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Spytska
Liana Spytska*
Doctor of Psychological Sciences, PhD in Law, Professor
Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University
01042, 17 John Paul II Str., Kyiv, Ukraine
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-727X
UDC 159.923.4:616.89-008.441.1
DOI: 10.52534/msu-pp1.2023.87
Differences in the psychological portrait of a sociopath, sociophobe and introvert
Article’s History:
Received: 22.12.22
Revised: 27.02.23
Accepted: 31.03.23
Suggested Citation:
Spytska, L. (2023). Differences in the
psychological portrait of a sociopath,
sociophobe and introvert. Scientific Bulletin
of Mukachevo State University. Series
“Pedagogy and Psychology”, 9(1), 87-93.
doi: 10.52534/msu-pp1.2023.87.
*Corresponding author
Copyright © The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Abstract. e relevance of the problem is the need to highlight specic
dierences in the psychological portraits of a sociopath, sociophobe and
introvert to distinguish clearly between seemingly similar concepts. e
purpose of the research is to detail the specic features of human mental
states, to establish the dierential characteristics of a sociopath, sociophobe
and introvert, and to distinguish each of these states as a separate independent
component of the human psyche. Statistical and analytical methods were used
to obtain the necessary results. e main markers of sociophobic behaviour
are considered, and it is noted that they can manifest themselves with
varying intensity depending on the severity of the symptoms of sociophobia.
e author presents a psychological portrait of a sociopath and denes the
typology of sociopathy. e main features of an introverted personality are
identied, the advantages that introverts have in comparison with extroverts
and the main forms of their maladjustment are considered. e specic
framework of each concept examined is highlighted, and the dierences
between them are indicated. It is substantiated that introversion appears in
humans from birth and is associated with the specic structure of the brain,
while sociopathy and sociophobia are acquired throughout life as a result of
psychological and physiological trauma. It is identied that a sociophobe and
a sociopath dier in psychological characteristics, as a sociophobe is afraid
of people, and a sociopath hates people. It is proved that, unlike sociophobia
and sociopathy, introversion is not a mental disorder, but an element of a
healthy psyche. e practical signicance of the research is that the results
will help to distinguish the psychological states of a person, to understand and
dierentiate the analysed concepts more clearly, to preliminarily determine
one’s psychological state, to establish a specic framework for a simplied
psychologist’s conclusion, and to identify important details and features of the
manifestations of a sociopath, sociophobe and introvert
Keywords: society; mental health; psyche; personality; psychological trait;
mental disorder; phobia
INTRODUCTION
e presence of sociopathic, sociophobic, and introverted
tendencies in humans in the modern world is quite com-
mon due to the prevalence of mental trauma, traumatic
upbringing style, special perception of the world, and
other factors that could lead to the emergence and devel-
opment of such traits in humans (Shiraev & Levy, 2020).
However, most people cannot say for sure which trait is
inherent in the person (for example, possible introversion,
sociophobia, sociopathy, certain psychological character-
istics of the person), which can result in a false statement
that will lead to disappointing consequences. If a person
incorrectly identies an inherent trait, it can result in er-
roneous conclusions by the psychologist when working
with them, which may aect the further eectiveness of
sessions with a specialist.
In addition, people with these traits may have dierent
perceptions of the world, their own lives, and society, but
the characteristics of the traits themselves are very similar.
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Differences in the psychological portrait...
and statements of scientists, and statistical indicators for
additional collection and use of information in the study,
which helped to identify the percentage of human psycho-
logical traits in society. e combination of all research
methods allows for a comprehensive study of the subject of
establishing dierences between the portraits of a sociopath,
sociophobe and introvert by exploring the components sep-
arately from each other as integral parts of the human psy-
che, which helped to identify the characteristic features of
psychological elements in human behaviour and well-being.
To establish a clear framework for the research and a
more structured study of the subject, the research was di-
vided into three main stages, namely: establishing the main
characteristics and specic features of sociopathic behav-
iour, determining the percentage of people who have this
psychological trait, and identifying the characteristic fea-
tures that can distinguish this component from other simi-
lar mental traits of a person; identifying the characteristics
of the psychological portrait of a sociophobe, analysing its
statistical indicators, and highlighting specic features in-
herent in the trait to establish a clear framework and dis-
tinguish it from sociopaths and introverts; identifying the
psychological characteristics of an introvert, which are the
main manifestations of the human psyche indicator, re-
viewing the statistical features of the manifestation of the
psychological trait among people, and identifying specic
features that only introverts have.
