BİBLİYOTERAPİ VE ŞEMA TERAPİ TEMELLİ MUTLULUK: Bibliyoterapi ve Şema Terapiye Dayalı Mutluluk Temelli Psikoeğitim Programları
Abstract
Kitaplar kadimden bu yana psikolojik rahatlama için kullanılmaktadır. Sturm
(2003) kitapların iyileşme için güçlü kaynaklar olduklarını ve kendini keşfetme
sürecini kolaylaştırmaya yönelik olarak farklı düzeylerde katkılarının olduklarını
belirtmiştir. İnteraktif olma, dikkat çekmeyle öğretme, direnci bypas etme,
angaje olma ve hayal gücünü besledikleri için bir konu ile alakalı detaylı öyküler
iletişimi verimli olarak etkileyebilmektedirler. Bunlara ek olarak öyküler eğitmekte,
değerleri aktarmakta, disipline etmekte, deneyim sağlamakta, problem
çözmeyi, değişmeyi ve iyileşmeyi kolaylaştırmaktadırlar (Burns, 2004).
İnsan faaliyetleri Dünya'nın doğal sistemlerini hızla değiştiriyor, karmaşık ekolojik dengeyi bozuyor ve insan sağlığını hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı olarak olumsuz etkiliyor. Kirlilik, biyolojik çeşitlilik kaybı ve ekosistem bozulması gibi çevresel sorunların hava kirliliğinin tetiklediği solunum yolu hastalıkları ve güvenli olmayan su kaynaklarının neden olduğu su kaynaklı hastalıklar gibi geniş kapsamlı sonuçları vardır. Ancak ekolojik dengeyi korumak ve doğal kaynakların sürdürülebilir kullanımı hastalıkları azaltarak ve genel refahı iyileştirerek olumlu sağlık sonuçlarını teşvik edebilir.
Ekolojik denge ile insan sağlığı arasındaki etkileşim, özellikle çevre psikolojisi alanında giderek daha fazla ilgi görüyor. Araştırmalar, doğayla etkileşimlerin stresi önemli ölçüde azalttığını, duygusal dengeyi artırdığını ve yaşam kalitesini iyileştirdiğini vurguluyor. Örneğin, yeşil alanlarda zaman geçirmek zihinsel berraklığı ve duygusal dengeyi teşvik ederken, doğal manzaraları izlemek sinir sistemi üzerinde sakinleştirici etkilere sahiptir. Bu faydalar psikolojik rahatlamanın ötesine geçerek fiziksel iyileşme ve sosyal refahta kritik rolleri de içerir.
Doğa temelli terapi veya ekoterapi, modern yaşamın zorluklarını ele almak için hayati bir yaklaşım olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Doğanın terapötik potansiyelinden yararlanarak ekoterapi fiziksel, psikolojik ve duygusal iyileşmeyi destekler. Farkındalık egzersizleri, hafif fiziksel aktiviteler veya grup temelli etkileşimler gibi doğal ortamlardaki aktiviteler zihinsel dayanıklılığı artırır, kaygı ve depresyon semptomlarını azaltır ve sosyal bağları güçlendirir. Dahası, doğayla terapötik bağlantı bağışıklığı artırır, obezite risklerini azaltır ve bir topluluk duygusunu teşvik eder.
Ekoterapi, geleneksel terapötik uygulamaları doğanın onarıcı gücüyle birleştirerek sağlık ve esenliğe çok boyutlu bir yaklaşım sunar. Kentleşme ve hızlı tempolu yaşam zihinsel ve fiziksel sağlığı zorlamaya devam ederken, ekolojik iyileşme modelleri ve doğa temelli müdahalelere vurgu giderek daha da hayati hale geliyor. Bu çalışma, sürdürülebilir sağlık ve dayanıklılığı teşvik etmede ekolojik denge ve doğa terapisinin kritik rolünü vurgulamak için çeşitli araştırmalardan elde edilen bulguları bir araya getiriyor.
Ruhsal bozuklukların etiyolojisinde biyolojik süreçlerin etkisi yadsınamaz. Dolayısıyla tedavide ana faktör farmakoterapidir. Ancak ruhsal bozuklukların hem gelişimi hem de sürdürülmesinde bilişsel süreçlerin varlığı, ilaç tedavisine ek olarak psikoterapilerin de kullanılmasının gerekçesini oluşturmaktadır. Ruhsal bozukluklarda farmakoterapiyle psikoterapinin kombinasyonunun, tek başına farmakoterapinin etkinliğinden daha fazla yarar sağladığı bilimsel araştırmalarla kanıtlanmıştır.
Kitabın ilk bölümünde, ruhsal bozuklukların önlenmesine ilişkin bireylerin sahip olması gereken psikolojik sağlamlık, psikolojik iyi olma ve yaşam becerilerine değinilmiş, ruh sağlığı, ruhsal bozukluklar ve ruh sağlığını koruma ve önleme ile ilgili önemli noktalar ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi ve Şema Terapi’nin ruhsal bozukluklara bakışı incelenmiş ve temel inançlar, ara inançlar, bilişsel çarpıtmalar, olumsuz otomatik düşünceler, erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, şemalarla başa çıkma tepkileri, şema modlarına ve terapilerde kullanılan ölçeklere yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise mevcut durumda bir ruhsal bozukluğu olan bireylerin içinde yaşadıkları psikopatolojileri daha iyi anlamaları için rahatsızlıkların doğası üzerinde durulmuştur. Her bir ruhsal bozukluğa neden olan erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların ve bilişsel çarpıtmaların hangileri olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Bu bozuklukların psikoterapisindeki önemli noktalara değinilmiştir. Bireylerin bu rahatsızlıkların belirtilerini ortadan kaldırmak için hangi bilişsel yeniden yapılandırma süreçlerini izlemeleri gerektiği ifade edilmiştir.
Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi ve Şema Terapi yaklaşımı temel alınarak kaleme alınan bu eser, anne babalar için bir başvuru kitabı, ruhsal problemleri olanlar için bir kendine yardım kılavuzu, ruh sağlığı profesyonelleri ve bu alanda öğrenim görenler için bir ders kitabı niteliği taşımaktadır. Eser, psikoloji, rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık ve sosyal hizmet bölümlerinin lisans, yüksek lisans ve doktora ders programlarında bulunan; psikopatoloji, davranış bozuklukları, klinik psikoloji, danışmanlık becerileri ve bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması gibi derslerde kaynak olarak kullanılabilir. Eserin alana katkı sağlaması dileğiyle…
The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable empathy scale, measuring the empathy aspects of the teachers. The empathy scale is five-point Likert. Factor analysis has been done on the scale to develop the scale. After getting the experts' opinions, the scale consisting of 38 questions was reduced to 27 items and the scale has been applied to 653 teachers. Within the scope of the validity and reliability studies of teacher’s empathy scale, before the general reliability, Bern Bach's alpha reliability coefficient was analyzed, and after the analysis, it was calculated as 0,771. To check whether the data structure is appropriate or not, factor analysis has been checked by benefiting from KMO and Barlett test methods. The value of the KMO test has been determined as 0,848 and the Bartlett test has been found as 878, 969 (p
In the globalizing world, it has become almost a necessity for nations to learn and teach a foreign language, which has become a common language apart from their mother tongue. The rapid and unavoidable changes in science and technology have made learning a foreign language important in our country as well as in other developed countries. In the process of learning a foreign language, both personality traits and motivation are two main factors that have great importance in the success of learners. All learners learn and are motivated differently. From this point of view, in this study, the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in foreign language learning, the relationship between students' personality traits and foreign language learning, and finally, studies to increase the motivation of learners in foreign language learning will be discussed. As a result, individuals learning a foreign language differ from each other in various dimensions. Some of these dimensions are related to personality, motivation, learning style, ability, and age. The purpose of this article is to highlight and summarize the relationship between personality traits, motivation, and foreign language learning.
This study aims to develop a reliable and valid measurement tool for the assessment of teacher tolerance. The stages of developing a scale can be broadly listed as follows; creating the items, seeking expert opinion, pre-testing, validity study, factor analysis, and reliability study. The study for the development of the scale was carried out on a total of 654 teachers. The Teacher Tolerance Scale has a rating of "Not at all suitable for me", "Slightly suitable for me", "Adjustable to me", "Very suitable for me", "Totally suitable for me" and a 5-point scale. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis performed to examine the construct validity of the scale, a 3-factor structure consisting of 17 items was obtained. These factors are respectively; ignorance, forgiveness, mercy. For the validity and reliability studies of the teacher tolerance scale, the Cronbach's alfa alpha reliability coefficient was found to be 0.84. The KMO sample fit coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.87 and Bartlett's test (χ²=233.160; p <0.05). These results show that the Teacher Tolerance Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. As a result, as a result of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, a valid and reliable scale consisting of 17 items and 3 factors with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.84 and model fit index values expressed as "excellent" was obtained. Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğretmen toleransının değerlendirilmesine yönelik güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçme aracı geliştirilmesidir. Bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi aşamaları genel olarak şöyle sıralanabilir. Maddeleri oluşturma, uzman görüşüne başvurma, ön sınama, geçerlik çalışması, faktör analizi ve güvenirlik çalışması olarak sıralanabilir. Ölçeğin geliştirilmesi çalışması toplam 654 öğretmen üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Öğretmen Tolerans Ölçeği "Bana hiç uygun değil", "Bana biraz uygun", "Bana uygun", "Bana çok uygun", "Bana tamamen uygun" şeklinde ve 5'li Likert tipinde bir derecelendirmeye sahiptir. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini incelemek için yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 17 maddeden oluşan 3 faktörlü bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Bu faktörler sırasıyla; cehalet, bağışlayıcı, merhamet olarak sıralanabilir. Öğretmen tolerans ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları için cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı 0,84 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin KMO örneklem uygunluk katsayısı 0,87 ve Bartlett testi (χ²=233,160; p <0,05) olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar Öğretmen Tolerans Ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi neticesinde Cronbach'ın Alpha değeri 0.84 model uyum indeks değerleri "mükemmel" olarak ifade edilen 17 maddedden ve 3 faktörden oluşan geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek elde edilmiştir.
This study aims to examine the relationship between secondary school students' attitudes towards foreign languages, especially English, and their personality traits. The universe of the research consists of secondary school students who continue their education in public schools in the Central Districts of Van (Edremit, İpekyolu, Tusba) in the spring term of2015-2016 academic year. 800 secondary school 7th and 8th-grade students were selected from the population by convenient sampling. The data of the study were collected using the "Ten-Item Personality Scale" and "Foreign Language Attitude Scale". The obtained data were analysed with descriptive and parametric tests. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed as a result of the findings that there were significant differences between the groups and that personality traits had a significant effect on foreign language learning. As a result of the findings, it can be said that personality has a significant role in language learning.
