büyükşehirlerden Muğla’da, il merkezinde Menteşe, Fethiye ilçesinin bölünmesi ile de Seydikemer ilçesi kurulmuştur. Bu süreçte Menteşe ilçesi sınırları içerisinde 48, Seydikemer ilçesi sınırları içerisinde 49 köy mahalleye dönüştürülmüştür. Tüzel kişiliğe sahip köylerin muhtarları dönüşüm ile birlikte mahalle muhtarı olmuş ve değişimin etkisini en çok yaşayan mahalli idare birimi temsilcileri olarak ön plana çıkmışlardır. 2017 yılı Nisan ayı itibarı ile Muğla’da büyükşehir sürecinde üç yıllık bir deneyim oluşmuştur.
Bu çalışma kapsamında; il merkezi olan Menteşe ilçesi ve merkeze en uzak ilçe Seydikemer’de, köyden mahalleye dönüşen yerlerde büyükşehir kanunu öncesi muhtar olan ve 2014 yılı mahalli idareler seçimlerinde tekrar seçilerek halen bu göreve devam eden muhtarlar ile görüşülmüştür. Yönetime katılımın hem yeni mahalleli vatandaşlar hem de muhtarlık açısından nereye doğru evrildiği muhtarlar üzerinden ortaya konulmasına çalışılmıştır. Anket ve gevşek yapılandırılmış mülakat yöntemi ile yeni büyükşehir Muğla’nın yeni ilçelerinde dönüşümün katılım açısından 3 yıllık süreçte muhtarlığa etkisi muhtarlar üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir.
A numerical model was established to reproduce the oceanic transport processes of microplastics and mesoplastics in the Sea of Japan. A particle tracking model, where surface ocean currents were given by a combination of a reanalysis ocean current product and Stokes drift computed separately by a wave model, simulated particle movement. The model results corresponded with the field survey. Modeled results indicated the micro- and mesoplastics are moved northeastward by the Tsushima Current. Subsequently, Stokes drift selectively moves mesoplastics during winter toward the Japanese coast, resulting in increased contributions of mesoplastics south of 39°N. Additionally, Stokes drift also transports micro- and mesoplastics out to the sea area south of the subpolar front where the northeastward Tsushima Current carries them into the open ocean via the Tsugaru and Soya straits. Average transit time of modeled particles in the Sea of Japan is drastically reduced when including Stokes drift in the model.
The concept of disaster resilience has gained attention in political spheres and news outlets over the past few years, yet relatively few empirical measures of the concept exist. Furthermore, research into urban resilience has dwarfed our understanding of disaster resilience in rural places. This schism in what is known about the differences between urban and rural places becomes the topic of this article. Employing a suite of spatial and statistical techniques using an established measure of community resilience, the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (BRIC), we focus on two key questions to better explain the resilience divide between urban and rural areas of the United States. Nonparametric rank analysis, analysis of variance, and logistic regression help describe the relationships between rurality and disaster resilience in contrast to resilience in urban areas. Pinpointing the driving factors, or characteristics, of resilience in rural America compared to metropolitan America, accomplished through binary logistic regression, revealed notable distinctions. Resilience in urban areas is primarily driven by economic capital, whereas community capital is the most important driver of disaster resilience in rural areas. Within rural areas there is considerable spatial variability in the components of disaster resilience. This suggests that attempts to enhance resilience cannot be approached using a one-size-fits-most strategy given the variability in the primary drivers of disaster resilience at county scales.
Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are frequently suspected as significant point sources or conduits of microplastics to the environment. To directly investigate these suspicions, effluent discharges from seven tertiary plants and one secondary plant in Southern California were studied. The study also looked at influent loads, particle size/type, conveyance, and removal at these wastewater treatment facilities. Over 0.189 million liters of effluent at each of the seven tertiary plants were filtered using an assembled stack of sieves with mesh sizes between 400 and 45 μm. Additionally, the surface of 28.4 million liters of final effluent at three tertiary plants was skimmed using a 125 μm filtering assembly. The results suggest that tertiary effluent is not a significant source of microplastics and that these plastic pollutants are effectively removed during the skimming and settling treatment processes. However, at a downstream secondary plant, an average of one micro-particle in every 1.14 thousand liters of final effluent was counted. The majority of microplastics identified in this study had a profile (color, shape, and size) similar to the blue polyethylene particles present in toothpaste formulations. Existing treatment processes were determined to be very effective for removal of microplastic contaminants entering typical municipal WWTPs.
