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American Journal of Entomology
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Diversity and Abundance of Pest Insects Associated with
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., 1843 (Fabales: Fabaceae) in
Bockle and Dang Localities (North-Cameroon)
Moukhtar Mohammadou
1, 2, 3
, Boris Fouelifack-Nintidem
1
, Moïse Adamou
2, 3
, Taïmanga
4
,
Daniel Kossini
3
, Sedrick Junior Tsekane
1
, Babell Ngamaleu-Siewe
1
, Edith Laure Kenne
1
,
Abdel Kayoum Yomon
1
, Martin Kenne
1, *
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Email address:
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To cite this article:
7;!7!!".160!;&".7<2"!.=!<!!.4!>.%";?=;!.1!
&!!%.@"/!>.2">!,A.7!>43,!"2"!0)$2!"Vigna
unguiculata/B!.#6!!6!!!1;!"4!/!&5!American Journal of Entomology
C.&.."# !
Received2.Accepted7!,(.Published7!,.
Abstract:
5!!!"!!",&5!4!3,!"##0
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Cheilomenes sulphurea5!5"!.!"0I!0!2"!HApis mellifera adamsonni.
Amegilla calens. Amegilla !" Xylocopa olivaceaJJ. 3 I ,! H "!!,! !3
Aulacophora indica5!5,"!.&!!3Danaus plexippus/"!&,!"!.)!!!
!3 Dolerus G,! =""!. !0! !3 Hypolimnas misippus /"! &,!"!.
!0!!3Monolepta marginella5!5,"!.)!!!!3Phyllotreta cruciferae5!
5,"! !" @!! !3 Tettigonia viridissima *! ="!J B "" 3 I
!0" H !0! !3 Anoplocnemis curvipes G! 5"!. ! )!!! !3
Aphis crassivora G! 2""!. " " !3 Bothrogonia G! 5!""!. ! !3
Dysdercus cingulataG! ),"!.)!!!!3Lagria hirta5!="!.&
2!!3PoecilocapsusG!7"!!")!!!!3Riptortus dentipesG!2,""!J
83 #I !3 . '(I !3 !" # I H !3
'I!"!3'(IJ=!"! M. marginella((I.Poecilocapsus##I.
2"!#I.Ph. cruciferae#I.C. sulphurea#I.H. misippusI./!#I.Ah. crassivora#I
'(I!KI!$!!"!",0!3!"
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( 7;!7!!"et al43,!"2"!0)$2!"Vigna unguiculata/B!.#
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Keywords:
Vigna unguiculata.)$.1"3,.&5!
1. Introduction
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2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
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occidentalis 6!! Caesalpiniaceae !" Hyptis
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areas were small plots of polycultures family farms
2.2. Sample Design
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2.3. Identification of Insect Specimens
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2.4. Data Analysis
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3. Results
3.1. Inventory of Insect Species
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/!. # /"! &,!"!J
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/!. ' G,! 2"!. Tettigonia
viridissima /!. ' *! ="! !"
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Au. indica#I!"Ph. cruciferae#I'
(I HAh. crassivora#I. Am. calens'I.
Amegilla I. An. curvipes (I. Ap. mellifera
adansoni I. Bothrogonia I. C. sulphurea
#I. Dolerus I. Da. plexippus 'I. Dy.
cingulata 'I. H. misippus I. L. hirta #I. R.
dentipesI.X. (Kopthortosoma) olivaceaI!"T.
viridissima #IJ ! , " $
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plexippus"D3,1;",!
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!! 4! 4 !!.
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Bothrogonia T(!"Dy. cingulataTJ
$ !. #I " 0!,
!01;HDa. plexippusT
(D(. Dolerus T D#'. H. misippus T
D.M. marginellaTD#.Ph. cruciferae
T D. Poecilocapsus T D'. X.
(Kopthortosoma) olivaceaT'D(!"T. viridissima
T DJ 6!, ! 0 D
0!,4!HAmegillaTD.Ah.
crassivora T D'. Au. indica T (D. C.
sulphurea T '#D. L. hirta T D !" R.
dentipes T DJ 4 !!.
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dentipesTJ
Table 1. Occurrences and percentages of collected insects by family. Percentages are calculated from the total number of specimens.
