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First 100 Days of Italian COVID-19 Policy: A New Image for Democracy, Security, Education, and the Economy in Italy
Abstract
Italy was the first in Europe which suffered from the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, with around 90,000 estimated victims only in the first 100 days. This Chapter offers on overview of the development of the Italian state of emergency in the first months of the pandemic through the lenses of a variety of themes: policy, democracy, economy, security and education. After the first 100 days of the pandemic, we see (a) new face(s) of Italy, with manifold challenges, ranging from more concerns on the privacy side when it comes to surveillance and security, and new forms of intervention of the state in the national economy. Additionally, major concerns have come along for democracy and constitutionalism, as the Chapter will illustrate in detail.
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Fifteen years have passed since the Amato government launched privatizations, a process that has a major impact on the Italian economy. The objectives were manifold and ambitious, extending well beyond the procurement of funds with which to service the public debt; they included revamping the State's role in the economy in order to revive Italy's overall competitiveness, equipping the country with an adequate financial market and transforming the public enterprises into widely held companies owned by small savers. The article focuses in particular on a sample of 51 companies, finding that the efficiency gains from privatization were greatest in the financial sector; the impact on capital structure and investment policies was not significant. The widespread increase in dividend payout ratios, especially in the "sheltered" sectors, raises some questions about the possibly conflicting interests of the State in its role as both regulator and shareholder of public utilities Fifteen years have passed since the launch of privatizations in Italy. The process, vast in scale, has radically altered the country's economy. Under the gun of the crisis of 1992, the Amato government and its successors promoted a "plan" for the sale of public enterprises designed to transform the State's role in the economy from "producer" to "regulator". The plan's objectives were ambitious, for it sought to recast the structure of the Italian economy, transcending the mixed public-private model in place since the end of the Second World War, and to revitalize the State-controlled corporations, many of which were in disastrous shape. In this paper we shall pursue two lines of inquiry,
This report provides an overview of the causes and consequences of the Italian State-owned Enterprises (SOE) reform process. Particularly, it analyzes the symbiotic link between share issue privatization (SIP), i.e. privatization in public equity markets, and financial market development, and shows how the sustained policy of sales has jumpstarted the Italian domestic stock market. Based on the Italian and international experience, the report provides some possible guidelines and policy recommendations in order to achieve the same goal in the People’s Republic of China (PRC).
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