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Effect of Body Image on Self Esteem: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Implication
Section A-Research Paper
6087
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4),6087-6095
Effect of Body Image on Self Esteem: A Systematic Literature
Review and Future Implication
Raghav Aggarwal,1 Dr. Rohit Ranjan2 Rupali Chandola3*
Department of Psychology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Phagwara, Punjab,
India
ABSTRACT
Objective
This review article explores the connection between self-esteem and body image. It has been
demonstrated that body image, particularly in respect to physical appearance, has a significant impact
on how people perceive themselves and their level of confidence. Positive body image can result in
increased confidence and general wellbeing can improve people's mental health and general quality of
life., whereas a negative body image can result in self-talk and low self- esteem,
Material and Method:
A literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies and literature on the topic of body image
and self-esteem. Electronic databases including PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched
using relevant keywords such as "body image", "self-esteem", "interventions", and "mental health". The
search was limited to articles published in English between the years 2010 to 2021. This was
performed using preferred reporting items for systematic review and the meta-analysis technique
(PRISMA) exclusion and inclusion criteria. Thirty empirical research articles were included in the
present study.
Result:
The article highlights therapies that have been effective in enhancing body image and self-esteem and
examine the variables, such as societal influences and personal experiences, that lead to the emergence
of body image disorders.
Conclusion:
Finding advances the understanding of mental health challenges and addresses body image issues,
identify gap in research and propose future research direction. Research must focus on tools innovation
and assessment of body image.
KEYWORDS: Body Image, Self-esteem, physical appearance, societal influences, mental health,
quality of life.
INTRODUCTION
An individual's perspective, thoughts, and feelings about their physical appearance are all part of the
complex construct known as body image. Excessive concern about body image, body image
misconception are leading to dissatisfaction, disturbed eating patterns, affecting the nutritional status
and also leading to depression and anxiety disorders. This concept of body image has been less
explored in Indian context, especially among young girls. Numerous elements, such as societal
pressures, individual experiences, and cultural conventions, have an impact on it. Self-esteem, which is
Effect of Body Image on Self Esteem: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Implication
Section A-Research Paper
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Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4),6087-6095
characterised as a person's total sense of self-worth and confidence, is directly related to body image.
Negative self-talk and low self-esteem that result from having a bad body image can have a detrimental
effect on one's mental health as well as general wellbeing. A good body image, on the other hand, can
result in increased self-esteem and confidence, which can improve one's general quality of life. This
review article examines the connection between body image and self-esteem, as well as the causes of
concerns with body image and the interventions that have been effective in enhancing both. In order to
promote a healthy body image and better mental health outcomes, people and healthcare professionals
can seek to grasp the intricate interactions between self-esteem and body image.
A person's perception, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes towards their own body, including its size,
shape, and appearance, are referred to as body image. It is influenced by several things, including
personal experiences, cultural values, individual traits, and societal standards of beauty. A person's
self-esteem, mood, behaviour, and general well-being can all be impacted by their body image, which
can be positive, negative, or neutral.
“Body image is a multidimensional construct that encompasses perceptual, affective, cognitive, and
behavioural components, and reflects an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and experiences related to his
or her own body, as well as his or her idealized or desired body.” (Cash F Thomas.;2017) This quote
by Thomas F. Cash explains that body image is a complex concept that involves how a person
perceives, feels, thinks, and acts in relation to their own body, as well as their idealized or desired
body. It encompasses various dimensions, such as perception, emotions, thoughts, and behaviours, and
is influenced by personal attitudes, beliefs, experiences, and societal norms and standards. Overall,
body image is an important factor in a person's mental health and well-being.
Self-esteem is the subjective assessment of one's own competence, worth, and value as a person. It is
based on a variety of elements, such as one's skills, accomplishments, character traits, and social
comparisons. Self-esteem can influence a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours and can be
either positive or negative. While those with low self-esteem may experience more self-doubt,
anxiety, and depression, those with high self-esteem typically exhibit greater levels of confidence,
resiliency, and optimism.
