![Result of PCA analysis on buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) of Central Lombok Figure 2 shows no specific buffalo morphology classification in the two observation areas, the Makam area (purple color) and the Kekere area (red color). It is indicated by the combination of buffalo in all quadrants. Quadrant I consists of buffalo from the Makam and Kekere, namely individuals 6, 9, 10, and 14. Likewise, quadrants II, III, and IV consist of buffalo combinations from the two observation areas. This result indicates that buffalo in Central Lombok Regency have morphological similarities. It confirms the previous research conducted by Sukri et al.[17], which found genetic mixing among buffalo populations in Central Lombok Regency. It has occurred because the population distribution was still widely spread [18]. So, there was the possibility of breeding between both populations. Figure 2 also shows that there is no specific variation of buffalo morphology in the two populations; this can be observed through the uniform distribution of buffalo individuals on the x and y axes, meaning that there is no one component that has the most influence on buffalo morphometrics in the two observed populations.](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akhmad-Sukri/publication/370378690/figure/fig1/AS:11431281161838536@1685084707333/Result-of-PCA-analysis-on-buffalo-Bubalus-bubalis-of-Central-Lombok-Figure-2-shows-no_Q320.jpg)
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RESEARCH ARTICLE | AP RI L 28 2 02 3
Phenetic analysis of swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in
Central Lombok based on morphological parameters
Akhmad Sukri; Siti Rabiatul Fajri; Husnul Jannah; ... et. al
AIP Conference Proceedings 2619, 030004 (2023)
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0130473
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Phenetic Analysis of Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in
Central Lombok Based on Morphological Parameters
Akhmad Sukri1,b), Siti Rabiatul Fajri1,c), Husnul Jannah1,d), Ieke Wulan Ayu2,e),
Marheny Lukitasari3,a)
1Department of Biology Education, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, NTB, Indonesia
2Department of Agrotechnology, Universitas Samawa, Sumbawa Besar, NTB, Indonesia
3Department of Biology Education, Universitas PGRI Madiun, Madiun, East Java, Indonesia
a)corresponding author: lukitasari@unipma.ac.id
b)akhmadsukri@undikma.ac.id
c)sitirabiatulfajri@undikma.ac.id
d)husnuljannah@undikma.ac.id
e)iekewulanayu002@gmail.com
Abstract. This study describes the morphological parameters and investigates a phenetic analysis on domestic swamp
buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Central Lombok. The morphological parameters measured head length, neck length, tail
length, leg length, and chest circumference. Morphological parameters were measured using a measuring tape; then, the
data were analyzed quantitatively to determine the Euclidian similarity index. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis
(PCA) is carried out to determine the grouping of buffalo individuals based on morphological parameters. Then it is
followed by reconstructing the dendrogram using the UPGMA method. The result of this observation on buffalo’s
morphological parameters shows that there are variations in morphological sizes, including head length, neck length, tail
length, leg length, and chest circumference, with low similarity in the two observation areas (0.217). The results of the
similarity percentage analysis show that the chest circumference variable has the highest contribution in forming
morphological variations (43.58%). Furthermore, the PCA results prove that buffalo distribution spread in the two observed
populations; it is also strengthened by phenetic analysis, which shows morphological mixing between buffalo individuals
in the two observed populations in Central Lombok Regency.
INTRODUCTION
Swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a livestock commodity that can produce meat for human consumption [1].
Buffaloes have high adaptability to be raised in areas that have inadequate environmental conditions [2]. Buffaloes
have variations in body and coat color [3]. The results of qualitative measurement of buffalo in Bali by Yulianti [4]
showed that most of the buffaloes have dark gray and albino coat colors. Sukri et al.[5] reported a similar result, who
found most of the buffalo in Central Lombok Regency have gray coats with black skin and short, fat bodies with
relatively wide chest circumferences.