Family
Year 2021 Year 2022 Both years (2021 and 2022)
A. Bockle
(%) B. Dang (%)
C. Global
(%) A. Bockle (%)
B. Dang (%) C. Global
(%) A. Bockle (%)
B. Dang
(%)
C. Global
(%)
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6!!6!!!1;!"4!/!&5!
2021 Bockle: α’ (p)
Dang: α’ (p)
2021 Bockle: α’ (p) Dang: α’ (p) 2021 Bockle: α’ (p) Dang: α’ (p)
)!!10""
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Table 2. Insect species composition in the study sites, number of foraging adults, and dominance status of recorded insect species.
Year 2021 Year 2022 Pooled two years
Order/Family
Species Bockle
(%)
Dang
(%) Total (%)
Bockle
(%)
Dang
(%) Total (%)
Bockle
(%) Dang (%)
Total (%)
5!
5,"!
Aulacophora indica8
(
a.$7.)
HJ (
(
.(
# #((
.
#(
.#
(
.'
.(
#
Monolepta marginellaB
(
:.)
HJ '(
.#
(
.
'
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'.'
.
#
.##
(#
.(##
'
.#
((
Phyllotreta cruciferae8F
a.)2.)
H#J '
#
.#
##
.''
.#(#
'
.'
#
.((
#
5"! Cheilomenes sulphurea
*3(
*,-
H'J .
#
'#
'
#
'''
'(
(#
.(#
="!
Lagria hirta/!'
a.)
HJ #
(
'#
'
(
''
#
G!
2""! Aphis crassivora>'#
a.
)25*%.)
HJ #
'#
(
'#
'#
'#
5!""! Bothrogonia7!.
(
a.*B.)
HJ (##
#
#
''
#'
'
#'
5"! Anoplocnemis curvipes
6!
:.)
H(J
#'
(#
(# '
(
7"! PoecilocapsusP.
a.&@&2.)
HJ .
' (
.'
( ('
#'
.#
'' (
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.
##
),"!
Dysdercus cingulata
6!'
a.%-=.)
HJ '
'
#'
' ' #'
G! Riptortus dentipes6!
a.)2.)
HJ
#
#'
#'
G,!
2"! Amegilla calens/)
#
:.-
H
J
Amegilla6.(
:.-
H
J
'
'
' '
Apis mellifera adansoni
/!#
:.-
HJ '
#'
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Xylocopa olivacea6!
:.-
HJ ((
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## ((
#
=""!
Dolerus)!F
a.)2.)
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J
#'
#
#
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'
a.&@.)
HJ (##
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/!#
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/!'
a.@-2.)
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2!?!0@, #
T(D#'.H. misippusTD.Ph. cruciferaeT
!" Poecilocapsus T #D##J6!,
##I , " 4! HAh.
crassivora6LD!T.An. curvipesT
(D. Ap. mellifera adansoni T D#. Au.
indicaTD.C. sulphureaT(#D#.L. hirta
T #D.M. marginella T . X. (Kopthortosoma)
olivaceaTD!"T. viridissima TDJ
2" 3! " "!! 0 ,!.
1; !" 4!. 0! "00 !
"" 'IHAm. calens 6LD!
T!"L. hirtaT##J3
,""1;HPh. cruciferaeTD.
Poecilocapsus T D'. X. (Kopthortosoma)
olivacea T D. Da. plexippus T 'D(.
DolerusTD.H. misippusT'D!"
T. viridissima T D#J 6!, 'I
,"4!HAmegilla6LD!
TD.An. curvipesTD.Ap. mellifera
adansoniiTD#. Au. indicaTD(.Ah.
crassivora T 'D. Bothrogonia T . C.
sulphurea T D. L. hirta T D#. M.
marginellaT!"R. dentipesT#DJ)!
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0 "00
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"0H/!!"GJ&
! 0 . 0!"00 ""
!Ap. mellifera adansoni Am.
calens, Da. plexippus!"Dy. cingulata=!2
2" 0 !
! =! Ap. mellifera adansoni !" Dy.
