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磺酰腙/GO复合膜的制备及分离性能研究

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Water contamination by emerging contaminants is increasing in the context of rising urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture production. Emerging contaminants refers to contaminants for which there is currently no regulation requiring monitoring or public reporting of their presence in our water supply or wastewaters. There are many emerging contaminants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, drugs, cosmetics, personal care products, surfactants, cleaning products, industrial formulations and chemicals, food additives, food packaging, metalloids, rare earth elements, nanomaterials, microplastics, and pathogens. The main sources of emerging contaminants are domestic discharges, hospital effluents, industrial wastewaters, runoff from agriculture, livestock and aquaculture, and landfill leachates. In particular, effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the presence of emerging contaminants in waters. Although many chemicals have been recently regulated as priority hazardous substances, conventional plants for wastewater and drinking water treatment were not designed to remove most emerging contaminants. Here, we review key examples of contamination in China, Portugal, Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. Examples include persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzofurans, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in lake and ocean ecosystems in China; emerging contaminants such as alkylphenols, natural and synthetic estrogens, antibiotics, and antidepressants in Portuguese rivers; and pharmaceuticals, hormones, cosmetics, personal care products, and pesticides in Mexican, Brazilian, and Colombian waters. All continents are affected by these contaminants. Wastewater treatment plants should therefore be upgraded, e.g., by addition of tertiary treatment systems, to limit environmental pollution. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Dyes are growing to be a problematic class of pollutants to the environment. The disposal of dyes in water resources has bad aesthetic and health effects, hence the need to remove them from the environment. The need for treatment methods that are effective and low in price is rising hence a lot of research interest is being diverted towards adsorbents that are cheap, preferable naturally occurring materials like clays. In most reported dye adsorption studies, limited information on the relationship between characterization results with adsorbent performance on dye removal has been given. This review article seeks to report on the link between the adsorption characteristics of the clays and their adsorption capacities and to gather information on the modifications done on clays to improve their adsorption capacities. A critical analysis of the different mechanisms involved during the decolouration process and their application for dye removal has been discussed in detail in this up-to-date review. From a wide range of consulted literature review, it is evident that some clays have appreciable adsorption capacities on top of being widely available. It was also noted that several parameters like contact time, dosage, concentration, temperature and pH affect the removal of dyes. Furthermore, the application of clay minerals for decolourising water represents economic viable and locally available materials that can be used substantially for pollution control and management. Conclusions were also drawn and suggestions for future research perspectives are proposed.
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Composites of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF)–polydiphenylamine (PDPA) are electrospun as nanofibrous membranes, PVdF–PDPA-CFM (CFM represents composite nanofibrous membrane). Polymer electrolytes are prepared by loading lithium salts into PVdF–PDPA-CFM. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images clearly inform that PVdF–PDPA-CFM has interconnected multi-fibrous layers with ultrafine porous structures. The average diameter of fibers in PVdF–PDPA-CFM is ∼200 nm for a loading of 0.5 wt.% of PDPA in the composite, which is far lesser than pristine PVdF membrane. There is inter-fiber twisting in the PVdF–PDPA-CFM that generates microcavities. These interconnected morphological features of PVdF–PDPA-CFM result in higher ionic conductivity, effective lithium ion transport and good interfacial characteristics with lithium electrode. Higher ionic conductivity, lithium ion transport number of about 0.48, higher liquid electrolyte uptake (>280%) with dimensional stability, lower interfacial resistance and higher electrochemical stability window of 5.18 V vs. Li for PVdF–PDPA-CFM electrolyte are witnessed. With these improved performance characteristics, PVdF–PDPA-CFM finds its suitability as polymer electrolyte for high-performance lithium rechargeable batteries.
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To achieve high water flux, the majority of positively charged NF membranes consist of a thin active skin deposited on a thick, permeable support, while the connection force between the active layer and the support is a physical force which may cause the membrane unstable in the long running. In general, chemical bond connection may show superior stability. Based on this consideration, a series of positively charged nanofiltration (NF) membranes were prepared by UV-initiated graft polymerization of methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) onto polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes in this work. The salts rejection order of these membranes is MgCl(2) > NaCl > MgSO(4) > Na(2)SO(4). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (FTIR-ATR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle were employed to characterize the resulting membranes. The results indicated that the grafting degree (DG) increased with increasing the monomer concentration, prolonging the irradiation time and reducing the irradiation distance. However, the filtration performance was not well correlated with the increasing DG. The NF membrane prepared by photografting in a 1.5 M DMC solution for 5 min demonstrated high MgCl(2) rejection (94.8%) accompanied with high flux (20.3 L/m(2) h) at 0.2 MPa. When operation pressure increased to 0.8 MPa, the solution flux increased to 60 L/m(2) h, while MgCl(2) rejection nearly maintained stable about 92.4%. An interesting phenomenon was also observed in this experiment that the flux of pure water was less than that of salt solution for some NF membranes.
