Developing Address Model and Geocoding Framework for Urban Area in Indonesia

Abstract

Address is a location identifier that is used for many applications, such as package and letter delivery services, property tax management, and
emergency services. Each country has different address models that reflect differences in address structure and location characteristics. With
34 provinces and 514 regencies/cities, Indonesia has just recently had a national standard for addressing and writing an address. Consequently,
the address models in Indonesia still vary from city to city. A geocoded national or local address is also absent. This paper investigates current
address models in Indonesian cities and develops a geocoding framework for urban areas in Indonesia. The address model was developed
based on the Indonesian National Standard on Urban and Rural Addressing (SNI 9037:2021). As proof of concept, surveys, and interviews
were conducted to establish geocoded address in five administrative areas of Indonesia, namely Jakarta, Manado, Klungkung, Semarang, and
Yogyakarta. A prototype was built that showcases geocoding functionalities on the geocoded addresses in the said administrative areas by
implementing Full-text Search method in ElasticSearch. The prototype was further presented to each city’s administrators to demonstrate its
usability in location findings based on standardized address.

Full text

PROCEEDING
GEO-LAND-SEA 2023
From The Whole to The Part:
Research & Development Issues for Geodetic Data Science &
Land Administration in Embracing Automated Digital World
Department of Geodetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta
8-9 February 2023
PROCEEDING OF SOUTH EAST ASIA
WORKSHOP ON GEODETIC DATA SCIENCES,
GEOINFORMATICS AND LAND ADMINISTRATION
(GEO-LAND-SEA) 2023

PROCEEDING
GEO-LAND-SEA
FROM THE WHOLE TO THE PART:
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ISSUES FOR GEODETIC DATA SCIENCE &
LAND ADMINISTRATION IN EMBRACING AUTOMATED DIGITAL WORLD
PROCEEDING OF SOUTH EAST ASIA
WORKSHOP ON GEODETIC DATA SCIENCES, GEOINFORMATICS
AND LAND ADMINISTRATION
(GEO-LAND-SEA) 2023
Department of Geodetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta
8-9 February 2023

PROCEEDING OF SOUTH EAST ASIA WORKSHOP ON GEODETIC DATA SCIENCES,
GEOINFORMATICS AND LAND ADMINISTRATION (GEO-LAND-SEA) 2023
FROM THE WHOLE TO THE PART: RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ISSUES FOR GEODETIC DATA
SCIENCE & LAND ADMINISTRATION IN EMBRACING AUTOMATED DIGITAL WORLD
YOGYAKARTA, 8-9 FEBRUARY 2023
Revi ewers
Prof . Wal ter d e Vries, Prof . Tri as Ad itya K.M., Dr . Fil ip Bi ljecki
Stee ring Commi ttee
Prof . Wal ter d e Vries, Prof . Tri as Ad itya K.M., Dr . Fil ip Bi ljecki
Edit ors
Prof . Tri as Ad itya K.M., Dr . Bam bang Kun Cahyono, Ressy Fitr ia, M.Sc.Eng.
Orga nizin g Com mittee
Conf erenc e chairman : Prof. Trias Adi tya K.M.; Treasurer: S umiat i, S. E.; Secret ary: Febri an
Fitr yanik Susa nta, M.Eng .; Public Relations/ Digit al Co ntent : Res sy Fitria, M.Sc.Eng. ;
Plen ary Sessi on Coor dinat or: Heri Sutanta , Ph .D.; Plenary Ses sion Moderat or: I Ma de Andi
Arsa na, Ph.D.; Panel Sess ion chairperson: Dr .Eng. Purna ma Budi Santosa; Panel Session
co-c hairp erson : Cecep Prat ama, D.Sc.; Panel Sessio n manag er/ho st: Dr. Bambang Kun
Cahy ono; Liais on Chair: Ded i Atu nggal S.P., M.Sc.; Docu mentation and Publ icati on: Dwi
Sapt o Wardoyo, S.E., I qbal Hanu n Azizi, S. T., Fad ila Sobasita , S.Tr.T.; Consumption:
Susa na Ok ifian i, A.Md.
Layo ut an d Cov er by:
Anni sa Rizk y Kus uma, Az kal A zkiya , Far da Fadi la, I mawan Wichak sana, Indira Sekar
Ning tyas
Size : 21 x 29, 7 cm; xxiv + 91 pa ges
ISBN : 978 -623- 359-149-2
Publ ished by:
Gadj ah Ma da Un iversity Pres s
Jl. Sendo k, Ka ranggayam CT VIII Catur tunggal
Depo k, Sl eman, D.I. Yogyaka rta, 55281 , Indonesia
Tele phone /Fax. : (0274) 5610 37
Emai l: gm upres s@ugm.ac.id a nd ug mpres s@ugm.ac.id
Web: ugmp ress. ugm.ac.id
Join tly b y:
Inte rnati onal Federation of Surv eyors (FIG) and Te chnis che U niversität Mü nchen (TUM )
Issu ed by
Depa rtmen t of Geodetic Engi neeri ng, F aculty of Eng ineer ing,
Univ ersit as Ga djah Mada (UG M)
Publ ishin g rig hts ©2023 Gad jah M ada U niversity Pre ss
No part of this publi catio n may be reproduced or transmi tted in an y form or by any means ,
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Organized by:
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Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Partners and Sponsors
Co-Organized by:

TAB L E of C ONT E N TS
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South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 iv
Table of Contents .................................................................................... iv
Foreword ................................................................................................. v
Welcome Speech ................................................................................... vii
Introduction from Committee .................................................................. viii
Keynote Speakers .................................................................................... x
Programme & Short Description of Geo-Land-SEA 2023 ......................... xvi
List of Presenters in Parallel Sessions ................................................... xix
Summary of Parallel Sessions .............................................................. xxii
List of Papers ...................................................................................... xxiv

Rohan Bennett,
PhD.
Chair of FIG Commission 7
FOR E W ORD
It is a plea sure t o prov ide this foreword fo r the Proce eding s of
the Southeast A sia Workshop on Geod etic Data S cienc es,
Geoi nform atics and Land Administra tion, tha t was hosted at
UGM, Yogy akart a, from February 8 -9 20 23.
Sinc e the latt er part of the 20th c entur y, the dom ain of land
admi nistr ation has pursued a multidiscipl inary approach,
seek ing utilisation of the theor ies and to ols emerging fr om the
rela ted dis cipli nes of law , e conom ics, in formation sys tems,
busi ness and management, a nd the s ocial scienc es, just to
name a few. This is ne cessa ry to respond to the complexities in
unde rstan ding and seeking to better manag e land ten ure, lan d
use, land value, and land developm ent, i n a res ponsi ble an d
sust ainab le way, across man y different country and local
cont exts. No single discipline and method ology could possibly
hope to c reate the requisite hol istic perspective.
Whil st t he abov e continues to remain true, and a bro ader range
of skills ets is increa singl y e viden t i n p racti ce, it c annot be
deni ed that the heart o f the land adm inist ration domain sti ll lies
in the geo spati al scien ces including surveying, ge odesy ,
geoi nform atics and eart h observ ation . One only need look
towa rds the sig nific ant scholarl y and pract ical contri butio ns
made t oward s the f ield in both past a nd pr esent time s by th ose
disc iplin es.
It is an ex citin g t ime in th ese domains . E mergi ng and maturing
tech nolog ies and standards inc ludin g GNSS, LiDAR, UAVs,
HRSI , multi spect ral sources , robot ics, automa tion, GIS, spatial
data bases , 3D platfor ms, and a rtificial i ntell igence, are each
havi ng a significan t soc ietal impa ct. Couple d with other
tech nolog ies and ch angin g social views, they are c hanging the
way we li ve, w ork, and interact.
The impact is also felt on la nd administ ratio n. The technologi cal
inno vatio ns cr eate new ways of captu ring, storing, sharing, and
visu alisi ng land data – in more efficie nt ways, and with richer
cont extua l infor matio n. The y enabl e new modes o f servi ce
deli very in cludi ng e-co nveyancing and online services. They
also better dem ocrat ise acc ess to land information , helping to
ensu re tha t women an d vuln erable groups a re no longer
excl uded from land administratio n sys tems.
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South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 v

FOR E W ORD
This digital tran sform ation also in vites land ad ministration data and serv ices to be mo re
read ily used across other par ts of governme nt and society. Via stand ards, such as ISO
1915 2, the outputs of land administration can now be more readily integrated into clima te
chan ge r espon se, urban-rural gover nance , di saste r risk mana gemen t, p overty reduction,
food sec urity , and many of challenges e mbodi ed i n the UN Sustai nable Development Goa ls
(SDG s).
With in thi s volume you wil l find coverage of con temporary deve lopme nts, lessons and
case s, stemmi ng from the d omain s of geodet ic data sci ence and geoi nform ation, and
witn ess ho w they are bein g activel y appl ied in land adminis trati on, withi n Sout h-East As ia
Regi on - a region where the a bovem entioned su stainability challenges co alesce with rapid
econ omic and tech nological dev elopm ent. It is timel y to rep ort these dev elopments for those
land secto r scholars a nd practitioners wi thin the re gion, although many of the less ons ar e
sure ly tr ansfe rrable to the glob al co ntext.
I congratulate the ev ent organi sers and the edit ors of these proc eedings an d enc ourag e
read ers t o exp lore and be inspir ed by the contents with in.
Roha n Ben nett
Chai r Com missi on 7
Inte rnati onal Federation of Surv eyors
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South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 vi

