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Technology as an Ally and an Adversary of Academic Integrity

Authors:
  • EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

Abstract

This article deals with technology, academic integrity, academic misconduct and partially with character and intellect. Technology has been the companion of mankind for millennia. Whether technology is an ally or an adversary of academic integrity is always decided by people, either individuals or institutions. Our focus is on the use of technology in higher education with emphasis on software tools that help to support academic integrity, but under specific circumstances they support academic misconduct. The main source of such problems on an individual level is human intention to use software tools in speculative ways that result in violation of academic integrity. Shortcomings of the software tools can contribute to academic misconduct too. On the institutional level there can be different factors that contribute to changing technology from an ally to an adversary of academic integrity (policy, implementation, instructions of use, inconsistency of staff approach …) The significance of academic integrity is in its close relationship with the quality of education, research, and the advancement of knowledge. Academic integrity is critical to every aspect of the educational process. The perception, understanding and application of academic integrity is not homogenous, it depends on countries, regions and culture. Across the higher education sector we need to develop common perceptions, understanding and application of academic integrity, which will help to enhance the quality of education in universities and at, national and global levels. Marginally we will gently touch on history to explore where the roots of the components of integrity have come from.
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 $&
$ & 2 
           $3 4546&
)
$(4554&

) 7
8)2
            

  2     
2         2  
9$,456:&
7
8  
9$-456;&
8 
9$"-,<=4556&
<'

' -)>
'??
3       '  
'*'
)*
0 $,- 4546&
     $  &   
 $>
456@&
        
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A456B& '
7
8    )      
    7    
9 $ A - C #
&
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           
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$E456B&
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*
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             
-

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
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 +     
            
$ 456:H 4545&,
-)

         
     $A  456F&  
             '
 
      $  <&   

.
    
 

       '     
!    
$  )&#
'


 
)( <
     +
)<
      /   

   
$
456B&
D'
  
<<
          I $456B&

7
8.           $& 
),
0
09
.2
%
,
 -
89( 
            
    $ 455J& > F555 >,-   
$>4554&
   + $  +  ()
+++&$3
455:&(H
+$# 456F&
 $K6::;HA 455:& 4J6J/
4F;L>,-$,1 456L&
-
'$# 456F&
,
 A$456F& DM A$456;
456:&
-.#--  ,1  -
    
             
K$455F&
8)       
 
9
=        )   

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3
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         
.
    >
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$. # , 6:B@&        
 )
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   $E 456B&   
7


D
 
   $>N 4546&# )   
   1        
$(455;&
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             
          +1
'D)
<          
  1<    1
$DM 456:&
>
"
2<10
$>456:&7
80       0     
  0 )       
9
!'>N$4546&
'7
+
+
< 
< 0
< 
< 
< 
<  
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D)
+       8 9     
 
    1         A 
O$"455JH(A4564&A<O

$6::B&-$4564&
+ 
         '  $89
89&$898989&
*
 <) < A O'
=$455;&7
8          ' 
 
  //
9
#',$65@JF>,-&=#$6>,-&"$JF
>,-6;,-&C$FL :@ ,-&  A$64:46@,-&1
$= 455;&
) 7
$JF@FFB>,-&7
*8
9H898 
9$+456:&
+-$4F;:,-&A+#7
8 
 
  9$>455L&
I $B5<;5 >,-  6L ,-&   ( I +7  

8!    
 H
0

9$-4564&
P6
$(A4564&/BL2B@,-O$&
  
$&
 $#1 455;& ($J5 65J ,-& / ( I
(/DD (0
$=455;&
  
  A    $456B&  A A  
$456:&D
+*-/ 
$4546&
)
             )
        
 

)
)$!<!456F& 
)$DM 4545&
   '       

         


P 
)  ) 
    $" 6:;@& 

    <  O  .  ,
> 6::J 
0$,455:&
  6::@          
P<
$+3&
            ) 
')
'
)>($455:& 
<#!<!$456F&)
     455J<456F   "   
             
    )
 
$DM 4545&   )       
)<
        '  
  )=  
            

)
$ )&
            
 
)
1 <1 
           
 

             
   '          
#89   
 
)
#<)  '  
)
       *      )
 )
   4565 #  +   
*-# )
# # 
-$&
$& 
       ,   

 $ 
 &
#)')
  