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!"4!Amegilla!"R. dentipes""
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4!"!!='IHAn.
curvipes. T. viridissima !" X. (Kopthortosoma) olivaceaJ
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calens ! "" D3, 4! "
!! 6!, #I ""
!, 1;!" 4!" ! ,!0
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H "!!,! !3 Au. indica
5!5,"!.&!!3Da.
plexippus/"!&,!"!.!!!3
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5!5,"!!" !! 0 @!!
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I! "; H !0!!3
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0DolerusG,!=""!
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3.2. Insect Species Abundance
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mellifera adansoni, C. sulphurea, H. misippus, M. marginella
!"X. (Kopthortosoma) olivaceaJ!!!,"00
0!0
#I 0 ! HAh. crassivora, Au. indica,
Bothrogonia , Da. plexippus, Dolerus , Dy. cingulata, L.
hirta, Ph. cruciferae, Poecilocapsus ., R. dentipes and T.
viridissimaJ%"T#."0T.T#
3.3. Insect Community Structure
= 0 "" 0 !
1;!"4!!!"3!"!
!. . !
3!=!
Table 3. Matrix of the species richness, diversity, evenness and dominance indexes for each study site.
Indices 2021 2022 Both years
Bockle Dang Global Bockle Dang Global Bockle Dang Global
2P"D
I #. .' . '.'# (.' '.# . '.# .'
% # ' ' ( (
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Figure 1. Rank-frequency diagrams of the collected insects in Bockle and Dang during 2021 and 2022 showing species in order of numerical dominance and the
species rarefaction curves among the two study sites and the two collection years.
#( 7;!7!!"et al43,!"2"!0)$2!"Vigna unguiculata/B!.#
6!!6!!!1;!"4!/!&5!
Figure 2. Rank-frequency diagrams of relative insect species abundances collected from two study sites. For each site percentages were calculated on the total
number of individuals collected.
* ! 0 GL 0 " "3,
=!!3!"!;!"!6!".
0,!"!3!"003
I0!"4!
##I " 1; !"
!, , !"! =, "3""
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'I H !0! !3 !
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H "" ";
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= ! H )!!! !" "
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= )!!! !; ! R. dentipes
G!2,""!!""!1;!"
" ,!4!=0!G,!
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""!"!!01;!""
!"4!6!,!HAu. indica
5! 5,"! !" Dy. cingulata G!
),"! "" 1; !" 4!
3,1!"GL &
"D=! !"
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4! !! H1!,5 "D 1; 3 4!
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=!3,30"!,15T!"
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1;=00!0"
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4!,!15T1;!"4!vs.
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' 7;!7!!"et al43,!"2"!0)$2!"Vigna unguiculata/B!.#
6!!6!!!1;!"4!/!&5!
Figure 3. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis based on Jaccard’s index using the “Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean” (UPGMA) algorithm and
showing similarity in insect assemblages among two sampling sites and two colledction years (Cophenetic correlation: 0.821).
Table 4. Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) values for the adjusted theoretical models.
SAD model
AIC (BIC) values and the best fitted theoretical model
Year 2021 Year 2022 Both years
Bockle
S = 14;
n = 4,617
Dang
S = 15;
n = 6,251
Global
S = 16;
n = 10,838
Bockle
S = 15;
n = 5,584
Dang
S = 16;
n = 9,563
Global
S = 19;
n = 15,147
Bockle
S = 18;
n = 10,201
Dang
S = 18;
n = 15,814
Global
S = 19;
n = 26,015
1;%;1% ## # ' ''( (# (# (
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3.4. Association and Correlation Between Species
*!0.#!0!
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Table 5. Kendall’s correlation tau τ between insect species recorded in 2,640 sample units.
