Industrial pollution and its effect in the context of Bangladesh

Abstract

In recent times, Bangladesh has experienced increased environmental degradation in general, particularly industrial pollution. The effect of industrial pollution is huge and the country is affected badly in a socio-economic way. This article emphasizes the problem of industrial pollution with regard to the present status of the environment in Bangladesh. It contains a summary of the country’s major environmental problems, a compilation of varied information on industrial pollution, and its effects. In the end, this article gives a silver lining on the magnitude of the problem and strategies for handling industrial waste management in an environment-friendly way.

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 Corresponding author: Ruhul A. Khan
Copyright © 2023 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0.
Industrial pollution and its effect in the context of Bangladesh
Anindita Saha 1, George R. Engelhardt 2, Digby D. Macdonald 3 and Ruhul A. Khan 1, *
1 Water Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission,
Savar, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
2 OLI Systems, Morris Plains, New Jersey 07950-2443, USA.
3 Departments of Nuclear Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley,
Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2023, 18(02), 936–945
Publication history: Received on 03 April 2023; revised on 14 May 2023; accepted on 17 May 2023
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.2.0868
Abstract
In recent times, Bangladesh has experienced increased environmental degradation in general, particularly industrial
pollution. The effect of industrial pollution is huge and the country is affected badly in a socio-economic way. This article
emphasizes the problem of industrial pollution with regard to the present status of the environment in Bangladesh. It
contains a summary of the country’s major environmental problems, a compilation of varied information on industrial
pollution, and its effects. In the end, this article gives a silver lining on the magnitude of the problem and strategies for
handling industrial waste management in an environment-friendly way.
Keywords: Industrial Pollution; Environment; Bangladesh; Wastewater; Waste management
1. Introduction
Industrialization started in Bangladesh during the 1950s with the establishment of jute, cotton, and sugar-based
industries. In the late 1970s, industrialization increased rapidly driven primarily by the garments industry. Several
government initiatives were also undertaken to promote industrial growth, including the establishment of industrial
estates and export processing zones. By late 1990, around 60 industrial estates and two export processing zones were
established. Growth was particularly marked in the garments sector. It was reported that huge growth in the garments
industry sector happened after 1990 and reached more than four thousand enterprises in 2005. And now, Bangladesh’s
Economic growth improves as the industry sector employs a larger share of employment, providing for almost 21.32%
of overall employment in 2019 [1-3].
Though the industrial sector has a huge contribution to economic development, unplanned rapid industrialization is
bringing out adverse impacts on natural resources. Bangladesh loses 8000 ha. of farmland annually due to rapid
urbanization, industrialization, unanticipated rural housing, and infrastructure development. Industrialization is one of
the main reasons for environmental pollution and industrial pollution is wreaking havoc on the environment,
destroying natural resources. Natural and anthropogenic practices are increasingly depleting resources, which is
alarming [4-5]. Bangladesh spotted 1st position among the most polluted countries with a PM2.5 reading of 83.30
micrograms per cubic meter and Dhaka ranked 21st position among the most polluted cities in 2019 [6].
From a pollution point of view, dyeing, leather, sugar, pulp, and paper industries are the major contributors. Non-
renewable local resource-based industries include industries based on mineral resources such as limestone, hard rock,
gravel, glass, sand, and various types of clays. In this category, major polluters are the cement and fertilizer factories.

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Imported resource-based industries include textiles, pharmaceuticals, plastics, petroleum, and metal works. Many of
these are found to be highly polluting.
Figure 1 Scenario of industrial pollution in Bangladesh
The EIA report on ship-breaking industries found a negative effect on abiotic and biotic factors which included soil
quality, soil fertility, air quality, water quality, vegetation coverage, animal life, forest, and biodiversity. Limitations of
resources, absence of interagency coordination, and lack of monitored regulation are determined as constraints of
administration, resulting in continued pollution [7-10].
Above, this article focuses on the problem of industrial pollution in relation to the present environmental scenario in
Bangladesh. It reviews the existing information on the issue in order to shed light on the magnitude of the problem and
strategies for handling the crisis including their limitations. The discussion is opened by presenting a summary of the
country’s major environmental problems. It also briefly analyzes industrial approaches to combat industrial pollution
in Bangladesh. Finally, we look at some heartening recent strategies to encounter environmental problems, especially
industrial pollution and furnish some suggestions.
2. Types of Industries in Bangladesh
Industrialization is an essential prerequisite for the rapid economic growth of a developing country like Bangladesh.
There are various industries in Bangladesh including garments, chemical, pharmaceutical, leather, fertilizer, cement,
tannery, and food. The growth rate of industries is on average 6- 10%. Chemical and pharmaceutical, power, food and
allied industries have a major share in numbers as shown in figure.2.
Figure 2 Percentage of Industrial sectors in Bangladesh. (Source: Bangladesh National accounts Blue Book 2016)