Mental well-being can be defined as the individual's positive perception of himself and being aware of his strengths and limitations by realizing himself / herself, as well as being satisfied with himself/herself, acting autonomously and independently, and finding his life meaningful. This mental state will affect living condition such as health, education, work, social relationships, established and natural environments, security, civic participation and governance, housing and work-life balance. In this study, the mental well-being and foreign language anxiety level of 102 university ELT students were measured. It was revealed that the participants with high well-being levels were low in foreign language anxiety, whereas the research showed that participants with low levels of well-being had high levels of foreign language anxiety.
zet Mutluluk, insanoğlu için en önemli değerlerden biri olagelmiştir. Antik dönemlerde ve Orta-çağda mutluluğun yalnızca kişinin kendi çabası sonucu elde edilebileceği düşünülmemiştir. Kendisine ulaşılması, Tanrı'nın lütfuna veya talihin rast gitmesine de bağlanmıştır. Aydınlanma döneminde bu konuda bir kırılma yaşanmış ve tüm insanların bu dünyada mutlu olmaya hakkı olduğu düşüncesi ortaya çıkarak yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Gelinen noktada mutlu olmak, sadece insan iradesine bağlı bir sorumluluk olarak algılanırken mutluluk bir dayatma haline gelmiştir. Başlangıçta her ne kadar amaçlanan, tüm insanların bu dünyada mutlu olması iken, bu durum paradoksal şekilde insanların mutsuzlu ğunun artması ile sonuçlanmıştır. İnsanın kendi mutlu-luğunu ve başkalarının mutluluğunu önemsemesi ve istemesi oldukça normaldir ancak herkesin her zaman mutlu olmayı beklemesi, bunu bir hak ve sorumluluk olarak görmesi kaçınılmaz olarak hayal kırıklığı ve mutsuzluk ile neticelenmektedir. Bilim ve teknolojinin yardımı ile bazı acıları önlemek ve azaltmak mümkünse de nihai olarak acıları yeryüzünden kaldırmak müm-kün değildir. Öte yandan evrenin veya Tanrı'nın insanı mutlu etmek gibi bir görevi yoktur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mutluluk, İrade, Ödev, Ahlak, Modern Dönem.
Background
Depression and anxiety are the most common mental disorders in children and adolescents. Bibliotherapy is a treatment using written materials for mental health problems. Its main advantages are ease of use, low cost, low staffing demands, and greater privacy. Yet few meta-analyses have focused on the effect of bibliotherapy on depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.
Methods
We included randomized controlled trials comparing bibliotherapy with control conditions for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents (aged ≤18 years). Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) were searched from inception to January 2017. Efficacy was defined as mean change scores in depression and anxiety symptoms. Acceptability was defined as the proportion of participants who discontinued the treatment. Random effects model was used. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted.
Results
Eight studies with 979 participants were selected. At posttreatment, bibliotherapy was significantly more effective than the control conditions in reducing the symptoms of depression or anxiety (standardized mean difference, −0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.89 to −0.15). Bibliotherapy did not have statistically significantly more all-cause discontinuations than controls (risk ratios, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.93 to 2.95). We also performed subgroup analyses for efficacy outcomes in different categories (types of disorder, mean age, control conditions, and parental involvement) of studies and found that bibliotherapy has been more effective in depressive adolescents.
Limitations
Limited studies were eligible in this review and hence there was potential publication bias.
Conclusion
According to the findings in this review, bibliotherapy may be more beneficial in treating depression in adolescents, but shows less robust effects for anxiety in children. Further well-defined clinical studies should be performed to confirm these outcomes.
This study reexamined the organization of Young’s 18 early maladaptive schemas and their hypothesized associations with experiences of need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and the “vulnerable child” mode of emotional distress in adulthood. A large Danish sample (N = 1054) of 658 clinical- and 391 nonclinical adults completed measures of early maladaptive schemas, parenting styles, and the vulnerable child mode. We identified four higher-order schema domains as most appropriate in terms of interpretability and empirical indices (“Disconnection & Rejection”, “Impaired Autonomy & Performance”, “Excessive Responsibility & Standards”, and “Impaired Limits”). All four schema domains were differentially associated with conceptually relevant need-thwarting parental experiences. Apart from “Impaired Limits”, the schema domains meaningfully accounted for the association between need-thwarting parental experiences in childhood and emotional states of feeling like a “vulnerable child” in adulthood. We conclude that four domains of early maladaptive schemas are empirically and conceptually consistent with Young’s schema therapy model of personality pathology and longstanding emotional disorders. Findings warrant replication using different populations and if possible a prospective multi-method design. A scoring key for computing the four schema domains is provided.