Species 1 / Species 2 tau τ (p-value) Species 1 / Species 2 tau τ (p-value) Species 1 / Species 2 tau τ (p-value)
2Amegilla calens 4Aphis crassivora $Da. plexipus
Amegilla ('#D
#
:
H. misipus D
:
Dolerus #'D
#
:
Ah crassivora #'(D
'
:
L. hirta D
:
H. misipus #''D
:
C. sulphurea '#D
(
:
Ph. cruciferae #D
((
:
M. marginella 'D
:
Da. plexipus (#((D
#
:
Poecilocapsus . #
Ph. cruciferae 'D
(
:
Dolerus . D
:
T. viridissima (D
:
X. olivacea #D
:
Dy. cingulatus 'D
: @Apis mellifera ?Dolerus
H. misipus (D
('
:
C. sulphurea #(D
:
Dy. cingulatus D
(
:
L. hirta #D
:
Da. plexipus D
#
:
H. misipus #D
:
M. marginella #(D
'
:
Dy. cingulatus #D
:
L. hirta :
Poecilocapsus . (D
:
L. hirta (D
:
Ph. cruciferae ''D
:
B. Amegilla .
Poecilocapsus . D
:
R. dentipes :
Ap. mellifera #D
'
:
X. olivacea '(: >Dysdercus cingulatus
Ph. cruciferae #D
: 6Aulacophora indica
M. marginella ((##D
'
:
Poecilocapsus 'D
(
:
Bothrogonia . #(D
(
:
R. dentipes D
:
T. viridissima #(D
:
C. sulphurea #D
: /Hypolimnas misipus
X. olivacea #('D
:
Da. plexipus #'#D
(
:
M. marginella D
#
:
5Anoplocnemis curvipes
H. misipus #D
:
R. dentipes #'D
#
:
Bothrogonia . #D
:
X. olivacea D
'
:
T. viridissima #D
#
:
C. sulphurea D
#
: 8Bothrogonia 7Lagria hirta
H. misipus #D
(
:
C. sulphurea (''D
:
M. marginella #D
:
L. hirta D
:
Dolerus ('(D
:
Ph. cruciferae D
:
M. marginella ((D
'
:
H. misipus #D
: &Monolepta marginella
R. dentipes (D
:
Ph. cruciferae '#D
:
T. viridissima 'D
#
:
T. viridissima D
:
R. dentipes #D
:
X. olivacea ((D
:
4Aphis crassivora
T. viridissima (D
'
: *Phyllotreta cruciferae
Ap. mellifera #D
(
:
X. olivacea 'D
:
Poecilocapsus . D
:
Au. indica ##D
'
: GC. sulphurea
R. dentipes D
#
:
Bothrogonia . D
:
Poecilocapsus '
T. viridissima D
:
C. sulphurea 'D
(
:
R. dentipes ''#: )Poecilocapsus
Da. plexipus (D
#
:
X. olivacea ('D
:
X. olivacea ((D
:
Dy. cingulatus ((D
(
:
0!!:0!!&120"!."!!00!;"
!
= 0 !0! !3 ! Amegilla calens
G,!2"!!!3,!"3
=! '2 H ! )!!! !3
!; Aphis crassivora G! 2""!.
0 !0! !3 "! Cheilomenes sulphurea
5! 5"!. )!!! !3
,! Dolerus G,! =""!.
! "" !; Dysdercus
cingulatus G! ),"!.
)!!! !3 !; Lagria hirta 5!
="!. !0! !3 ,!
Monolepta. marginella 5! 5,"! !"
! ! 0 @!! !3 ,! Tettigonia
viridissima*!="!J!"!3,
!" =! '2 H 0
!0! !3 "! Amegilla G,!
2"!. &!!3 ,! Danaus plexipus
/"! &,!"! !" !! ""
,! Hypolimnas misipus /"!
&,!"!JAmegilla . !!3, !"
=! '1 H)!!! ,!
Phyllotreta cruciferae 5! 5,"!,
' 7;!7!!"et al43,!"2"!0)$2!"Vigna unguiculata/B!.#
6!!6!!!1;!"4!/!&5!
& 2! !3 !; Poecilocapsus
G!7"!!"T. viridissimaJ!"!3,
!" =! '1 H 0
G,! 2"! !0! ! Apis mellifera
adansonni !" Xylocopa olivaceaJ Anoplocnemis curvipes
!!3,!"=!'5H"
" !; Bothrogonia . G!
5!""!!" H. misipusJ!" 3,!"
03 =! '5 HBothrogonia ., L. hirta, M.
marginella, R. dentipes !"T. viridissimaJAphis crassivora
!!3,!"=!'4HAp.
mellifera adansonni, Da. plexipus !"H. misipusJ!"!