RESULTS
Main characteristics and features of sociophobic behaviour
Social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, is one of the most
common types of human anxiety disorder. With sociopho-
bia, a person may experience anxiety and fear, discomfort
and anxiety when they hear judgement, evaluation and
scrutiny of the person, which can occur in public speak-
ing, interviews, in a group of people, etc (Kim et al., 2022).
e everyday activities that a person faces every day in the
presence of other people can cause feelings of anxiety and
possible anxiety about being judged or humiliated.
When faced with uncomfortable situations in society, so-
ciophobes can experience such intense anxiety that it seems
that the person is no longer able to control themselves. Such
levels of fear and anxiety can prevent a person from engag-
ing in normal social activities, going to work or other plac-
es where other people are present. Other people who do not
have psychological problems may be able to perform these
activities but will feel very afraid or anxious when they do
(National Institute of Mental Health, 2022). In general, there
are several degrees of severity of the symptoms of social pho-
bia that a person experiences during the manifestations of the
disorder, as presented in Fig.1. If a sociophobe participates in
social situations and events, the person may feel anxious sev-
eral weeks beforehand, and they avoid places that symbolise
and evoke adverse emotions and fear. Notably, a person with
a social anxiety disorder may not experience anxiety at all
when interacting with society but only when it is necessary to
become a leader in a group, speak, compete, or make a speech.
us, it is necessary to explore the dierences in the portraits
of a sociopath, a sociophobe and an introvert in more detail.
e authors’ source base includes the following re-
searchers who examined the subject from dierent angles:
V.V.Moskovchenko (2016) explored the features of social
anxiety and sociophobia in adolescents, and analysed the
behaviour of students with sociophobia through surveys;
Yu. Chystovska et al. (2019) analysed the features under
which anxiety disorders and sociophobia occur, and indi-
cated possible options for improving the mental state of a
person with anxiety traits; S.U.Ibragimov (2022) explored
sociophobia as a medical condition and correlated anxiety
disorder with suicidal thoughts in people; M.Loppies et al.
(2020) analysed the impact of students’ introversion on the
learning process; M.Johnson (2021) examined the features of
sociopathy and separated it from the concepts of psychopa-
thy and autism; L.E.Christie (2020) analysed murderers with
mental disorders in her work and identied possible causes
of sociopathy and psychopathy in people; D.Petric (2022)
distinguished between the concepts of introversion, extra-
version and ambivalence, and identied their main features.
e main purpose of the research is to identify the
distinctive features in the portraits of a sociopath, socio-
phobe and introvert, to establish their common points and
individual characteristics of the manifestation of each of
the features in a person separately, and to identify the psy-
chological features of their manifestation in everyday life
and society in general. e originality of the research is to
explore the dierences between psychological portraits of
a person, to establish the characteristics and features of so-
ciopathy, sociophobia and introversion inherent in each of
the human character traits, and to analyse the concepts, to
clearly distinguish them from each other for a more visual
distinction between the concepts, to highlight their dier-
ences for further use of the terms in the correct variations,
which will help to draw clear conclusions regarding the
portrait of psychological traits of a person.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the course of writing this research, the author has exam-
ined thoroughly the characteristic features of psychological
portraits of a sociopath, sociophobe and introvert, analysed
their characteristics, statistical indicators of their presence
in people’s lives, statistical data on individual manifestations
of these psychological portraits, and highlighted the main
details that distinguish these concepts from each other, es-
tablishing a clear framework between them to determine
the dierences between the psychological components of a
person. In addition, statistical and analytical research meth-
ods were used. Based on the statistical method, the research
collects statistical data on the number of sociopaths, socio-
phobes and introverts to determine the percentage of psy-
chological traits of a person, and interprets the indicators
with the main manifestations of psychological characters.
e analytical method has become the foundation for ex-
amining the manifestations of psychological factors in peo-
ple of the modern world. e author analyses the opinions
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Spytska
Social anxiety disorder can appear in late childhood
(14-18 years old) and look like normal teenage shyness,
fear of interaction with society, etc. Notably, women are
more likely to develop social phobia than men, which can
be seen at a young age. In the absence of certain treatment
and work with a psychologist, social phobia can accompa-
ny a person throughout their life, and the symptoms and
specic features of the psychological condition can be-
come stronger and more unpleasant with age for the per-
son (Starcevic, 2009).