Fostering resilience in the face of environmental, socioeconomic, and political uncertainty and risk has captured the attention of academics and decision makers across disciplines, sectors, and scales. Resilience has become an important goal for cities, particularly in the face of climate change. Urban areas house the majority of the world's population, and, in addition to functioning as nodes of resource consumption and as sites for innovation, have become laboratories for resilience, both in theory and in practice. This paper reviews the scholarly literature on urban resilience and concludes that the term has not been well defined. Existing definitions are inconsistent and underdeveloped with respect to incorporation of crucial concepts found in both resilience theory and urban theory. Based on this literature review, and aided by bibliometric analysis, the paper identifies six conceptual tensions fundamental to urban resilience: (1) definition of ‘urban’; (2) understanding of system equilibrium; (3) positive vs. neutral (or negative) conceptualizations of resilience; (4) mechanisms for system change; (5) adaptation versus general adaptability; and (6) timescale of action. To advance this burgeoning field, more conceptual clarity is needed. This paper, therefore, proposes a new definition of urban resilience. This definition takes explicit positions on these tensions, but remains inclusive and flexible enough to enable uptake by, and collaboration among, varying disciplines. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the definition might serve as a boundary object, with the acknowledgement that applying resilience in different contexts requires answering: Resilience for whom and to what? When? Where? And why?
Since the late 1970s, neoliberalisation and market-friendly policies have been affecting the way cities develop and function. Neoliberal principles based on market reliance seem to take over or manipulate the decision-making powers in urban development and create uncoordinated state interventions (Peck et al. 2009). Increasing neoliberalisation and entrepreneurialisation cause serious problems in the governance of cities, while the responsibilities, tasks and developments of the public sector are decentralised or privatised; economic activities are deregulated, and welfare services are replaced by workfarist social policies that favour innovative and competitive economic development (Purcell 2009; Leitner et al. 2007; Harvey 2005; Jessop 1993). In this new system of sensitive balances, entrepreneurialism, consumerism and property-led development have been accelerated, turning actors in the urban land and property market into key players in urban development.
There is urgency afoot to acknowledge the disconnection between ecological realities and the persistence of past ways of constructing the social, as if it is in isolation from the ecological. The urban is the common ground: an endlessly burgeoning, frequently contested home to spaces, institutions and people. ‘Governing for urban resilience’ brings together research that considers the meaningfulness and possibilities inherent in conceptualising and implementing social-ecological resilience as a process for radical social change and offering a lens for connecting these urban narratives. The urban is then acknowledged as a site of heightened complexity, harbouring diverse social and ecological realities and imaginative potential. The Special Issue challenges past ways of ordering and limiting the city, while building on more recent interpretations of it as interwoven processes associated with enhancing connectivity - whether ecosystems or social networks. Four themes emerge from the articles: locating action; using scale to interrogate and facilitate change; acknowledging the asymmetry of power relations in order to focus on social justice as critical to change; and incorporating local knowledge and the catalytic force of memory to assist that change. The papers have applied the ideas of resilience and social-ecological resilience to their existing urban research, asking, in the main, whether this lens assists us to know more about what has occurred in the case studies. Overall, the outcomes suggest the strengths and weaknesses of policies and projects and in some cases the potentially transformative processes that encourage a social-ecological resilience framing for future research.
How can communities enhance social-ecological resilience within complex urban systems? Drawing on a new urbanist proposal in Orange County, California, it is suggested that planning that ignores diverse ways of knowing undermines the experience and shared meaning of those living in a city. The paper then describes how narratives lay at the core of efforts to reintegrate the Los Angeles River into the life of the city and the US Fire Learning Network’s efforts to address the nation’s wildfire crisis. In both cases, participants develop partially shared stories about alternative futures that foster critical learning and facilitate co-ordination without imposing one set of interests on everyone. It is suggested that narratives are a way to express the subjective and symbolic meaning of resilience, enhancing our ability to engage multiple voices and enable self-organising processes to decide what should be made resilient and for whose benefit.