3, !" 3 =! '4 H
"!!,! !3 ,! Auacophora indica
!5,"!. Bothrogonia . C. sulphurea,
Dy. cingulatus, L. hirta, Ph. cruciferae !"T. viridissimaJAp.
mellifera adansonni ! !3, !" 0
=!'@HC. sulphurea, Dy. cingulatus, L. hirta !"
Poecilocapsus .J !" !3,!"
=!'@HDa. plexipus !"X. olivaceaJAu. indica
!!3,!"=!'6HDa.
plexipus, H. misipus !" X. olivaceaJ !" ! 3,
!!"=!'6HBothrogonia . !"C.
sulphureaJ Bothrogonia ! !3, !"
=!'8HH. misipus !"X. olivaceaJ!"!
3, !" 03 =! '8 HC.
sulphurea, )!!! !3 ,! Dolerus
G,! =""!. Ph. cruciferae, R. dentipes
!" T. viridissimaJ C. sulphurea ! !3, !"
X. olivacea !" 3, !" R. dentipes
=!'GDa. Plexipus !!3,!"
=! '$ HDolerus . M. marginella !" Ph.
cruciferaeJ!"!3,!"
=! '$ HH. misipus !" X. olivaceaJ Dolerus !
!3, !" H. misipus !" 3,
!" 0 =! '? HDy. cingulatus, L.
hirta, Ph. cruciferae !"R. dentipesJDy. cingulatus !,
3, !" M. marginella !" R. dentipes
=!'> H. misipus !, !3,!"
=!'/HM. marginella, R. dentipes !"
T. viridissimaJL. hirta !,3,!"M.
marginella !" Ph. cruciferae =! '7 M.
marginella ! !3, !" X. olivacea !"
3, !" T. viridissima =! '& Ph.
cruciferae ! !3, !" Poecilocapsus .
!"3,!" R. dentipes !" T. viridissima
=! '* 6!, Poecilocapsus ! !3,
!" X. olivacea =! ') =
!"0!!"!!
00"!!
4. Discussion
4.1. Species Richness, Diversity, Abundance and Dominance
*"3!"0(.(!.
0! !" D " !!" ! !
1!" 0" . G! "
! #I 0 !". 0" , 5!
I. G,! (I. /"! (I.
G!I!"!,*!"I0
" =!09,"!
!; !" 3! "
5!H. #(J =!, 0 !
, ! !3 ! !0 " !
!!.F!00"
0 !" 0!. ! 0
!! ! ! , !!. ! !!! 0
"3"!!!"P!"
!3 "3" ! ! 9 0 !! !"
" 0 " , ""!" 0!
5! H. #. (. (J Dolerus G,!
=""! ! ! 0 !" "
),! H5! 5,"! #I.
G,! =""! 'I. /"!
&,!"! (I !" *! ="! IJ
!" !0" H5! ="! I.
G!2,""!I.G!2""!((I.
5!""! I. 5"! #I. 7"! 'I. !"
),"!#IJ.!3,"I0
= !, "
!0"$"!HJ.@,H(J.&!H(J.
8! %!3!! 0 5! !" %"!
%!!2!+H(J!"!;!"
! 5! H. (J. " G!
2""!!!"!$!01;!"
4! &5!. 0
!!" !. ! 9 3!
!",3!!!"20(
!!" ! ! " ,
+!!!H(#JB"" HAphis craccivora
> G! 2""!. Anoplocnemis curvipes
6! G! 5"! !" Riptortus
dentipes6!G!2,""!J1;
!" 4! ! & 5! $ $"!.
3!0!0!!!!3!
! " "" "3, !" 3, 3
!. 3, !" "!
/"! !" 5!M " H. ('J G3
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" ! D 0 ! !
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0 !" 0. !"
2!?!0@, '#
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! ! ! "3"" ' ,! .
00!"0!"
H(J = !3!!, 0 "
0! 0 ! " ! !!
0!3! !! 0 = "!!
!",,! 5!5,"!.
G,!. /"! !" *! !" !0"
5! ="! !" G! !
!3 !" " ! ! 0 I =
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0 !" !!""!