In addition, people living with their families are at risk
of social phobia. According to G. Kastrati et al. (2022),
some parts of the brain are responsible for fear and anxiety,
and genetics can aect the functioning of these parts of the
brain. e amygdala is responsible for the expression of fear
and aggression, and for species-specic defensive behav-
iour, and plays a role in the development and retrieval of
emotional and fear-related memories. rough additional
studies of the body and brain in sociophobes, scientists and
psychologists can identify new features of the treatment of
mental disorders.
Psychological portrait of a sociopath
A sociopath is a term used to describe a person with a
severe form of antisocial personality disorder. Sociopaths
do not have a fully functional conscience and tend to ma-
nipulate, exploit, or even abuse other people. Other socio-
pathic traits include charm, impulsivity, poor emotional
control, and a tendency to behave illegally, immorally, or
violently (Johnson, 2019).
Sociopaths are people with mental disorders and severe
antisocial personality disorder (called ASPD). It is estimat-
ed that about 30% of people with ASPD are sociopathic
(Johnson, 2019), and these are individuals who have a his-
tory of behavioural problems, criminal convictions, aggres-
sion or violence towards others, and dicult relationships
that manifest in misunderstandings, defensiveness, and
conviction of their own opinions. In addition, some socio-
paths have narcissistic traits, which makes them particular-
ly dangerous and manipulative. In addition, many people
with this trait have drug or alcohol problems and have a
pattern of irresponsible or impulsive decision-making that
has caused problems in their work, life, and relationships.
Notably, there are 3-5% of sociophobes among the pop-
ulation. In addition, it is noted that about three out of 100
men and one out of 100 women are sociopaths. 70 per cent
of all sociopaths are fatherless children, and the rest do not
have a father or mother due to divorce. Between 15% and 25%
of prisoners demonstrate signs of sociopathy (notably, this
data does not go beyond global statistics) (Johnson, 2019).
e signs of a sociopath are not always obvious, espe-
cially as some sociopaths have become very adept at de-
ceiving, charming and manipulating others to get what
they want (Table1). Due to this, it can be very dicult to
spot a sociopath in your life, especially if they are someone
you don’t know very well or don’t interact with regularly.
84,40%
9,50%
2,70%
Absence or minimal
Light
Moderate
Severe
3,40%
Figure 1. Severity of symptoms of social phobia
Source: Terlizzi and Villarroel (2020)
Table 1. Sociopathy typology
Types of sociopaths Additional disorders Features
Nomadic Schizoid and avoidant features Quick to adapt in dicult situations, insightful, impulsive,
adventurous
Vicious Sadistic and paranoid features Dangerous people, including serial killers, who have malicious,
sadistic and cruel intentions and can suspect treason
Greedy Passive-aggressive features
ey can express themselves adversely towards other people;
their reaction to the phrases and actions of society is greedy,
stingy, and self-serving
Risky Hysterical features ey can take great risks, pursue dangerous activities, and are
characterised by gambling, courage, recklessness
Protector of reputation Narcissistic features Reacts vividly to adversity and adverse comments from others,
with a desire to be restless and threatening
Source: Allen et al. (1971)
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Differences in the psychological portrait...
eciently in any situation, while people with introversion
rst think through each step in advance. erefore, it can
be stated that introversion and extraversion are quite dif-
ferent concepts of personality, as there are people who can
be completely introverted or extroverted or in between, but
it is impossible to belong to both groups simultaneously.
erefore, people can usually identify themselves as either
more introverted or more extroverted (Taylor, 2020). As for
the specic characteristics that may be inherent in a person
with introversion, the following should be mentioned.
Introversion as a positive human characteristic. People
can think about introverts adversely and indicate that they
may feel uncomfortable in society, feel insecure and awkward
around other people, but this opinion is not always true. Peo-
ple with introversion can be happy and have an interesting
life, as they are not dependent on others and their opinions,
and do not need additional energy from them due to the
ability to regulate their emotions and energy independently.
Introversion is dicult to change. Introverts are fre-
quently encouraged to change to be more like other people.
However, notably, introversion is practically the main char-
acter trait of a person, thus, an introvert will do nothing
to conform to the standards of society and will most likely
remain themselves.