geodesi.ugm.ac.id
Ali Awaludin,
Ph.D.
Vice Dean of Research,
Community Service, and
Collaboration
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Gadjah Mada
geodesi.ugm.ac.id
WEL C O ME S P EEC H
We l c o m i n g s p e e c h f r o m t h e V i c e De a n o f
Re s e a r c h , C o m m u n i t y S e r v i c e , and
Co l l a b o r a t i o n
The Faculty of Engin eerin g, Unive rsita s Gadjah Mada (U GM),
woul d like to thank t he De partment o f Geo detic Engi neering for
host ing this event. On t heir behalf , I would like to off icial ly
welc ome all partici pants of the So uth East Asia Worksh op on
Geod etic Data Sciences , Geoinfo rmati cs and Land
Admi nistr ation (GeoLand SEA ) 2023 in the Faculty of
Engi neeri ng, U GM, Yogyakarta.
This e vent is fruitful and mea ningful fo r society in U GM. During
the p andemic, every thing has becom e online a nd we h ardly
atte nd seminars or wo rkshops. Th is workshop is ou r faculty's
firs t sem inar in a n off line/hybrid system . The mee ting will
beco me the st artin g point for gett ing and exchanging ideas. We
woul d like to f oster this even t in geode tic engin eerin g and othe r
depa rtmen ts in UGM. The Facu lty of E ngineering it self has eight
depa rtmen ts and sever al res earch clusters referred to as the
Cent er of Excellence , wher e peop le from differe nt departm ents
work together in tho se centers. Col laboration is a combinat ion
of g iving and receiving. So ever yone has to identify wh at we can
shar e wi th other s and what we can get fr om others. Currently,
we have many close col laborations with peopl e from ot her
faci litie s or universities . Hopefully, this ki nd of event will
beco me a mag net for eve ryone to share i deas and possibly
iden tify a par tnership.
I als o would li ke to invi te the par tners and parti cipants t o take a
nice tour of o ur fac ulty a nd lab orato ries. I hope this workshop is
succ essfu l and will remain for everyone as a goo d memory of
meet ing u s and discussing many t hings for future projec ts.
Best rega rds,
Ali Awalu din, Ph.D.
geodesi.ugm.ac.id
South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 vii

IN T R O DU CT IO N F RO M CO MM IT TE E
This publi catio n is a direct deliv erabl e of th e GeoL and-S outh East As ia (Ge oLand-SEA)
work shop. The GeoLa nd-SEA wo rksho p, which t ook place on 8 -9 February 202 3, in
Yogy akart a, In donesia, l aid a foun dation for research, educati on, and pr ofess ional
coop erati on in the domain s of geodetic enginee ring, geo-in formatics, land administration,
and lan d m anagement in S outh Eas t Asia. The Unive rsity Gajah Mada (UGM) an d Technical
Univ ersit y of Munic h (TUM) pr epare d the work shop, supporte d by the TU M Global I ncentive
fund as part of a nd in line of UGM-TUM collaborati ve pr oject ‘Adv ancing Geospatial
Tech nolog y to con struc t Fi t-For-Purpose Land Adminis trati on i n In donesia’ (GeoLand-Indo ).
This collabor ative res earch foc uses on investigat ing how, where, and whe n applyin g new
geos patia l technologies for cadastral survey activiti es which can gen erate alternat ive and
comp lemen tary solutio ns for trad ition al surve ying and re gistr ation pr actic es. In view of th is
obje ctive , the workshop i tself wa s f urthe rmore en dorse d by the in ternational a ssociation of
surv eyors , the FIG.
In t r o du ct io n ab o ut P ub li ca ti on
The workshop contain ed 3 pl enary and 3 parallel session s ba sed on assem bled abstracts
and ful l paper s. The first plenary session pre sented the justification and objec tives of the
work shop, inclu ding the inte ntions to ge nerat e exch ange of new pr actic es and d iscus sions
on ongoing research resu lts as well as the product ion of a formal publication. The second
plen ary se ssion was a panel sessio n featuring 6 research and professi onal m anage rs of t he
doma in. T he presenters addressed bo th current tr ends and inno vatio ns in th e technologies
as well as som e socio -inst ituti onal co ncern s and chall enges to ov ercome. The former
incl udes the adop tion of smart tec hnolo gies and resp onsible land manageme nt f ramew orks,
the construction of digita l twi ns, the utilization of exte nded/ augm ented /virtual/mix re ality
(AR/ VR) techn ologies, the inv estig ation into the use of b lockchain and cr ypto- based
regi strat ion gua rante es for land registration, the e mploy ments o f urban analytics for
geos patia l evaluat ions, and the use of novel valuation and compensation tools for land
acqu isiti on. Some concern s an d challenges include d th e unbalances between the gr owing
job mark et v ersus the reg istered stud ent numbe rs, the diffi culties in the recognitio n an d th e
bran ding o f what the terms and geod esy, g eodet ic eng ineer ing an d geos patial sciences
stan d for a nd how the y con tribu te to global problems, the job specificatio n requirem ents at
vari ous skil l and knowledg e levels wi thin the manda tes of the national and inte rnational
admi nistr ation s an d private secto rs, and the in creas ing emerg ence of new pe rsuasive and
disr uptiv e tec hnologies, such as arti ficial intelligenc e and mach ine learning.
The parallel sessions inclu ded 3 tracks: geod etic data sciences and geoinformatics, lan d
admi nistr ation , and university-industr y collaboration respectively. Whe reas the former two
trac ks contained a selecti on of techni cal pre sentations of res earchers and practitioners
foll owed by question-and-answ er sessi ons. This session was t he key i nput to the sci entif ic
pape rs i ncluded in th is publication . The latter wa s a discuss ion session during which
part icipa nts cou ld share exper ience s and dis cuss the possibil ities o n human r esource
deve lopme nt ba sed on matching re sourc es.
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South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 viii

The las t plenary session addr essed th e requirements and pos sible work plans for
esta blish ing a Geodetic/Geomat ics Engineeri ng Indonesia Education Net work (FO RDESI )
for Col labor ative Sc ience Development, and the con struc tion of a rese arch collaboration
sust ainab ility plan . Fro m all these discussi ons it is evident that the domai ns of geod etic
engi neeri ng, geo-informat ics, land admi nistr ation, and land mana gemen t are bot h broad,
mult idisc iplin ary, and se rvice -oriented on the on e h and and specific and unique on the other
hand . Ther efore , the g eodet ic ‘br and’ and ide ntity need to be pr eserv ed and expanded,
besi des bein g h armon ized in terms of content , skills an d k nowle dge set, voicing, lobb ying,
and exte rnal representati on. In v iew of t hese discuss ions and observations , th is p ublic ation
addr esses an urgent need in ad vanci ng the geod etic and lan d admini strat ion scie nces and
prac tices in t he South East Asia n ins titutional and pro fessi onal context.
The s truct ure of thi s publication i s as follo ws: Th ere are tw o subsections c lassi fied
acco rding to the tracks of geod etic data scien ces a nd geoinfo rmati cs an d lan d
admi nistr ation .
Prof . Wa lter Timo de Vries
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South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 ix

geodesi.ugm.ac.id
Prof. Dr. Walter Timo de Vries
Chair of Land Management at Technical University of
Munich (TUM)
wt.de-vries@tum.de
KEY N O TE S P EAK E R
Prof . Dr. Walter Timo de Vries is a professo r of Land Mana gemen t Department at TUM,
Scho ol of Engineering and Design. He has a Geode tic Engineering degr ee from Technical
Univ ersit y Delft (1988 ) and PhD degr ee in Public Admi nistr ation fro m Erasmus Uni versi ty
Rott erdam (201 3). H is ma in in teres ts in clude smart and resp onsible land management,
urba n and rura l development, pub lic restri ctions cadastres and ca pacit y dev elopment for
land policy. He has coordinated various ed ucational programs related to land admin istration
and curre ntly is Direc tor o f the Masters and PhD prog rams in Land Management an d Lan d
Tenu re, D ean o f Studies for the Geode sy and Geoinformat ion p rogra ms.
geodesi.ugm.ac.id
The core of geode sy is Geo-Desos (Desia), which means division o f the earth . In order to
divi de the ear th, we need to measure and unders tand. The d ivisi on itself h as two
impl icati ons: 1) Geo metri c di vision; and 2) Division of people. I specify "human geodesy ,"
such as ph ysica l, mathematical, an d satell ite geod esy. Hum an geodesy is the stu dy of the
huma n-lan d relationshi p. It defines how and why p eople ac tuall y divide land in a particular
way. Thi s distr ibuti on is not a simpl e thing in real w orld, so it needs to be based on cert ain
laws , tr aditi ons, or other activities . In this case, mathematical tools are needed to lead to
the best, most suitable, and mo st accep table so lutio n t o d ivide it . Smart and responsible are
two examples of the c ore of geoinform ation , g eoinformatics, g eodes y, and land
admi nistr ation /land management. Whe n we talk about sea and water, the dis tinct ion
betw een land a nd sea is n ot always clear . The disc ussion of dividing land o ccurs fre quent ly
alon gside the discu ssion of dividing th e sea or ri ver. So, land and wa ter management are
impo rtant part s of applying smar t and responsible manag ement tool s.
BI O GR A PH Y
AB S TR A CT
geodesi.ugm.ac.id
South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 x