This study investigated the relative effects of 3 12-week secondary prevention interventions for problem drinking men and women in rural counties in New York State. The participants were 111 self-referred men and women without severe dependence on alcohol who nevertheless reported heavy drinking and a desire to reduce their alcohol consumption. They were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 12-week interventions focused on reducing alcohol intake: bibliotherapy (a self-directed manual) alone, bibliotherapy with 1 telephone-administered motivational interview, or bibliotherapy with 1 telephone-administered motivational interview and 6 biweekly telephone therapy sessions. Results showed that, across conditions, participants significantly increased their abstinent and light drinking days and significantly decreased their heavy drinking days over the course of treatment and a 12-month follow-up period. In addition, participants reported moderate reductions in alcohol consequences and increases in confidence not to drink heavily across a variety of situations from pre- to posttreatment, with these changes remaining stable across the course of the follow-up. Use of the drinking reduction strategies presented in the self-directed manual also remained stable from posttreatment to the 12-month follow-up. These results provide support for consideration of bibliotherapy for rural problem drinkers who are not severely dependent on alcohol, with or without the addition of telephone contacts.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disease that is characterized by depressed mood, diminished interests, impaired cognitive function and vegetative symptoms, such as disturbed sleep or appetite. MDD occurs about twice as often in women than it does in men and affects one in six adults in their lifetime. The aetiology of MDD is multifactorial and its heritability is estimated to be approximately 35%. In addition, environmental factors, such as sexual, physical or emotional abuse during childhood, are strongly associated with the risk of developing MDD. No established mechanism can explain all aspects of the disease. However, MDD is associated with alterations in regional brain volumes, particularly the hippocampus, and with functional changes in brain circuits, such as the cognitive control network and the affective-salience network. Furthermore, disturbances in the main neurobiological stress-responsive systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system, occur in MDD. Management primarily comprises psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. For treatment-resistant patients who have not responded to several augmentation or combination treatment attempts, electroconvulsive therapy is the treatment with the best empirical evidence. In this Primer, we provide an overview of the current evidence of MDD, including its epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Bireylerin yaşamındaki önemli kayıplar (ölümler) çok çeşitli yas tepkilerinin ortaya çıkmasınaneden olmaktadır. Kayıplar karşısında birçok birey, ortaya çıkan yas tepkileri ile çeşitli yollarla başederek mevcut durumlarına uyum gösterebilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bazı bireyler ise kayıplarısonucu ortaya çıkan yas tepkilerini çözümleme ve yas süreci ile baş etme sürecinde bir çok sorunyaşayabilmektedirler. Yas danışmanlığı ile bu tür durumlarda yaşanan kayba yönelik olarakdanışanlara önemli ve etkili yardımlar sunulabilmektedir. Özellikle, 18-23 yaş arası üniversiteöğrencileri yaşadıkları kayıplar sonrası ciddi sorunlar yaşayabilmektedirler. Gelişimsel özellikleriaçısından bakıldığında, üniversite öğrencilerinin içinde bulundukları yaş dönemi öğrencilerinçoğunlukla ailelerinden ilk defa ayrılarak, kendi bağımsız kimliklerini oluşturmaya çalıştıkları birsüreci kapsamaktadır (Janowiak, Mei-Tal ve Drapkin, 1995). Bu dönemde, çok sevdikleri ya dakendilerine yakın hissettikleri bireylerin ölümü, gençler açısından önemli gelişimsel ve akademiksorunları da beraberinde getirebilmektedir (Toth, Stockton ve Browne, 2000). Bu çalışmada, OrtaDoğu Teknik Üniversitesi (ODTÜ), Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Merkezi (PDRM) bünyesindeyas sürecindeki üniversite öğrencilerine uygulanan ve Worden (2001) tarafından geliştirilen yasdanışmanlığı modeli incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, genel olarak yas kavramı ve yas tepkileri ile yasınüniversite öğrencileri üzerindeki etkilerine değinilerek, ilgili modelin amaçları, aşamaları ve danışmasürecinde kullanılan ilke ve teknikler ele alınmıştır.
This review summarizes the current meta-analysis literature on treatment outcomes of CBT for a wide range of psychiatric disorders. A search of the literature resulted in a total of 16 methodologically rigorous meta-analyses. Our review focuses on effect sizes that contrast outcomes for CBT with outcomes for various control groups for each disorder, which provides an overview of the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as quantified by meta-analysis. Large effect sizes were found for CBT for unipolar depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and childhood depressive and anxiety disorders. Effect sizes for CBT of marital distress, anger, childhood somatic disorders, and chronic pain were in the moderate range. CBT was somewhat superior to antidepressants in the treatment of adult depression. CBT was equally effective as behavior therapy in the treatment of adult depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Large uncontrolled effect sizes were found for bulimia nervosa and schizophrenia. The 16 meta-analyses we reviewed support the efficacy of CBT for many disorders. While limitations of the meta-analytic approach need to be considered in interpreting the results of this review, our findings are consistent with other review methodologies that also provide support for the efficacy CBT.