Introverts are sociable and outgoing. Some introverts can
be full-edged leaders, responsible for setting the mood and
establishing warm relationships between people in the group.
us, contrary to extroverts, introverts cannot be in the spot-
light for a long time, but they know the extent and limits of this.
e cause of introversion and other personality char-
acteristics has no clear answer. Jung believed that a person
did not choose their personality, but instead there was an
interaction of biological and unconscious factors (Geyer,
2012). Table2 presents the characteristics of a person with
introverted traits.
Children who do not receive caring attention from
their caregivers tend to grow up learning that they must
take care of themselves as no one else will. Some children
who experience abuse, violence and manipulation from an
early age may model this behaviour in their conict resolu-
tion (Frazier et al., 2019).
In addition, research has demonstrated that it is possi-
ble to develop sociopathy through trauma or damage to the
frontal lobes of the brain, which can occur as a result of head
trauma or advanced conditions such as dementia and lead
to certain antisocial behaviours (Mendez et al., 2011). Peo-
ple who demonstrate signs of sociopathy do not choose to
be “evil”, as in many cases they live with ASPD, a condition
that develops as a result of a combination of genetic and en-
vironmental factors, including childhood abuse and neglect.
Psychological characteristics of an introvert
Introversion as a psychological preference, or personality
trait, is a special characteristic of a person who gets more
energy and pleasure when doing any work alone. Introverts
usually nd common ground with themselves or have a few
close friends with a similar worldview, and they can some-
times spend time in small groups of people. Introversion as
a concept of personality trait appeared in the works of C.
Jung more than 100 years ago. At that time, the psychologist
explored the characteristics of introverts as people who use
their energy only for themselves and extroverts, on the con-
trary, as people who give their energy to others (Geyer, 2012).
Introversion is the opposite of extraversion, as extra-
version occurs in people whose thoughts are completely
opposite to the worldview of introverts. Extroverts can be
energised and energised by talking to and interacting with
people, thus, they are considered social people, and they
can spend time alone with themselves but need it less than
introverts. In addition, extroverts can act more quickly and
Main features Positive qualities Forms of maladjustment
Diculty in socialising
Emotional coldness
Communicating with older people
Low physical and intellectual activity
Cold mind
A knack for thinking outside the box
Passion
Ability to work independently
Analytical skills
Antisocial behaviour
Fighting for justice
Designing fantasies
Table 2. Characteristic features of introversion in humans
e thinking of a modern person may indicate a dif-
ference in the brains of introverts and extroverts, name-
ly, primarily through blood ow and neurotransmitters
in particular places. Such theory arose from a study that
demonstrated that extroverts can rest at a lower level of
arousal, which indicates the need to receive energy from
others, as this would make extroverts feel better. erewith,
introverts have a higher level of arousal, which indicates the
possibility of overload when relaxing in a group of people
(Geyer, 2012; Dong et al., 2022).
Source: Tuovinen et al. (2020)
Brain scans may indicate that the amygdala and the
adjacent nucleus accumbens play a role in introversion.
ese parts of the brain are responsible for emotions and
reinforcing a stable level of behaviour through the action
of a chemical in the brain, namely dopamine. Extroverts
can experience a large inux of dopamine when meeting
new people, which is not the case with introverts. It could
indicate that being introverted or extroverted is a birth trait
(Miller et al., 2020), rather than being conditioned by child-
hood trauma, family problems, or other individual factors.
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DISCUSSION
Based on the study, it may seem that the concepts of so-
cio-phobia, sociopathy and introversion have similarities,
as they relate to a person’s individuality and a particu-
lar altered image and sense of society. However, it is not.
Yu.Yu.Chystovska et al. (2019) indicated that due to anx-
iety, a person’s mental state changes and can develop from
ordinary stress to a potential problem or disease, such as
social phobia, addiction, depression, the pathogenesis of
somatic disorders, etc. In addition, it is emphasised that
social phobia can occur in dierent degrees of severity and
manifest itself in dierent ways, and the only reliable way
to cure social phobia or improve a person’s psychological
state is to work with the family and establish harmonious
relationships between its members. Notably, social phobia
can have dierent characteristics and severity depending
on the person’s personality and character, but in general,
the symptoms of social anxiety disorder are the same for
all people, otherwise, there is a possibility that the person
has a dierent mental feature. e family can indeed be a
good treatment for a sociophobe, but to completely solve
the problem and identify the causes of its occurrence, it is
necessary to conduct therapy with a psychologist who can
help a person on a professional level.