In addition, besides natural characteristics, buffaloes also have variations in morphological sizes. Sukri et al.[5]
reported differences in the length of buffalo's head, neck, and legs caused by age differentiation. Furthermore, Sunarko
et al.[6] revealed differences in body growth rate between male and female individual swamp buffalo in Central
Lombok Regency. Another study conducted by Anggraeni [7] showed that the morphometric body size of female
buffalo from North Sumatra is larger than female buffalo from Banten, South Kalimantan, Nanggroe Aceh
Darussalam, and South Sulawesi. On the other hand, the morphometric size of male buffalo from South Sulawesi is
larger than male buffalo from Central Java, Banten, and NAD.
Research to reveal the morphological characteristics of buffalo needs to be done, especially in Central Lombok
Regency. It is beneficial for the improvement and preservation of buffalo germplasm. In addition, this research is
The 1st International Conference on Science Education and Sciences
AIP Conf. Proc. 2619, 030004-1–030004-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0130473
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4446-1/$30.00
030004-1
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essential to be conducted to develop a better quality of livestock breeds. A study about buffalo morphology in Central
Lombok Regency has been conducted by Sukri et al.[5]. This research still has its shortcomings, so it needs to be
improved with phenetic analysis to reveal the morphological characteristics, phenetic, and morphometric grouping of
buffalo in Central Lombok Regency in more depth. Therefore, this research can also be used to reference the breeding
of buffaloes, especially in the Central Lombok Regency.
RESEARCH METHOD
Morphological Parameter Measurement
Morphological characteristics in this study were limited to five aspects of the phenotype, namely head length, neck
length, tail length, leg length, and chest circumference. The measurement of morphological parameters adopted the
method of Purnomoadi [8] carried out with the technique shown in Figure 1. The measurements were carried out using
a measuring tape with 2 meters in length and 1 cm accuracy.
FIGURE 1. Technique for measuring buffalo’s morphological parameter
Research Sample
The subjects of this study were swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), with a total sample of 21 buffaloes mixed
between males and females. This sample was taken purposively from two buffalo populations in Central Lombok
Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Makam Village, and Kekere Village. Sampling was taken from these two locations
because they were considered representative of the buffalo population with a reasonably high population compared to
other areas in Central Lombok Regency.
Data Analysis
The buffalo morphological parameter data were analyzed using a quantitative approach through descriptive
statistical analysis to find the average and percentage of each morphological parameter. In addition, to determine the
individual similarity of buffalo from the two observed populations, a similarity analysis [9] was conducted using
Euclidean distance because the data is numeric [10]. After similarity analysis, similarity percentage analysis was
conducted to determine which morphological parameters had the highest contribution in determining diversity. The
Principal Component Analysis was carried out to determine the distribution of buffalo based on morphological
parameters [11], which was complemented by phenetic analysis using the UPGMA method [12]. The analysis was
assisted using PAST computer software version 4.03 [13].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Morphological parameter
The result of the measurement of morphological parameters that include (1) head length, (2) neck length, (3) tail
length, (4) leg length, and (5) chest circumference is shown below in Table 1.
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TABLE 1. Result of Morphological Parameters Measurement on Local Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Sample Head Length
(cm)
Neck Length
(cm)
Tail Length
(cm)
Leg length
(cm)
Chest circumference
(cm)
M
29
28
54
80
149
M
29
28
57
59
135
M
45
39
68
107
170
M
43
47
74
116
205
M
38
29
54
107
149
M
49
64
72
135
200
M
34
29
57
95
142
M
29
24
48
87
150
M
37
24
64
150
160
M
33
25
55
150
150
K
39
39
53
111
148
K
17
50
56
98
175
K
40
36
28
99
140
K
45
48
68
115
170
K
44
42
68
106
140
K
47
37
69
112
200
K
46
46
64
110
190
K
46
14
17
111
198
K
40
41
54
105
170
K
38
32
62
100
215
K
33
20
64
101
160
The buffalo morphological parameters measurement result in two observation areas, namely Makam Village (M)
and Kekere Village (K), Central Lombok Regency, shows the mixed result. The largest chest circumference is found
in the Kekere area with an average length of 173 cm, while leg length is found in the Makam area with 150 cm.
Likewise, the parameters of neck length, tail length, and head length have different mean values in the two observation
areas (Table 2). A similarity percentage analysis is carried out based on Euclidian distance to strengthen this result.