Fili p Biljecki is an accomplish ed geospat ial data scientist and Assi stant Prof essor at the
Nati onal Uni versi ty of Singa pore, where he holds joint appoi ntments at the Department of
Arch itect ure and t he Department of Real Estate. W ith a PhD in 3D GIS from Delft Un iversity
of Techn ology and experience as a Prin cipal Investi gator at the Future Ci ties Lab Global,
Fili p is an expert in his field, focusing on resea rch related to 3D city modeling and digit al
twin s, GeoAI, and spat ial dat a qua lity, and has received num erous awards for his
cont ribut ions, inclu ding the Presidential Young Professorship in 20 20 and r ecogn ition as a
top 2% sc ienti st worldwide by St anfor d University in 20 21.
The field of 3D Land Admin istra tion and Urban An alyti cs in the digital world aims to build
smar ter citie s th rough digital twins, urba n in formatics, and crowds ource d da ta. Advances in
thes e ar eas have led to cre ating of high-quality dig ital represe ntati ons of real -worl d entities
for simulati on and t estin g purpos es. The study of Ur ban Info rmati cs, whic h sits a t the
inte rsect ion of urba n science, geomatics, an d informatics, aims t o create more sustainable
and smart cities . Crow dsour ced da ta is e xpected to play a s ignificant role in the future, with
vari ous advantages over other data sourc es. However, dat a re mains an im porta nt
cons idera tion in terms of quality and availabilit y. In addition, data sci ence advancements
enab le t he d evelo pment of new use cases in d ata-d riven urban plan ning. For exa mple,
geos patia l te chnologies in urban farmi ng, such as 3D GIS use cases, are being explo red to
supp ort su stainable food production. Th e potential of rooft op utilization, such as for green
roof s, fa rms, and solar panels, is al so being studied. The f ield of urban analytics is e ssential
for infor ming the design and imp rovin g urban sustainabi lity, econ omy, and liveabili ty.
Dr. Filip Biljecki
Geospatial Data Scientist, National University of
Singapore
filip@nus.edu.sg
http ://ug m.id/ GLS23Filip
B I O G R A P H Y
A B S T R A C T
L I N K
geodesi.ugm.ac.id
South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 xi

Dr. rer. nat. Sumaryono, M.Sc.
Head of Center of Standardization and Institution for
Geospatial Information (PSKIG BIG)
sumaryono@big.go.id
Dr.r er.na t.Sum aryono, M .Sc. is the head of the Center of Standardization and Institution for
Geos patia l In forma tion. Mor eover , He is t he C hairm an o f ASEAN Competent Authority
Comm ittee of Surveying. He ha s a ba chelor's degree in For estry from Institut Pe rtani an
Bogo r and a Master o f Geoinformatics at MIT - IPB International Prog ram. Then, he
cont inued his doctoral program a t Uni versity of Munich.
Geos patia l Inf ormation (GI) is proc essed geospatial data t hat m ay be ut ilize d to inform the
poli cymak er. Colla borat ion, coor dinat ion, inte grati on, and synch roniz ation are required on a
nati onal level to ensure it s acces sibil ity. GI infrastruct ure developm ent and cap acity
deve lopme nt are cr itica l factors in the execut ion. It t akes policies, inst ituti ons, techno logie s,
stan dards , and human resources to prepa re the GI Infrastruc ture. Human employees who
alre ady pos sess ac ademic credentials in particu lar com peten cies mi ght be gi ven the p ower
to eng age i n professional prac tice in particular GI domains. The execu tor must hav e
prof essio nal pers onnel that is qu alifi ed in th e field of GI. I t is vital to re struc ture and
rede fine compe tency domains t o wor k in scien ce an d technolo gy de velop ment dynam ics t o
ensu re th at de velopment proceeds succ essfully.
http ://ug m.id/ GLS23Sumaryono
B I O G R A P H Y
A B S T R A C T
L I N K
geodesi.ugm.ac.id
South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 xii

I Ketut Ged e Ary S ucaya is the head o f the C enter of Data and Information of t he Ind onesi a
Agra rian Affair s and Spatial Planning/Nati onal Land Agency. He has bache lor's degre e of
Geod etic Engineering from Universitas Gadjah Mada and Mas ter of Science deg ree fro m
ITC, Univ ersit y of Twente.
Digi tal l and administrat ion i s a crucia l rev olution that shou ld be fully im plemented in
Indo nesia . It gives much more benefits than manual or pa per-based land administratio n.
Acco rding to the 2022 data, there are 129 types of land services and 55% of its alr eady
prov ided electronically . The data shows that in 2022 the revenue realiz ation inc rease d to
Rp. 0.28 trillion f rom 2021. This improvemen t sh ows that electro nic servi ces effectively
incr ease revenue e ven during the pandemic. Not only is the reven ue aspect, but digit al land
admi nistr ation also gives ben efits in data integr ation with sta kehol ders. This implementat ion
of digital la nd administratio n is in progress despite some challenges. Considering those
adva ntage s, th e government aims to im plement fully elec troni c lan d administration i n 202 5.
I Ketut Gede Ary Sucaya, M.Sc.
Head of Center of Data and Information of Land,
Spatial Plan & Sustainable Agricultural Food Land
(PUSDATIN ATR/BPN)
ary.sucaya@atrbpn.go.id
http ://ug m.id/ GLS23Ketut
B I O G R A P H Y
A B S T R A C T
L I N K
geodesi.ugm.ac.id
South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 xiii

http ://ug m.id/ GLS23Ismail
Prof . Dr. Haji Ismail Haji O mar is a professor o f at D epart ment of Real Estat e Management
in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malays ia. Pro fessor Haji Is mail ac quire d a PhD degree in
Land E conom ics from the U niversity of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Ki ngdom . The r esear ch
inte rests of Profes sor Haji Ismail i nclude Lan d Val ue an d Lan d Acquisit ion. He is the Vice-
Chan cello r Universi ti Ge omati ka Ma laysi a (UG M). He is a membe r of the Uni versi ty of
Geom atika Mala ysia's Board of Go verno rs.
Land adm inist ration ha s been reco gnize d in the 2030 Sustai nable Dev elopmen t Goals, where
three SDG s spe cific ally refer to secure la nd ownersh ip an d highligh t the ne ed for good land
admini stration. Dat a from Agenda B umipute ra Spe arhead Unit r evealed t hat Mal ays and
Bumipu tera own on ly about 18% of l and in the co untry. Ad ditiona lly, almo st 55.8 % of th e
proper ty is owne d by compa nies (major ity non-Mal ays), 36.9% owned by Chines e and Mala ys
only 12.7 % whi le ot hers hold the rest . The publ ic valuers have be en us ing s ale eviden ce wi thin 2
years of tr ansacti ons, a ssumi ng pot ential value without any hyp othetic al r esidual valuation
method . As a res ult, almo st 9 0% o f the affecte d la ndown ers appeale d to t he H igh Court against
the governmen t's deci sion to po stpone the c ase, causing de lays and dif ficulties for the pa rties.
The conclus ion p reventi ng th e c onflict in land a cquis ition is s trength ening and harmoni zing
instit utions, est ablis hing t he g uiding in stituti onal frames for the Nat ional Malay Res erved Maste r
Plan, and profe ssional izing hum an reso urces man agement a nd development o n land matt ers by
settin g up a Board of Pro fession al Land Cons ultants .
Professor Dr Haji Ismail Haji
Omar
Professor at Department of Real Estate
Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
ismail@fksg.utm.my
B I O G R A P H Y
A B S T R A C T
L I N K
geodesi.ugm.ac.id
South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 xiv

B I O G R A P H Y
Trias Adit ya is a h ighly acc omplish ed Associat e Pro fessor at the Geode tic E ngineer ing
Depart ment at Un ivers itas Gadjah Mada, w here he le ads both th e Doc toral Stud y P rogram and
the Ge oinform atics and Geos patial Informa tion In frastru cture Laborato ry. He holds a Ph.D. in
Geoinf ormatics from ITC/U niversity of Twen te and a Mast er's d egree in the same f ield f rom IT C.
His areas of expe rtise include cart ograp hy, web map ping, sp atial data infrastru cture, cad astre,
3D GeoSma rtCity, 2D /3D land info rmatics , a nd usable col laborat ive mapp ing. His latest re searc h
focuse s on findi ng pri ority areas for th e re stora tion of degraded tropi cal peatlands , mo nitorin g
change s in peatlan d top ograp hy with digita l ter rain mo dels, and im proving Jakart a's s patial
cadast re through t he use of cada stre ty polog y.
A B S T R A C T
The integra tion of the Inter net o f Thing s (Io T) an d Inf ormatio n Techn ology (IT) has revolut ionized
Cadast ral Surveyi ng and Map ping by enabling the use of Augmented Rea lity (AR) and Virtual
Realit y ( VR) t echnolo gy in this field. This has cr eated a "metavers e" wher e s urveyor s and
stakeh olders can in teract in a shared vir tual environme nt, improv ing coll aborati on oppo rtuniti es
and re ducing ti me and pr ocedu res while e nhancin g data quality. Co llabora tion me thods suc h as
Same Plac e, Sa me Time (SPST ) and Di fferent Pl ace, Same Time (DPST ) as well as AR/VR
collab orative su rveys, hav e bee n int roduc ed. F urtherm ore, the con cept of bl ended lear ning and
mixed real ity for Land A dminist ratio n Serv ices (LAS) has been exp lored along with deve loping a
mobile dat a collect or complian t with the Land Adminis tration Dom ain Model (LA DM) standar d.
Despit e the benef its, cha llenges related to connect ivity, d evice avai labil ity, and in formati on
qualit y mus t sti ll be addr essed to f ully realize the poten tial of AR and VR technol ogy i n Cad astral
Survey ing for improv ing land registr ation and vali dation b y facili tatin g intera ctions b etween
partie s and stakeh olders across distanc es.
L I N K
http ://ug m.id/ GLS23Trias
Prof. Ir. Trias Aditya K.M., S.T.,
M.Sc., Ph.D., IPU.
Professor at the Department of Geodetic Engineering
at Universitas Gadjah Mada
triasaditya@ugm.ac.id
geodesi.ugm.ac.id
South East Asia Workshop on Geodetic Data Sciences, Geoinformatics and Land Administration
UGM, Yogyakarta, 8-9 February 2023 xv