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The effect of the addition of metal ions to dye solutions in promoting dye aggregation and in changing dye association in solution has been studied. Experimental findings indicate that the promoting effects of calcium and magnesium ions are greater than that of sodium ions. It is expected that any change in dye hydrophobicity would have a direct influence on the extent of dye aggregation. Under acid conditions, a higher concentration of metal ions would result in an increase in dye aggregation with a reduction in dye hydrophobicity. On the other hand, while the dye aggregation is increased under alkaline conditions under the influence of metal ions, hydrophobicity was shown to increase. These changes in dye hydrophobicity could be used to explain the dyeing behaviour of reactive dyes in the dyeing of silk.
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Removal of dye compounds from colour baths used in the textile industry is a possible application of nanofiltration. However, the mechanisms involved in this process are not clearly understood and the practical application of the process is facing many problems such as fouling and flux decline. The mechanisms of retention and flux decline were examined using two different approaches. Firstly, synthetic dye baths were prepared according to manufacterer's recipes. Retention of two reactive dyes (reactive blue 2 and reactive orange 16) was studied in separate baths and with different concentrations of Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaOH and a surfactant. Different nanofiltration membranes (UTC-60, NF70 and NTR 7450) were used. The water flux in each of the experiments was monitored. It was found that the retention of ions decreased with the ion concentration due to a decrease of the Donnan potential. The retention of the dyes was high and was not influenced by the dye concentration or the ionic strength. The water flux was dependent of the ion concentration in the feed solution: high ion concentrations caused a dramatic decrease of the water flux. The dye concentration in the bath was found to have only a minor influence, whereas surfactants did not change water flux or dye retention. A theoretical explanation for these effects is given. The phenomenon of flux decline limits strongly the applicability of nanofiltration for direct treatment of dye baths. In a second step, an industrial wastewater from a textile factory was treated biologically in an active sludge system. The effluent was used as feed for nanofiltration with the same membranes as in the first step. The overall results for these experiments were satisfactory. The ion concentration was much lower than in the earlier experiments due to mixing of different feed streams. Therefore, the water fluxes were not considerably lower compared with the clean water fluxes. The retentions were sufficiently high to make recirculation of the treated water possible, thereby providing a considerable saving of water.
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A fast-growing bottled water market is occasionally challenged by reports calling for contaminant leaching from water-contact materials (plastics). Our focus was on leaching of antimony (Sb) and brominated compounds expressed by total soluble bromine (Br) measurements, including those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). Studies are lacking on concomitant leaching of two or more inorganic plastic constituents from the same bottle. A market-representative basket survey of bottled water was initiated in Boston, USA supermarkets. Bottled water classes sampled were: i) non-carbonated (NCR), ii) carbonated (CR), and iii) non-carbonated and enriched (NCRE). Plastic bottle materials sampled were: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), and polycarbonate (PC). Storage conditions for the 31 bottled water samples were: 23°C temperature, no-shaking and 12h/12h light/dark for 60days of equilibration. Average Br and Sb concentrations after 60-days of storage followed the order of NCR<CR=NCRE, and NCR<CR<NCRE, respectively, suggesting that the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide in CR samples coupled to additions of flavors and color to NCRE could explain the elevated leaching of Br and Sb. Combining all bottled water classes and plastic material types, a highly significant (p<0.001) correlation was observed between log-transformed soluble Br and Sb concentrations, suggesting similar leaching behavior. Among samples with the highest soluble Br concentrations, BDE-209 congener was qualitatively confirmed in three out of four bottled water samples. The PC, HDPE, and PS samples exhibited significantly (p<0.05) lower Sb and Br leaching than PET. Upon quantitative validation of PBDE leaching from certain plastic bottles into water, a revisit to existing PBDE exposure assessment reports will be deemed necessary.
  • A M Devis
  • R Sreekumar
  • S Das
  • K Jayasankar
  • S S Sreera
Devis AM, Sreekumar R, Das S, Jayasankar K, Sreera SS. Int J Environ Anal Chem, 2023, DOI:10.1080/03067319.2022.2164716
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  • P Ecorchard
  • M Š Slušná
  • J Tolasz
  • D Smržová
  • S Lupínková
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Ederer J, Ecorchard P, Slušná MŠ, Tolasz J, Smržová D, Lupínková S, Janoš P. Adsorpt Sci Technol, 2022, 2022: 7385541