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Research Article
Monitoring and Maintenance of Highway Super-Large Bridge
Based on BIM Technology
Yan Zhang
1
and Vinh Phuc Dung
2
1
School of Municipal and Traffic Engineering, Anhui Water Conservancy Technical College, Hefei Anhui 231603, China
2
Department of Computer Science, Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Correspondence should be addressed to Vinh Phuc Dung; dungvinhphuc@sg.edu.vn
Received 11 July 2022; Revised 29 July 2022; Accepted 2 August 2022; Published 25 April 2023
Academic Editor: Kalidoss Rajakani
Copyright © 2023 Yan Zhang and Vinh Phuc Dung. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work
is properly cited.
As the key node of highway traffic in China, the super-large bridge is the most important infrastructure of the country. With the
completion of large-scale infrastructure construction in China, the key work of super-large bridges has changed from construction
to maintenance. The service life of the super-large bridge is long, and with the increase of the service life of the super-large bridge,
the annual maintenance cost is also increasing. At present, with the rapid development of super-large bridges in China, the
diseases of super-large bridges are also increasing, and the maintenance and management of super-large bridges have become
an urgent problem to be solved. In order to solve this problem, this paper takes the highway bridge as the research object and,
on the basis of mastering the actual needs of the maintenance management of highway bridges in China, puts forward the
monitoring and maintenance of bridges based on BIM technology, solves the lack of maintenance information elements in
traditional BIM technology, studies the establishment method of the maintenance information model, finally develops the basic
data acquisition software of the BIM model, accurately locates the disease position of the highway bridge, realizes the three-
dimensional visual information management system of bridge, and continuously improves the maintenance efficiency. The
research results show that starting from the monitoring and maintenance information management of highway bridges, the
BIM data management method of the highway bridge maintenance stage is put forward, which realizes the visual management
of maintenance information of highway bridges. Based on the analysis of the hierarchical information model of bridges, the
component coding system of a bridge facing the maintenance management stage is established, and the visual management of
diseases of bridges is put forward. Using BIM technology to assist the evaluation method of super-large bridges, using
relational database and VBA project manager, based on the theoretical algorithm and interface design, automatic maintenance
decision-making suggestions are realized. BIM technology is proposed to assist maintenance inspection and evaluation
decision-making, and automatic and visual maintenance management of super-large bridges is realized. The research results
provide practical guiding significance for further realizing the maintenance management system of highway bridges based on
BIM technology.
1. Preface
With the rapid development of China’s highway construc-
tion, the extra-large bridges in the highway are developing
in the direction of long-span, new materials, and high qual-
ity, and new-type extra-large bridges have brought great
convenience to China’s transportation [1, 2]. With the con-
tinuous increase of extra-large bridges, the number of dan-
gerous bridges and sick bridges is increasing every year.
According to the statistical survey data, 42% of the super-
large bridges in China’s highways have been in service for
more than 20 years, of which 32% have suffered from third-
and fourth-grade diseases, and more than 100,000 have been
identified as dangerous bridges [3–5]. For example, the
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, as the lifeline of China’s
economy, will directly cause huge personal and property
losses once accidents such as collapse occur. According to
the statistics in Table 1, the bridge accidents in China in
recent ten years have caused serious casualties and heavy
losses of property.
Hindawi
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
Volume 2023, Article ID 5495549, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5495549
With the rapid expansion of national highway construc-
tion and operation scale, the maintenance of super-large
bridges has also entered a rapid development stage, and a
large number of new technologies have been applied to the
monitoring and maintenance of bridges [6]. Use of advanced
Internet information technology, blockchain, big data, artifi-
cial intelligence, and other new technologies has become a
systematic and modeled development trend of bridge moni-
toring and maintenance [7]. Traditional bridges will gener-
ate a lot of information from the beginning to the end,
including design drawings, construction, and operation
information, but the information will not be transmitted,
shared, and utilized during the project execution. Usually,
the design results produced by the design unit are handed
over to the construction unit with drawings [8]. According
to the drawing information, the construction unit uses the
cost software and the project schedule management software
to establish the implementation schedule, and after the con-
struction, the completed drawings will be delivered to the
owner [9]. The owner establishes the operation and mainte-
nance model according to the as-built drawings and inputs
the data into the integrated management platform of opera-
tion and maintenance, so as to realize the later operation and
maintenance management of the super-large bridge [10]. On
the whole, in the whole life cycle of the bridge, each data
information is kept in the main participating units in each
stage in isolation, and the information achievements in dif-
ferent stages cannot be reused, which easily leads to waste
of resources and increases the probability of errors [11].