Abstract
Background: Adolescent depression is a severe mental health problem. Depressed female adolescents habitually seek and retain negative experiences because of their dysfunctional attitude and negative bias. Despite the flourishing national economy and the rapid increase in human development, the Philippines has the highest incidence of depression in South East Asia due to diverse psycho-socio-ecological reasons. The aim of this study is to describe the processes of development and implementation of ‘Taking in the Good Based-Bibliotherapy Intervention Program” for female adolescents to reduce depression. As an innovative type of psychotherapy treatment, which utilizes the elements of positive neuroplasticity and the principles of bibliotherapy, the program aimed to help them to build up their inner strengths by experiencing, enriching and absorbing daily events with a positive attitude and installing them in the brain. Method: The process involves two phases: 1) determining the components of the taking in the good based-bibliotherapy intervention through research and survey; 2) the use of multi-disciplinary team of school directress, guidance counselor, teaching staff; team of clinical experts of psychotherapy and psychiatry and literary expert to review, to discuss and to give suggestion to formulate the program. Qualitative (interview), quantitative (survey) and mixed method research was used to obtain an extensive perspective of the intervention program. Empirical findings, theoretical models, and existing facts (testing the effectiveness of the program by implementation to the student participants) were combined to develop this pioneering intervention program for the target population. Results: A structured intervention program to reduce the level of depression was developed, consisted of eight modules that are explained in detail. Implementation took place and the evaluation was being carried out. Conclusions: The “Taking in the Good based-Bibliotherapy Intervention” program proved to be effective in reducing depression in female adolescents.
Keywords: adolescent depression, positive-neuroplasticity, taking in the good, bibliotherapy, positive-cognitive-appraisal, inner strengths
Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to test the effects of individual schema therapy (ST)
for patients with chronic depression.
Methods: Using a multiple-baseline single case series design, patients with chronic major depressive
disorder (N ¼ 25) first entered a 6e24 weeks baseline phase; this phase functioned as a no-treatment
control condition. Then, patients started a 12 week exploration phase during which symptoms and
underlying schemas were explored; this phase functioned as an attention control condition. Next, patients
received up to 65 sessions of individual ST. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and the Quick
Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) were the primary outcome measures. The BDI-II was
assessed once a week during all phases of the study resulting in 100 repeated assessments per participant
on average. Mixed regression analysis was used to contrast change in symptoms during the
intervention with change in symptoms during the baseline and exploration control phases.
Results: When compared to the no-treatment control period, the intervention had a significant, large
effect on depressive symptoms (Cohen's d BDI-II ¼ 1.30; Cohen's d QIDS ¼ 1.22). Effects on secondary
continuous outcomes were moderate to large.
Limitations: The small sample size and lack of a control group.
Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that ST might be an effective treatment for patients with
chronic depression.
The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) is a self-report measure of early maladaptive schemas and is currently in its third revision; it is available in both long (YSQ-L3) and short (YSQ-S3) forms. The goal of this study was to develop a Korean version of the YSQ-S3 and establish its psychometric properties in a Korean sample.
A total of 542 graduate medical students completed the Korean version of the YSQ-S3 and several other psychological scales. A subsample of 308 subjects completed the Korean YSQ-S3 both before and after a 2-year test-retest interval. Correlation, regression, and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the data.
The internal consistency of the 90-item Korean YSQ-S3 was 0.97 and that of each schema was acceptable, with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.59 to 0.90. The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.46 to 0.65. Every schema showed robust positive correlations with most psychological measures. The confirmatory factor analysis for the 18-factor structure originally proposed by Young, Klosko, and Weishaar (2003) showed that most goodness-of-fit statistics were indicative of a satisfactory fit.
These findings support the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the YSQ-S3.
Early Maladaptive Schemas, as measured with the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), are proposed to underlie a variety of mental
health problems, in particular Personality Disorders. The latest short version of the instrument measuring all 18 schemas, the YSQ-S3, has only
been examined to a limited extent, and its associations with Personality Disorders have not yet been tested in a psychiatric setting.
We investigated psychometric properties of the Danish YSQ-S3 including its associations with Personality Disorders. A mixed Danish sample
of clinical and nonclinical participants (N = 567) completed the YSQ-S3, whereas a clinical subsample (n = 142) was also assessed with a
diagnostic interview for Personality Disorders. We performed reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, and tested
for group differences using analysis of variance. The Danish YSQ-S3 proved to be a reliable and valid measure. Its theoretical factorial structure
was weakly but sufficiently supported. Its scales were meaningfully associated with specific Personality Disorders and discriminated between
relevant groups. We conclude that the YSQ-S3 is a psychometrically valuable instrument for the assessment of Early Maladaptive Schemas in
both clinical and research settings. Findings are discussed in relation to Personality Disorders and the Schema Therapy model.
Background and aims: Cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy are known as two common methods to promote happiness and mental health. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy in improving happiness and mental health of nursing students who referred to counseling center in Islamic Azad university of Mashhad Branch. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population included all nursing girl students who referred to counseling center in Islamic Azad university of Mashhad Branch in 2014 year. 45 girl students were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups (each group 15 students) included experimental and control groups. The experimental groups educated by cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy in 10 sessions (each session for 70 minutes). All of groups completed the questionnaires of happiness (Argyle and Lu) and mental health (Goldberg and Hillier) as the pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and multivariate analysis and covariance methods. Results: The findings showed the happiness post-test mean of cognitive behavioral, schema therapy and control groups was (3.78±1.19), (3.67±1.12), and (1.96±0.65) respectivly. Also, the post-test mean of mental health in cognitive behavioral, schema therapy and control groups was (3.23±0.91), (3.12±0.87), and (1.68±0.70) respectivly. Moreover, there was a significant difference among experimental groups, cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy with control groups (P<0.005). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that both cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy methods can increase happiness and mental health in nursing students. So, it suggests that therapists use these methods to improve happiness and mental health in students.