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Industrialization is a better solution to economic development for a highly populated country like Bangladesh. So, the
economic policy has been changing from agriculture to industrial sectors in the last few years [11-13]. The growth rate
of the industry in the different sectors is quite satisfactory. Bangladesh aims to become a middle‐income country by
2021 for its rapid economic growth in recent times. The textile sector has contributed 82% of the country’s total export
revenue [1].
Figure 3 Sectoral contribution to GDP (Source: RUBA et al., Current World Environment, Vol. 16-2:348-361, 2021)
2.1. Pollution Caused by the Industrial Wastes
Though industrialization plays a significant role in the development of Bangladesh, it has also brought with it a range of
problems. The industries tend to be clustered together and are highly polluting. As a consequence of their rapid and
largely unregulated development, many aquatic ecosystems are now under threat, and with them the livelihood systems
of local people [14,15]. Some major pollution caused by industrial sectors in Bangladesh are discussed below:
2.2. Water Pollution
Water is the most vital element among natural resources and is crucial for the survival of all living organisms including
humans, for food production and economic development. Water quality depends on effluent types and discharge
quantity from different types of industries, types of agrochemicals used in agriculture, and seasonal water flow and
dilution capability by the river system [16,17].
The water quality of rivers has been seriously affected by the dumping of municipal solid waste, the direct connection
of sewerage lines, and toxic industrial discharge [18].
Figure 4 Major sources of water pollution

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Major sources of water pollution are shown in figure 4. For example, Water pollution in the Buriganga river is at its
highest level now. The most significant source of pollution appears to be an industrial and urban waste. In the dry
season, the dissolved oxygen level becomes very low and the river water becomes toxic. Most importantly, the quality
of the Buriganga river water has continuously been deteriorating. Due to severe water pollution problems, Buriganga
is under threat of becoming a dead river in the future. Therefore, immediately necessary measures should take to save
the life of the river Buriganga [19-21]. In figure 5, the scenario of water pollution in the Buriganga river is shown.
Figure 5 Water pollution in Buriganga river, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Industrialization coupled with urbanization has caused an excess release of wastewater, putting aquatic lives in
immense harm. Heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, organic waste, pathogens, fertilizers, and new pollutants are
polluting freshwater resources. More than 80% of wastewater in the world is dumped into the environment untreated.
Figure 6. summarizes the water pollution load of ten major water-polluting industries. It shows that the water pollution
load from the textile industry is approximately one-third of that of the food processing industry [22].
Figure 6 Establishing the accuracy of pollution load of major water-polluting industries
Water is presently contaminated by heavy metals from dyeing industries and oil spills from ship braking industries and
ongoing vessels [10]. Rapid industrialization dramatically impacts emerging nations, resulting in huge economic and
health losses due to toxicological effects on persons and the environment from air, water, and soil pollution. Around
70% of the wastewater that high-income nations produce is treated, compared to 38% in middle-income countries and
28% in lower-middle-income countries. Wastewater is mostly generated in the urban and industrial sectors, with
additional sources including urban runoff, agricultural runoff, mining operations, landfill leachate, municipal, and
energy generation. Hazardous organic components in wastewater include persistent organic contaminants,
hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, PCBs, and volatile organic compounds [23-25].