Moskovchenko (2016) noted that anxiety can be per-
ceived by a person to varying degrees, depending on their
worldview, self-esteem, and relationships with others and
parents. According to the research, delinquent adolescents
tended to tolerate possible doubts, fear and anxiety more
easily, while the normative group was more vulnerable,
which once again demonstrates the possibility of dier-
ent feelings of anxiety and manifestations of sociophobia.
It is true, as most people with social phobia experience it
in a mild form, while some can experience it moderately,
and others have severe social phobia, which is inuenced
by external factors and the person’s general well-being. In
addition, the subject of socio-phobia was considered by
S.U. Ibragimov (2022), noted that people with severe social
phobia may have suicidal tendencies and thoughts, which
indicates the need for psychological assistance to a person.
Notably, it is possible, but suicidal tendencies may not al-
ways occur only in people with severe social phobia, as this
factor may depend on the inuence of the environment,
self-esteem and self-respect.
Regarding sociopathy, L.E.Christie (2020), analysing
the character of murderers, wrote that most of them had
developed a feature of sociopathy, namely maliciousness
when a person can harm others, can be cruel and react
sharply to adverse actions against them. However, this
process is curable and can be stopped, and with psychi-
atric treatment at an early stage of sociopathy, further de-
velopment of sadistic tendencies should not occur. In ad-
dition, M. Johnson (2021) examined sociopathy, namely,
she separated this concept from psychopathy and autism,
as these features of the human mental state were previous-
ly identied and confused. However, the identication of
the dierence between the concepts allowed for providing
a clear description of sociopathy and indicating that, un-
like psychopathy and autism, sociopathy is a less prob-
lematic psychological illness that can be worked on to-
gether with a psychologist without additional medication.
e author’s opinion can be agreed with, as sociopathy is
not such a serious diagnosis compared to other psycho-
logical disorders, but it can develop into a more complex
form or even more serious psychological problems. With
the timely intervention of a psychologist, sociopathy can
take on mild forms, and with intensive therapy, this psy-
chological state will cease to occupy a signicant part of
the human mind.
e subject of introversion was considered by M.Lop-
pies et al. (2020), who noted that introversion can aect a
person’s learning process, complicating it due to problems
in work and contact with society. us, problems in the
educational process may arise, but inverts may not fully
aect the development of a person, since, as indicated in
the study, introverts are distinguished by the qualities of
non-standard thinking, high productivity when working
independently, and a cold mind that can set a person up
for results, despite the possible opinions of others. D.Pet-
ric (2022) indicated in her study that an introvert, contra-
ry to their position, can lead a group, establish companies,
actively participate in social projects, and speak in public,
which is typical of an extrovert. It is indeed possible when
an introverted person is ready to expand their capabilities
and leave their comfort zone, but not every introvert may
be capable of such steps. If a person wants to do this, but
cannot overcome themselves and their will, then it is worth
working with a psychologist who will help to correct the
situation and help them achieve their purpose.
Summarising the study and researchers’ opinions on
the dierences between the psychological portraits of a
sociophobe, sociopath and introvert, it can be stated that,
in general, scientists consider the dierence between the
concepts, focusing on the main characteristics of each psy-
chological feature. e research has demonstrated that the
dierences between sociophobia, sociopathy and introver-
sion are quite signicant, which excludes the possibility of
combining the concepts into a single unit since the areas
of features are quite dierent and individual. e subject
can be further explored by analysing the manifestation of
psychological traits at dierent ages, exploring possible
ways in which psychological features such as sociophobia
and sociopathy can arise in a person, and how introver-
sion is born in a person, which can help to further discover
new ways to solve psychological problems. In addition, it
is possible to establish the specic features of the inuence
of psychological traits on a person’s mental health and
general well-being to improve the manifestations of socio-
phobia, sociopathy and introversion and to analyse which
features of society inuence the emergence of anxiety, fear,
discomfort and other human conditions on the emergence
of these factors and their manifestations.
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Differences in the psychological portrait...
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded
that the concepts of sociophobe, sociopath and introvert do
have common features, including a person’s “immersion” in
themselves, distorted perception of the world and society
around them, adverse feelings in society, etc. However, they
have dierences that distinguish them and make the con-
cept of human features dierent. ese dierences include
the following statements.
1.Sociophobes most frequently do not like to appear
in public, be a leader, or spend time in a large company. In
crowded places, a sociophobe may experience fear, panic,
and anxiety, which puts them in an uncomfortable posi-
tion. In addition, sociophobia is an acquired character trait
that occurs with human development.