Recent years have witnessed community disaster resilience becoming one of the most heavily supported and advocated approach to disaster risk management. However, its application has been influenced by the lack of assessment tools. This study reviews studies conducted using the resilience concept and examines the tools, models, and methods adopted. It examines the domains, indicators, and indices have been considered in the tools. It provides a critical analysis of the assessment tools available for evaluating community disaster resilience (CDR).
We investigated international electronic databases including Scopus, MEDLINE through PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), and Google Scholar with no limitation on date, and type of articles. The search terms and strategy were as follow: (Disaster* OR Emergenc*) AND (Resilience OR Resilient OR Resiliency) that were applied for titles, abstracts and keywords. Extracted data were analyzed in terms of studied hazards, types of methodology, domains, and indicators of CDR assessment.
Of 675 publications initially identified, the final analysis was conducted on 17 full text articles. These studies presented ten models, tools, or indices for CDR assessment. These evinced a diverse set of models with regard to the domains, indicators and the kind of hazard described. Considerable inter dependency between and among domains and indicators also emerged from this analysis.
The disparity between the articles using the resilience concept and those that offer some approach to measurement (675 vs. 17) indicates the conceptual and measurement complexity in CDR and the fact that the concept may be being used without regard to how CDR should be operationalized and assessed. Of those that have attempted to assess CDR, the level of conceptual diversity indicates limited agreement about how to operationalize the concept. As a way forward we summarize the models identified in the literature and suggest that, as a starting point for the systematic operationalization of CDR, that existing indicators of community disaster resilience be classified in five domains. These are social, economic, institutional, physical and natural domains. A need to use appropriate and effective methods to quantify and weigh them with regard to their relative contributions to resilience is identified, as is a need to consider how these levels interrelate to influence resilience. Although assessment of disaster resilience especially at the community level will inform disaster risk reduction strategies, attempts to systematically do so are in preliminary phases. Further empirical investigation is needed to develop a operational and measurable CDR model.
River cities require a management approach based on resilience to floods rather than on resistance. Resisting floods by means of levees, dams, and channelization neglects inherent uncertainties arising from human-nature couplings and fails to address the extreme events that are expected to increase with climate change, and is thereby not a reliable approach to long-term flood safety. By applying resilience theory to address system persistence through changes, I develop a theory on "urban resilience to floods" as an alternative framework for urban flood hazard management. Urban resilience to floods is defined as a city's capacity to tolerate flooding and to reorganize should physical damage and socioeconomic disruption occur, so as to prevent deaths and injuries and maintain current socioeconomic identity. It derives from living with periodic floods as learning opportunities to prepare the city for extreme ones. The theory of urban resilience to floods challenges the conventional wisdom that cities cannot live without flood control, which in effect erodes resilience. To operationalize the theory for planning practice, a surrogate measure-the percent floodable area-is developed for assessing urban resilience to floods. To enable natural floodplain functions to build urban resilience to floods, flood adaptation is advocated in order to replace flood control for mitigating flood hazards.
Resilience appears to have become a buzz word since the ecological, psychological, social and economic sciences began to use it to refer, respectively, to the capacity of ecosystems, people, societies, the economy, and more recently even urban systems to cope with disturbance. In fact, it is unclear exactly what the catchword «resilient city» means. Based on these assumptions, this article reviews resilience perspectives and their possible application to urban systems. In the first part of the paper, the concept of resilience, its evolution and perspectives (from engineering to social ecology) are analyzed with reference to ecosystems, societies and complex systems. In the second part we try to shed light on this panacea of concepts applied to cities. Important insights of this review are that certain resilience engineering perspectives (such as recovery and persistence views) can lead to unsustainable patterns of development in cities, while from complex systems resilience perspectives the principles of sustainability and transformability emerge as the consequent and necessary trajectory. While the term «resilient cities» often refers only to the capacity to maintain functions and structures, we argue that urban resilience should be framed within the resilience (system persistence), transition (system incremental change) and transformation (system reconfiguration) views.
