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On the methodological bases of genetic language comparison

Authors:

Abstract

The notion of arbitrariness plays a fundamental role in the identification of linguistic properties which can prove genetic relatedness. In the traditional comparative method, arbitrariness is only relied upon in individual linguistic signs. The paper attempts to generalize the concept of arbitrariness to other areas of the linguistic system, including constraints on subsystems and processes, in order to widen the basis for genetic comparison and lay the theoretical foundation for new methods of genetic comparison.
CLIPP
Christiani Lehmanni inedita, publicanda, publicata
titulus
On the methodological bases of genetic language
comparison
huius textus situs retis mundialis
https:// www.christianlehmann.eu/publ/
lehmann_method_genetic_comparison.pdf
dies manuscripti postremum modificati
25.05.2005
occasio orationis habitae
Colloquium on ‘New methods in genetic language
comparison’, University of Erfurt, 9.-10.11.2001
volumen publicationem continens
Language Research (SNU) 41
annus publicationis
2005
paginae
379-404
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... One of the general criticisms directed towards the Comparative Method is that it is only an aid in revealing whether languages are related, while the method has nothing to say on whether languages are not related (cf. Lehmann 2005). This is of course only a problem for research programs specifically targeting the issue of language relatedness. ...
... The solution to these problems I think lies in finding a more scientific methodology. The paper Johanna Nichols did for the book The Comparative Method Reviewed (1996) is a discussion of what types of evidence we need to show relatedness between two languages (see also Lehmann 2005). Nichols argues that the evidence that has been used in the history of Indo-European linguistics for showing relatedness is not individual word correspondences, but "whole systems or subsystems with a good deal of internal paradigmaticity, ideally multiple paradigmaticity, and involving not only categories but particular shared markers for them" (Nichols 1996:48). ...
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This paper presents epistemological and methodological problems found in work on the subgrouping of Sino-Tibetan languages and the reconstruction of features of the languages. A key problem is the lack of an accepted standard for judging this work, one that can stand up to statistical evaluation. An alternative methodology that involves using fixed sets of features to give us the statistical probability of common origin is suggested.
... Eine pauschale Kritik, die gerne an der komparativen Methode gerne geübt wird, ist die Behauptung, dass sie nur als ein Hilfsmittel zur Aufhüllung von sprachlichen Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen dient, aber nichts darüber beitragen kann, ob Sprachen nicht verwandt sind (Lehmann 2005). Das ist natürlich nur ein Problem für Forschungsprogramme, die ausdrücklich auf die Erschließung von Sprachverwandtschaften abzielen. ...
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The theory of Construction Grammar, where all linguistic units, including syntactic units, are treated as a pairing of form and function, allows for syntactic reconstruction. On a constructional account, there is no fundamental difference between sentences and words. Therefore, if words can be reconstructed as form–function correspondences, on the basis of the comparative method, so can structures at the sentence level. Given that systematic correspondences in the argument structure of oblique-subject predicates occur in several early and archaic Indo-European langua-ges, including Germanic, Latin and Greek, the likelihood of this being an inherited feature from Proto-Indo-European increases significantly.
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Die Funktion der Kommunikation ist in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln immer wieder am Rande thematisiert worden. Das liegt an ihrer zentralen Funktion im Konflikt. In diesem Kapitel will ich daher einige für den konkreten Konfliktfall nützliche Aspekte gezielt mit Ihnen aufarbeiten und die bisherigen Feststellungen ergänzen. Hierdurch soll Ihre Sensibilität für die eigene Kommunikation aber auch ein verbessertes Verständnis für ihre Tücken geschaffen werden. Denn eigentlich ist es ein Wunder, dass Kommunikation bei den vielen Transformationsprozessen beim Verfassen, Übermitteln und Decodieren einer Nachricht überhaupt gelingt. In diesem Kapitel wird dann auch ein Blick auf die derzeit stark voranschreitende Digitalisierung von Kommunikation und deren Besonderheiten in Bezug auf Konfliktentstehung und Konfliktbehandlung geworfen werden.
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This paper presents an appraisal of the most influential genetic classifications that have been proposed for the Tibeto-Burman languages of Nagaland, north-east India, and weighs up the evidence for the validity of a 'Naga' branch within Tibeto-Burman. The survey concludes that while phonological and lexical correspondences might be generally useful for establishing the affiliation of these languages to the Tibeto-Burman family, such criteria shed limited light on the problem of establishing lower level sub-groupings. Apart from the Konyak languages, which have been convincingly grouped with Jinghpaw and the Bodo-Garo languages on the basis of lexical innovations, sub-grouping within the languages of Nagaland remains inconclusive for want of robust diagnostic criteria. The paper presents new evidence for an intermediate grouping of languages of the central and southern regions of Nagaland (i.e. the Ao and Angami-Pochuri clusters), the historical-comparative basis for this being typologically rare overcounting numeral systems documented in the languages of these two regions in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. The complexity of overcounting numeral systems lessens the likelihood of their being borrowed, and such patterns have never been reported in contiguous Konyak, Karbi, Zeme, Kuki or Tangkhul languages. The paper concludes that the erstwhile presence of overcounting patterns in Tibeto-Burman languages of central and southern Nagaland must therefore represent an inherited innovation indicative of a close genetic relationship.
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