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الصـراع الـدولي في سوريا وأوكرانيا

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Abstract

الدول الكبرى تتميز بقراءتها لجميع الظروف التي تحيط بها سواء كانت هذه الظروف إقليمية أم عالمية، وتأخذ بنظر الاعتبار جميع القضايا الجغرافيا السياسية والجيوبوليتكية مما يمنحها القدرة على وضع تصور صحيح في تبني الخطط الاستراتيجية بعيدة المدى وذات تفاصيل عميقة، وخاصة أنّ هذه الخطط تتعلق بمصالح مؤقتة وذو طابع استراتيجي، وكل هذه الأمور مستبعدة عن الدول الصغيرة التي لا تعتمد على اي نوع من أنواع التخطيط، لأسباب كثيرة ومن أهمها عدم وجود القيادة التي تسهم في بلورة مفاهيم الدولة بأبعادها الصحيحة، وتبعيتها المستمرة لدول الكبرى. أمريكا باعتبارها قوة عظمى ومهيمنة على الساحة الدولية فهي تحاول الحفاظ على الوضع الذي یضمن بقاء سيطرتها على العالم وإزاحة المنافسين بالأخص روسيا، والصراع في سوريا وأوكرانيا سيرسم ملامح السياسات القطبية في العالم، فروسيا تحاول أنّ تكون أحد اقطاب العالم، وإنّ الصراع في سوريا مرتبط ارتباطاً وثيقاً بالصراع في أوكرانيا، وإنّ ما يجمع بين الملفين هو صراع أمريكي أوربي من جهة وروسي من الجهة الأخرى، والتناقض الموجود في الملفين هناك تجاذب محدود في سوريا وتنافر في أوكرانيا، مع الفوارق الديمغرافية والجغرافية وعلى قدر المصلحة الروسية والأمريكية والأوربية، ويعد الاهتمام الاميركي اهتماماً كبيراً في سوريا وأوكرانيا وهي لن تسمح لروسيا بتحقيق النجاح والنصر الكامل في هذين الموقعين، وتطمح أمريكا الى إضعاف وتجزئة المجاميع القتالية في أوكرانيا وإنهاك السوريين في جميع المجلات الحيوية.
Journal Homepage: https://alameed.alameedcenter.iq/
ISSN: 2227-0345 (Print) ISSN 2311-9152 (Online)
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)
   










         




        






//

//

//






maysoon080@gmail.com󰄎

DOI:
10.55568/amd.v12i45.197-238
Al-Ameed Journal
Year(12)-Volume(12)
Issue (45)
Ramadan 1444 H
March 2023
Abstract
The major countries are characterized by reading all the
circumstances surrounding them, whether regional or glob-
          -
    
   
deep details. Especially as these plans relate to temporary
  -
ed from small countries that do not depend on any kind of
planning, for many reasons, the most important of which is
the lack of leadership that contributes to the development of
the concepts of the state with its correct dimensions, and its


   

-

-
-

  



to achieve full success and victory in these two sites. Fragmen-

in all vital areas.
Internaonal Conict in Syria and Ukraine
Maisun Moosa Muhammad Abbas1

maysoon080@gmail.com

Received:
28/7/2020
Accepted:
15/9/2020
Published:
31/3/2023
Keywords:


America,
dominant power,

DOI:
10.55568/amd.v12i45.197-238
 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)


         














 




1 
2 

 
)























 ,13 :(2009)
 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)


















 

 
)










: 













 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)





















 


 
)























 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)
























 
)

















 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)





 

















 
)












, 


  








 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)













      








   
 
)








 











.(Kubicek, Paul, the History of Ukraine, Illustrate (united states: Greenwood, 2008

.11, 

.
 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)










-





  





8 
2014), 38,

.
 
)



 


















 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)























 
)



















 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)













 , 









 
)

















 



  

 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)






















 

 
 
 
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




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














 

 
.
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 ,30
 
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 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)





















 

  
  
 

.
 
)


 
















  

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
”‘Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress,’ Con-

.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/
metadc31384/
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23 

24 -

 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)






*



 










 

  
 
 


 
)






















 
 
 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)














 
)











          









 
   
 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)













 

          




  

    

 
)























 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)





















          

 
)



















   



 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)






















 
)


            
       






      


  









 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)





   





 


 
.

 
)










 





             
  



    

 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)



















    



 
)





          
















 
Al-Ameed Journal (45)

     
     
/subject.
.