This paper reviews existing approaches to system resilience, and proposes a scheme to quantify the resilience of water resource systems. In general, three aspects of resilience are considered in water resource systems: (1) that against crossing a performance threshold; (2) that for response and recovery after disturbances; and (3) that of adaptive capacity. Conventionally these aspects are treated separately without considering possible functional relationships or interdependencies. We argue that the adaptive capacity of the system is better treated as an input variable of the other two aspects of resilience, and that response/ recovery may be considered only when the performance threshold is not crossed. Because of the dynamic and evolving nature of water resource systems, proper consideration of uncertainty and associated information, whether obtained from well-defined numerical data or vague linguistic articulation, is essential for better understanding and proper management of their resilience. Constantly monitoring, adjusting, and engaging in long-term planning for resilience enhancement is important to maintaining a resilient system.
The concept of resilience in ecology has been expanded into a framework to analyse human-environment dynamics. The extension of resilience notions to society has important limits, particularly its conceptualization of social change. The paper argues that this stems from the lack of attention to normative and epistemological issues underlying the notion of ‘social resilience’. We suggest that critically examining the role of knowledge at the intersections between social and environmental dynamics helps to address normative questions and to capture how power and competing value systems are not external to, but rather integral to the development and functioning of SES.
The resilience of places in response to uncertain, volatile and rapid change has emerged as a focus of academic and policy attention. This paper aims to contribute to understanding and explaining the resilience of places. Drawing upon evolutionary Economic Geography, the concepts of adaptation and adaptability are developed in a framework based upon agents, mechanisms and sites. In contrast to equilibrium-based approaches, this approach can better capture the geographical diversity, variety and unevenness of resilience and address questions of what kind of resilience and for whom. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.
What might a resilient region look like in the face of an uncertainty about the global economy and environment? To begin to answer this question, the article first reviews existing concepts of resilience and critically reviews dominant neoliberal concepts of regional development. This forms the basis for seeking to specify the characteristics of resilient regions, arguing that these must have a lighter environmental footprint and involve a greater degree of regional closure in and regionalisation of economic activities. The final concluding section evaluates the limits to regional resilience in the face of global change. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Health literacy skills are increasingly important for both health and health care. Unfortunately, many patients with the most extensive and complicated health care problems are at greatest risk for misunderstanding their diagnoses, medications and instructions on how to take care of their medical problems. Much health promotion and patient education information has traditionally used printed materials written at reading levels at or above the 10th grade. Such material is not accessible to the millions of Americans with inadequate literacy. This paper gives an overview of the prevalence of poor health literacy skills in America and describes how poor health literacy affects their health care experience.
In early 2020, the world experienced an unprecedented health crisis. When the pandemic of coronavirus was declared by the World Health Organization, it brought with it sudden and dramatic changes to everyday life. In the UK, the key message from the Government was to ‘Stay at home, protect the NHS, save lives’, sending out a clear warning that failing to stay at home would put other lives and the ability of the NHS to cope at risk. This editorial discusses COVID‐19, how society responded and the vital role that health literacy plays in saving lives during a global health emergency.
