Two New Species of Darkling Beetles of the Genus Gauromaia Pascoe, 1866 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Cnodalonini) from Central and Southern Mindanao with Updated Species Geographic Distribution and a Key to Species of the Philippine fauna

Abstract

Two new species of Gauromaia from Mindanao Island Philippines are described and illustrated: G. dorsu Medina & Cabras sp. nov. and G. purpurea Medina & Cabras sp. nov. In total, seven species of the genus are distributed in the Philippine archipelago, five of which are known on Mindanao Island. An updated key to the species in the Philippines and species distribution is also included.

Full text

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*Corresponding author: miltonnormanmedina@gmail.com
Two New Species of Darkling Beetles of the Genus
Gauromaia Pascoe, 1866 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae:
Cnodalonini) from Central and Southern Mindanao
with Updated Species Geographic Distribution
and a Key to Species of the Philippine fauna
Milton Norman D. Medina1,2,3*, Rizalyn B. Cudera4, Jhonnel P. Villegas5,6,
and Analyn A. Cabras1,2,3
1Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Davao Oriental State University,
City of Mati 8200 Philippines
2University Research Complex, Tropical Genomics Laboratory,
Davao Oriental State University, City of Mati 8200 Philippines
3National Museum of Natural History, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
4Sultan Kudarat State University,
EJC Montilla, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines
5Faculty of Education and Teachers Training, Davao Oriental State University,
City of Mati 8200 Philippines
6Futures Thinking and Regenerative Development Center,
Davao Oriental State University, City of Mati 8200 Philippines
Two new species of Gauromaia from Mindanao Island Philippines are described and illustrated:
G. dorsu Medina & Cabras sp. nov. and G. purpurea Medina & Cabras sp. nov. In total, seven
species of the genus are distributed in the Philippine archipelago, five of which are known on
Mindanao Island. An updated key to the species in the Philippines and species distribution is
also included.
Keywords: Beetles, Cnodalonini, darkling, novel species, taxonomy, Philippines.
INTRODUCTION
The Philippine archipelago is one of the major
megadiverse countries and a biodiversity hotspot in the
world (Heaney and Regalado 1998; Myers et al. 2000;
Posa et al. 2008; Keong 2015). Its darkling beetle fauna
is extremely diverse and rich in endemic species (Gebien
1921, 1941; Kulzer 1951; Kato 1998; Ando and Ichiyangi
2009; Ando and Ruzzier 2016, 2017; Ruzzier 2020;
Medina et al. 2022) and largely understudied (Grimm
and Schawaller 2021; Medina et al. 2022). The genus
Gauromaia Pascoe 1866 (type species G. dives Pascoe
1866) (Tenebrionidae: Stenochiinae: Cnodalonini) is
strictly an oriental genus consisting of more than 30
described species (Gebien 1941; Ando 2020), divided
into two sub-genera: Gauromaia s. str. Pascoe 1866 and
Falsogauromaia Pic 1921.
In the Philippines, five species of Gauromaia all under
sub-genus Gauromaia is known: G. (G.) bella Pic
1925 from Basilan Island (Pic 1925), G. (G.) laticeps
Gebien 1921 from Central Luzon (Gebien 1921), G.
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Date Received: 02 Feb 2023

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(G.) mindoroensis Ando 2020 known so far from Mt.
Halcon, Arangin, Naujan, Mindoro Island (Ando 2020),
G. (G.) kitangladensis Medina, Cabras et Ruzzier, 2022
from Mt. Kitanglad in Bukidnon, and G. (G.) ruffordi
Medina, Cabras et Ruzzier, 2022 from Catigan, Davao
City Philippines (Figure 3). All these species are known
so far from their type localities and the exact population
distribution in the country, as well as their biology, remains
unknown. The geographic distribution map of known
species is shown in Figure 4.