2 
(-$4545&)
)
+)# #456:
)$
#&+
#    

   #  + )    
1'7!-?
     )   7
       -  $   &
,+<-O=$ 
     &  +<- # =   
  $-.
   
&')
 $ 456B& )       
           
 
)
   !    
7P        
< <89
  ' #  
   )           
$GQ1(.3456B&
?
)
   
 
          
#
> 7>N$4546& )
             
)'
 
)
 *?!   
)
 /          
 /    .     8 
9  /      
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            
           

$K# 4544&"<
         
       >   
             
          
  $&,
   #

  

#0
   )        ,
13GO.#
(  -$   . & 
-C#$4544&4FFF
 #   1      
      $,
4544&
C           
!          


# 
RR  
 
'
     
 
)+1$4544&
7
8 +
 
 
 0S
9
455L
           
 .)

0 .
           

$<-4545&
<$@4545&
$4544&<<
 
RR
      
) '+
<
            


 8 9             
!
8 9?         
'T)7 
 $ 4546 &D 

0$&
$,4544&
8 9
 =1 
7+FL5  $4544 &U 0
7#J55 $4546 &
>4544 )<
     <    
''$"4544&)
 ' <    7   +K"# "3-
$4544&
        +       
<'
O $4544 &
          
>       
$<-4544 &
#
          

#  
>
O



             
            
 

   
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K      '    <
<
' 
   P
 

T    
           
'V
+
The text of this arcle was completed in October 2022, before the inux of easily accessible and user-
friendly arcial intelligence tools.
 
 =A

O
<--A#*+!W(-$4545&
,O"@4544
72222-<22
FF:F;L46FXXXXXXX,XX2 2
L@;L:;:4BL6;5L;BB::2<<<<<<,<<

$6::B&+,I"
+7>K,.+DO
6:@O6B4544
7222XX26:@
A-C#$4544&
7OF4544
722'2<22<<<<<

A-C#$&!
?OB4544722'2<<

>$4566"J&!0D8+9,+
OL45447222456626525J2<
Y-4YB5Y::<<<2
>($455L&-+*73*7> ;")
.+
>N($4546&+<. O
AOD+
O454544
72222245L5564J4J2J6F@5BJ2
A-XOX-Y45X6X:;B4BB:F6F4:;
>A$456B&D 3W*-
,O464544
722222F6<456B2<456B2;6< <<<<
<<
>$456@&=7+/
>$-&* $F<@&
>W(#$455:&7-
Z.WK+@$6&
L;<@:Z722265LF;@626@6@L;4544
>(O$4554&--DD
,AK[,W(1$4546&7
-O
664544722)22465;5@;L6
,AK[,W(1$4544&8>9897*
<O
664544722245442562<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<2
,($456:&<7
)+;4544
722)22)226:5:26:5:5L@B:
,-$4546&C-7!?
OB45447222222<2'<<<
<<<<<
,G$455:&#OF54544
72212<22<<<<<
<1<2
,1 !$456L&( !1+/1 1\1
 #+] 11JF$F&6FL<6LL
=$455;&"+KO
>.KOF64544
72222<224L622F;<664
-#-$4546&+*- 
>,<,K"
-$456;&(-7++
O;4544722)2JJL2
->=$4564&D,7.K=-
,+").+
DM =Q=<3O1^#1K
A<=_ `W!<!=$4545&
-*-
6;$J@&6<F4OF54544
722226566B@2J64F:<545<556:4<J
DM ( 3WA>$456:&+=7
#KO,(,#L4$@&6<J4
72226566JL2FFJLF6;
ADM =, W#K$456F&,
*--.O
4;45447221222=4<F<55Y45-.Y45++*--Y45,.
Y45#Y45-.<Y45
ADM =Q==QQa QIW( 
$456:&+1A1 
 O4;4544
72222245452XX45
ADM =Q=K Q=WK$456;&
-)#--O4;
4544
722222456;2AX-)
A K$456F&Z,-.+3#O46
454472222<<<<<<