Türkiye’de iklim değişikliği sorununa ilişkin merkezi yönetimin bir takım politikaları, kurumsal yapılanmayı ve çeşitli araçları gündemine alması Kyoto Protokolü sürecine denk düşmektedir. Bu çalışmada özellikle Kyoto Protokolü’ne taraf olunmasını takiben devletin iklim değişikliği ile ilgili bütüncül ve etkin bir kamu politikasını hayata geçirip geçir(e)mediği irdelenecektir. Konu ile ilgili değerlendirmelerde Türkiye’nin Kyoto Protokolü’ne kadar iklim değişikliğini bir dış politika konusu olarak ele aldığı ve algıladığı söylenmektedir. Ne var ki, o tarihten bugüne uzanan gelişmelere bakıldığında bu yaklaşımın değiştiğini ifade etmek güçtür. Uluslararası iklim müzakerelerinde Türkiye özel koşullar söylemine bağımlı kalarak sera gazı emisyonlarını azaltma noktasında somut hedefler ortaya koymaktan kaçınmaktadır. Paris Anlaşması’nın onaylanmaması da bu doğrultuda değerlendirilmesi gereken siyasi bir tutumdur. Türkiye’de devlet tıpkı çevre politikasında olduğu gibi iklim değişikliğini de kalkınma önceliğinin gerisinde konumlandırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda özellikle enerji ve büyüme politikaları ile cari açık sorunu da belirleyici olmaktadır. Konu yerel düzeyde ele alındığında da, yerel yönetimlerin bu alandaki çalışmaları merkeziyetçilik engeline takılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede Türkiye’de sınırlı sayıda ve öncü denebilecek belediyenin iklim değişikliğine yönelik politikaları da, merkezi yönetimin yukarıdan aşağıya müdahaleleri sebebiyle beklenen etkinliğe ve verimliliğe ulaşamamaktadır. Buradan hareketle, çalışmada elde edilen bulgulara dayanılarak, yukarıda ifade edilen farklı etmenler çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin sera gazı emisyon azaltım hedefine bağlı olarak, iklim değişikliği politikasının genel özellikleri ve sınırlılıkları incelenecek ve tartışılacaktır.
Unpredictability is a common feature of complex systems where a small change can bring about large differences, both good and bad. Continuous developments and technological interventions are making modern cities extremely dependent and complex. Along with the complexity, cities are hotspots of disasters—a major factor of urban vulnerability. Disaster resilience of an urban system relies on the effective management of its complexities. Enhancing the resilience of infrastructure systems is critical to the sustainability of the society. Prosperity and quality of life in cities highly rely on the essential services from critical infrastructure systems. In the beginning, this chapter elaborated the importance of critical infrastructures in urban emergency response, and their vulnerabilities from internal (inherent complexities) and external (natural and manmade hazards) factors. Following this issue, cities are compared with complex system and the importance of systems thinking in urban emergency response, disaster resilience and future sustainability are enlightened. Finally, this chapter introduced many theories, tools, and models related to systems thinking and their potentials for modeling complex connectivity and interdependence among the infrastructures in an urban system. For disaster resilience and future sustainability city managers should adopt system-thinking approach and computer aided decision support system for emergency response, disaster management and new development.
Polymer science is one of the most revolutionary research areas of the last century, instigated by the discovery of Bakelite, the first synthetic plastic. Plastic, once a revolutionary material, has gradually become a global environmental threat with ubiquitous distribution. The term ‘microplastics’ coined in 2004, is used to describe the smaller plastic particles recorded, however there is still no all-inclusive definition that accurately encompasses all criteria that could potentially describe what a microplastic is. Here, the authors focus on the currently reported methods for describing and identifying microplastics and propose a new definition that incorporates all the important descriptive properties of microplastics. This definition not only focuses on size and origin, but also considers physical and chemical defining properties. While this manuscript may promote debate, it aims to reach a consensus on a definition for microplastics which can be useful for research, reporting and legislative purposes.
The past literatures have studied both ‘urban resilience (UR)’ and ‘urban sustainability (US)’ in terms of the dual character - vulnerability and pertinacity - of cities. However, there is a large overlap between the meaning of resilience and sustainability, which threatens to weaken both concepts. In this study, we discuss the difference between urban resilience (UR) and urban sustainability (US) from three aspects of research trends, research scale and research clusters. CiteSpace 4.0.R5 is used for co-citation analysis, visualizing co-citation networks and research clusters. UR and US studies contrast in not only their different theoretical bases, but also even more in their empirical work. A conceptual framework is proposed to define the difference between UR and US, and four kinds of urban development are examined based on the framework. We indicate that rational urban development can be achieved only when it is both resilient and sustainable, and conclude that urban planners, policymakers and researchers should pay equal attention to both UR and US before decision-making.