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2.3. Air Pollution
Ambient air pollution puts everyone at risk, from a child to the elderly. From 2018 to 2021, Dhaka was ranked as the
second most polluted city in the world. In 2019, air pollution was the second largest cause of deaths and disability in
Bangladesh and cost about 3.9 to 4.4% of the country's GDP," said the acting World Bank Country Director for
Bangladesh and Bhutan, Dandan Chen [26].
Industrial exposures were identified as the major cause of air pollution in Bangladesh. The brick kiln industry, cement,
steel, rice mill, and glass factory are regarded as major influential contributors to air pollution [27-29]. The relative
contribution in the percentage of air pollution into the environment is presented in Figure 7. It can be seen that the top
three air-polluting industries (brick industry, cement, lime, and plaster industry, and iron and steel industry) are
responsible for almost 82–89% of the total air pollution in Bangladesh [22].
Figure 7 Relative contribution of different industries to air pollution
Industrial development is another major source of air pollution. Most of the industries in Bangladesh are situated in
major urban areas. The food industry emits the maximum number of pollutants followed by cement, pulp and paper
industry, and textile. In the food industry, most of the pollutants come from sugar mills. Pollution of air, water, and land
is caused mainly by pulp and paper, food, tannery, and leather industry where the food industry caused greater air
pollution, and sugar, mill, and oil factories contributed to pollutant emissions in the air. Hence, 81% of hazardous
chemical emissions would end up in the air [30,31].
2.4. Soil pollution
Industrial development has outpaced agricultural growth, and it generates heavy metalloids and solid waste, and
environmental deterioration. Heavy metals released into the soil by factories pose a significant danger to the
atmosphere, as soil toxicity and pollution result from rapid industrial activity. Heavy metal deposition in farm soils is
closely related to industrial wastewater used for irrigation. Although the readymade garments industry contributed
significantly to the growth of nearby areas, the inadequate amenities and facilities exacerbated the problem [32-34].
The ascendant order of metallic concentration (Fe > Zn > Ni > Cr >Pb> Cu >Cd) was found in arable soil where Cd content
in soil surpassed the allowable limit around industrial localities [35]. In agricultural soil near DEPZ, a great proportion
of As, Fe, Hg, Mn, and Zn was observed in the dry season, and As, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Hg were determined in the wet season.
N, P, and K were observed to be lower on rice plants that were planted on contaminated soil, indicating a significant
negative effect on soil and plant growth. Heavy metalloids are responsible for entering into the ecosystem and
deteriorating human health, the wild, and the bio environment [36].

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3. Effects on the Environment & Human Health
The availability of heavy metals in river water directly affects fish physiology and consumption ultimately affects human
health. The presence of heavy metals in the aquatic environment is of major concern because of their heavy toxicity, and
bio-accumulating tendency in the biota. Pollution by heavy metals is a threat to human life and the entire environment
as well as the wetland ecosystem [37-39].
Contaminated water is not suitable for household uses and possibly hazardous to many aquatic animals and human
health. Salmonella spp. concentrations found in water and soil samples exceed the standard level both in water and soil
which indicates contaminated water is unsuitable for drinking or for even washing without appropriate water
treatment for humans [40]. In figure 8, the percentage of environmental health risks caused by different types of
industrial pollution is shown.
Figure 8 Percentage of environmental health risks
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus causes abdominal cramping, and water-borne diseases like diarrhea, fever, nausea,
and vomiting [41]. Long-term consumption of fish may have a negative impact on human health [42]. The toxic chemical
pollutants like Hg, Pb, Cd, COC, and DO were found higher than the EQS value which is dangerous for the entire aquatic
ecosystem and public health. Excessive discharge of nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus compounds in the water system
can cause eutrophication. The presence of NO3 - in natural water is associated with ecological and health hazards, excess
NO3 - in human food and animal feed has adverse impacts, and in human health, it causes methemoglobinemia cancer
(child cancer), and respiratory illness. Excess NO3 - pollute water causing eutrophication [43,44].
Syed Nazmul Ahsan, 2019 stated that a qualitative assessment found three major types of diseases appeared to be highly
correlated with industrial water pollution. These are skin diseases, diarrhea, and dysentery. Also, 20 types of illness
were identified due to industrial pollution. It affirmed that these types of illnesses have been increasing in the last 10
years [45]. Abu Naser Zafar Ullah et al. (Human Health and Industrial Pollution in Bangladesh, Kaliakoir, Gazipur)
reported that skin problems, allergic conditions, itching, and other skin lesions are contact-type diseases. Research has
shown that the Khal and beel are generally alkalies, which is likely to be attributable to the extensive use of the alkalis
soda ash and caustic soda in the textile dyeing industry. This alkalinity is likely to be a key factor in the skin irritations
reported by local communities as they reported that the symptoms manifest themselves when their skin has come into
physical contact with beel water or sediment. The pollutants from industries are responsible for it. Pollutants from
industries enter in the River through the Khal and beel and end up here [46].
Both short and long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution increases the risk of respiratory infection, heart
disease, and lung cancer. Children, the elderly, the already ill, and poor people are more susceptible. Long-time exposure
to ambient particulate matter accounts for 62% of all pollution-attributable deaths and 55% of Disability Adjusted Life
Years. Air pollution causes the third-highest risk of premature death in the South East Asian region, including
Bangladesh. Another report stated that in Bangladesh, 123,000 deaths were related to household and ambient air
pollution in 2017 and 173,500 in 2019. Five diseases, namely lung cancer 13%, lower respiratory tract infection 7%,
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 7%, ischemic heart disease 6%, and stroke 5% are attributable to air pollution
among the top 10 diseases of death in Bangladesh. Eco-Social Development Organization, an action-research