The application of psychiatry to war and terrorism is highly topical and a source of intense media interest. Shell Shock to PTSD explores the central issues involved in maintaining the mental health of the armed forces and treating those who succumb to the intense stress of combat. Drawing on historical records, recent findings and interviews with veterans and psychiatrists, Edgar Jones and Simon Wessely present a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of military psychiatry. The psychological disorders suffered by servicemen and women from 1900 to the present are discussed and related to contemporary medical priorities and health concerns. This book provides a thought-provoking evaluation of the history and practice of military psychiatry, and places its findings in the context of advancing medical knowledge and the developing technology of warfare. It will be of interest to practicing military psychiatrists and those studying psychiatry, military history, war studies or medical history.
Objective:
Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and influence their mental well-being and CVD prognosis. The primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression and anxiety in patients with CVD. Secondary objectives were to assess the impact of CBT on cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events, patient satisfaction, and quality of life.
Methods:
MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and alternative sources were searched for randomized controlled trials and observational studies with a control. Studies were required to assess CBT in coronary heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, or postmyocardial infarction patients, with anxiety and/or depression. Studies were independently screened by two reviewers and critically appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The random-effects model was used to pool standardized mean differences (SMD).
Results:
Twelve randomized controlled trials were included. At follow-up, depression (SMD = -0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.52 to -0.17, p < .001, I = 59%) and anxiety (SMD = -0.34, 95% CI = -0.65 to -0.03, p = .03, I = 71%) scores were significantly lower in CBT patients compared with controls. Change in mental health quality of life (SF-12) was also significantly greater for CBT patients, compared with controls (mean difference = 3.62, 95% CI = 0.22 to 7.02, p = .04, I = 0%). No differences in patient satisfaction or cardiovascular events were evident between CBT and control groups. Among the study reports included in this meta-analysis, data specific to cardiovascular mortality were not reported.
Conclusions:
Cognitive behavioral therapy seems to be an effective treatment for reducing depression and anxiety in patients with CVD and should be considered in standard clinical care.
The effect of a grateful outlook on psychological and physical well-being was examined. In Studies 1 and 2, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions (hassles, gratitude listing, and either neutral life events or social comparison); they then kept weekly (Study 1) or daily (Study 2) records of their moods, coping behaviors, health behaviors, physical symptoms, and overall life appraisals. In a 3rd study, persons with neuromuscular disease were randomly assigned to either the gratitude condition or to a control condition. The gratitude-outlook groups exhibited heightened well-being across several, though not all, of the outcome measures across the 3 studies, relative to the comparison groups. The effect on positive affect appeared to be the most robust finding. Results suggest that a conscious focus on blessings may have emotional and interpersonal benefits.
Cognitive theories of depression posit that early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are key vulnerability factors for psychological disorders. In this study, we investigated specific EMSs as shared or distinct cognitive vulnerability factors for depression and somatization disorder. The sample consisted of patients with Major depressive disorder (N = 30) and Somatization disorder (N = 30) from a community hospital or a psychiatric clinic. Participants completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the short form of the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF). Depressed patients exhibited significantly higher levels of all five schema domains and specific maladaptive schemas, including emotional deprivation, mistrust and abuse, social isolation and alienation, defectiveness and shame, failure, subjugation, emotional inhibition, and insufficient self-control or self-discipline. Moreover, depressed patients exhibited significantly higher levels of social isolation, emotional inhibition, as well as the overvigilance and inhibition domain when depressive symptom severity was controlled. Our results provide preliminary evidence that specific EMSs distinguish patients with depression and somatization. Suggestions for future research include the need to have a non-psychiatric control group, to evaluate the absolute role of EMSs in Somatization Disorder.
Objective:
Few studies have examined differential predictors of response to psychotherapy for depression. Greater understanding about the factors associated with therapeutic response may better enable therapists to optimise response by targeting therapy for the individual. The aim of the current exploratory study was to examine patient characteristics associated with response to cognitive behaviour therapy and schema therapy for depression.
Methods:
Participants were 100 outpatients in a clinical trial randomised to either cognitive behaviour therapy or schema therapy. Potential predictors of response examined included demographic, clinical, functioning, cognitive, personality and neuropsychological variables.
Results:
Individuals with chronic depression and increased levels of pre-treatment negative automatic thoughts had a poorer response to both cognitive behaviour therapy and schema therapy. A treatment type interaction was found for verbal learning and memory. Lower levels of verbal learning and memory impairment markedly impacted on response to schema therapy. This was not the case for cognitive behaviour therapy, which was more impacted if verbal learning and memory was in the moderate range.
Conclusion:
Study findings are consistent with the Capitalisation Model suggesting that therapy that focuses on the person's strengths is more likely to contribute to a better outcome. Limitations were that participants were outpatients in a randomised controlled trial and may not be representative of other depressed samples. Examination of a variety of potential predictors was exploratory and requires replication.
Background and objectives
The underlying mechanisms of symptom change in schema therapy (ST) for chronic major depressive disorder (cMDD) have not been studied. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of two potentially important mechanisms of symptom change, maladaptive schemas (proxied by negative idiosyncratic core-beliefs) and the therapeutic alliance.
Methods
We drew data from a single-case series of ST for cMDD. Patients with cMDD (N = 20) received on average 78 repeated weekly assessments over a course of up to 65 individual sessions of ST. Focusing on repeated assessments within-individuals, we used mixed regression to test whether change in core-beliefs and therapeutic alliance preceded, followed, or occurred concurrently with change in depressive symptoms.