The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in saltwater bodies is relatively well studied, but nothing is known about their presence in most of the commercial salts that are widely consumed by humans across the globe. Here, we extracted MP-like particles larger than 149 μm from 17 salt brands originating from 8 different countries followed by the identification of their polymer composition using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Microplastics were absent in one brand while others contained between 1 to 10 MPs/Kg of salt. Out of the 72 extracted particles, 41.6% were plastic polymers, 23.6% were pigments, 5.50% were amorphous carbon, and 29.1% remained unidentified. The particle size (mean ± SD) was 515 ± 171 μm. The most common plastic polymers were polypropylene (40.0%) and polyethylene (33.3%). Fragments were the primary form of MPs (63.8%) followed by filaments (25.6%) and films (10.6%). According to our results, the low level of anthropogenic particles intake from the salts (maximum 37 particles per individual per annum) warrants negligible health impacts. However, to better understand the health risks associated with salt consumption, further development in extraction protocols are needed to isolate anthropogenic particles smaller than 149 μm.
This paper uses two diverging interpretations of resilience to review and assess current UK policies and guidelines for urban resilience, a term generally associated with the strength of key systems and cities and their capability to maintain functionality in the face of external shocks. Both developed in scientific studies, the first interpretation (engineering resilience) is based on a mechanistic model of systems that can recover their original state aftershocks, and the second (ecological resilience) is based on an evolutionary model enabling adaptation to disturbances. Through a literature review, practical applications to planning are discussed for each model in terms of long-term efficacy. The contribution of this paper to an understanding of urban resilience is therefore twofold. First, an identification of the long-term consequences on the built environment of the policies associated with each model is provided, with the mechanical model ultimately hindering, and the ecological model favouring, adaptation. Second, some approaches to generate effective responses to environmental and societal change are identified, together with enabling tools. Ultimately, this paper emphasizes that the idea of a resilient city is fit for this age characterized by uncertainty, although it requires the recognition within planning practice that urban adaptation cannot be attained with current methodologies, and that much can be learned from theories on the resilience of ecosystems.
[F]or many developing countries, the Paris agreement is better than no deal and an important step in the right direction.
This paper argues for an increased emphasis on the institutions of risk governance and management in understanding urban resilience. This moves analysis of vulnerability away from a focus on individuals to also consider risk management regimes as co-productive of vulnerability and resilience in the City. This is illustrated through the application of an Adaptive Capacity Index to unpack the role played by formal governance institutions in mediating resilience to extreme heat events in the empirical case of London. Analysis shows that the configuration of risk at the institutional level directs heat wave risk management through the health services, and operationalises it during the emergency phase of hazard onset. This misses an important opportunity for integrating individual and regime level risk management initiatives, which we proposed can be worked out through greater collaboration with social services and interaction with those caring for the vulnerable, has yet to be fully integrated into planning and practice in London and elsewhere.
This study sampled a total of 268 people involved in natural resource research and management education: elementary (n = 59), middle (n = 39), secondary (n = 44), K-12 (n = 22), and nonformal (n = 30) educators; university researchers (n = 24); and natural resource agency managers (n = 50) representing every state in the United States. A traditional Delphi survey approach was used to determine what concepts, skills, and affects should be included in the National Project WET water and water resource curriculum framework. The analysis resulted in an 80-item curriculum framework to guide development of educational materials in this area. Differences among regions of the country and between educators and resource managers are noted.
The authors developed a framework of empirically grounded curricular goals for waterscience literacy and documented the challenges that students face in achieving these goals. Waterrelated environmental science literacy requires an understanding of connected natural and human-engineered systems at multiple scales ranging from atomic—molecular (changes of state and solutions) to large (watersheds, aquifers, and human water-purification and distribution systems). The authors' assessments of students from upper elementary school through high school suggest that virtually all students have some important understandings of water on which educators can build. Yet, the authors found that most students do not systematically trace water and other materials through systems and do not account for invisible aspects of water systems at the atomic—molecular and landscape scales. The results revealed a contrast between students' informal accounts of water in environmental systems and scientific accounts of these systems. The authors discuss curricular implications and the importance of helping students develop a richer understanding of water systems at multiple scales.
