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Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review

Phytochemistry Reviews

May 2023
22(5):1353-1398

DOI:10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3

Authors:

Nana Ama Mireku-Gyimah

University of Ghana

Show all 6 authorsHide

Cyperus rotundus L. has been widely used in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases in traditional systems of medicine around the world, such as nervous, gastrointestinal systems diseases and inflammation. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), its rhizomes are frequently used to treat liver disease, stomach pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrheal and menstrual irregularities. The review is conducted to summarize comprehensively the plant’s vernacular names, distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and analytical methods, along with the data mining for TCM prescriptions containing C. rotundus. Herein, 552 compounds isolated or identified from C. rotundus were systematically collated and classified, concerning monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics and phenolic glycosides, triterpenoids and steroids, diterpenoids, quinonoids, alkaloids, saccharides and others. Their pharmacological effects on the digestive system, nervous system, gynecological diseases, and other bioactivities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, insect repellent, anti-microbial activity, etc. were summarized accordingly. Moreover, except for the data mining on the compatibility of C. rotundus in TCM, the separation, identification and analytical methods of C. rotundus compositions were also systematically summarized, and constituents of the essential oils from different regions were re-analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, the toxicological study progresses on C. rotundus revealed the safety property of this herb. This review is designed to serve as a scientific basis and theoretical reference for further exploration into the clinical use and scientific research of C. rotundus. Graphical Abstract

The distribution of C. rotundus around the world. (The colours on the map were used only to distinguish between different countries)

…

The results of frequency statistics for the recipes of TCM prescriptions containing CyRh. a The CMs prescribed with frequency percentage above 5% excluding data of CyRh; b Indication classifications; c Effect classifications of the CMs prescribed excluding data of CyRh; d Natures of CMs prescribed excluding data of CyRh; e Flavors of CMs prescribed excluding data of CyRh; f Channel tropisms of CMs prescribed excluding data of CyRh

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Representative network display for association rules of the CMs in TCM prescriptions containing CyRh. a The CMs with high-frequencies; b The CMs prescribed for the Spleen system diseases; c The CMs prescribed for the women’s menstrual, leucorrhea and miscellaneous diseases; d The CMs prescribed for the fetuses, parturients and their diseases

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Hierarchical cluster analysis of the CMs in TCM prescriptions containing CyRh. a Hierarchical cluster analysis of the CMs with high-frequencies; b Hierarchical cluster analysis of the CMs prescribed for the Spleen system diseases; c Hierarchical cluster analysis for the CMs prescribed for the women’s menstrual, leucorrhea and miscellaneous diseases; d Hierarchical cluster analysis for the CMs prescribed for the fetuses, parturients and their diseases

…

Distribution of chemical constituents of C. rotundus. a Treemap showing the constituent distribution by roughly compound type from C. rotundus; b Distribution of the sub-type of monoterpenoids; c Distribution of the sub-type of sesquiterpenoids; d Distribution of the sub-type of flavonoids

…

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Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology

and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L.

(Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review

Bian-Xia Xue .Ru-Shang He .Jia-Xin Lai .Nana Ama Mireku-Gyimah .

Li-Hua Zhang .Hong-Hua Wu

Received: 30 May 2022 / Accepted: 12 April 2023 / Published online: 15 May 2023

ÓThe Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023

Abstract Cyperus rotundus L. has been widely used

in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases

in traditional systems of medicine around the world,

such as nervous, gastrointestinal systems diseases and

inﬂammation. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM),

its rhizomes are frequently used to treat liver disease,

stomach pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrheal and

menstrual irregularities. The review is conducted to

summarize comprehensively the plant’s vernacular

names, distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacology,

toxicology and analytical methods, along with the data

mining for TCM prescriptions containing C. rotundus.

Herein, 552 compounds isolated or identiﬁed from C.

rotundus were systematically collated and classiﬁed,

concerning monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, ﬂavo-

noids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics and phenolic

glycosides, triterpenoids and steroids, diterpenoids,

quinonoids, alkaloids, saccharides and others. Their

pharmacological effects on the digestive system,

nervous system, gynecological diseases, and other

bioactivities like antioxidant, anti-inﬂammatory, anti-

cancer, insect repellent, anti-microbial activity, etc.

were summarized accordingly. Moreover, except for

the data mining on the compatibility of C. rotundus in

TCM, the separation, identiﬁcation and analytical

methods of C. rotundus compositions were also

systematically summarized, and constituents of the

essential oils from different regions were re-analyzed

using multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, the

toxicological study progresses on C. rotundus

revealed the safety property of this herb. This review

is designed to serve as a scientiﬁc basis and theoretical

reference for further exploration into the clinical use

and scientiﬁc research of C. rotundus.

Bian-Xia Xue, Ru-Shang He, Jia-Xin Lai have contributed

equally to this work and should be considered co-ﬁrst authors.

Supplementary Information The online version contains

supplementary materials available at https://doi.org/10.1007/

s11101-023-09870-3.