xvi
Programme & Short Description of Geo-Land-SEA 2023
Yogyakarta, 8 - 9 February 2023
Background
In the context of Indonesian programs to increase the speed and up-to-date-ness of its land
administration and improving its effectiveness in land management and one map policy, the
workshop will address how advances in geodetic engineering, geoinformation sciences, land
information management and land administration could develop new tools, methods and
solutions. The workshop aims at bringing together academics, professionals and government
officials who are active in this specific domain and who are working on these new solutions. During
two days there will be several national and international speakers and discussants to foster
knowledge exchange and development.
The (hybrid – both in presence and online) workshop seeks topics to discuss and present which
relate to technical and institutional solutions for systematic land registration, boundary surveys,
land information archiving, digitalization of registration processes, e-conveyancing, big geospatial
data management, issues in one map policy and land data interoperability, use of remote sensing,
image processing machine learning and artificial intelligence for land management, smart land
administration and smart land management, geospatial data infrastructure and knowledge
management, use of digital twins, augmented/virtual/mix reality (AR/VR) technology, and
blockchain. The list of abstracts/presentations and the link to their full papers are given in the
following pages. The best papers will be selected to be published in a special issue of a peer-
reviewed journal.
Proposed topics (but not limited to)
• Smart land administration and Smart land management
• PTSL (Complete Systematic Land Registration) Issues & Solutions
• Fit for Purpose Land Administration (FFP-LA)
• Digitalization of land administration
• Digital twins (data models, behavioural models) for land administration
• Boundary surveys, Geodetic survey techniques
• Use of LIDAR for land administration and land management
• 3D, 4D, 5D cadastre
• Blockchain for land registration
• Graph technologies for land administration
• Use of augmented/virtual/mixed reality (AR/VR) technology for land management
• Machine learning for automated land & built-environment data capture and analysis
• Use of artificial intelligence for land management processes
• Remote sensing for land administration
• Use of Big data and linked data for land management
• Use of CityGML and other open standards

xvii
Venue: Department of Geodetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UGM.
Objectives:
- To produce a positioning publication about the role of geodetic data sciences & engineering,
land administration that motivates and communicates the role of the disciplines to the
society.
- To create a collaborative discussion forum for industry and education sectors to foster
knowledge exchange and development how advances in geodetic engineering,
geoinformation sciences, land information management and land administration
contributes to achievement of sustainable development goals in the country and the
region.
Agenda:
Wednesday 8th February 2023
08.00 - 08.30
Registration
08.30 - 11.00
From The Whole to The Part: Research & Development Issues for Geodetic
Data Science & Land Administration in Embracing Automated Digital
World (Zoom: ugm.id/GeolandSEA)
Panel Talk
- Prof. Walter de Vries (TUM): Geodetic Data Science & Land
Administration
- Dr. Filip Biljecki (NUS): 3D Land & Urban Analytics in Digital World
- Dr. Sumaryono (Head of Standards & Institutionalization of GI of BIG):
Surveying & Mapping Human Resources in Indonesia and SEA
Markets
- I Ketut Ary Sucaya (BPN): Geodesy, Data Sciences and Land
Administration
- Professor Dr Haji Ismail Haji Omar (Universiti of Geomatika Malaysia):
Conflicts & Issues of Land Acquisition in Land Administration and
Management
- Prof. Trias Aditya (UGM): Geomatics Engineering for SDGs
11.00 - 12.00
Discussions & Publication Plans
12.00 - 13.30
Break
13.30 - 16.00
Parallel Sessions
Session A: Geodetic Data Sciences & Geoinformatics
(Zoom: ugm.id/GeolandSEAParallelA)
Session B: Land Administration
(Zoom: ugm.id/GeolandSEAParallelB)
Session C: University-Industry Collaboration
(Zoom: ugm.id/GeolandSEAParallelC)

xviii
Thursday 9th February 2023
08.30 - 12.00
Geodetic/Geomatics Engineering Indonesia Education Network (FORDESI)
for Collaborative Science Development
(Zoom: ugm.id/GeolandSEAFORDESI)
Offline
- Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) – Heri Sutanta, S.T., M.Sc.,
Ph.D; Dr. Ir. Diyono, S.T., M.T., IPU.; Ir. Abdul Basith, S.T., M.Si.,
Ph.D.; Ir. Prijono Nugroho D, MSP. Ph.D., IPM.; Dr. Bambang
Kun Cahyono, S.T., M.Sc.; Ruli Andaru, S.T., M.Eng., Ph.D.;
Cecep Pratama, S.Si., M.Si., D.Sc.; Ir. Febrian Fitryanik Susanta,
S.T., M.Eng.; Ressy Fitria, S.T., M.Sc.Eng.;
- Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) - Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin
Windupranata, S.T., M.Si.; Dr. rer. nat. Poerbandono, S.T., M.M.;
Dr. Akhmad Riqqi, M.Si.
- Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) - Danar Guruh
Pratomo, S.T., M.T., Ph.D
- Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP) - Dr. Yudo Prasetyo, S.T., M.T.
- Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran (UPN Veteran) - Ir.
Ediyanto, M.T.; Monica M; Lysa Dora
- D-IV General Surveying and Mapping Technology (TSPD)
Vocational College UGM - Hidayat Panuntun, S.T., M.Eng., D.Sc.;
M Iqbal Taftazani
Online
- Institut Teknologi Padang (ITP) - Dwi Arini, M.T
- Institut Teknologi Nasional (ITN) Malang - Silvester Sari Sai,
S.T., M.T.; Ir. Ketut Tomy Suhari, ST., MT., IPP.
- Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA) - Redho Surya Perdana,
S.T., M.T.
- Politeknik Negeri Batam (Polibatam) - Muhammad Zainuddin
Lubis, S.I.k, M.Si.
- Universitas Dr. Soetomo (UNITOMO) - Yunus Susilo, S.T., M.T.
Agenda:
- Competencies, International Standard and Freedom to Learn
Issues in Geodetic/Geomatics Engineering Undergraduate
Degree
- Launching of Doctoral Research Collaboration Programme
between UGM dan TUM
Discussants:
- Prof. Walter de Vries (TUM)
- Dr. Filip Biljecki (NUS)
- Prof. Trias Aditya (UGM)

xix
List of Presenters in Parallel Sessions
Session A: Geodetic Data Sciences & Geoinformatics
Moderator: Cecep Pratama, S.Si., M.Si., D.Sc.
No
Authors
Title
Time
1
Catur Aries Rokhmana,
Febrian Fitryanik
Susanta and Sandy
Setyanagara
Utilizing The Low-Cost GNSS Module,
Drone, And Smartphone Device for Precise
Asset Monitoring System
13.30 - 13.50
2
Heri Sutanta, Trias Aditya
An Initial Model to Assess SDI Readiness of
the Indonesian Local Governments
13.50 - 14.10
3
Heri Sutanta, Ni Putu
Praja Chintya, Dedi
Atunggal, Diyono, Dany
Puguh Laksono
Developing Address Model and Geocoding
Framework for Urban Area in Indonesia
14.10 - 14.30
4
Coffee Break
14.30 – 15.00
5
Candra Wiranursamsu, A
Adang Supriyadi, Aris
Poniman, Yosef Prihanto
Reconstruction of Reliability Test of Digital
Photographic Sensors from Aerial
Photography for Monitoring Objects Around
the Airport
15.00 – 15.20
6
Vida Andriani, Guntur
Bagus Pamungkas
Geo-Spectroscopic Modeling for Mitigation
of Tidal Flood Disasters in Banten Coastal
Areas using Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS Data
15.20 – 15.40

xx
Session B: Land Administration
Moderator: Dr.Eng. Ir. Purnama Budi Santosa, ST, M.App.Sc., IPM.
No
Authors
Title
Time
1
Nurul Huda, Andri
Hernandi, Irwan Gumilar,
Irwan Meilano
Strategy to Accelerate Desa/Kelurahan
Lengkap Development in Karawang District
In 2021
13.30 - 13.50
2
Yulaikhah, Trias Aditya,
Purnama B. Santosa,
Nurrohmat Widjajanti,
Miranty N. Sulistyawati,
Tika Widyasari, Ahmad
Nur Aly, Sandy
Setyanagara, Annisa N.
Afifah
Development of Block Adjustment
Application for The Spatial Data Quality
Improvement Purpose of Registered Land
Parcel
13.50 – 14.10
3
Ruli Andaru, Harintaka,
Rahmat Sidik, Rio Andi
Pancarka
Improving UAV Image Acquisition Efficiency
and Orthophoto Positional Accuracy without
The Need of Ground Control Points for
Cadastral Mapping
14.10 – 14.30
4
Coffee Break
14.30 – 15.00
5
Ketut Tomy Suhari,
Yustina Cheline J. Owa
Exploring the Potential of BIM-AR/VR
Technology in Managing 3D Cadastral
Information, Resolving Land Issues, and
Supporting Sustainable Development in
Indonesia
15.00 – 15.20
6
Afden Mahyeda, Danang
Adi Nugraha, Andi
Dermawan Lubis
Public Policy Analysis on Potential Land
Conflicts at the Forest Border Areas
15.20 – 15.40
7
Andri Hernandi, Rizqi
Abdulharis, Alfita Puspa
Handayani, Sella N.
Lestari, Ratri Widiyastuti,
Nurul Qamilah
Appraisal Approach for 3D Object Towards
3D Cadastre Fiscal Development
15.40 – 16.00

xxi
Session C: University - Industry Collaboration
Moderator: Prof. Ir. Trias Aditya K.M., S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D., IPU.
No
Participant
Agenda
Time
1
Academicians, Practicians,
Industrial Representatives,
and Professional Association
Discussion And Sharing of Experiences
on Human Resource Development
Based on Matching Resources
13.30 – 14.30
2
Coffee Break
14.30 – 15.00
3
Academicians, Practicians,
Industrial Representatives,
and Professional Association
Discussion And Sharing of Experiences
on Human Resource Development
Based on Matching Resources
15.00 – 16.00