In this paper I perform a historical and conceptual analysis of multi‐level governance (MLG) in order to tease out its characterizing traits and allow for its utilization for both empirical and normative purposes. MLG is a dynamic three‐dimensional concept that blurs and problematizes three analytical distinctions that have been central to the conventional reflection on the European modern state: (1) that between centre and periphery, (2) that between state and society and (3) that between the domestic and the international. Each dimension or axis involves, in its turn, changes that occur at three analytical levels: political mobilization, policy‐making and polity restructuring. Through the combination of these dimensions I generate a three‐dimensional conceptual space within which the empirical scope and reach of MLG can be gauged and its desirability in normative terms assessed.
This paper investigates collective memory in inhabitants of two twin cities, Lviv (Ukraine, previously Lwów, Poland) and Wrocław (Poland, previously Breslau, Germany). Due to territorial changes in Eastern and Central Europe after World War II, the two cities changed their state belonging and—consequently—their populations. This study focused on memory of residence place and on its relationship with place identity and place attachment.A sample of 200 participants from three districts of Lviv and 301 participants from four districts of Wrocław were investigated on a number of issues, including reported place identity (city district, city, country region, nation, Europe, world, human being), place attachment (apartment, house, neighborhood, city district, city) and place memory (memory of the city, the city district, the street, and the house). Collective memory showed a powerful ethnic bias, equally strong in both cities, but with different underlying mechanisms: predictors of the bias were national identity in Lviv and demographic variables (age) and lack of place identity in Wrocław. Place (city) was constructed as national symbol in Lviv, and as an autonomous entity in Wrocław. Some evidence was also obtained that the degree to which place attachment is associated with the higher-order (national) or lower-order (local) identity predicts the amount of ethnic bias in perceptions of the pre-war past of the two cities. The findings are interpreted within the dual-process models of perception, here applied to perception of places.
The human population generates vast quantities of waste material. Macro (>1 mm) and microscopic (<1 mm) fragments of plastic debris represent a substantial contamination problem. Here, we test hypotheses about the influence of wind and depositional regime on spatial patterns of micro- and macro-plastic debris within the Tamar Estuary, UK. Debris was identified to the type of polymer using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and categorized according to density. In terms of abundance, microplastic accounted for 65% of debris recorded and mainly comprised polyvinylchloride, polyester, and polyamide. Generally, there were greater quantities of plastic at downwind sites. For macroplastic, there were clear patterns of distribution for less dense items, while for microplastic debris, clear patterns were for denser material. Small particles of sediment and plastic are both likely to settle slowly from the water-column and are likely to be transported by the flow of water and be deposited in areas where the movements of water are slower. There was, however, no relationship between the abundance of microplastic and the proportion of clay in sediments from the strandline. These results illustrate how FT-IR spectroscopy can be used to identify the different types of plastic and in this case was used to indicate spatial patterns, demonstrating habitats that are downwind acting as potential sinks for the accumulation of debris.
This article reflects on the experience of European integration in light of the ongoing process of regional integration in the Northeast Asian region. Based on the existing theories, the article summarizes twelve lessons of European integration, highlighting, for example, the importance of identifying a functional area, the convergence of interests (not an identity), the existence of strong leadership and supranational institutions, the significance of "domestic democracy," and the presence of hospitable external circumstances. The history and prominent current projects of regional cooperation in the Northeast Asian region are reviewed, followed by an investigation of the relevance and applicability of the lessons of European integration to Northeast Asia so as to derive a set of practical policy prescriptions for promoting regional integration in the region.
Anadolu'da Tüylerle Hazırlanan Gelin Baş Giyimlerinden Bazı Örnekler
- M Kahveci
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Kütahya'da Geleneksel Kadın Giyim-Kuşam Kültürünün Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından Uyum ve Anlamlılığı
- A Koç
Koç, A. (2012). "Kütahya'da Geleneksel Kadın Giyim-Kuşam Kültürünün Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından
Uyum ve Anlamlılığı," Milli Folklor, Yıl 24, Sayı 93.