The visualization and integration characteristics of BIM
technology provide a new solution for the maintenance of
highway extra-large bridges. Some researchers build the
BIM platform to manage the operation and maintenance
of the bridge, which mainly reduces the cost of visualization,
improves the ability of data integration and expression, and
realizes the data interaction and statistical functions [12]. At
present, BIM technology has carried out some research on
super-large bridges in the maintenance of bridges. Some
researchers put forward a three-dimensional visualization dis-
play of bridge health status based on BIM technology and
established a lightweight visualization model of the bridge
through Dynamo [13, 14]. Combined with the dynamic corre-
lation between the monitoring data collected by bridge sensors
and the BIM model, the three-dimensional visualization of the
bridge maintenance model was realized, and the function of
viewing monitoring data and automatic alarm was continu-
ously improved [15–17]. By analyzing the monitoring data
of the bridge, some researchers put forward the design scheme
of the bridge health monitoring system based on BIM technol-
ogy and established the bridge health monitoring and mainte-
nance management platform through practical projects [18].
Some researchers proposed the BIM technology design of
the 3d visualization model of bridge diseases, which solves
the matching problem of bridge disease body properties, such
as dimension, using WebGL technology development of 3d
visualization software online; the bridge disease has realized
3d visualization displaying bridge structure cracks and local
disease and disease history evolution of bridge disasters. In
order to solve the current problems of scattered distribution
of bridge diseases and lack of global judgment, some
researchers carried out the distribution of bridge diseases
through BIM technology and developed a three-dimensional
visual bridge disease information collection, visualization,
and analysis system.
BIM technology, as a booster of informatization reform
of highway construction in China, has the characteristics of
visualization, refinement, and collaboration, which greatly
reduces the construction cost, improves the informatization
level, and promotes the development of green buildings in
China [19, 20]. With the continuous application and promo-
tion of BIM technology, it is necessary to solve the mainte-
nance problem of highway extra-large bridges. Taking the
highway bridge as the research object, this paper establishes
the monitoring and maintenance of bridges based on BIM
technology, solves the lack of maintenance information ele-
ments in traditional BIM technology, develops the basic data
acquisition software of the BIM model, accurately locates the
disease position of highway bridges, and realizes the three-
dimensional visual information management system of brid-
ges, thus providing practical value for establishing the main-
tenance and management system of BIM highway bridges
[21, 22].
2. Application of BIM Technology in
Maintenance of Super-Large Bridges
The maintenance contents of the extra-large bridge mainly
include inspection, evaluation, maintenance, reinforcement,
etc. In this paper, BIM technology is applied to the mainte-
nance of super-large bridges. According to the information
elements required for the maintenance of super-large brid-
ges, an information model for the maintenance of super-
large bridges based on BIM technology is established, so that
the information of design, construction, inspection, mainte-
nance, reinforcement, and other projects can be effectively
linked in the whole life cycle.
2.1. Data Collection and Information Collation. In order to
establish the maintenance model of the super-large bridge,
the data collection scheme should be established first, and
Table 1: Domestic bridge accidents in recent ten years.
Date Name of accident bridge Stage Accident cause Casualties
2014.8.8 Shanxi Guangchang Hedong bridge Run Improper maintenance Two dead and two wounded
2016.7.9 Guizhou Jiangyou Panjiang bridge Run Insufficient maintenance and reinforcement Five dead and seven missing
2018.11.19 Ya’an Jinshan bridge Build Irregular construction 1 dead and 10 wounded
2019.9.11 Ganjiang highway bridge Demolish Demolition risk 3 lost contact and 5 injuries
2 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
the technical data of the super-large bridge should be col-
lected, including design planning, geological survey, con-
struction records, completion reports, inspection data,
maintenance records, etc. After collecting the information
of the super-large bridge, sort out and analyze the useful
information in all the information; obtain the information
of the route number, bridge site, load, and geological condi-
tions of the super-large bridge from the planning and geo-
logical prospecting data; obtain the geometric information
of the components of the super-large bridge from the con-
struction drawings; obtain the construction process informa-
tion such as the construction date, responsible parties of
subprojects, and material grades from the construction
records; and obtain the operation and maintenance informa-
tion of the super-large bridge from the completion data,
inspection reports, and maintenance records.