From the recent scientific expeditions in Mindanao, two
new species of Gauromaia were discovered which are
described and illustrated. An updated key to species of
the genus Gauromaia in the Philippines is also presented.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The specimens were collected through a beating sheet
in Eureka, Gingoog City, and hand-picking around Lake
Holon in T’Boli South Cotabato, Philippines. Photographs
of specimens were taken using a Canon EOS 200D reflex
camera with Canon macro lens MP-E 65, stacked using
Helicon Remote 4.3.0 W registered version, and rendered
using Helicon Focus version 7.6.4. Label data of the
examined specimens are quoted verbatim, attached labels
are separated by a double slash (//), and separate lines of the
same label are separated by a slash (/). Measurements of
the body parts followed to that of Ando (2020) as follows:
“Body length” refers to the midline length from the apex
of the labrum to the apices of the elytra. Abbreviations
of body parts in the descriptions are as follows: EL —
length of elytra along the midline, from anterior margin
of scutellum to elytral apices; EW — maximum width of
elytra; IE — the distance between eyes; mEG — anterior
margin of the head between epistoma and genae; PL —
length of pronotum along midline; PW — maximum
width of pronotum; TD — transverse diameter of an eye
in dorsal view”.
Acronyms used are as follows:
EUMJ Ehime University Museum, Matsuyama,
Japan
MMCP Milton Medina Collection, Mindanao,
Philippines
MNHN Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle,
Paris, France
PNM National Museum of Natural History
Philippines, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
TAXONOMY
Gauromaia dorsu Medina & Cabras sp. nov. (Figure 1)
Zoobank: https://zoobank.org/References/B9D7534C-
9099-477A-8BC7-C3365A2CD6FD
Type specimen. HOLOTYPE ♀ / PHILIPPINES -
Misamis Oriental / Gingoog City / Brgy. Eureka, 5.iii.2022
// 800 masl, beating sheet / M.N.D. Medina leg. (MMCP).
Typed on white card, will be deposited at PNM.
Comparative materials examined. Gauromaia ruffordi
Medina, Cabras et Ruzzier 2022, Holotype male, MMCP.
Gauromaia kitangladensis Medina, Cabras et Ruzzier
2022, Holotype male, MMCP. Gauromaia bella Pic 1925,
holotype female, MNHN. Gauromaia mindorensis Ando
2020, holotype male, EUMJ. Gauromaia purpurea sp.
nov., Holotype female, MMCP.
Description. Measurements in mm. Body length: 12.0.
Proportion: Female (n = 1): IE 1.8; TD 0.5; EL 8.0; EW
4.0; mEG 0.8; PL 2.0; PW 3.5; IE/TD 3.6; PW/PL 1.75;
EL/EW 2.0.
Female. Head dorsally at the middle with metallic green,
a tinge of metallic blue around each; coarsely punctate at
the frons toward near the eyes, finely punctate towards
anterior margin; epistoma moderately depressed, finely
punctate; mEG highly emarginate; labrum black, elliptical,
punctations almost invisible, entirely flattened, apex
caudex covered with erect golden setae; frontoepistomal
suture obsolete, evenly arcuate; frontal depression wide
and relatively deep; genae moderately convex, finely
punctate; frons flat, coarsely punctate, piligerous; inner
ocular sulci shallow extend one half the diameter of
eyes. Eyes light brown, moderate in size, transverse in
lateral view. Temples moderately convex, not produced.
Neck matte black, dark brown at the basal side, ventral
side densely microsculptured at the anterior end towards
middle, finely punctate at each lateral side; Antennae
short, reaching approximately apical third of pronotum;
antennomeres VII-X moderately dilated and forming a
weak club, sparsely covered with goldish setae, the rest
black; antennomere XI linguiform. Ultimate maxillary
palpomere moderately securiform. Mentum matte dark
brown, trapezoidal, with 4 long erect golden setae (2 at
each side), mentum more elongate, with rounded apical
angle; epistoma strongly depressed, finely punctate.
Mandibles matte black, glabrous, bifid.
Prothorax. Pronotum 1.75 times as wide as long, metallic
purple with a tinge of coppery green at the middle and
near anterior margin; subquadrate, widest at the middle,
finely punctate; disc slightly convex, slightly descendent
laterally, smooth along lateral margins; anterior margin
emarginate at the middle, near the base of head; base
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weakly sinuate; anterior corners obtusely rounded,
posterior ones obtusely angled, pointed at apex.
Prothoracic hypomera slightly depressed, with fine
microsculpture. Prosternum finely microscultured, with
very fine and sparse punctation; prosternal process slightly
wedge-shaped towards the apex, curved inwards behind
coxae, slightly depressed from base to behind apex, apex
slightly raised when viewed laterally (Figure 1D).