B.-X. Xue R.-S. He J.-X. Lai 

L.-H. Zhang H.-H. Wu (&)

State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese

Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine,

Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10

Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai

District, Tianjin 301617, People’s Republic of China

e-mail: wuhonghua2011@tjutcm.edu.cn

N. A. Mireku-Gyimah

Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine,

School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences,

University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana

123

Phytochem Rev (2023) 22:1353–1398

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV)

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

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Worldwide, obesity and the illnesses it causes have become serious health issues, and obesity is today the fifth most common cause of death. According to research, there were 641 million obese adults worldwide in 2014. This review was based on detailing of obesity, BMI ranges, anti-obesity potential and signalling pathways of Cyperus rotundus. It covered extensive literature survey from the studies published in PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar etc. A member of the Cyperaceae family, Cyperus rotundus grows naturally in tropical and temperate climates and has long been used to heal mental and digestive issues. In order to determine the effectiveness and safety of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract (CRE), which is standardised to contain Piceatannol, Scirpusin A, and Scirpusin B (5 percent total Stilbenoids), in overweight people, studies have been conducted. Cyperus rotundus has shown dietary enzyme inhibitory action when observed. It significantly lowered the level of all three enzymes i.e., Lipase, Alphaamylase and Alpha- glucosidase. Changes in cell shape and the concentrations of cytoskeletal and extracellular components signal the beginning of adipogenesis. As a result of this process, CCAAT-enhancerbinding proteins (C/EBP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) that are predicated on adipogenicity begin to express themselves. In overweight people, the extract proved successful in lowering body weight and BMI. CRE might prevent obese mice from gaining weight and demonstrated anti-adipogenic effect in differentiated 3T3 L1 adipocytes in-vitro. In conclusion, many current studies have proved for its anti-obesity and lipid lowering potential in various animal or human models. It would be great change towards human use if it is developed into any suitable dosage form for better bioavailability. Keywords: Cyperus rotundus, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidaemic, rats, human

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Dec 2021
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Ethnopharmacological relevance Cyperi Rhizoma (CR) derives from the rhizome or tuber of Cyperus rotundus L. of Cyperaceae. It is an herbal medicine which has been widely used in different healthcare systems like in China, India, Iran, and Japan. In Chinese medicine, CR could promote the flow of Qi in the Liver and Sanjiao channels, regulate menstruation and alleviate pain. Clinically, CR is used for depression, flatulence, hypochondriac pain, and dysmenorrhea. Thus, it has a long history and significant curative effect for the treatment of various Qi stagnation symptoms. Aim of this review This review focuses on explaining the major antidepressant mechanisms of CR, and assessing the shortcomings of existing work. Besides, clinical applications, pharmacological effects and their corresponding chemical compositions and quality control of CR have been researched. Materials and methods The search terms “Cyperus rotundus L.” was used to obtain the literatures from electronic databases such as Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The information provided in this review to illustrate material basis of CR were only limited to papers which reported on the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects simultaneously. Result The study showed that CR has significant application in Qi stagnation, like depressed liver, stomach, and bowel disorders, etc. in different countries or districts. Aqueous extract, EtOH extract, essential oil, total oligomeric flavonoids and five other extracts were effective constituents displaying pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antihemolytic, and anti-inflammatory effect. 41 kinds of specific components like α-cyperone, nootkatone exhibited corresponding pharmacological activities mentioned above. Different concentrations of ethanol extract, essential oil, decoction of CR and monomer composition like α-cyperone, rotunduside G had anti-depressant effects. Conclusions In the present study, we have provided scientific information and research developments on traditional uses, phytochemical compositions and corresponding pharmacological activities, and quality control status on CR. The antidepression effect and its corresponding chemical compositions were generalized separately. The pharmacological activities studies should be more focused on the reflection of traditional clinical values. CR could be a significant potential herbal medicine to develop antidepressant drugs with lower side effects.

Cyperensol A, a novel sesquiterpenoid with a unique 6/6/5 skeleton from Cyperus rotundus L.

Article

Nov 2021
TETRAHEDRON LETT

A novel sesquiterpenoid, named Cyperensol A (1), was isolated from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L. Its structure was elucidated extensively by the spectroscopic analysis. Possible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed. Compound 1 showed inhibitory activity on IL-6 induced activation of JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway with IC50 value of 189.37±7.20 μM.

Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and anticancer potential of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): A systematic review

Article

Jan 2022
S AFR J BOT

Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is a species widely used in traditional medicine in various regions of the world, mainly in Asian countries such as India and Pakistan. The anticancer potential of this species has been reported in the literature, indicating that its chemical compounds may be effective against different tumor cell lines. The present work aimed to carry out a systematic review on the traditional uses, chemical composition, toxicity, and anticancer potential of C. rotundus. Scientific articles were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO. Only works published in the last twenty years (2000-2020) were eligible. A total of 85 articles were included in the review. According to the scientific documents analyzed, C. rotundus is widely used for stomach disorders (11%), diarrhea and/or dysentery (11%), fever (10%), menstrual problems (9%), diuresis (9%), and worms (8%). Regarding the in vivo and in vitro anticancer potential, the extracts, fractions, and essential oils from C. rotundus were effective against colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian, endometrial, liver and cervical cancer, leukemia, and neuroblastoma cell lines. A total of 49 chemical compounds belonging to the classes of sesquiterpenes, iridoid glycosides, and phenolics were identified in this review. Extracts obtained from C. rotundus did not show toxicity in preclinical tests. The pharmacological investigation of the chemical compounds isolated from this plant is important to elucidate the mechanisms of action against cancer cell lines.

Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review

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