As a key work in the maintenance of super-large bridges,
the disease information of the super-large bridge is stan-
dardized and discretized to collect and display the disease
information of the bridge when the maintenance informa-
tion model is established. According to the association of
bridge disease information, the relationship between the
content of the designed data table and each data table is
established, and the maintenance information database of
the super-large bridge realized by the BIM model is estab-
lished on the database server.
2.2. Establishment of Maintenance Information Model of
Super-Large Bridge Based on BIM Technology. The informa-
tion involved in the maintenance stage of the super-large
bridge is more extensive, mainly including drawings, con-
struction records, inspection reports, disease records, photo
data, etc. When BIM technology is adopted for integration,
it is necessary to extract the description objects of the model
and establish the relationship between objects and the infor-
mation points contained in each object according to the
technical characteristics. For the maintenance of super-
large bridges, it can be divided into the whole, parts, compo-
nents, diseases, maintenance, and reinforcement measures of
super-large bridges, among which the whole, parts, compo-
nents, and components can be derived from each child
object. The object relationship is shown in Figure 1, and
the arrow points to the parent object.
This paper mainly studies the disease object and
describes that the disease attribute of the bridge is related
to the component object and maintenance measures such
as crack filling and repair. Each object contains information
of levels/things. The whole object of the super-large bridge
contains information such as the name, line, coordinates,
and load grade. The part and component objects contain
information such as members, inspection, and evaluation,
and the component objects contain information such as
component geometry information, construction time, and
disease. The disease objects contain information such as dis-
ease type, degree, discovery time, and repair.
After determining the component division, determine
the fineness of modeling. For the maintenance of extra-
large bridges, BIM models are mainly established for the
purpose of maintenance, which should reflect the shape,
mechanical characteristics, disease distribution, and mainte-
nance scheme of components. At the same time, when the
model is too fine, the workload of modeling is greatly
increased, which is not conducive to the performance of
the 3d display system. How to determine the way and details
of component splitting has become the key of BIM
modeling.
2.3. BIM Model Component Division of Super-Large Bridge
Maintenance. The BIM model is different from the general
three-dimensional model, which not only contains the
three-dimensional geometric model of the super-large
bridge but also contains the corresponding information.
BIM model building needs to split the components accord-
ing to the super-large bridge. Too many components are
split too thin, which will be occupied by a lot of low-value
details, increasing the cost of useful information mainte-
nance and system operation. When the components are split
too thick, it will also lead to the loss of key information,
which limits the operation analysis work. The split method
of components is closely related to the acquired information.
The split component is the smallest unit of information
description, and its construction, damage, maintenance,
and other information are recorded in detail. As the basis
of carrying information, the rationality of building split
directly affects the utilization efficiency of information. In
the BIM model, the geometry of components is bound to
the database component ID and linked to the component
information in the database.
2.4. BIM Technical Advantages. The visualization and inte-
gration characteristics of BIM technology provide a new
solution for the maintenance of super-large bridges. The
BIM platform is used for the operation, maintenance, and
management of super-large bridges, mainly including the
following:
2.4.1. Reduce the Cost of Visualization. Through Revit soft-
ware, object-oriented and parameterization are combined,
data and models are combined, and at the same time, it
has powerful graphics processing capability and open API
library, which facilitates secondary development and effec-
tively saves the cost of visualization.
2.4.2. Enhance the Ability of Data Integration and
Expression. BIM software has strong management ability
for models, and the data are stored in the model in the form
of model parameters. These model parameters can be
updated and queried in real time and can be related to each
other in different models. When the data in a certain place is
modified, all model data will be updated to ensure the data
consistency. Therefore, in the maintenance stage of the
super-large bridge, according to the BIM model in the con-
struction stage, by adding the data parameters of the main-
tenance module, all the data can be linked to the
components, and the data can be queried accurately.
2.4.3. Realize Data Interaction and Statistical Functions.
Based on the BIM platform’s ability to manage components,
the statistics of data can be completed. Through the
3Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
powerful API, the operation and maintenance management
system interacts with BIM software, and the data is sorted
and calculated by operating the model components, and
then, the calculation results are returned, thus avoiding mis-
takes in the manual statistics process and realizing efficient
management.
3. Realization of Monitoring and
Maintenance of Highway Super-Large Bridge
Based on BIM Technology
In the whole life cycle management of the super-large bridge
project, the operation and maintenance is the longest, and it
also involves the largest amount of information and man-
agement workload, with the cost accounting for 65%~70%
of the total project cost. At present, a large part of the exist-
ing highway bridges in China was built in the middle and
late last century. These bridges have been in service for many
years. However, most of the newly added bridges in China
are in the peak period of highway construction, and most
of them have the problems of short construction period
and hidden construction. At the same time, with the rapid
growth of traffic volume and the continuous improvement
of transportation and carrying capacity in China, these brid-
ges deteriorate rapidly. The operation, maintenance, and
safety performance of super-large bridges have become the
most important issues.