0 ,! !" 3! !3
" !; !" !" "
=!0"!01;8!!
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$3,5!.!!!!!!3.0!"
"!!!;"!.""
" " HJ = "00 3" "
D!", 09,0!3,! !
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0!. !!; 0" , 3!,
"!,!"!!0!
*", 0 3!!!0!3!"
!3!!0!
! 3!" 1; !" 4! !
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"!9!3D!0!"!=
3!" ! " ! !3,
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3 ! 0 !3
%! ! " "" !
!F"3H'.(.((JP
!!"!"0!"!!
! Piper nigrum / !, 0
) !5!. ! !" ! !
1!5!H. (.J ="3,0
!!"!"!!3
#I0!!"'I
0 ! " . !;
D!0 = D!0 0" !"
! , !3" , !3
!3 '(I 0 !"
'I 0 ! !"!%!"
!!"!!0"1!5!
H.(J=!"!303!3!3
""!;HJ=
"3,""0!3000
!! 0 !3
HAnoplocnemis curvipes 6! G!
5"!. Monolepta marginella B ( 5!
5,"!. Hypolimnas misippus /! #
/"! &,!"!J !" !3
HAphis crassivora > '# G! 2""!.
Aulacophora indica 8 ( 5!
5,"!.Bothrogonia7!(G!
5!""!. Danaus plexippus /! '
/"! &,!"!. Dolerus )!F
G,! =""!. Dysdercus cingulata
6! ' G! ),"!. Lagria hirta
/! ' 5! ="!. Phyllotreta
cruciferae 8F 5! 5,"!.
Poecilocapsus P G! 7"!.
Riptortus dentipes6!G!2,""!.
Tettigonia viridissima /! ' *!
="!J = "" !3 ! 09,
"!0" 3!!An. curvipes
G! 5"! 0 0
!"!"!"5!!;
,!0"0"!""!
6D!5f"M$3A!HJ!3
! An. curvipes ! 0 !.
0 (I 0 ! 3," " Anacardium
occidentalis %!"! 2!!"!!. Mangifera indica
2!!"!!. Cocos nucifera 2! 2!!.
Elaeis guineensis 2!!. Ipomoea batatas %!!
533!!.Cucumus sativusC!5!!.
Cucurbita maxima 5!!. Langenaria vulgaris
5!!. Hevea brasiliensis 7!!
@!!. Manihot esculenta 7!!
@!!. Arachis hypogea 6!! 6!!!.
Glycine max6!!!.Phaseolus lunatus 6!!!.Vigna
unguiculata 6!!!. Persea africana /!!
/!!!.Abelmoschus esculentus 7!3!7!3!!.
Gossypium barbadense 7!3!!. Musa paradisiaca
+! 7!!. Psidium guajava 7,!
7,!!. Passiflora edulis C! )!0!!.
Oryza glabberima 5,!)!!.Zea mays)!!.
Coffea arabica P! P!!. Citrus limosus
%!"! P!!. C. maxima P!!. C. sinensis
P!!.Lycopersicon esculentum%!!%!!!.
Solanum nodiflorum%!!!.S. melongena%!!!
!"Theobroma cacao7!3!%!!73.
!""!!5itrus!"&!HJ
=!0M. marginella5!5,"!.
;!!;!3!"0 !"
!"!3!""!!"3
0 !, !" ! 0" " !3!"
!"HJMonolepta53!.!
08!! ! ""
H#J !" 0 ! "" !
H'JH. misippus/"!&,!"! !
; 20! , !" ,!"
0,. ,!. ! !! "
5!! 0" ! 3!, 0 ! 0! "
533!!. 7!3!! !" )!!! !"
!,0",!)!!!Portulaca oleracea!"
Po. quadrifida HJ&!3 "!! 3!"
! , !3 ! ! !! 0
"=!0!3H.#.
. .. . J! "" 1; !"
4!
'' 7;!7!!"et al43,!"2"!0)$2!"Vigna unguiculata/B!.#
6!!6!!!1;!"4!/!&5!
%!0" 3 0 ! 3 ! ,
,!!"!3"3"!3!,
" 3! =!0 0 !0"
00!3!"!
!,;0""!"!!0!!