xxii
Summary of Parallel Sessions
Session A: Geodetic Data Sciences & Geoinformatics
In Session A, we hosted Geodetic Data Sciences & Geoinformatics Parallel Session. Dr. Cecep
Pratama as a chairperson, moderated all of the presentations. There were four presenters, Dr.
Catur Aris Rokhmana (UGM), Dr. Heri Sutanta (UGM), and Dedi Atunggal, M.Sc. (UGM). They were
present at the venue to deliver their research findings. Meanwhile, the last one from Mr. Candra
Wiranursamsu (UNHAN), attended virtually.
The session started with excellent and intriguing research findings from Dr. Catur Aris Rokhmana,
who talked about utilizing the low-cost GNSS module, drone and smartphone devices in the case
of a Precise Asset Monitoring System. On the other hand, Dr. Heri Sutanta and Dedi Atunggal, M.Sc,
discussed spatial data infrastructure, both readiness and address-related issues. And the last one
was from Mr. Candra, who talked about reliability tests for photography or digital product inside
the airport area.
Session B: Land Administration
In this session with the topic of Land administration, the presentation was moderated by Dr.Eng.
Purnama Budi Santosa. There were six presenters from various institutes, i.e., Nurrohmat
Widjajanti (UGM), Ruli Andaru (UGM), Nurul Huda (ITB), Ketut Tomy Suhari (ITN Malang), Afden
Mahyeda (BPN Lampung), and Alfita Puspa (ITB). The first three presenters presented their
research in the venue, while the others participated virtually. This session was also attended by
Prof Walter De Vries (TUM) and Dr. Filip Biljecki (NUS) as the committees and the professionals in
the research field of land administration.
The session started with a presentation by Mr. Nurul Huda from ITB, who talked about the strategy
to accelerate the development of the land administration system called Desa/Kelurahan Lengkap
in Karawang District in 2021. Then, Mrs. Nurrohmat Widjajanti from UGM explained the use of the
block adjustment method to improve the quality of land spatial data. The last presenter before the
coffee break was Mr. Ruli Andaru from UGM, who developed a way to improve the accuracy of
orthophoto positions from UAV Imagery for cadastral mapping purposes. The session after the
break was filled with presentations from Mr. Ketut Tomy Suhari, Mr. Afden Mahyeda, and Mrs. Alfita
Puspa Handayani, who discussed the usage of BIM-AV/VR for 3D cadastral, public policy analysis
related to land conflicts, and 3D fiscal development, respectively.

xxiii
Session C: University - Industry Collaboration
University and Industry Collaboration: A Way Forward to Embrace International Surveyor Standards
Towards a Strengthened Surveyor Profession Community, Industry Capacity and Academic
Excellence.
The session was followed by representative academicians from ITB, UGM, and UPN; respected
professionals from the Association of Indonesian Surveyors (ISI) and the national mapping Agency
(BIG); and representatives of industries from Adaro Land, Petronas. The main agenda of this session is
to discuss challenges of embracing ASEAN’s MRA in surveyor profession and plans to strengthen both
industrial capacity and academic competencies in the field of survey and mapping.
Lessons from the mining and oil industries were shared by field professionals. Knowledge gaps and
best practices in surveying and mapping were discussed to extract more information on the need for
strengthening surveying and mapping capacity for professionals working in the geospatial industry.
Here, the minimum requirements related to academic requirements, work standards, and challenges
were then discussed by participants. The delegates from ITB proposed the establishment of a National
Committee for Surveyor Profession. The delegates from UGM proposed the establishment of an
Association of Study Programs for Universities and Institutes opening geodetic/geomatics/surveying
study programs. The BIG’s Head of Centre for Standards agreed to ideas as, at the moment, the
surveyor community in Indonesia needs to take actions to respond to the ASEAN (Association of South
East Asian Nations) Mutual Recognition of Agreements (MRA) on Surveyor Profession in 2023. All
participants agreed that those three agendas are becoming important targets to be achieved by the
community (Academics, Industry, and Regulator) in 2023.
The second day continued with the session C’s discussion on identifying strategies and solutions to
establish the Association of Study Programs in Surveying/Geomatics/Geodetic Engineering. The
second day was attended by more representatives from Department/Study Programs throughout
Indonesia with the Surveying/Geomatics/Geodetic Engineering study programs. Present at the session
were the Head of Department of Geomatics Engineering from ITS (Dr. Danar Guruh) and the head of
Department of Geodetic Engineering from UNDIP (Dr. Yudho). The session recommended the
establishment of an Association of Study Programs in Geomatic/Geodetic/Surveying Engineering in
Indonesia. The session also discussed the alternatives for establishing Surveyor Profession School in
collaboration with the Professional Association and the Regulator. The session also agreed to open up
more possibilities to develop a research network in Geodetic/Geomatics Engineering for aiming
scientific publication increases involving geomatics/geodetic engineering academicians in Indonesia
with TUM.

xxiv
List of Papers
Theme A: Geodetic Data Sciences & Geoinformatics
Utilizing The Low-Cost GNSS Module, Drone, And Smartphone Device for Precise Asset Monitoring System 1
Catur Aries Rokhmana*, Febrian Fitryanik Susanta and Sandy Setyanagara
An Initial Model to Assess SDI Readiness of The Indonesian Local Governments 7
Heri Sutanta*, Trias Aditya
Developing Address Model and Geocoding Framework for Urban Area in Indonesia 18
Heri Sutanta*, Ni Putu Praja Chintya, Dedi Atunggal, Diyono, Dany Puguh Laksono
Geo-Spectroscopic Modeling for Mitigation of Tidal Flood Disasters in Banten Coastal Areas using Landsat-8
OLI/TIRS Data 30
Vida Andriani*, Guntur Bagus Pamungkas
Theme B: Land Administration
Strategy to Accelerate Desa/Kelurahan Lengkap Development in Karawang District in 2021 37
Nurul Huda*, Andri Hernandi, Irwan Gumilar, Irwan Meilano
Development of Block Adjustment Application for The Spatial Data Quality Improvement Purpose of Registered
Land Parcel 47
Yulaikhah, Trias Aditya, Purnama B. Santosa*, Nurrohmat Widjajanti, Miranty N. Sulistyawati, Tika Widyasari,
Ahmad Nur Aly, Sandy Setyanagara, Annisa N. Afifah
Improving UAV Image Acquisition Efficiency and Orthophoto Positional Accuracy Without the Need for Ground
Control Points for Cadastral Mapping 55
Ruli Andaru*, Harintaka, Rahmat Sidik, Rio Andi Pancarka
Exploring The Potential of BIM-AR/VR Technology in Managing 3D Cadastral Information, Resolving Land
Issues, and Supporting Sustainable Development in Indonesia 62
Ketut Tomy Suhari*, Yustina Cheline J. Owa
Public Policy Analysis on Potential Land Conflicts at The Forest Border Areas 75
Afden Mahyeda*, Danang Adi Nugraha, Andi Dermawan Lubis
Appraisal Approach for 3D Object towards 3D Cadastre Fiscal Development: Research Potential 86
Andri Hernandi*, Rizqi Abdulharis, Alfita Puspa Handayani, Sella N. Lestari, Ratri Widiyastuti, Nurul Qamilah

18
Developing Address Model and Geocoding Framework for Urban Area in Indonesia
Heri Sutanta*
Department of Geodetic Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, herisutanta@ugm.ac.id
Ni Putu Praja Chintya
School of Vocational Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, prajachintya@ugm.ac.id
Dany Laksono
Department of Geodetic Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, danylaksono@ugm.ac.id
Dedi Atunggal
Department of Geodetic Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, dediatunggal@ugm.ac.id
Diyono Diyono
Department of Geodetic Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, diyono@ugm.ac.id
Address is a location identifier that is used for many applications, such as package and letter delivery services, property tax management, and
emergency services. Each country has different address models that reflect differences in address structure and location characteristics. With
34 provinces and 514 regencies/cities, Indonesia has just recently had a national standard for addressing and writing an address. Consequently,
the address models in Indonesia still vary from city to city. A geocoded national or local address is also absent. This paper investigates current
address models in Indonesian cities and develops a geocoding framework for urban areas in Indonesia. The address model was developed
based on the Indonesian National Standard on Urban and Rural Addressing (SNI 9037:2021). As proof of concept, surveys, and interviews
were conducted to establish geocoded address in five administrative areas of Indonesia, namely Jakarta, Manado, Klungkung, Semarang, and
Yogyakarta. A prototype was built that showcases geocoding functionalities on the geocoded addresses in the said administrative areas by
implementing Full-text Search method in ElasticSearch. The prototype was further presented to each city’s administrators to demonstrate its
usability in location findings based on standardized address.
CCS CONCEPTS • Data Management System • Architectures • Information System Applications
Keywords: Address model, Geocoding, Full-text Search
* Corresponding Author