Elytra metallic purple with metallic blue and coppery
green at the basal third, not reaching suture, widest at
anterior third; lateral margins unevenly rounded (slightly
rounded, almost straight at middle). Elytral striae 1 and 2
with coarser punctures, the rest fine and gradually more
refined and almost invisible towards apical declivity.
Intervals between striae almost flat, humeral calli
moderately humped with a steep descent toward the elytral
margin. Epipleura metallic purple, glabrous, moderately
thickened from the base, and slightly widened and thinner
from the 3rd and 4th abdominal ventrites towards the elytral
apex. The ridge of mesoventrite oblique forwards, raised.
Scutellum triangular, flat, black, glabrous (Figure 1A).
Abdomen. Abdomen lustrous black to dark brown, finely
punctate, with a tinge of metallic green at lateral ends
of ventrites II–V; ventrites I–III finely punctate with
microscultures pronounced near anterior margin.
Legs coppery green with tinge of metallic blue; Femora
finely punctate, deeply sulcate from the apex toward the
middle. Tibiae distal inner side at apex pubescent with
goldish setae; tarsal sole covered with goldish setae; claws
dark brown, glabrous. Male. Unknown.
Figure 1. Habitus of Gauromaia dorsu sp. nov.: [A] dorsal habitus, [B] ventral habitus, [C] mentum enlarged view, [D]
prosternal process enlarged view, [E] enlarged view of prothorax showing the prosternal process in lateral view,
[F] enlarged view of antennae, and [G] holotype labels.
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Distribution. The Philippines (Mindanao: Misamis
Oriental, Gingoog City).
Etymology. This new species is named after the initials
of Davao Oriental State University or “DOrSU,” a state-
funded university in the Province of Davao Oriental,
Philippines, for its dedication as a state university in
advancing wildlife protection, biodiversity conservation,
and regenerative development.
Diagnosis. The new species is similar to G. kitangladensis
for having elytral striae finely punctuate, without a
transversal iridescent band, and with a tinge of chromatic
iridescence. Both species differ from each other for having
coarser puncturations in striae 1 and 2 in G. dorsu sp.
nov. (vs. fine in G. kitangladensis), slightly raised apical
prosternal process in G. dorsu sp. nov. (vs. flat apical
prosternal process in G. kitangladensis and G. purpurea
sp. nov.), and slightly wedge-shaped apex of prosternal
process (vs. lanceolate in G. kitangladensis). Mentum
of G. dorsu sp. nov. is slightly rugulose (vs. strongly
rugose in G. purpurea sp. nov.). Frontal depression highly
visible, deep, and wide (vs. almost invisible, shallow in
G. purpurea sp. nov.). Superficially, this new species
resembles from G. ruffordi Medina et al. 2022 based on
the chromatic coloration of the elytra and apical prosternal
process. It can also be easily distinguished from G. bella
Pic 1925 for having elytra with coppery green coloration
at the basal third.
Gauromaia purpurea Medina & Cabras sp. nov.
(Figure 2)
Zoobank: https://zoobank.org/References/BC99C216-
F88A-4C1E-A9F0-02B027EA2DF1
Type specimen. HOLOTYPE ♀, PHILIPPINES South
Cotabato, Koronadal / Mt. Parker, Lake Holon // hand
picking, 5.v.2019 / R. Cudera. leg (MMCP), to be deposited
at PNM. Paratype: female, same label as holotype.
Figure 2. Habitus of Gauromaia purpurea sp. nov.: [A] dorsal habitus, [B] ventral habitus, [C] mentum enlarged view, [D]
prosternal process enlarged view, [E] enlarged view of antennae, [F] enlarged view of prothorax showing the
prosternal process in lateral view, and [G] holotype labels.
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Comparative materials examined. Gauromaia ruffordi
Medina, Cabras et Ruzzier 2022, holotype male.
Gauromaia kitangladensis Medina, Cabras et Ruzzier
2022, holotype male. Gauromaia bella Pic 1925, holotype
female. Gauromaia mindorensis Ando 2020, holotype
male. Gauromaia dorsu sp. nov., Holotype female,
MMCP.
Description. Measurements in mm. Body length: 13.0
mm. Proportions: female (n = 1): IE 1.8; TD 0.5; EL 8.2;
EW 4.5; mEG 0.8; PL 2.5; PW 3.5; IE/TD 3.6; PW/PL
1.40; EL/EW 1.8.