.!!!0!!0"
!"5!H.J1!"
!0 !3, 0 !3
!0".,"!,!!!3,
!8!!!"&!"&5!
*"! 30 !3
. 0 !3 !,
"" ! ! !, "3
3!" !! , !3 "" =
!0!3"0
!0!,!!!.0!
!3 0 0 "" B"". ,
" ! , " 0 1
!!!!3!!
" !, !" 00. ! 3!
.!00!"!!!F!"!"
"30!!!!0 "
H#J 2 ! ! " ! 1; !" "!
!0,!!,!"!;!"9!
!"!!"!"3
!"!
4.2. Community Structure and Functioning Model
=!!0,!L"
"!! 1; ! 0, 0" , !
"//7!M "87.
7!L3!!!!
3! T ( 4! !" 3!
" 0" !
"/&)L")L3!
!! ! 3!L T( !"L T (
3,=870"!
! ! !"! 0
!0"!!!"!;5!,
/&)""!
!0!"!!"0!;0
!" 0 ! ,
! , 0 "! !"!. 87
7! " " ! , !
"" !, "! 87
!" "0%24 03!
.0D!""!!!
!D0F!"!!!!D!!"!
),6!H(J.!!0 "
! !" 0 % 2 HJ. !"0,
7!, 0 5 HJ.
5!!"! !" G! ! !" 3 !"
!"g! ! !!" !!" !
6!" HJ. !! 0 ! "00
,03!!F05!HJ.
!! 0 !!" ! !
1! 5! H(J 83 ! !
!! 0 0 0 !
0! !" 0 00,
!!" /! /! " H#J.
"0!!F!"0
0 !" "" 3
0D!0!3!!
=4!.,!L"
"!! 4! !" 3! " !! 0
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1; !" !"
" !! 0 0"
+07!" +7 " +0M !. 3, "
D3,.09,!"!!
,!!F!"!"=
"!,!","!!F%240
H'.(.J6+"09,0
!3,!!;!""
"!"0!!!0!"
"!9 3! " =!
9 !! 3, !, !" !"!.
! !F" !! !. 0
!3"0"3.!"!
+!"+7"!09, 0" 0
!!3. 33",
;" " !!
0 ! 0 0! !"
!! ! H'. '. J =
!! !!" ! ! 1; !"
4!!.0!0!!0!
D 0! ; "3" !" !
+0 !" +07!" " " ! 0
33"3! !!!"
"!0!,0!!0!"
""!3
5. Conclusion
=0",8!!!"&!"!
""3,0!!"!
! !" !!F , 5"
0 " D ". 0!.(
! !" ( )" "!! "
."3,!"!"!,!0
1!" 0 " "!!.
5!. G! !" G,!
" H03 ! IJ /"! !
" , , 'I. G! !"
*! !,",,
'I !1!"!"!.G!!
, !"! #I 0" , 5! I.
G,!(I./"! (IG!!"
*! ! !"! I 3, =
3!"3, 0 ! !!"
3!!"!!3
#I 0 ! !" 'I 0 !
!"!. !; D! 0
= D! 0 0" !" !
2!?!0@, '
,!3",!3!3
'(I 0 !" 'I 0 !
!"! $ 1; !" 4! !. !
"" !!" ! !.
20! !3 "" HAnoplocnemis
curvipes G! 5"!. Hypolimnas misippus
/"! &,!"! !" Monolepta marginella
5! 5,"!J 4 ! !.
!!"!!"0",,!3
= , 0 !!"
! ! 1; !" 4! . " ! 0!,
0! ! 0 !" "" !
3 $ ! 0 ,. !
" ! 4 ! !"
!3! "! 0 !3 . ! 0!
0!!,D!$".
3!" " , F !3!!
!" !! !. , " !
!3 !
3=90!3.
!, ! " 0!. 0
D = 0 !
! 0 !! ,!!, 3
"
Acknowledgements
= ! !;" 5!! 7, 0
G @"! 0 3" 0" !
!=, !; "0 /!!,0
2"+,0-3,0&!"0!!
!"0!!"!!!
Appendix
Table A1. Pairwise comparisons of the pooled species occurrences from the two study sites and two years collections using Bonferroni’s procedure and the
Fisher’s exact p-values.
