No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Principle of Textile Testing
Abstract
2. Ed
... The total twist in the original sample is equal to the twist removed plus the twist added, which in turn is equal to the total revolution of the twist head divided by 2. Yarn that has been slashed or treated in any way with gums, starches , resin, or other chemicals fails to exhibit normal results, and the untwist-twist method is not used for yarns of this nature. Booth (1968) reported that turns required to cause the untwist yarn to contract to its original length equal to the number of turns originally in the yarn.He added that unfortunately, this is not always true.It has been found that for some yarns the turns per inch determined by the twist contraction method are under estimated, while for other yarns are overestimated when the values are compared with those obtained by the standard straightened fiber method . ...
... The decreasing of A.CV% by increasing the specimen length (D.B.C ) at the same pretension due to the incontestable relation between yarn regularity and each of count and twist. Grover and Hamby (1966) and Booth (1968) found the same results in their researches . (3) illustrate the 40s count twist values of G85. ...
... Table (2) and figure (4) illustrate the results of 40s count of G 70 spun yarns .It was noticed that an identical trends of G85 spun yarns were attained with slide differences in twist values due to the nature of each variety on the point explained previously .The reasons which decreased the values of A.T.P.I than the common values under lightsome pretension was explained in the previous count . Within 40s count the heavily pretension than 5 or 6 grams increased A.T.P.I than common, that due to inappropriate tension which originate slippage in the parallel fiber in the strand when getting its zero length and that rise the specimen length ,consequently, it get more twist when retwisting .Under incorrect heavy tension, the retwisting of the expanded fiber strand added more twist than the actual at retwist direction .It was mentioned previously that the A.T.P.I referred to the mean value of removing twist and retwisting of the same specimen , that result confirmed by Booth (1968) Regarding 50s count table (1) and figure (5) of G85 and table (2)and figure (6) of G70 , the above relation between A.T.P.I and pretension at all D.B.C was utilized ,and also the relation between A.CV% and D.B.C .The difference only in the pretension and D.B.C of the common twist which were 4 grams and 15 inches for G85 andG70 . ...
... Observations on MBC and soil enzyme activities were made on the 5 th mustard crop during 2020. Estimation of biological properties and Pendimethalin residue in soil was done by collecting treatment wise soil samples (0-15 cm) at 0 (within 4 hours of herbicide application), 3,7,15,30,45,60,75 and 90 DAA (days after application) of Pendimethalin and finally at crop harvest. Each soil samples were divided into two parts. ...
... Results: Results indicated that Mites infestation on chilli was noticed in the range between 2.02 to 8.86 and 4.42 to 8.96 mites/leaf during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively during survey and least intensity of mites was observed in 2016-17 at Bhokardan tahasil of Jalana districts and Phulambri tahasil of Aurangabad districts in 2017-18 and maximum infestation was recorded at Dharmabad and Naigaon tahasils of Nanded district.during 2016-17, the mites population first appeared during 36 th SMW (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and it was gradually increased and ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2 attained peak (6.98/leaf) during 46 th SMW (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) when the prevailing maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, evaporation, bright sunshine hours and wind velocity were 30.3 0 C, 12.1 0 C, 76 per cent, 32 per cent, 4.1 mm, 9.6 hrs and 2.5 kmph, respectively. Then activity of mites was declined by the end of season i.e. 4 th SMW (22-29 Jan.). ...
... During 2017-18, the activity of mites initiated during 39 th SMW (26 Sept.-02 Oct.) with gradual increase in its population and reached peak of 8.46 mites/leaf during 47 th SMW (21-27 Nov.) when the prevailing maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, evaporation, bright sunshine hours and wind velocity were 32 0 C, 17 0 C, 77.0 per cent, 42.0 per cent, 4.5 mm, 7.4 hrs and 2.4 kmph, respectively. Thereafter during 48 th SMW the population declined and again increased up to 5.96 mites/leaf in 49 th SMW (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Afterwards, the population gradually decreased but sustained up to 3 rd SMW (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Conclusion: Mites was found to be major pest of chilli and it's presence was moderate to high during the experimental period and it's population was at peak during intial growth period. ...