Female. Head dorsal metallic purple with a tinge of
coppery green at the frons; moderately punctate toward
the anterior margin, finely punctate at the frons, base,
and near each eye; epistoma moderately depressed,
finely punctate; mEG weakly emarginate. Labrum black,
elliptical, moderately punctate at the anterior end, finely
punctate near the base, entirely flattened, apex slightly
concave covered with golden setae. Frontoepistomal
suture obsolete, evenly arcuate, frontal depression almost
invisible, epistoma with two shallow depressions at
each side of the base. Genae moderately convex, finely
punctate. Frons flat, finely punctate, piligerous; inner
ocular sulci shallow extend one-half the diameter of eye
longitudinally; first half of eyes light brown, second half
matte black at posterior and anterior margins, moderate
in size, transverse in lateral view; temples evenly convex.
Ventral side of the neck with sparse microsculpture
concentrated at the anterior end and the middle, the rest
smooth; Antennae short, reaching approximately apical
third of pronotum; VII–X antennomeres club-shaped;
antennomere XI linguiform, visually longer than IX or
X; V and VI antennomeres sparsely covered with erect
golden setae; antennomeres VII–X moderately covered
with erect goldish setae, the rest glabrous, black, lustrous;
antennomere 1 longer than antennomeres III and IV.
Ultimate maxillary palpomere moderately securiform.
Mentum dark brown to black, trapezoidal, slightly raised
with 2-3 small depressions at each side forming somewhat
microsculptures, highly rugose, transverse, with pointed
apical angles. Mandible black, glabrous, lustrous, bifid.
Prothorax. Pronotum 1.4 times wider than long, mostly
metallic purple with a tinge of metallic blue at the base,
subquadrate, widest at the middle, finely punctate; disc
slightly convex, weakly descendent laterally, anterior margin
almost straight; basal margin weakly sinuate; anterior corners
obtusely rounded, posterior corner obtusely angled, pointed.
Prothoracic hypomera slightly depressed, with wrinkles at
basal half and apical half fine microsculpture. Prosternum
with smooth transverse wrinkles; prosternal process
lanceolate, curved inwards behind coxae, depressed
moderately from base to behind apex (Figure 2D). The
ridge of mesoventrite strongly oblique forwards, slightly
raised, with very fine punctures, piliferous at lateral sides,
lustrous at the middle.
Elytra metallic purple with a tinge of metallic blue near the
base, along suture towards the middle; distinctly convex,
widest at the middle, lateral margins evenly rounded; all
striae with very extremely fine round punctures, almost
vestigial, do not reach the apex, gradually more refine
towards apical declivity; intervals flat; humeral calli gently
humped, steep descent towards elytral margin; epipleura
matte, black, glabrous, evenly flat until abdominal ventrite
III, the rest weakly oblique (Figure 2A).
Abdomen. Abdomen lustrous, black with a tinge of
metallic blue at lateral sides, finely punctate; ventrite I–
III finely punctate with fine wrinkles, almost invisible at
ventrite III; ventrite IV–V without wrinkles, impunctate.
Legs metallic blue with a tinge of metallic purple, short.
Femora metallic blue with a tinge of metallic green, finely
punctate, dilated at apical third. Tibiae slightly incurved,
posterior end of (pro, meso, meta) tibiae bearing golden
setae, tarsi (pro, meso, meta) covered with golden setae;
claw black to dark brown, glabrous.
Male. Unknown.
Distribution. The Philippines (Mindanao: South Cotabato,
Koronadal).
Etymology. This new species is named after the Latin word
“purpura,” which means purple, referring to its purple
body at the dorsal aspect. The noun in the genitive case.
Diagnosis. The new species is similar to Guromaia dorsu
sp. nov. based on almost similar elytral chromatic pattern
except that G. purpurea sp. nov. elytra are predominantly
metallic purple (hence its name). In addition, G. purpurea
sp. nov. is a little longer and more slender compared to
G. dorsu sp.nov. Frontal depression almost invisible (vs.
highly visible and deep in G. dorsu sp. nov.). Mentum
of G. purpurea sp. nov. is trapezoidal with 2-3 small
depressions at each side, highly rugose (vs. slightly
rugulose in G. dorsu sp. nov.). Prosternal process of
G. purpurea sp. nov. flat as viewed laterally with steep
apical prosternal ridge (vs. slightly raised apical prosternal
process in G. dorsu sp. nov.).