"Self-esteem is the disposition to experience oneself as being competent to cope with the basic
challenges of life and of being worthy of happiness." (Branden) This quote by Nathaniel Branden
defines self-esteem as a person's overall evaluation of themselves and their ability to cope with the
challenges that life presents. It involves a sense of confidence in one's skills and worthiness to
experience happiness. Self-esteem is not just about having positive thoughts about oneself, but it is
also reflected in one's emotions, behaviour, and attitude towards oneself and others. When a person has
high self-esteem, they are more likely to feel capable and successful in various aspects of life, while
low self-esteem can lead to feelings of insecurity and self-doubt.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Moving from adolescence to adulthood is a significant developmental transition. This transition was
well-structured for most until the mid-20th century but has recently shifted to being unstructured
(Schwartz et al., 2015) The strong connection between the two constructs has been highlighted by
numerous studies that have looked into the relationship between body image and self-esteem. In
contrast to those with positive body images, those with negative body images, according to a study by
Cash and Pruzinsky (2018 ), had lower self-esteem and higher levels of anxiety and depression.
Tiggemann and Slater (2014) discovered a similar relationship between a negative body image and
lower self-esteem and a positive body image and higher self-esteem and general well-being.
Body image issues have been linked significantly to societal pressures, including unrealistic beauty
standards portrayed in the media (Fardouly et al., 2015). The internalisation of these standards and the
subsequent perception that one's own appearance falls short can lead to negative self-talk and a
Effect of Body Image on Self Esteem: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Implication
Section A-Research Paper
6089
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4),6087-6095
decrease in self-esteem. Negative body image and low self-esteem have also been linked to individual
experiences, including trauma, chronic illness, and bullying (Tylka & Sabik, 2010).
Interventions aimed at improving body image and self-esteem have been developed and tested with
varying degrees of success. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective in
improving body image and reducing negative self-talk (Frisén et al., 2016). Acceptance and
Commitment Therapy (ACT) has also shown promise in reducing body image concerns and improving
self-esteem (Tylka et al., 2015). In addition, interventions that focus on promoting positive body
image, such as media literacy programs and body positivity campaigns, have been found to be
effective in improving body image and self-esteem (Fardouly et al., 2015; Swami et al., 2018).
Overall, the research indicates a connection between negative body image and low self-esteem, as well
as a link between these two factors and poor mental and physical health. To find effective methods for
fostering a positive body image and enhancing mental health outcomes, more research is required.
However, interventions aimed at enhancing body image and self- esteem have shown promise.
METHOD
The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and
checklist were followed for this present study PRISMA techniques help the authors ensure transparency
and complete reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Authors had developed the PRISMA
statement and its explanations paper to researchers in reporting abroad range of systematic reviews, to
assess the benefits and risks of a variety of health conditions. This present article is a systematic
review of body image and self-esteem, which intends to collate the crux of the existing empirical
literature pertaining to it: mainly with respect to investigated the relationship between body image and
self-esteem and interventions aimed at improving body image and self-esteem. As this is a review
article, a systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies and literature on the
topic of body image and self- esteem. Electronic databases including PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google
Scholar were searched using relevant keywords such as "body image", "self-esteem", "interventions",
and "mental health". The search was limited to articles published in English between the years 2010 to
2022. During the search process, Boolean operators (i.e., and, or, not) were used to obtain relevant
papers related to body image and self-esteem. Searches for each keyword and phrase; body image,
mental health consequences of low self-esteem etc. were conducted separately, and the conjunction
‘in’ was also used in the search keywords to retrieve articles representing various related dimensions
of self-esteem and body image.
The following inclusion and exclusion criteria were used in this study to select articles of importance
for the review purpose. After the initial search, articles were screened based on their relevance to the
topic and inclusion criteria, which included studies that investigated the relationship between body
image and self-esteem and interventions aimed at improving body image and self-esteem. Studies that
were not relevant or did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. Data from the included studies
were extracted and synthesized to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on body image
and self-esteem. The findings were organized and presented according to the themes that emerged
from the literature, including the relationship between body image and self-esteem, the factors that
contribute to the development of body image, and interventions aimed at improving body image and
self- esteem. Guided by the objective of the review and the inclusion-exclusion criteria, a literature
search from several databases was conducted that yielded 500 articles. Following the removal of
duplicates, 200 articles were kept for preliminary evaluation. By examining the titles and abstracts of
the 200 publications, 165 articles were removed on the basis of the exclusion criteria. This was due to
most of the 165 articles having one or two variables related to body image, self-esteem articles were
found to be beyond the scope of the objective and inclusion criteria of this paper and were excluded
from the study. Articles not available in full text, reviews, case studies, and qualitative investigations
Effect of Body Image on Self Esteem: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Implication
Section A-Research Paper
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Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4),6087-6095
were excluded from the analysis. Thirty- five articles that had the word “body image and self-esteem
either in the abstract or in their title were incorporated into the current review. The empirical studies
included in this study have a variation in sample size (ranges from 10 to 1800) and were mostly
conducted as descriptives, cross-sectional, survey methods, and online or web surveys. Overall, the
method used for this review article involved a systematic search and synthesis of the literature, and a
critical analysis of the findings to provide insights into the relationship between body image and self-
esteem, as well as strategies for promoting positive body image and improving mental health outcomes.