At present, China has formulated the maintenance stan-
dards of super-large bridges, which mainly include facility
inspection, safe use inspection, reinforcement and mainte-
nance of components, and improvement of technical files.
Therefore, the maintenance of the extra-large bridge
includes manual and electronic inspection, safety status
management, decision-making, and establishment of data
files. The main process is shown in Figure 2.
3.1. Implementation of Manual Inspection Based on BIM
Platform. In the maintenance and management of extra-
large bridges, the safety state of extra-large bridges is deter-
mined by the state of each component in the extra-large
bridges. In the maintenance and management of super-
large bridges, the inspection is divided by components,
which are the most basic units for the operation and mainte-
nance management of super-large bridges. Accurate descrip-
tion of the safety status of components is the basis of
ensuring the overall safety status of super-large bridges.
Manual inspection and automatic monitoring are the data
sources to describe the safety status of components.
The manual inspection and automatic monitoring of
super-large bridges are generally done by a third party. When
the maintenance unit completes the manual inspection and
prepares the manual inspection report, a large amount of
raw data will not be given to management, but the visualiza-
tion of BIM technology provides a good solution.
According to the routine inspection work of the extra-
large bridge, it is convenient to fill in the Excel form with
the corresponding information and save the data after man-
ual inspection. Through secondary development, the BIM
function of manual inspection of super-large bridges is real-
ized and integrated into the Revit interface.
Through the manual inspection data of the Excel file,
each component will be accurate, so that clicking can realize
the view of the information of components in the model
project of the super-large bridge, and the attribute parame-
ters of each component will be added. Manually inputting
the family parameters of model components is a conven-
tional input method, which can be used when there are
few component models. When there are hundreds of family
components, this method is inefficient in adding family
parameters. This paper will study Revit API, manage the
project model through family manager, and add family
parameters by using the AddParameter function of the
FamilyManage class, so that the parameters of family com-
ponents in the model can be added through secondary
development, and then, the parameters of components can
be added to the Revit interface, which is convenient for later
use and greatly saves the time and energy of repeated labor.
In Revit software, each component has a separate ID
number and a unique identification. In Revit software, the
ID number of a component can be viewed after it is selected.
On the contrary, the component can be located and selected
by ID number. The secondary development process of the
software is to identify components by their ID numbers.
When modeling, each component has a professional name.
In the form of manual inspection, the two identity attributes
of the component should correspond one to one, which is
convenient for computer reading and manual operation.
Therefore, before the inspection, the ID and name tables of
components are usually exported, which are used by manual
inspection and maintenance.
component part
ceiling baseboard sternum pedestal Ear wall expansion joint other
Figure 1: Division of component objects in maintenance model of super-large bridge.
4 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
When the Excel file format is fixed, the Excel file can be
read by writing a program to realize the data import function.
After the file is imported, the program will extract the ID num-
ber of each row in the Excel file, locate the component by this
ID number, and then get each family instance parameter
throughthe API, update the family parameter value to thesoft-
ware according to the Excel file format, and click the compo-
nent to view the new parameters of the updated component.
When the manual inspection is finished, the software
will rate the safety of each component. In the existing work,
the safety level parameter of the component has been added.
Through secondary development, the technical condition
level of each component is marked and recorded in the
parameter value. When the management and maintenance
personnel repair and maintain the components, click the
“Extract Manual Maintenance”button, and the software will
identify the safety level parameters of all components in the
model. The components with different levels will be placed
in the predefined list container in the program and displayed
in the window through the Revit dialog box for managers to
use. The main parameters of the maintenance components
include the ID number, name, disease situation, mainte-
nance method, and other information.
The above method realizes the interaction and manage-
ment of manual inspection data, and the application of
BIM technology does not need complicated system develop-
ment. It only needs the model management capability of
BIM platform software to manage the component informa-
tion system and does not need manual secondary statistics,
thus ensuring the integrity of the original data and improv-
ing the accuracy of manual inspection and operation and
maintenance management. The use of BIM technology has
improved the maintenance and management efficiency of
super-large bridges and can also solve the problem of iso-
lated information islands.