Results
Changes in core-beliefs did not precede but were concurrently related to changes in symptoms. Repeated goal and task agreement ratings (specific aspects of alliance) of the same session, completed on separate days, were at least in part associated with concurrent changes in symptoms.
Limitations
By design this study had a small sample-size and no control group.
Conclusions
Contrary to what would be expected based on theory, our findings suggest that change in core-beliefs does not precede change in symptoms. Instead, change in these variables occurs concurrently. Moreover, alliance ratings seem to be at least in part colored by changes in current mood state.
Objective:
Literature shows bibliotherapy can be helpful for moderate depression treatment. The aim of this systematic review is to verify the long-term effects of bibliotherapy.
Methods:
After bibliographic research, we included RCTs articles about bibliotherapy programme treatment of depression published in English language between 1990 and July 2017. All RCTs were assessed with Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool.
Results:
Ten articles (reporting 8 studies involving 1347 subjects) out of 306 retrieved results were included. All studies analyze the effects of bibliotherapy after follow-up periods ranging from 3months to 3years and show quiet good quality in methods and analyses. The treatment was compared to standard treatments or no intervention in all studies. After long-term period follow-ups, six studies, including adults, reported a decrease of depressive symptoms, while four studies including young people did not show significant results.
Conclusion:
Bibliotherapy appears to be effective in the reduction of adults depressive symptoms in the long-term period, providing an affordable prompt treatment that could reduce further medications. The results of the present review suggest that bibliotherapy could play an important role in the treatment of a serious mental health issue. Further studies should be conducted to strengthen the evidence of bibliotherapy's efficacy.
There are few studies on suicidal risk and its related factors in patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study investigated the associations of early maladaptive schemas, OC symptom dimensions, OCD severity, depression and anxiety with suicidality (i.e., suicidal ideation and suicide attempts) in OCD patients. Sixty OCD outpatients completed the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). 51.7% of patients had lifetime suicide attempts and 75% had suicidal ideation. OCD patients with lifetime suicide attempts exhibited significantly higher scores on early maladaptive schemas than those without such attempts. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the mistrust/abuse schema and the OC symptom dimension of unacceptable thoughts explained lifetime suicide attempts. The mistrust/abuse schema, unacceptable thoughts and depression significantly predicted suicidal ideation. These findings indicated that the mistrust/abuse schema may contribute to high suicidality in OCD patients. Also, patients suffering from unacceptable thoughts need to be assessed more carefully for warning signs of suicide.
Background: Patients with psychiatric disorders have an exceptionally high risk of completed or attempted suicide. This holds particularly true for patients with major depressive disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore whether patients with major depressive disorders (MDD) and a history of suicide attempts differed in their early maladaptive schemas from patients with MDD but without such a history or from healthy controls.
Method: Ninety participants took part in the study. Of these, 30 were patients with MDD who had made a recent suicide attempt; 30 were patients with MDD but no suicide attempts, and 30 were gender- and age-matched healthy controls. Participants completed questionnaires covering socio-demographic characteristics and the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ- RE2R) to assess early maladaptive schemas. Experts rated patients’ MDD with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale.
Results: Patients did not differ in experts’ ratings of symptoms of depression. Compared to healthy controls, patients with MDD recorded higher scores on maladaptive schemas such as recognition seeking, negativity/pessimism, and insufficient self-control. Compared to patients without suicide attempts and healthy controls, those who had made a suicide attempt had higher scores on dimensions such as failure, mistrust, emotional inhibition, social isolation, and abandonment/instability.
Conclusion: Compared to healthy controls, patients with MDD had more pronounced maladaptive schemas, but this was more marked in patients with a history of suicide attempts. The results suggest that suicide attempts and poorer psychological functioning are related.
Bibliotherapy can assist children and youth (3–18 years old) in healing and developing effective coping skills after they experience trauma. The use of literature and identifying how to live more effectively through the characters and problems featured in a book enables children and youth to increase their insight and understanding of the themes and experiences as it relates to their own lives. Bibliotherapy is reinforced through the use of a variety of techniques such as discussion, therapeutic use of art, dramatization, puppetry, and creative writing (Early, 1993; Pardeck, 1990a; Pardeck, 1991a, 1991b; Pardeck & Pardeck, 1984, 1997). This literature review examines the outcomes of bibliotherapy when used with children who have experienced trauma. The use of bibliotherapy as a recreational therapy intervention will be discussed in terms of improving child outcomes and advancing recreational therapy professional practice.
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The self has garnered a great deal of interest since receiving its first prominent treatment in the writings of William James (1890). James distinguished between the “me” – the known, or experienced object self, and the “I” – the experiencing, knowing subject self. Both were seen as playing central roles in thought, affect, and behavior. Modern treatments of the self, particularly social cognitive and neuroscience ones (e.g., Linville & Carlson, 1994; Zaki & Ochsner, 2011), have equated the “me” with the declarative knowledge we have about ourselves, and the “I” with the procedural knowledge that directs our actions, thoughts, and feelings.