Result:
A systematic review was carried out for summarize key concepts and findings from the selected papers
on body image and self-esteem. with the intention of identifying and mapping the available empirical
evidence on relation between body image and self-esteem. The available literature was segregated
into different sections, accordingly, to present body image and self- esteem from multiple
perspectives; such as: the Development of Body Image, Self-esteem, Relationship between body
image and self-esteem, Interventions aimed at improving body image and self-esteem, Comorbidities
and mental health issue and consequence.
Body image: Obese people report discrimination and social exclusion. trouble in finding clothes, and
public ridicule (Dhillon & Dhawan, 2011) .body image is measured by different psychometric Studies
reported that obesity is also linked with low self-esteem, appearance evaluation, and dissatisfaction.
Thus, obesity creates an enormous psychological burden on an individual. It is well established in the
literature that preoccupation and self-classified weight. obesity impacts psychological well-being,
overall evaluation and satisfaction with one's looks. Several studies have shown a relationship between
negative body image, depression, and lowered self-esteem among obese male and female students. Both
the gender report body image issues, but their body images are qualitatively different. Females of all
age groups only follow thin ideal whereas males are divided into two categories one of having will of
losing weight and other of having a will of gaining weight (Wong & Say, 2013) Male body
objectification is popular in current mass media. This objectification leads to increased body
dissatisfaction in males too (Bergeron, 2007). Prior studies reported the fact that body image issues
are more common in female than in male student.
Dehghani et al (2012). reported that depression, anxiety, and tension are significantly negatively
correlated with the decrease in body image obese adolescent female students. Students with a normal
or slim body feel physical attraction and were more contentment with their appearance and body .
Karaca et al. (2017) reported that the body image of femal students becomes more negative with the
increase in their weight another study by Parent et al. (2018) found that adolescent girls reported
higher levels of body dissatisfaction also had higher levels of symptoms of depression and anxiety
Body dissatisfaction affects both male and female college students. In a recent study, male college
students report some level of body dissatisfaction, but are more satisfied with their bodies than female
college students (Gillen & Lefkowitz, 2006) Females typically desire a thinner body, while men desire
a more muscular and leaner structure (Gillen, & Lefkowitz, 2006). Emerging adults in college usually
aspire to adhere to the social representations of ideal physical appearance (Grossbard et al., 2008).
Typically, individuals compare their bodies to the ideal body, as well as the bodies of those around
them (Chang & Suttikun, 2017).
Relationship between body image and self-esteem:
Sociocultural perspectives on body image propose that gender differences in body dissatisfaction
likely represent different cultural standards for ideal body types: for females, a thin figure represents
attractiveness and for males, a more muscular, mesomorphic build symbolizes power and success. At
some point many students struggle with their own body image. In fact, up to 90% of college students
say they are concerned about their own body image and these body image concerns are considered
Effect of Body Image on Self Esteem: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Implication
Section A-Research Paper
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Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4),6087-6095
normal for college women (Chang & Suttikun, 2017) Evidence suggests that Western society
associates idealized physical qualities with greater occupational competence in adults, as well as
academic and social competence in children (Jackson 2002). Furthermore, adolescents who perceive
pressure to lose or gain weight from the media, parents, and peers are more likely to engage in
dangerous body-change strategies, and are at greater risk for developing eating disorders than those who
do not perceive such pressure (McCabe and Ricciardelli 2003; Smolak et al. 2005).