19
1 INTRODUCTION
Geospatial information is a basic form of information that serves as a foundation for other information to be related through
a layering process. Geospatial information can be in the form of maps, images and coordinates, specifying any information
about the location [1]. It is used in various applications and fields. Applications that utilize geospatial information include
disaster risk mitigation and assessment [2], crime prevention and analysis [3], health, especially epidemiology [4], market and
economy [5], and urban development. In those typical applications, demand for geospatial information is not only in the forms
of maps and imagery, but also in the form of addresses of places or points of interests (POI), such as building number, office
location, and landmark position. POI address must be translated into point coordinates for GIS processing and uses. In GIS,
this specific task is known as geocoding. Geocoding is a process of transforming textual (or label) data into geospatial data
[6]. A geocoded address can facilitate the improvement of efficiency and effectiveness of delivery services, emergency
services, government program delivery, and routing services. Examples of countries that have already developed geocoded
address systems are Australia, the Geocoded National Address File (G-NAF) [7], South Africa [8], and Cuba [2].
Geocoding is not a new method. However, its application is not easy, particularly for developing countries [2, 8, 9], . Many
developing countries do not have regulations that manage an address system that is required to perform geocoding. In
Indonesia, there is no national agency responsible for developing regulations and managing address data. The address system
is regulated by several agencies, and therefore no single agency takes sole and full responsibility. Some local governments
have rules in managing addresses and address signage, but there is no national address system. This situation, along with
differences in regional characteristics, creates variations in the currently used address models [10]. For example, addresses in
Bali use Banjar as one of the address components, while the local government on other islands mostly use Rukun Warga (RW).
RW is an administrative unit below the sub-village level, comparable to Banjar. To compound the complexity, not all the city
or regencies have an RW level as an administrative unit essential in an address model.
Existing address systems in Indonesia also facing implementation problems. They include incomplete addresses, addresses
not in sequential order, the same address used for more than one building, a building that does not have an address, and a
variation in the written address for one location [11]. This situation was partially due to the lack of, incomplete, and inaccurate
reference data [9]. The ideal reference data would be the land parcel map; however, the availability and coverage are still far
from adequate. Differences in standards and methods used by relevant agencies also hindering the process of integration and
sharing of reference data. Variations in reference data and data redundancy can also extend the time to do geocoding [2].
The following elements are required to perform geocoding: address data, reference data, matching rules, and feature
interpolation [12, 13]. To technically perform geocoding, an address locator is required. An address locator contains matching
rules and feature interpolation algorithms. Different types of address locators are used differently depending on the type of
reference data [14]. An addressing model is unique to each country, depending on the address characteristics that have been
evolved through time. Although some countries might have similar address models, there is no universal address model
applicable to all countries. Many countries in the world already have address standards; these include the United States of
America [15]. Japan [1], Australia, England, and South Africa [16]. . An addressing model and geocoding framework that
suits Indonesian address characteristics are currently unavailable. Furthermore, an address locator that matches the
characteristics of addresses in Indonesia is also absent. The address locator that is now available in various software packages
is not suitable for the Indonesian situation.
Address models and geocoded addresses are needed to facilitate access, search, and services (e.g., Emergency services).
For example, the implementation of the smart city concept, which is becoming a top priority in many cities, requires geospatial
information [17]. In it, geocoded addresses are indispensable for delivering government services such as emergency response,
taxation, and welfare support. Progressive taxes imposed on vehicle ownership from a single address [3] need a robust address
system. In economic activities, delivering goods in online shopping and transport ride systems, such as Uber and GO-JEK, are
examples, among others. Concerning this condition, an address model and geocoding framework are urgently required. For
the implementation, a modified address locator also needs to be developed. As the first step, an address model and geocoding
framework for an urban area should be developed.
An urban area has a dense population, and various activities, with the number and types of buildings, are increasing. Each
building needs an identity. Public or commercial facilities usually have the name of the building, but this is not the case for
individual buildings. To provide individual buildings' identity, an address is needed that is unique textual data that indicates
the location of a building [12]. Here the identity of an individual building does not merely its name.
Most addresses are inherited; therefore, if there is new building construction, a new address will follow a nearby address
model or use an address according to owner preference. There is also an acquisition problem in many countries and a data

20
storage problem because there is no standard [18]. Unplanned development of residential buildings causes irregular address
patterns and numbering. This situation leads to the following problems: address number not in sequential order, different
addresses for one building, one address for many buildings, and different address models. Besides that, there are currently
many incomplete addresses in urban areas in Indonesia [11]. These complex problems arise because there is currently no
standardized addressing system and geocoding method. Besides, there are no institutions tasked to managing addresses. The
community simply writes their address without consulting to the authority whether their intended address and naming is the
right and acceptable one or not.
In implementation contexts, a geocoding system is usually implemented as a search interface which allows its users to find
an address and its matching location based on components of the address. For this functionality to work, it is important to
allow the system to match unstructured nature of the text from user input to a more structured attributes of geospatial datasets
[5]. Therefore, such geocoder system often employs the advantages from a full-text search framework to ensure that the search
returns matching address from a database [19]. Full-text search is the process of using computer algorithms to retrieve
information from text-based documents. It could be implemented to obtain information from spatial data attribute using
geocoding techniques [20]. It is a powerful tool that can be used to identify locations and other geographical data from text
strings such as addresses, street names, and city/country names. For accurate identification of geographical references, full-
text search geocoding typically involves the use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques [21]. These techniques, such
as entity recognition and context-based recognition, are important for recognizing and extracting geographical data from text.
Furthermore, algorithms used in full-text search geocoding can be adjusted to fit the task at hand, allowing for a more efficient
and precise search.
This paper is organized as follows: This part discusses current situation regarding standardization of address and geocoding
framework (or lack thereof) in Indonesia, which motivates this research. The second part of this paper discusses our proposed
methodology for developing said geocoding framework. The third part follows our proposal for an address standardization and
geocoding framework which could be applied to Indonesian urban area, as well as the validations which ensued as part of
proof of concepts for the framework. The final part concludes our findings and presents suggestions for future improvements
of the model.
2 METHODOLOGY
This research consisted of five stages: the first was collecting data on regulations for address models and the availability
of reference data and addresses in several cities. Regulations for addresses were gathered through direct surveys and document
reviews, while reference data were obtained through satellite imagery digitization and existing parcel maps. Meanwhile,
address data was obtained through field surveys and document reviews. The second stage involved applying the Indonesian
National Standard (SNI) 9037:2021 into real world case. This activity consists of transforming the existing address into a
standardized model based on the SNI. The third stage involved transforming the standardized address model into an address
locator. The fourth stage involved testing the developed address model at selected location in the following cities: Yogyakarta,
Jakarta, Semarang, and Manado. Validations of the model were carried out in five different urban area across Indonesia. The
final stage is development of a WebGIS framework based on ElasticSearch to demonstrate the proof-of-concept use of
geocoded address in real world setting.
The test site for developing the geocoded address was Yogyakarta City in Jalan Diponegoro, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman,
Jalan AM Sangaji, Jalan Mangkubumi, dan Jalan Pakuningratan (‘Jalan’ is an Indonesian word for ‘road’). The tests were
conducted to validate the applicability of the developed geocoding framework. The test location in Yogyakarta City is shown
in Figure 1.

21
Figure. 1 Research location for model validation in Yogyakarta (Source: OpenStreetMap).
In order to provide proof of concept for utilization of the model in real-world applications, field surveys have been
conducted in the City of Jakarta, Semarang City, and Manado City. These locations were selected based on the variability in
address notation for each administrative area. The surveys collected existing address data and subsequently built a standardized
and geocoded address of said locations based on the developed geocoded address, following the Indonesian National Standard
on Urban and Rural Addressing (SNI 9037:2021). Afterwards, a prototype was built to allow real use of the geocoded address.
2.1 Data
Data and information on current regulations and practices of addressing were obtained through a literature search and field
survey. International address standards and standards from other countries were referred to in preparation for developing an
address model. For example, AS/NZS 4819:2011, Rural and urban addressing, U.S. Thoroughfare, Landmark, and Postal
Address Data Standard, ISO 19160-1:2015, Addressing Part 1: Conceptual Model, ISO/DIS 19160-4, Addressing Part 4:
International Postal Address Components and Template Languages, and INSPIRE D2.8.I.5 Data Specification on Addresses–
Guidelines.
The parcel model data of Yogyakarta City was developed through digitization of a WorldView 2 satellite image provided
by the Yogyakarta Province Local Planning Agency. The satellite image was digitized to create buildings and street network
data. Building numbers and street numbers were collected from a field survey. In total, 108 buildings and five streets were
used on the test site. The land parcel data for District Gambir, Central Jakarta was obtained from Regional Office of Agrarian
and Spatial Planning/National Land Office of Jakarta Province. It consists of land parcel maps but only in spatial elements
without any attribute. The parcel data for Semarang and Manado City provided by the Agency for Spatial Planning and the
Regional Development Planning Agency, subsequently. They were based on Land and Property Tax Map with existing address
data on it. The existing address of Semarang data is complete while the Manado data was limited.
2.2 Address Model
An addressing model consists of a street naming provision and address number rules. An addressing model is used to
create an address locator, which is the primary tool in geocoding [14] and works as a marker of an address. There are some
differences in the components of addresses in Indonesia and other countries. The address in the urban area still has components
of the rural address system. The sub-village, sub-sub-village, and neighborhood administrative units are being used in the
address model, although the boundary between them has not been defined clearly and officially. As a result, addressing
becomes unorderly.
An address locator is used to distinguish addresses[14], [16]. Here, an ESRI address locator was modified to suit the
Indonesian urban address model. It consists of four main parts: Grammar, mapping schemas, data reference styles, and Plugins.
An address locator consists of LocatorName.lot.xml, LocarStyle.xsd, and LocatorStyle.xslt.
Modifications were carried out based on local conditions and availability of the data. Parts that are not needed were removed
or replaced. Each section is connected to remove or replace relationships between parts of the address locator, but these need
to be carefully checked. Table 1 provides information on some modifications to the USAddress.lot.xml.