For decades, the self (particularly the “me”) was seen as unitary (Allport, 1955; Rogers, 1977; Wylie, 1974, 1979); for example, the vast literature on self-esteem was predicated on the idea that people have a unitary self and that a single dimension of esteem can apply to it. However, pioneering psychologists (James, 1890; Kelly, 1955) and sociologists (Mead, 1934) offered a multifaceted view of the self, one composed of various aspects, roles, and perspectives. Each of the multiple “me”s contains the information we have about ourselves as objects of knowledge – i.e., as we are in that particular aspect of ourselves (cf. Rafaeli & Hiller, 2010). Similarly, each of the multiple “I”s holds our subjective experience in one particular facet, part, or mode of our being.
Schema therapy (ST), the integrative model of psychotherapy described in this chapter, adopts this multifaceted view of the self as both a clinical challenge and a clinical opportunity in the understanding and treatment of psychopathology and distress. In the following sections, we review the development of the ST model, placing particular emphasis on the way ST has come to view and work with the multiplicity of selves – that is, on the ST mode model. After reviewing the evidence base for the concepts and efficacy of ST, we devote the latter half of the chapter to the application of ST.
Previous research which documented the psychometric properties of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) was conducted in Western countries. The current research examined the reliability and factor structure of the Thai version of the Young Schema-Short From-3 (YSQ-S3). The participants were 622 undergraduates (62% females) recruited from three universities in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Results suggested acceptable internal consistency of 18 early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) (Cronbach’s α range from 0.619 to 0.846). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the factor structures of 18 EMSs. The results failed to support Young’s theoretical schema domain. The authors indicated a four-factor solution as the best alternative second-order model for this population. In conclusion, the Thai version of YSQ-S3 is psychometrically sound questionnaire that can be utilized for assessing EMS, both for research and practice purposes. The current study further provides evidence supporting the existence of 18 EMSs in the non-Western context.
The psychometric qualities of the Portuguese version of the EMBU - Children (EMBU - C) are presented in this article. The EMBU - C, originally presented in Spanish, has as its main purpose to evaluate children's perceptions of the rearing style of their parents. The sample of this study has comprised 456 Portuguese children aged form 8 to 11 years old. The factorial structure of the Portuguese version, obtained trough a principal components analysis, replicates the original version composed by three factors: Emotional Support; Rejection; Control Attempt. Levels of internal consistency are similar to the original version and are acceptable for research purposes. The three scales of the EMBU - C show adequate temporal stability. At last, some significant associations between the factors and the children's age and gender and the parent's gender were obtained. These results are discussed considering major literature on the theme.
Examine issues of vital importance to you and your disabled clients-today and in the years to come! This groundbreaking text provides you with up-to-date, authoritative information that will prove to be of critical importance for disability professionals in the coming years. It will leave you better informed about aspects of disability that have not been well covered in the literature-issues surrounding spirituality, civil rights, and the "medical model vs. social (or minority) model" (of viewing disability) controversy. You'll examine the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act in the wake of the Supreme Court's narrowing of the Act's powers and explore newly developed theories designed to more accurately define the true meaning of disability. Disability Issues for Social Workers and Human Services Professionals in the Twenty-First Century explores: • the current-and potential-roles of spirituality and religion in the rehabilitation process. • the use of medication in treating disability-with a study focusing on children in foster care whose emotional/behavioral disabilities are medically (rather than psychologically) treated. • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in college students-how it impacts them as a disability requiring academic accommodations. • disability as an aspect of cultural diversity-with suggested methods for educating the non-disabled about people with disabilities. • limitations on the civil rights of those with disabilities-and what can be done to eliminate those limitations. • computer technologies designed to aid people with disabilities-with an examination of a health promotion Web site for children with disabilities and their families. • disability and the managed mental health system-with an examination of the differences in service utilization and satisfaction in rural and urban areas. • how disability can be viewed as a social construct, rather than something that is inherent to the disabled person. Keeping current with new developments is imperative for social workers and other professionals whose work affects people with disabilities. Disability Issues for Social Workers and Human Services Professionals in the Twenty-First Century provides the information you need to stay on the cutting edge of progress in this rapidly evolving field.
Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are at an increased risk of attempted and completed suicide. To elucidate the beliefs and assumptions associated with suicidality in BD, the present study compared BD patients with and without a history of suicide attempt in terms of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). The sample consisted of 49 remitted BD patients who completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Version. Information on suicide attempts was obtained through interviews combined with medical records. Compared with BD patients without suicide attempts, the BD patients with suicide attempts scored significantly higher on 3 EMSs: social isolation, practical incompetence, and entitlement. The findings suggest that specific EMSs may be implicated in suicidal behaviors in BD. These results have implications for the assessment and treatment of suicidality in BD.
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) represents a critical mental health issue among young adults. Accordingly, it is important to understand potentially modifiable processes involved in its enactment. The current investigation built on previous work to better understand the nature of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in the context of NSSI. One hundred and thirty young adults completed questionnaires assessing NSSI history, EMS and depressive symptoms. Results indicate that EMS may play a role in NSSI engagement after controlling for depressive symptoms. Specifically, higher scores on social isolation and emotional inhibition and possibly lower scores on entitlement/grandiosity schemas may differentiate those who self-injure from those who do not. Furthermore, higher levels of dependence/incompetence schema may differentiate those who report a higher NSSI frequency and those who report a less frequent NSSI history. Although a nascent area of study, our findings suggest that it may be fruitful to consider conceptualizing NSSI within a schema therapy framework.