Cognitive and personality variables such as perfectionism, fear of negative evaluation, and low self-
esteem are also associated with body dissatisfaction in both females and males (Davis et al. 2005;
Stice 2002) self-esteem and body image concerns demonstrate that greater contingent self-esteem is a
risk factor for engaging in appearance-related social comparisons, a process whereby individuals
gather information that they use for self-evaluation (Bergstrom et al. 2015)
Interventions aimed at improving body image and self-esteem. if weight stigma is identified as
influencing the relationship between body image and self-esteem, then professionals can work to
counter the effects of weight stigma. This would ultimately help the overall well-being of many
emerging adults.
Comorbidities and mental health issue : Self-esteem levels and body image satisfaction have been
studied extensively in college students. Being dissatisfied with your body is associated with multiple
negative outcomes such as low self-esteem, depression, unhealthy eating behaviors, and eating
disorders (Grossbard, Lee, Neighbors, & Larimer, 2008) When combined, body dissatisfaction, low
self-esteem, and experiencing weight stigma can have lasting negative physical and mental health
consequences into adulthood. c (Major, Hunger, Bunyan, & Miller, 2014). From 2014, 70.7% of
adults aged 20 or older were overweight or obese, and obesity in emerging adults has doubled in the
past 30 years (Obesity and Overweight, 2017). Although obesity is becoming common with increased
prevalence rates, those who are overweight experience myriad negative outcomes (Langdon et al.,
2016) These range from physical (i.e.: Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke) to emotional (i.e., higher
depression, anxiety, low self-esteem), and social (i.e.: peer rejection, weight-based discrimination;
(Djalalinia, Qorbani, Peykari, & Kelishadi, 2015) When an individual experiences weight stigma, they
are likely to have increased depression, body dissatisfaction, and lower self-esteem (Chang & Suttikun,
2017; Vartanian & Novak, 2010). People, regardless of gender, experience weight stigma, and
therefore, are vulnerable to these consequences
DISCUSSION
The literature review that was just presented demonstrates how closely self-esteem and body image are
related. Positive body image has been linked to increased confidence and wellbeing, whereas negative
body image has been linked to lower self-esteem and general mental health issues. The literature also
emphasises the various aspects of negative body image development, such as societal pressures and
individual experiences like bullying and chronic illness.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and media literacy
initiatives are a few of the interventions that have been created and tested with the goal of enhancing self-
esteem and body image. These interventions have had varying degrees of success; some studies have
found that after intervention, body image and self-esteem significantly improved.
There are some limitations to take into account, despite the fact that the literature offers insightful
information about the connection between body image and self-esteem. First off, the majority of the
studies that made up this review were cross-sectional or long-term observational studies, which do not
have the ability to prove causality. Consequently, it is challenging to ascertain how body image and
self-esteem are related. Second, there is a lack of diversity in the study samples, which restricts the
applicability of the findings to populations with a wider range of backgrounds.
Despite these drawbacks, the literature offers a useful framework for comprehending the intricate
Effect of Body Image on Self Esteem: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Implication
Section A-Research Paper
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Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4),6087-6095
connection between body image and self-esteem. It is evident that having a poor body image can have a
negative impact on a person's mental health and wellbeing, underscoring the importance of developing
efficient interventions to enhance body image and foster positive self-esteem. According to the research,
a multifaceted strategy that incorporates both individual and societal-level interventions may be most
successful in addressing the intricate causes of poor self-esteem and a negative body image. In order
to promote a positive body image and enhance mental health outcomes, more research is required in
order to create and test effective interventions, particularly in more diverse populations.
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the literature reviewed in this article highlights the close relationship between body
image and self-esteem, with negative body image consistently associated with decreased self-esteem
and mental health concerns. The literature also highlights the various factors that contribute to negative
body image, including societal pressures and personal experiences.
Several interventions aimed at improving body image and self-esteem have been developed and tested,
with varying degrees of success. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy (ACT), and media literacy programs have shown promise in promoting positive body image
and improving self-esteem.Overall, the findings suggest that a multi-faceted approach, including both
individual and societal-level interventions, may be most effective in addressing the complex factors that
contribute to negative body image and low self-esteem. However, there are limitations to the studies
included in this review, including the lack of diversity in the samples and the inability to establish
causality in observational studies.
Future research is needed to develop and test effective interventions, particularly in more diverse
populations, to promote positive body image and improve mental health outcomes. Additionally,
continued efforts to challenge unrealistic beauty standards and promote body positivity may also be
effective in reducing the prevalence of negative body image and improving self-esteem.
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