22
Table 1. Structure of USAddress.lot.xml
No
Components
Description
Modification
1
Inputs
contains the input field name and preferred input field
name.
Change input name, add new input, e.g., change
State to Province; ZIP to Postal.
2
Grammar
contains grammar used in writing addresses.
change the composition of address structure, i.e.,
placement of house numbers and aliases name
3
Plugins
contains functions for calculating the offset distance,
intersections, interpolation from an address range, and
reverse geocoding.
This section was not modified.
4
Mapping
Schemas
contains required fields for reference data and the
relationship between address components
delete mapping schemas that were not required.
5
Reference Data
Styles
defining styles of reference data.
delete Reference Data Styles that were not required
6
Properties
contains rules in the geocoding process and outputs of
geocoding results.
This section was not modified.
7
Output Format
contains output formats for the address of geocoding
results.
change the output format of the address to match
the input address
2.3 Full-text Search Geocoding
A full-text search geocoding based on Elasticsearch were presented in this paper as a proof of concept. Elasticsearch is a
search engine software based on Apache Lucene that is capable of performing various operations to optimize search on text
documents, including full-text search functions [22]. In a web architecture to support geocoding, Elasticsearch could be utilized
to implement functionalities based on Natural Language Processing (NLP), such as tokenization, stemmer, synonym, etc., in
order to ensure that the search returns matching documents from a database of addresses. The database itself is an Elasticsearch
index composed from geocoded addresses in the five cities. Architecture of the geocoding system is structured as follows
(Figure 2):
Figure. 2 Architecture for Elasticsearch-based geocoding prototype.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Administrative Unit in Indonesia
Indonesia consists of several levels of administrative units (Table 2). Administrative units are components of an address.
Urban areas in Indonesia usually only use administrative levels 2 to 5 to compose an address. However, many cities in
Indonesia also implemented all the administrative levels as its address components. The primary administrative units used in
the urban address are city and province because current business rules require that street names be unique within each city.
Table 2. Level of the administrative unit in Indonesia
No.
Level
Remark
1
National
2
Provincial
34 provinces
3
City/District
95 cities + 419 districts
4
Sub-district (Kecamatan)
Each city/district has 5 to 40s sub-districts
5
Village (Desa/Kelurahan)
Each sub-district has around 5 to 30s villages
6
Sub-village (Dusun)
Each village has around 10-20s sub-village
7
Sub-sub-village (Rukun Warga/RW)
Each village has around 20s to 40s RWs
8
Neighborhood (Rukun Tetangga/RT)
Each village has around 60 to 90s RTs; each RW has around
2 to 5 RTs.

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Addresses in urban areas are associated with the name of the street. In most cases, each street has an official name assigned
by the local government. However, in small cases, streets that do not have a name are usually assigned a particular name by
the community. Therefore, Regulation is required to avoid confusion and duplication in the naming of streets. Irregular
numbering and street names that have not been legally recorded will cause difficulty in searching for the location. The wrong
location will lead to errors and delays in handling emergency conditions and other interests.
3.2 Regulations on addresses in Indonesia
Indonesia currently does not have a national regulation on address, although some regencies and cities have regulations
related to address procedures. However, the number is too small compared to the number of local governments. Of the 415
regencies and 99 cities, only 11 of them have regulations on the address. They include the Regency of Ogan Ilir, Pasaman,
Sidenreng Rappang, West Bangka, Luwu Timur, Kutai Barat, and Badung Regency, as well as the City of Surakarta, Batu,
Yogyakarta, and Banjarmasin. The existing address regulation has different purposes and at a different level of detail.
Regulations related to addresses contain rules for numbering the address object and street naming. The oldest Regulation was
enacted in Surakarta City in 1979 (Local Government Regulation 6/1979, Surakarta City on Street Naming, House Numbering,
and Signage Mounting. Yogyakarta City followed it in 1984 and Bantul Regency in 1998. Since 2010, there were eight
cities/regencies issued Regulation on addressing. Some of them focus on guidelines and procedures on street naming.
3.3 Address Model
Indonesia currently does not have a national regulation on address, although some regencies and cities have regulations
related to address procedures. However, the number is too small compared to the number of local governments. Of the 415
regencies and 99 cities, only 11 of them have regulations on address. They include the Regency of Ogan Ilir, Pasaman,
Sidenreng Rappang, West Bangka, Luwu Timur, Kutai Barat, and Badung Regency, as well as the City of Surakarta, Batu,
Yogyakarta, and Banjarmasin. The existing address regulation has different purposes and at a different level of detail.
Regulations related to addresses contain rules for numbering the address object and street naming. The oldest Regulation was
enacted in Surakarta City in 1979 (Local Government Regulation 6/1979, Surakarta City on Street Naming, House Numbering,
and Signage Mounting. Yogyakarta City followed it in 1984 and Bantul Regency in 1998. Since 2010, there were eight
cities/regencies issued Regulation on addressing. Some of them focus on guidelines and procedures on street naming.
To overcome this situation, Based on the existing regulations, there are variations in house numbering. Some of them
regulate odd numbers and even numbers, sub numbers, and starting point of home numbering. With regard to the development
of cities, these provisions are not enough. There are many new types of buildings that need to be numbered, for example,
apartments, shopping areas, and malls. The existing regulations in several regions do not yet cover the numbering for new
objects. Indonesia also has many islands and rivers with many remote communities. Regulation for addressing objects located
on remote islands and communities and those living on the riverbank has also not been available. The proposed standard in
addressing can standardize the terms, definitions, and techniques for addressing in Indonesian urban and rural areas.
3.3.1 Address Components
According to ISO 19160-1, an address is made up of components. An address consists of several elements, whereby in
urban areas in Indonesia typically consist of elements, as shown in Table 4. The primary components used for addresses in
urban areas are street prefix, street name, house number prefix, and house number.
Table 4. Address components based on ArcGIS Address Locator
Address component
Description
Example
Street/block prefix
The prefix of street name is a word that is put at the beginning of
the street name.
Jalan, Gang, Blok
Street name/ block
The street name is the word that provides information about an
address.
Kaliurang,
Kusumanegara
Street name suffix
The street name suffix is a word that is put at the end of the street
name.
Kilometer point
House number prefix
The house number prefix is a word that is put at the beginning of
the house number.
No, Nomor
House number
A house number is a unique number of addresses for each object
on the street.
1, 5, 15, etc.
House number suffix
The house number prefix is a word that is put at the end of the
house number.
A, B, C

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Sub address
The subaddress is the additional information about an address. The
sub-address consists of object names and unit numbers.
Apartemen Grand
Qory, Unit 304
Village name
The name of the village is a word that gives information or the
identity of a village.
Sinduadi
Subdistrict name
The name of the subdistrict is a word that gives information or the
identity of a subdistrict.
Mlati
Regency/city name
The name of the regency/city is a word that gives information or
the identity of a regency/city.
Sleman
Province name
The name of the province is a word that gives information or the
identity of a province.
Daerah Istimewa
Yogyakarta
Postcode
The postcode is a series of numbers that are used in a postal
address to send a letter or package.
55284
3.3.2 Street Naming
The street naming rules based on SNI 9037:2021 are as follows.
(1) Every street must have a name.
(2) The street name is taken from the name of the national or local heroes, late community leaders; traditional artist's
name, name of the traditional kingdom, name of a place or area; flora, fauna, and islands in Indonesia; and other
names that are socially acceptable to the community.
(3) The street name must not use foreign words, business names, trademarks, and other names of personal or group
interests.
(4) The street name might be adapted to the characteristics and uniqueness of an area.
(5) The street name should not be duplicated in one city, even if the type of street is different.
(6) The street name is a string, and if it contains numbers, it should be written in Roman characters.
(7) The street name should be short, easy to spell and does not have multiple interpretations.
(8) Street names should not use names with similar pronunciation.
(9) The use of apostrophes should be avoided.
(10) Alleys along the name of the main street can use the main street with additional Roman numerals at the end.
3.3.3 Numbering Address Object
The address number of an object is one of the main components of an address in urban areas. We develop eight categories
to number address objects based on possible scenarios.
1. Numbering of even and odd objects. The object’s address has odd numbers if it is located on the left side of the street and
even numbers if it is located on the right side of the street. Number one of the address object starts from the starting
point. It is a reference point, which is an area closest to the city centre.
2. Numbering objects in an alley. One of the street prefix types besides "Jalan" is an alley or "Gang." An object located in an
alley uses the alley's name and house numbers as the main component in the address.
3. Numbering of houses. Numbering for houses uses the name of the street/block, the number of houses, and the name as
the main components.
4. Numbering multistorey buildings. The numbering of high-rise buildings, such as apartments, is done by adding a floor
number and unit number to the address.
5. Numbering of vacant land. The numbering of buildings along a street that passes through empty land requires a parcel map
to determine the number of houses.
6. Numbering Objects in a short alley. The complex of buildings with a short alley does not need to provide the name of the
alley as the name of the main street can be used.
7. Numbering subdivided objects (building). Numbering an object developed into a building with multiple objects requires
that existing buildings have already been assigned numbers. In this case, the numbering can be conducted using sub-
numbers.
8. Numbering houses, shops, and shopping complex centres. The process of numbering housing complexes and shops and
shopping centres requires the use of the same number with a different sub-number. The sub number used in these
conditions is the lot number. A complex should have only one primary address
3.4 Geocoding Framework
The geocoding framework contains a model of an address locator, input data, geocoding properties, and output data.
Geocoding implementation requires address data, reference data, and address matching rules. Address-matching rules are