3.2. Automatic Sensor Monitoring Based on BIM Platform. In
the process of operation and maintenance of super-large
bridges, in order to grasp the safety status of super-large
bridges in real time and efficiently, a large number of sensors
are generally installed on components to automatically mon-
itor the information of super-large bridges for decision
makers to analyze. With the increase of service time of
super-large bridges, a large number of different types of data
will be formed, which will play an important role in the
safety description of components. When these data are
stored in the health monitoring database, it will easily lead
to data separation, which will cause some difficulty and
inconvenience for the maintenance and management of
the super-large bridge. Through the information exchange,
sharing, and integration of BIM technology, all the data
monitored by sensors are managed through the BIM
platform.
Through the secondary development of Revit, the sensor
data can be read and visualized. In this paper, the Excel file
of health monitoring data is used as the interactive file,
and in the process of reading sensor data, Revit is used to
operate the files in the folder, so as to realize the integration
of the Revit and Windows file system, and the data in the
Excel file is displayed by the Windows Form program. When
reading Excel files, the contents of Excel files are obtained (1)
by reading DataSet, (2) by storing the contents of Excel files
in rows through DataTable, (3) by other methods, and by
defining a class to store the data in each row, the stored Excel
files are bound to DataGridView for display. Figure 3 shows
the reading and visualization of sensor data.
Manual and electronic inspection of super-large bridge
According to the damage situation, evaluate the technical condition of the extra-large bridge
Safety state management of super-large bridge
BIM Technology's Decision on Operation and Maintenance of Super-large Bridge
Establish operation and maintenance data les of super-large bridges
Figure 2: Maintenance process of super-large bridge.
5Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
3.3. Application of BIM Technology in the Maintenance of
Extra-Large Bridges. The maintenance of super-large road
bridges is an important part of road safety; if the mainte-
nance is not in place, it will cause serious disaster problems.
In the maintenance and reinforcement work of the road
bridge, the damage to the original structure should be
avoided as far as possible. After the maintenance work is
completed, the treatment effect is evaluated through the
comprehensive evaluation system. In this paper, based on
the BIM comprehensive platform and the actual situation
on site, the maintenance and health files of the super-large
bridge are gradually established to ensure that every disease
is recorded, so as to provide reference experience, save man-
power and material resources, improve maintenance effi-
ciency, form maintenance records, and realize visual cloud
trace management.
4. Conclusion
As the key node of highway traffic in China, the super-large
bridge is the most important infrastructure of the country.
Taking the highway bridge as the research object, on the
basis of analyzing the maintenance management of bridges
in China, this paper puts forward the monitoring and main-
tenance of bridges based on BIM technology, realizes the
three-dimensional visual information management system
of bridges, and improves the maintenance efficiency. Main
research results are as follows:
(1) Based on the platform of BIM application in Revit,
the application of BIM technology in the operation
and maintenance management of super-large brid-
ges has been established, and the related BIM mod-
ules have been developed. The main functions such
as manual inspection, component safety manage-
ment, and sensor data interaction have been realized,
which greatly improves the efficiency of operation
and maintenance management of super-large
bridges
(2) By combining the manual inspection data with the
model, the data integrity of the whole life cycle of
the super-large bridge is continuously improved,
and the visual expression of the manual inspection
data is realized by using the visual characteristics of
BIM technology, so that the expression of complex
data is simple and direct. Through the integration
of the Windows interface, file operation, and Revit,
file addition and data display are realized through
secondary development. In the Revit software, the
query and extraction of sensor automatic monitoring
data are realized
(3) Through the research on the application of BIM
technology in the maintenance of extra-large Brid-
ges, the method of combining the maintenance of
extra-large bridges with BIM technology has been
realized; the application of BIM technology in the
design, construction, maintenance, operation, and
maintenance stages of extra-large bridges has been
explored; and certain results have been achieved.
The application practice of BIM technology in the
whole life cycle of extra-large bridges has been
applied. It provides an efficient information manage-
ment mode of the large bridge, so that the informa-
tion value can be fully brought into play
Data Availability
The figures used to support the findings of this study are
included in the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
View Revit sensor data
Add to Revit options
Click the pop-up Window to add sensor data
Save the interactive le in a xed folder
Actual display and view of sensor data les
Figure 3: Reading and visualization of sensor data.
6 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
Acknowledgments
The authors are sincerely thankful for those techniques that
have contributed to this research. The authors are thankful
for the financial support from the Major University Science
Research Project of Anhui Province Application “Research
on Monitoring and Maintenance of Highway Super Major
Bridge Based on BIM Technology”(Grant No: KJ2019ZD70).
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7Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