Key to the Species of Gauromaia Pascoe, 1866 in the
Philippines
1 Elytra coarsely punctate arranged uniformly in rows…
………………………..…...…………..…...…………2
– Elytra finely punctate arranged uniformly in
rows.…………………………..….…………..…...…3
2 Prosternum with a vertical drop towards the apex;
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prosternal process deeply furrowed at the apex……
……………………………………G. laticeps Gebien
– Prosternum narrowly beaded at apex; prosternal
process, curved inwards behind coxae, dilated before
apex………………………...… G. mindoroensis Ando
3Elytra without transversal iridescent band…………… 4
–Elytra with transversal iridescent band……………….. 5
4 Elytra monochromatic, entirely metallic purple, apex
of prosternal process flat when viewed laterally, frontal
Figure 3. Gauromaia spp. in the Philippines: [A] G. dorsu sp. nov. holotype, [B] G. purpurea sp. nov. holotype, [C] G. ruffordi
Medina, Cabras et Ruzzier 2022 holotype, [D] G. kitangladensis Medina, Cabras et Ruzzier 2022 holotype, [E]
G. bella Pic 1925, holotype.
depression almost invisible, mentum transverse with
pointed apical angles, striae 1 and 2 consist of much
coarser unctures…………………G. purpurea sp. nov.
– Elytra with a tinge of chromatic iridescence.…………….6
5 Elytra green-purple, with a distinctive purple transverse
band between behind the middle and apical third, and
dilated at suture and lateral intervals……………………
………………G. ruffordi Medina, Cabras et Ruzzier.
– Elytra with a thick transverse band of gold, fuchsia
pink, purple, turquoise colors extending from the
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middle towards apical third, dilated at suture and 2nd
intervals……………………………………G. bella Pic
6 Elytra metallic purple with metallic green luster along
the suture and lateral margins, distinctly convex in
lateral view …………G. kitangladensis Medina,
Cabras et Ruzzier.
- Elytra metallic purple with metallic blue and coppery
green at the basal third not reaching the suture,
moderately convex in lateral view, the apex of prosternal
process slightly raised when viewed laterally, frontal
depression prominent and deep, mentum more elongate
with rounded apical angles, striae 1 and 2 consist of very
fine punctures ……..…………………G. dorsu sp. nov.
RECOMMENDATION
There are no observations yet on the occurrence of sexual
dimorphism amongst Gauromaia spp. in the Philippines.
Moreover, color variations between species are distinct
even to species with seemingly allopatric possibilities
like in the case of G. kitangladensis Medina et al. 2022
and G. dorsu sp. nov. which occupy the mountain ranges
within Central Mindanao biogeographic subregion but
are separated by a series of small valleys that serve as
geographic barriers. Given the morphological characters
of Gauromaia spp. are very close, it is therefore
recommended to conduct molecular analyses (i.e. CO1)
to provide more affirmation as to the delineation between
species.
Figure 4. Distribution of known Gauromaia species in the Philippines.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our sincere gratitude to our collaborators in Northern
Mindanao: Mr. Melbert Baul, Tribal Chieftain Datu
Ramil Ansihagan, and the local guides, Ricky, Xyrex
Quin, Joshua, Jeptha, Gerwen, Jomart, and the entire
Higaunon tribe in Baliguihan Gingoog City. To our good
friend, Arvids Barsevskis, for the wonderful scientific
collaboration throughout the years. Our thanks to Dr.
Roy G. Ponce, President of DOrSU, for giving the first
and last authors the opportunity to work at DOrSU. We
are indebted to the National Research Council of the
Philippines for the funds for the Lake Holon Project
headed by Dr. Marieta Sumagaysay, as well as to Sultan
Kudarat State University and Dr. Rolando Hechanova for
the administrative support. Special thanks to the Local
Government Unit of Tboli, South Cotabato, and the Tboli
Indigenous Cultural Community. My sincere gratitude to
my friend Kiyoshi Ando for the valuable comments and
suggestions, as well as for generously sharing his type
photos of G. bella and G. mindorensis. We are grateful
to the anonymous reviewers.
STATEMENT ON CONFLICT OF
INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflicting interest
incurred during the preparation of the manuscript.
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