2.Sociopaths generally do not like strangers, consider-
ing them alien, mean, and evil. In society, a sociopath may
experience panic, anger, and aggression towards others.
In addition, sociopathy appears with the development of
a person, mainly due to traumas associated with the inu-
ence of society on a person.
3.Introverts feel uncomfortable with other people, es-
pecially with a large group of people, avoid public speaking
and do not like to draw attention to themselves. Introverts
may experience panic and fear in society or when talking
to people. Introversion is an innate character trait that a
person receives at birth.
In addition, it can be stated that the people who have
these portraits can be radically dierent, and the work of
these people with a psychologist can have dierent nature
and other features in the way they conduct conversations,
solve problems, overcome complexes, etc. e main results
of the research are to identify the features inherent in the
psychological portrait of a sociopath, sociophobe and in-
trovert, namely: sociopathy and sociophobia dier from
introversion in that they are not components of a healthy
human psyche; sociopaths are characterised by a complete
disregard for the country’s legislative provisions, moral
and social standards; sociophobes have a characteristically
pronounced behaviour in society, through which they can
demonstrate certain emotions and feelings; introverts are
characterised by behaviour associated with the inner world
of a person, namely, a person relies only on themselves,
without regard to the opinions of society.
Further development of the subject of establishing
the dierences between the psychological portraits of a
sociophobe, sociopath and introvert can be continued by
conducting a study that can demonstrate the characteris-
tics of a person with the traits of sociophobia, sociopathy
and introvert separately from each other to provide more
specic explanations for the behaviour of people with these
psychological traits. In addition, it is possible to track how
these traits manifest themselves and aect a person’s life
in society at dierent ages, namely: children, adolescents,
adults aged 18-25, adults aged 25-45, and people over 45. It
is possible to analyse the specic features of the emergence
of these traits, what inuences their rooting in the psychol-
ogy of each person and how to avoid a strong inuence of
traits on the behaviour, state and social life of people with
sociophobia, sociopathy and introverts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
None.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None.
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Ліана Вікторівна Спицька
Доктор психологічних наук, кандидат юридичних наук, професор
Східноукраїнський національний університет імені Володимира Даля
01042, вул. Іоанна Павла ІІ, 17, м. Київ, Україна
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-727X
Відмінності в психологічному портреті соціопата, соціофоба та інтроверта
Анотація. Актуальність досліджуваної проблеми полягає у необхідності виділити конкретні відмінності в психологічних
портретах соціопата, соціофоба та інтроверта для чіткого розрізнення схожих на перший погляд понять. Мета наукової
статті – деталізувати особливості психічних станів людини, встановити диференційні характеристики соціопата,
соціофоба та інтр оверта, а також виокремити кожен із цих станів як окрем у незалежну складову частину людської психіки.
Для отримання необхідних результатів використано статистичний та аналітичний методи. Розглянуто основні маркери
поведінки соціофоба та наголошено на тому, що вони можуть проявлятися з різною інтенсивністю залежно від тяжкості
симптомів соціофобії. Представлено психологічний портрет соціопата та визначено типологію соціопатії. З’ясовано
основні особливості інтроверсивної особистості, розглянуто переваги, якими володіють інтроверти, якщо порівнювати
їх з екстравертами, та основні форми їхньої дезадаптації. Виділено конкретні рамки кожного досліджуваного поняття
та вказано відмінності між ними. Обґрунтовано, що інтроверсія з’являється в людини від народження та пов’язана з
особливостями будови головного мозку, а соціопатія та соціофо бія набуваються впродовж життя внаслідок психологічних
та фізіологічних травм. Виявлено, що соціофоб та соціопат відрізняються психологічними характеристиками, адже
соціофоб побоюється людей, а соціопат ненавидить людей. Доведено, що, на відміну від соціофобії та соціопатії,
інтроверсія – це не психічний розлад, а елемент саме здорової психіки. Практичне значення дослідження полягає у
тому, що його результати допоможуть виокремити психологічні стани людини, чіткіше зрозуміти та диференціювати
аналізовані поняття, попередньо визначити власний психологічний стан, встановити конкретні рамки для спрощеного
висновку психолога, а також визначити важливі деталі та особливості проявів соціопата, соціофоба та інтроверта
Ключові слова: соціум; ментальне здоров’я; психіка; особистість; психологічна особливість; психічний розлад; фобія