α' (p-value) α' (p-value)
α' (p-value) α' (p-value) α' (p-value) α' (p-value)
!vs. D
#
:
vs. 0 #D
#
:
vs. ;
D
#
: "vs. 9
#D
#
(D
: 0vs. ;
D
#
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'
: vs. #D
#
:
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#
:
vs. #D
#
:
vs.
D
#
: "vs.
D
D
: 0vs. '(D
#
D
: vs. (D
D
:
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:
vs. #D
#
:
vs.
D
#
: "vs.
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#
D
#'
: 0vs.
D
#
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: vs. ;
(
!vs. D
#
:
vs. D
D
: vs.
D
#
: vs. 0
'D
D
: 0vs.
D
#
D
'
: vs. D
'D
(
:
!vs. 0 D
#
:
vs. #D
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:
vs.
(D
#
: vs.
(D
#
D
: 0vs.
((D
#
D
: vs.
D
D
:
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#
:
vs. ; #D
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:
vs.
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#
: vs.
D
#
D
(
: 0vs.
'
vs.
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#
:
vs. 'D
#
:
vs. 9
(D
#
: vs.
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: 0vs. 9
'D
#
D
: vs.
(D
D
:
!vs. D
#
:
vs. 'D
#
:
vs.
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#
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: vs.
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#
D
'
: 0vs. D
'D
: vs.
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#
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:
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:
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:
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: vs. ;
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: 0vs.
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(
: vs. 9
D
D
:
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:
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:
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: vs.
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: vs.
D
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:
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#
:
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:
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: vs.
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#
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: vs.
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: vs.
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:
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#
:
vs. 9 D
#
:
"vs.
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#
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: vs.
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: vs.
D
#
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(
: vs. #D
#
:
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#
:
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#
D
'
:
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: vs.
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#
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: vs. ;
D
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: vs. ; #D
#
:
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#
:
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:
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'
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:
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:
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:
!vs. 9 D
#
:
vs. #D
#
D
'
:
"vs. ;
'D
#
D
: vs.
'
vs.
D
#D
: vs. #D
#
:
!vs. D
#
:
vs. 0 D
#
:
"vs.
#'D
#
D
: vs.
'D
#
#D
: vs.
D
#D
: vs. #D
#
:
!vs. D
#
:
vs. D
#
:
"vs.
#D
#
(D
: 0vs.
D
D
: vs.
D
D
: vs. #D
#
:
vs. D
D
#
: vs. D
#
:
"vs.
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#
'D
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(D
#
(D
##
: vs. 9
D
#
(D
##
: vs. 9 ##D
#
:
vs. " #(D
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:
vs. D
#
D
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: "vs.
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#
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:
vs. #'D
#
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vs. D
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#
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Table A1. Continued.
α' (p-value) α' (p-value) α' (p-value) α' (p-value) α' (p-value) α' (p-value)
vs. ; D
D
#
: vs.
#(
;vs.
D
'D
: vs.
D
D
'
: vs. 9
D
D
: vs.
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#
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:
vs. D
D
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: ;vs.
D
D
#
: vs.
#D
D
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: vs.
D
D
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: vs.
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#
'D
: vs.
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#
'D
:
vs. '
(#
;vs.
D
D
#
: vs.
D
D
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: vs.
D
#
D
: vs.
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D
: 9vs.
'D
#
D
:
vs. D
D
#
: ;vs.
'
vs.
(D
#
D
#
: vs. 9
vs.
D
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: 9vs.
vs. D
(D
: ;vs.
D
D
'
: vs.
D
#
D
(
: vs.
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#
(D
'
: vs. 9
D
D
: vs. 'D
#
D
:
vs. D
#
D
'(
: ;vs.
D
#
'D
: vs. 9
#D
'(D
#
: vs.
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vs.
#D
#
D
:
vs. 9
' ;vs. 9
D
D
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: vs.
#(D
#
D
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: vs.
D
D
'
: vs.
D
D
'
:
vs. '#D
#
D
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:
;vs.
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#
D
: vs.
vs.
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#
D
: vs. 9
D
#
#D
#
:
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