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conservation NGO in Bangladesh, reported in 2019, at least 200,000 people in Bangladesh might have died because of
long-term exposure to polluted air [47-51].
4. Future Development
Bangladesh has achieved several milestones in the environmental sector despite the hardship of poverty, resource
scarcity, overpopulation, corruption, and natural calamities. Achievements ranged from the incorporation of
environmental concerns in sectoral policy formulation to benchmarking success at the field level. Like any other
country, achieving environmentally sound development has emerged as the greatest challenge for Bangladesh.
Integration of environmental issues and concerns into development processes should be a prime concern for
Bangladesh. The growth of the country must be based on the principle of sustainable development. Economic growth
and environmental sustainability should be treated as mutually interdependent aspects to improve the well-being of
the nation.
In order to improve the situation, interventions both at the national and local levels are required. The implementation
of legislation on safety precautions, and banning toxic chemicals and pollutant concentrations in industrial discharges
into water sources are all required. Currently, most dyeing units across Bangladesh are in breach of the Environmental
Conservation Act. However, the Department of Environmental due to financial, human, and political reasons does not
act. An Information, Education, and Communication campaign would be beneficial in providing an understanding in the
community about risks and possible ways to minimize them and to inform the people of Bangladesh public of the
problems. It should be mandatory for all textile and dyeing industries to adopt more efficient production options. It also
should be mandatory that industries construct and then regularly and efficiently operate their Effluent Treatment Plants
(ETPs) and monitor their effluents to keep them within the standards set by law [52-54]
A policy brief of the MACH (Management of Aquatic Ecosystems through Community Husbandry) project titled
Industrial Pollution and its Threat to Wetlands in Bangladesh reported that Textile industries increased 8-fold in 3 years
in the Turag-Bangshi catchment. Few are functioning ETPs that they are required to have by law. It also suggested that
flow segregation and optimization of chemical dosing can reduce the operating cost of ETP.
Then continuous monitoring is necessary to evaluate air quality and for the development plan to mitigate the health
risk from air pollution. DoE has set up 4 monitoring stations at four divisional towns namely, Dhaka, Khulna, Chittagong,
and Bogra. More stringent enforcement to reduce air pollution is required. Industrial waste management should include
monitoring carbon exposure, market-based reward governance, recycling, and green technology adaptation [55,56].
In protecting the environment and controlling industrial pollution, the following measures may be suggested:
introduction of greener technologies and waste energy recovery systems, provision of incentives for retrofitting,
reduction of industrial processes responsible for ‘greenhouse’ gas emission, relocation of obnoxious industries like
tanneries which are located in densely populated areas, identification and design of environmental norms, setting up
quality standards and enforcement of those to regulate industrial emissions [31].
Increased awareness among industrialists about the pollution problem and their legal and social responsibility is
necessary to prevent industrial pollution. Moreover, International buyers have a key role in influencing the industry,
they need to be influenced to adopt environmental codes of conduct and then enforce them on their supplying
industries. Most importantly, Bangladesh trade bodies should change their role and set environmental conditions for
membership, for example, they could cancel the membership of companies that fail to install and operate properly ETPs.
Finally, Government departments especially the Department of Environment (DOE), industrial associations and
chambers, research institutions, international buyers, non-governmental organizations, and legal experts need to work
together to develop a framework and modalities of implementation for improved environmental governance [57-59].
5. Conclusion
Among a series of alarming environmental problems, industrial pollution has been identified to be one of the most
notorious and fatal environmental hazards for Bangladesh. Though the industrial sector now makes a significant
contribution toward the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country, we cannot ignore the pollution that occurred in
our industry sector. Bangladesh will face the imminent risk of an environmental catastrophe if the rate and magnitude
of industrial pollution cannot be controlled properly. In conclusion, this article has attempted to offer an overview of
the problem of industrial pollution and how it affects the environment and socio-economic life of Bangladesh. This
review also addresses the strategies and recommendations to minimize the problem.

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Compliance with ethical standards
Acknowledgments
The research work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of the People's Republic of
Bangladesh under the Special Allocation for Science and Technology Programme, Financial Year 2022-2023. The Project
Title is Analysis and Treatment of Industrial Waste Effluents by Chemical and Radiation Techniques, Project ID: SRG-
222373, Project Group: EAS. Name of the Principal Investigator: Dr. Ruhul Amin Khan.
Disclosure of conflict of interest
All authors state that there is no conflict of interest.
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