25
contained in the address locator. For this research, an address model named as INAAddress was created by modifying
USAddress. The modification was done by changing and removing parts of USAddress that were not used.
3.4.1. Model of the Address Locator and Reference Data
The reference data are related to the address locator. Every address locator model needs a specific type of reference data.
There are four types of address locators in INAAddress, single house, street name, one range, and Dual Range. Single-House
model uses polygon or point type for reference data input, while Street Name, One Range, and Dual Range need line/polyline
type of reference data input. In addition to the reference data, the required address components needed are different. Single
House, One Range, and Dual Range require house numbers and street names as the mandatory component. The street name
model only required street names as a mandatory component because this model is aiming to geocode street names.
1. Single House. INAAddress contains single-house address locator to geocode addresses for houses, apartment, and
stores. The attributes needed for this model are shown in Table 5. The required column is the minimum requirement
for reference data that can be used in the geocoding process. The main components that must exist on the attributes of
the reference data table are the column geometry, identity features, the house number, and street name/name of the
block. Other columns are optional.
9. Street Name. Street Name model is an address locator to geocode street name, not an exact address like Single House
Model. This model also needs some required attributes in reference data. A high match rate can be achieved when all
the address component and reference data are complete. Every segment of the street must have a street name and do
not have another name or alternate name. If there is a long street with a ‘kilometer’ number in the street name, the
segment must be separated. Interpolation on the linear feature estimates the address in the centre of the line as a point
feature. If we need to estimate an exact address, we cannot use this model.
10. One Range. One Range aims to perform geocoding on one side of the street segment. This model needs a street name
and house number as a required component. The address must be unique to get an accurate position. This address
locator estimates the geocoded address by dividing the length of the street by the number of addresses along the street
segment.
11. Dual Ranges. One Range and Dual Range model have similar types of address data. The only difference is the number
of columns required by the reference data. Dual range requires more data because there are components that must be
present on both sides of the road.
3.4.2. Address Data Input and Output
Address data as input data can be a single-line address or more than one line of an address. Many lines are typically used
to geocode addresses in large numbers, which is known as batch geocoding. All components of the address are written in a
single line. The format of writing the address on one line is like the passages quoted below. All components are written in one
line.
‘Street / block name prefix + Street/block name + Street name suffix + House number prefix +
House number + House number suffix [,]+ Building name+ Unit number [,]+ Village + Subdistrict
[,] + City [,] + Province [,] + Postcode’
3.5 Geocoding Model Validation
3.5.1 Initial Validation in Yogyakarta City
Addresses for urban areas use street names and house numbers as the main component of an address. The proposed
addresses model only facilitates to address the region with urban-type addresses. Based on research in Yogyakarta City, there
are different types of address data. There are urban and rural types of addresses. The type can be detected by the components
contained in addresses. There are many addresses that still use the name of Kampung, RT, and RW as components. Even
though the number of an urban address is more than a rural type of address, nonstandard address still dominates the survey
results. The examples of non-standard address are addresses with varied writing formats and incomplete addresses. Therefore,
we need to standardise the addresses before testing using INAAddress. Standardized addresses are tested using INAAddress
to check match rate value and the visualization of position accuracy of geocoded addresses.

26
3.5.2 Addresses Standardisation
Addresses are standardized using a proposed address model. The address model for the urban area uses the street and the
house number as primary components. In Table 7, addresses that do not contain the street name and house number are
categorised as a rural address model.
Table 7. Address standardization
No
Address
Standardized address
Remark
1
Bangirejo Kw I/99
Kampung Bangirejo Nomor 99
Rural address model
2
Bangunrejo
Kampung Bangunrejo
Rural address model
3
Kuantan Regency 2, Blok E1, Jalan
Bener
Blok E1 Nomor 2 Kuantan Regency
Urban address model
4
Asrama Buruh Jogoyudan D-07
Blok D Nomor 7, Asrama Buruh
Jogoyudan
Urban address model
5
As Pol, Jalan Kyai Mojo 3
Jalan Kyai Mojo Nomor 3, Asrama
Polisi
Urban address model
6
Code Utara
Kampung Code Utara
Rural address model
7
Demangan Gang Noroyono GK
I/345
Gang Noroyono Nomor 345,
Demangan
Urban address model
8
Asrama Denpal, Jalan
Lempuyangan No. 28
Jalan Lempuyangan Nomor 28
Urban address model
9
Awana Town House 52 AT 25
Jalan Mayjend Sutoyo No.52, Awana
Town House AT 25
Urban address model
3.5.3 Geocoding Result in Yogyakarta City
The output of geocoding using INAAddress Single House is the centroid of the buildings. The centroid was determined
using the center of mass of geometry. This algorithm is similar to the algorithms used in ST_Centroid. Geometry collection
placed centroid on geometry, which has a larger dimension.
Single House generates the exact position as the position of the reference data used. The level of precision of the results
depends on the accuracy of the reference data. Table 8 shows the result of geocoding using four types of address locators. One
Range and Dual Range models need the same or similar size of parcels to get the best accuracy of geocoding results. Those
models can be implemented to get fast results in geocoding of vast quantities of data. This model only needs ranges of addresses
and line reference data. One Range and Dual Range Model produce all numbers between ranges of number even there is no
house with a certain number between number ranges. For example, number ranges are one to 20, although there is no number
3, those models will produce a point with address number 3.
Table 8. Result of geocoding in Yogyakarta City
No
Model of address locator
Result
Output address
Description
Matched
Tied
Unmatched
1
Single House
105
3
0
Full address
-
2
Street Name
5
0
0
Street name
Only five street segments
3
One Range
57
0
51
Full address
Only the left side.
4
Dual Range
108
0
0
Full address
-
Visual comparison between Dual Range, One Range, and Single House is shown in Table 9. Building data in Yogyakarta
City are used to compare the result of these three geocoding models. Single House placed geocoding results at the centroid of
the building, which requires each building to have one address. If there is one address for two buildings, the result will be a
tied address. Dual Range and One Range model produced different geocoding results from Single House. Those models placed
point addresses on the left or right side of the street. Typically, this situation occurs when the size of the land parcel varied
considerably. These models are not suitable for this situation.
The positions of the features are in the centroid of the building. Geocoding results on the building site. The positions of
the features are on the left of the road segment or in front of a building. No point is right in front of the building, and there are
improper. This is due to the size of the building features being different. Dual Range: Similar to the conditions of One Range.

27
Figure 11. Visual comparison of geocoding results.
The dual range model has the highest score in matching address. However, visually, we can see that the points not located
accurately in front of the buildings. Dual Range divides the address based on the length of the segment and the number of
addresses in that segment. On the other hand, the single-house model turns out to be the second-best model in terms of matching
scores. Three addresses categorized as tied because they have the same address. The advantage of this model is the point
located at the centroid of the buildings, which shows a higher value of position accuracy. In this case, the city has a different
size of parcels, hence the most suitable model is Single House.
Two models with the lowest scores in the matching scores are Street Names and One Range. Street Name only accommodates
the address name and could not geocode the detailed addresses. The One Range model has a similar concept with Dual Range
as mentioned above, but the model only geocodes one side of the street. Therefore, based on the test, the Dual Range model
demonstrate promising results, and should be applied to geocoded addresses in Indonesia.
3.5.4 Implementation of the Geocoding Model in Three Cities
To demonstrate the use case of proposed geocoding model, five different cities, i.e., Regional Government of DKI Jakarta,
Semarang City, Manado City. In each of the city, thorough document analyses were conducted to build a database of geocoded
address, which subsequently validated with field surveys and corroborated with the local governments. The result of which
are presented in Table 9:
Table 9. Result of geocoding in three cities
City
No. of Geocoded Address/Addressable Objects
DKI Jakarta
15.078
Semarang
38.497
Manado
4.039
Figure 12. An example of geocoded address from the survey in Semarang City.
Lessons learned from the surveys was also documented in a separate report. These findings confirms that while in most
cases the address reported in each city were rarely structured, a standardized national address system could be implemented

28
with considerable success. In this case, it is required to have a more thorough use case implementation and evaluation in
different urban areas in Indonesia, which might implement different addressing system. It is also required to extend the
implementation to rural areas which might pertain more rich variability in addressing system compared to urban areas.
3.6 Geocoding System Prototype Development
A WebGIS prototype which implements a user interface for geocoding was developed using NextJS and OpenLayers for
the frontend, as well as Elasticsearch for the backend. The geocoding system implements full-text search based on geocoded
addresses from five cities. The website could be accessed through https://ppids-ugm.com/geocoder2, which is shown in Figure
13.
Figure 13. User interface from the geocoding system, showing a geocoded address in Manado.
The prototype geocoding website has been presented and verified with the local governments in each city. However, further
usability testing and architecture redesign might be required to cater the needs for more complex queries and analysis.
4 CONCLUSIONS
This research identifies regulations on the address system in Indonesian cities and at the national level. Although several
cities have enacted relevant regulations, it was found that the number is very small in compared to the number of cities. At the
national level, regulation on address systems is absent. There is no government agency responsible for it, and the development
of geocoded addressing has not been carried out. Based on existing regulations from several cities, international standards and
regulations, a standardized national regulation on address model is proposed. It consists of essential elements of the address,
road naming, and house numbering for various conditions.
The realization of the addressing model needs a geocoding framework. INAAddress has been developed for an address
locator, based on USAddress locator available on ESRI product. Based on a test conducted in the portion of Yogyakarta City
section, the single-house model comes out as the best because this model results in higher visual accuracy compared to Dual
Range. Dual Range is more suitable for the city with a similar size of parcels. For citywide implementation, however, the
availability of suitable land parcel maps might be an issue. Future works should be focused on how the geocoding framework
work with incomplete datasets and extending the work to the rural area.
Based on the proposed geocoding model, three urban areas in Indonesia were selected to implement the model. Addresses
from the cities were manually converted into the INAAddress model implementing SNI 9037:2021. These addresses were
subsequently compiled into a database in ElasticSearch framework to implement full-text search on the addresses. A webGIS
frontend were built to demonstrate use cases for a geocoding system which implements the geocoded address based on SNI
9037:2021 in the five cities.

29
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was funded by the Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) through the Governance RISPRO scheme with
contract number LPDP-107/LPDP/2019. Thanks are extended to LPDP, UGM, and BIG for providing funding and facilitating
this research. In particular, the authors thank the Regional Government of DKI Jakarta, Semarang City, Manado City, Kulon
Progo Regency, Klungkung Regency, the DKI Jakarta ATR/BPN Regional Office, and the Klungkung Land Office for
facilitating this research and providing valuable input.
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