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Brazil and Mexico occupy distinctive positions in the structure of the capitalist world economy. They bear little resemblance to the classic model of a “peripheral” country: they are too industrialized, having many of the modern industries typically found only at the center of the world economy; they supply themselves with too large a share of the finished goods consumed domestically; their exports are too diversified and include too many manufactured items; and they have developed unusually strong states with sophisticated administrative apparatuses capable of promoting and protecting local interests. But neither do Brazil and Mexico possess the characteristics commonly associated with “developed” or “core” nations. Their gross domestic product per capita is far below that of the United States, Japan, or almost any of the countries of Western Europe; their distributions of income are highly skewed compared to those of the developed countries; they are recipient rather than source countries of foreign investment; they are debtor rather than creditor nations; and they are on the receiving rather than the originating end of product innovation and new production techniques.
A thriving semiconductor industry has been created in Taiwan over the course of the past two decades by the use of advanced organizational techniques of technology leverage and accelerated technology diffusion. By the mid-1990s, the industry had reached a level of output that placed it behind only the U.S., Japan, and Korea. Almost all of Taiwan's semiconductor industry is located in the Hsinchu Science-Based Industry Park, which was created in emulation of California's Stanford Research Park, but with more direct government involvement. This article explores the extent to which this emergent Silicon Valley in Taiwan shares the "industrial ecology" that has powered innovation in California and examines the extent to which the Taiwan industry suffers from weaknesses attributable to its rapid creation through technology leverage.
As a result of its successful integration into world markets for foodstuffs and agricultural raw materials Argentina was, at the beginning of the present century, a relatively rich nation with a fast growing economy. From 1895 to 1914 the number of acres under cultivation increased from 5 to 25 million. Wheat and maize exports multiplied by 3- and 4-fold, respectively, and the local population expanded from 3.9 to 7.8 million, due to heavy immigration from Europe. In 1914 one-third of the population had been born abroad, with nearly one million Italians and 800,000 Spaniards having taken up local residence; 90% of exports were primary products, most of which were directed toward western European countries (Diaz Alejandro, 1970; Rock, 1985).
Location of new products, 191. — The maturing product, 196. — The standardized product, 202.
Provides a systematic presentation of the economic field of industrial organization, which is concerned with how productive activities are brought into harmony with the demand for goods and services through an organizing mechanism, such as a free market, and how variations and imperfections in the organizing mechanism affect the successful satisfying of an economy's wants. Of the three market mechanisms (tradition, central planning, and free markets), the field of industrial organization deals primarily with the market system approach. This book primarily emphasizes the manufacturing and mineral extraction sectors of industrialized economies, with less discussion of wholesale and retail distribution, services, transportation, and public utilities. Beginning with a discussion of the welfare economics of competition and monopoly, the structure of industries in the U.S. and abroad and their determinants are described, including motives for mergers and their effects. Extended analysis of pricing, product policy, and technological innovation then follows. Antitrust, price fixing, related restraints, structural monopolies, regulation, and price discrimination are examined, as are the complex policies governing pricing relationships between vertically linked firms. The role of advertising in product differentiation and the roles of market structure and product variety are identified. Innovation, patents, and their relation to market structure are explored. Overall, this analysis seeks to identify attributes or variables that influence economic performance and to build theories about the links between these attributes and end performance. (TNM)
Chapter 31: The System of Values of Exchange (Falsely Termed by the School, The “Industrial” System)—Adam Smith
In national industrialization processes, direct foreign investment, together with the incorporation of new technologies, enables the modernization of industry to go hand in hand with the promotion of its development. However, the goals of the transnational corporations do not always coincide with the economic policy objectives of the host State. Hence, almost all the governments of the region have set up, in varying measure, administrative systems to assess, authorize, register, and occasionally supervise foreign participation. There is always some tension between the aims of modernization, with its reduced control and restriction of the activities of the transnational corporations, and national participation, which implies more supervision. The importance of the Colombian case lies in the way in which it resolved this tension by assigning a subsidiary role to foreign participation, particularly in the industrial field. To verify the impact of this policy, a survey was made of the 26 largest firms in the manufacturing sector in which foreign participation was involved.-from Journal summary
As national economies become more closely linked, the value of more active corporate and policy level cooperation is becoming increasingly recognised. This book promotes the concept of alliance capitalism a spirit of collegial entrepreneurship as a means to facilitate more harmonious development in the international economy. The authors examine balances between the competitive and cooperative activities of firms and governments in major industrialized countries from perspectives of efficiency and social justice. They advocate cooperation to overcome internationalized market failures and policy failures, and to reduce imbalances in the spread of gains from global commerce. This advocacy is based especially on comparisons between corporate and policy level activities in the USA and the EU, and between the USA and the EU. The potential advantages of strengthening cooperation are stressed with emphasis on imperatives being set by continuing technological advances.
a landmark in the contemporary approach to economics The Observer
Introduction: Disenchantment with industrialization in Latin America, 1. — I. Four impulses of import-substituting industrialization
(ISI), 4. — II. Characteristics of the initial phase of ISI: industrialization by tightly separated stages, 6; “late” vs.
“late late” industrialization, 8; the sources of entrepreneurship, 9; the exuberant phase of ISI and its political consequences,
11. — III. The alleged exhaustion of ISI, 13; a naive and a semi-naive exhaustion model, 13; criticism of the semi-naive model:
the importance of policy, 14. — IV. Economic, political and technological determinants of backward linkage, 17. — V. The inability
to export manufactures: “structural” causes and remedies, 24. — Conclusion, 31.
I. Introduction, 65. — II. A model of long-run growth, 66. — III. Possible growth patterns, 68. — IV. Examples, 73. — V. Behavior
of interest and wage rates, 78. — VI. Extensions, 85. — VII. Qualifications, 91.
The procedures and the nature of “technologies” are suggested to be broadly similar to those which characterize “science”. In particular, there appear to be “technological paradigms” (or research programmes) performing a similar role to “scientific paradigms” (or research programmes). The model tries to account for both continuous changes and discontinuities in technological innovation. Continuous changes are often related to progress along a technological trajectory defined by a technological paradigm, while discontinuities are associated with the emergence of a new paradigm. One-directional explanations of the innovative process, and in particular those assuming “the market” as the prime mover, are inadequate to explain the emergence of new technological paradigms. The origin of the latter stems from the interplay between scientific advances, economic factors, institutional variables, and unsolved difficulties on established technological paths. The model tries to establish a sufficiently general framework which accounts for all these factors and to define the process of selection of new technological paradigms among a greater set of notionally possible ones.
This paper examines the the influence of institutions on innovation processes in the electronics industry in Malaysia. The paper argues that industry-level developments were the prime drivers of technological upgrading in the industry. The role of government was only important in providing incentives and basic infrastructure to attract retain multinational operations in the industry.