A>A$455:&+<*PA7
"> !O;4544
72222F5L5B2F5L5B<2F5L5B<
,($4544&<
OF4544
722224544<5;<F52<<<<<<
26564;;J4@
,$&DI
OB45447222
K#$4544&K#OF4544
7222
#$&#O
6J4544722<2<2
($455J&(-7#,
-++
G$456:#6;&===O#6;456:
722222J6<456:2<456:2F6J<<<
<
G$4545#4B&%O#4B4545
722222LB<45452<454524FF<<<<
<<
-$4544&-)7+K"#"3-655
O664544
7222454425B25F2)<<<<<<<655<<
<<<2
$456B66&DO4L
45447222<<<<<2
$456B46&
O464544722 22<<<<
<<< 2
$4545&I,+=#3
KO1G*,WDM $-&-D
*$65F<666&(.+>
$4544D44&. 
O444544
72222<<< <<

K+K#W($455F&O
O64544
722224;@5@5;4LXOXXXX
XOXXXXAX=XX-X#XX
X=-#
K($6::;&(-O;4544
722112226L6@J@262KX6::;X(XIXXX-

(K-$4554B&A
722224554225B2
($4546&U07#
J55O664544
7222454625;26:2<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<J55<2
(>$455;&+O*-#.
3T +
(A#$4564&+KK,.+
3$4546F5&>#$&O
;454472222<<<<
<
3($455:"6B&+O;4544
722< 22)222+
"-,<=$4556&A
O;454472222?=b4@:4
"(=$4554&7Z
A,#.#J:$J&
65J;<65L4
" $4544&+FL5O664544
7222454425424F2<<FL5<<<2
" $4544&O3@5B$:&
72226565FB2J6LB@<544<545;6<@
"#$4544(4;&O*89#,.
OB454472222<<<<<
<<<<<<2
"Z$6:;@&
,(#A,#->B$J&F5<J672226566JL2FB4444FB4J@4
+1$4544&( --#,O"
@454472222454425:2<<<<

+($456:&(<)7Z#
#;$4&4JL/4B;Z72226565B@2;54LJL
+3$&+KK,OF54544
722222654BL55B2<
# $456F&+'7,+0()
K1c0,OO4;4544
722 22:JL2
#1-$455;&+QQ Q=d[a7
e)d[a66$6&F5<FJ
EKAf EA"d (OK
"g(D,(##DM $456B&A
OB454472222<
22454425;2AXX
EK"d (DM (D,(Af E
A##O1#OK"g"$456:&
AAOB4544
72222<22454425J2AXXX6
6X5:X456:
.#,"$6:B@&+
O-O454544
7222h2 426:B@2B@652B@65+=D
.)$&-O4;4544
722)22
IO$456B&Z,7'O464544
722'2456B26525F2<<'<<<2?b
!<!=(i,G -$456F&+=#
456FO4;4544
722<2<2456F2<456F2
!<!=$456J&DD7++#
G1+$45444&A.
!3OF545447222?
b45445;545;6;L:J:@
GQ1(.3$456B&( 1jda 1 QO
4L454472212265B6@< <1<< <
1 <<<
A
, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
, 1, 5, 8, 11
, 1, 8, 9
, 1, 9
, 7, 10, 11
C
, 1, 3, 4, 11, 12, 14, 15
, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16
, 7, 9, 10
D
, 3, 12
, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16
E
, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15
, 7, 9, 11
, 2, 3, 4
F
, 11, 13
H
, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17
, 2, 5
I
, 1, 7, 8, 10, 16
, 1, 3, 14, 15
, 7
J
, 5, 11, 13
K
, 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 12
L
, 2, 15
O
, 5, 8, 9, 10
P
, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
, 11, 15
, 1, 3
, 11, 13, 15
, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
, 5, 6
, 2, 7, 8, 12
, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11
, 6, 11, 12, 15
Q
', 1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 13, 17
R
, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16
, 2, 5, 7, 13
S
, 3, 5, 11, 13
, 5, 10, 11, 13
, 6, 7, 8, 9
, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17
, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16
T
, 2, 3, 9
, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16
), 7, 8, 9, 10
, 2, 11
, 2, 4, 5, 13
U
, 1, 14
, 3
V
, 2, 3, 4, 15
, 1, 5, 10
W
, 9, 13
, 10
 , 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
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