42 󰑡󰗎󰐃󰑧󰋅󰐃󰈉    
://search.emare- .13 󰐘2009)
.

    
 
.www.acrseg.org/16360


 .2014
univ-biskra.dz/1294/1/Scien_po_
.m1_2015.pdf
    







   
   



/


󰐘2013





    


     








  
-
.


    
    
 󰐘2015  
idu.net/-
.

 
    
     


 
)
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   -
    
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    
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
   
 -
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
-

-
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-
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-
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



   


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   
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   
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
    
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    -
 
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
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  
  
 
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  

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   -
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
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Chapter
Lebanon's Hezbollah is a Shiite Islamist militia, political party, social welfare organization, and U.S. State Department-designated terrorist organization. Its armed element receives support from Iran and Syria and possesses significant paramilitary and unconventional warfare capabilities. In the wake of the summer 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah and an armed domestic confrontation between Hezbollah and rival Lebanese groups in May 2008, Lebanon's political process is now intensely focused on Hezbollah's future role in the country. Lebanese factions are working to define Hezbollah's role through a series of "National Dialogue" discussions. Hezbollah and other Lebanese political parties have long emphasized the need to assert control over remaining disputed areas with Israel. However, current Hezbollah policy statements suggest that, even if disputed areas were secured, the group would seek to maintain a role for "the resistance" in providing for Lebanon's national defense and would resist any Lebanese or international efforts to disarm it. Hezbollah continues to define itself primarily as a resistance movement and remains viscerally opposed to what it views as illegitimate U.S. and Israeli intervention in Lebanese and regional affairs. It categorically refuses to recognize Israel's right to exist and opposes all concluded and pending efforts to negotiate resolutions to Arab-Israeli disputes on the basis of mutual recognition, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Given these positions, most observers believe that prospects for accommodation and engagement between the United States and Hezbollah are slim, even as the group's close relationships with Syria and Iran, its pivotal role in Lebanese politics, and reinvigorated U.S. engagement in regional peace efforts increase Hezbollah's potential influence over stated U.S. national security objectives. The Obama Administration is requesting 246millioninFY2011foreignassistancetocontinueamultiyearprogramspecificallydesignedtoincreasethecentralauthorityoftheLebanesestateanddetertheuseofforcebynonstateactors.SinceFY2006,theUnitedStateshasprovidedmorethan246 million in FY2011 foreign assistance to continue a multi-year program specifically designed to increase the central authority of the Lebanese state and deter the use of force by non-state actors. Since FY2006, the United States has provided more than 1.35 billion in assistance for Lebanon. Key issues facing U.S. policy makers and Members of Congress include: Assessing the goals and effectiveness of U.S. assistance programs-Assessing the goals of U.S. assistance to the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and Internal Security Forces (ISF) and deciding whether to tailor pending assistance programs to create or improve them. Understanding the key political and organizational obstacles to the further expansion or improvement of Lebanon's security forces and developing strategies to overcome them. Managing relations with other external actors-Preventing destabilizing actions by regional parties that could renew conflict. Limiting the transfer of sophisticated weaponry to Hezbollah. Recognizing and seizing opportunities for the United States and its allies to influence the decisions of regional actors in support of U.S. objectives in Lebanon. Influencing Lebanon's National Dialogue-Determining the preferred versus likely outcomes of the current Lebanese National Dialogue discussions about a national defense strategy and Hezbollah's weapons. Deciding if and how the United States should seek to influence these discussions and identifying potential pitfalls. Preparing for potential negative consequences including the potential for return to civil conflict in Lebanon.
Article
Russia made some uneven progress in democratization during the 1990s, but according to most observers, this limited progress was reversed after Vladimir Putin rose to power in 1999-2000. During this period, the State Duma (lower legislative chamber) came to be dominated by government-approved parties and opposition democratic parties were excluded. Putin also abolished gubernatorial elections and established government ownership or control over major media and industries, including the energy sector. The methods used by the Putin government to suppress insurgency in the North Caucasus demonstrated a low regard for the rule of law and scant regard for human rights, according to critics. Dmitry Medvedev, Vladimir Putin's chosen successor and long-time protege, was elected president in March 2008 and immediately chose Putin as prime minister. President Medvedev has continued policies established during the Putin presidency. In August 2008, the Medvedev-Putin "tandem" directed wide-scale military operations against Georgia and unilaterally recognized the independence of Georgia's separatist South Ossetia and Abkhazia, actions that were censured by most of the international community but which resulted in few, minor, and only temporary international sanctions against Russia.
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