The results of the similarity analysis resulted in a score of 0.217; this indicates that the individual buffaloes at the two
observation locations have relatively small morphometric size similarities even though they are from the same species.
The low similarity value is thought to be due to the diversity of morphometric measurements caused by the gender
and age of the buffalo in the study, which the researcher did not control. Based on the results of previous studies, it is
known that these two variables are believed to affect the morphology of buffaloes [7][14].
TABLE 2. Similarity percentage analysis on morphological parameters of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Analysis of
similarity Similarity Percentage
Index p
(same) Variable Av.
Dissim
Contrib.
%
Cumm.
%
Mean
M
Mean
K
Euclidean 0.217 Chest
circumference
1243 43.58 43.58 161 173
Leg length
849.8
29.79
73.37
109
106
Neck length 273.8 9.6 95.71 33.70 36.80
Tail length 363.6 12.75 86.11 60.30 54.80
Head length
122.2
4.285
100
36.6
39.50
The similarity percentage analysis in Table 2 reveals that the chest circumference variable is the most significant
cumulative percentage in individual buffalo’s morphological parameters diversity, followed by leg length, neck length,
tail length, and head length parameters. This result indicates that there are variations in the quantitative characteristics
of buffalo. It confirms previous research by Sukri et al.[5], which found variations in the morphological characteristics
of buffalo in the Central Lombok Regency. In addition, study by Erdiansyah and Anggraeni [14] revealed a diversity
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of phenotypes of buffalo in the Dompu area, West Nusa Tenggara, and has almost similar characteristics as the results
obtained. It is also evidence that similar species buffalo have diverse morphological characteristics [3][15][5]. The
variety of morphological parameters measured in this study is also caused by the different ages of individual buffalo
[5][16].
PCA Analysis Result
PCA analysis is carried out to determine the distribution of individual buffalo based on morphological parameters.
The result of the PCA analysis of individual buffalo groupings is shown in Figure 2.
FIGURE 2. Result of PCA analysis on buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) of Central Lombok
Figure 2 shows no specific buffalo morphology classification in the two observation areas, the Makam area (purple
color) and the Kekere area (red color). It is indicated by the combination of buffalo in all quadrants. Quadrant I consists
of buffalo from the Makam and Kekere, namely individuals 6, 9, 10, and 14. Likewise, quadrants II, III, and IV consist
of buffalo combinations from the two observation areas. This result indicates that buffalo in Central Lombok Regency
have morphological similarities. It confirms the previous research conducted by Sukri et al.[17], which found genetic
mixing among buffalo populations in Central Lombok Regency. It has occurred because the population distribution
was still widely spread [18]. So, there was the possibility of breeding between both populations. Figure 2 also shows
that there is no specific variation of buffalo morphology in the two populations; this can be observed through the
uniform distribution of buffalo individuals on the x and y axes, meaning that there is no one component that has the
most influence on buffalo morphometrics in the two observed populations.
Buffalo phenetic analysis
The buffalo phenetic analysis in Central Lombok is shown in Figure 3. The buffalo phenetic analysis based on
morphological parameters using the UPGMA method shows that the buffalo individuals were scattered into clusters
on the phylogenetic tree. These results also reveal no specific cluster of buffalo based on the observation area. It proves
the existence of morphological mixing between buffalo individuals in the two observation areas. This result is
supported by Sukri et al. [17], revealing genetic mixing among buffalo populations in Central Lombok Regency.
Geographically, the two buffalo populations from the two observation areas are far apart and do not allow for natural
breeding. Genetic mixing has occurred due to human factors through trade routes that resulted in the movement of
buffalo in and out of and into different populations in Central Lombok Regency [17[18].
030004-4
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FIGURE 3. Phenetic analysis result of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Central Lombok
CONCLUSION
Observation of buffalo morphological parameters showed variations in morphological sizes, including head length,
neck length, tail length, leg length, and chest circumference. Results of similarity percentage analysis show the chest
circumference variable has the highest contribution in shaping the morphological variation. Furthermore, the PCA
result proves that the distribution of buffalo individuals spread in the two observed populations, which is also
strengthened by phenetic analysis that suspects morphological mixing between buffalo individuals in the two observed
populations in Central Lombok Regency.
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