... Observations on MBC and soil enzyme activities were made on the 5 th mustard crop during 2020. Estimation of biological properties and Pendimethalin residue in soil was done by collecting treatment wise soil samples (0-15 cm) at 0 (within 4 hours of herbicide application), 3,7,15,30,45,60,75 and 90 DAA (days after application) of Pendimethalin and finally at crop harvest. Each soil samples were divided into two parts. ...
... Results: Results indicated that Mites infestation on chilli was noticed in the range between 2.02 to 8.86 and 4.42 to 8.96 mites/leaf during 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively during survey and least intensity of mites was observed in 2016-17 at Bhokardan tahasil of Jalana districts and Phulambri tahasil of Aurangabad districts in 2017-18 and maximum infestation was recorded at Dharmabad and Naigaon tahasils of Nanded district.during 2016-17, the mites population first appeared during 36 th SMW (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and it was gradually increased and ISBN 978-93-5419-016-2 attained peak (6.98/leaf) during 46 th SMW (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) when the prevailing maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, evaporation, bright sunshine hours and wind velocity were 30.3 0 C, 12.1 0 C, 76 per cent, 32 per cent, 4.1 mm, 9.6 hrs and 2.5 kmph, respectively. Then activity of mites was declined by the end of season i.e. 4 th SMW (22-29 Jan.). ...
... During 2017-18, the activity of mites initiated during 39 th SMW (26 Sept.-02 Oct.) with gradual increase in its population and reached peak of 8.46 mites/leaf during 47 th SMW (21-27 Nov.) when the prevailing maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, evaporation, bright sunshine hours and wind velocity were 32 0 C, 17 0 C, 77.0 per cent, 42.0 per cent, 4.5 mm, 7.4 hrs and 2.4 kmph, respectively. Thereafter during 48 th SMW the population declined and again increased up to 5.96 mites/leaf in 49 th SMW (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Afterwards, the population gradually decreased but sustained up to 3 rd SMW (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Conclusion: Mites was found to be major pest of chilli and it's presence was moderate to high during the experimental period and it's population was at peak during intial growth period. ...
... A yarn is defined as "an assembly, of substantial length and relatively small cross-section, of fibers or filaments, with or without twist". The main yarn properties are yarn count and yarn twist [1]. Yarn Count is the numerical expression of fineness. ...
... Yarn Count is the numerical expression of fineness. According to "Textile Institute" the number indicating the mass per unit length or length per unit mass of yarn is called count [1]. Generally combed yarn strength is higher than carded yarn of the same count [4]. ...
... Yarn twist is the spiral turns given to the yarn in order to hold constituent fibers threads together. An increase in the amount of twist produces an increase in the yarn strength, if yarn strength is increase, the fabric strength will be increased [1]. Normally combed yarns are stronger, less hairy, more uniform and more lustrous than carded yarns [5]. ...
In this study variations of knitted fabrics properties due to different blended yarn were analyzed. Here weft knitted fabrics like single jersey were used. Yarn count and GSM of fabric has great impact on fabric properties. Aim of this project is to find out the convenient strategies to choose yarn count selection, GSM selection to get the desired qualities in the single jersey grey fabrics. In this research, Knit fabrics(made from blended yarn) having different GSM were tested where a specific yarn count was taken into consideration of blended yarns for manufacturing single jersey fabrics.
... The lowest GSM fabric was chosen out of the commercially available range for medical textile materials, viz; 120, 160, 180, 230, 250, 320. Hence it was made out of the lightest density (0.91 gcm �3 ) synthetic fibers, resulted in the fabric with better cover even though lighter in weight [27]. This better cover has reduced the extent of air voids or porosity in the fabric structure and facilitated in dropping undesirable impedance to the electric current during ECG measure by the nonconductive air. ...
... The moisture regain of polypropylene is the lowest (0.03%) amongst all other materials used for the textile electrode [27]. It means the wet and dry properties of the fibre are identical and water can be transported faster. ...
... A bending modulus of 1.2650 KN/mm 2 was observed for the selected PP fabric and mainly attributed to its lower GSM. The value is reasonably lower in comparison to the woven or knitted conductive fabrics bending modulus reported range of 3 to 8 KN/mm 2 [27,28]. The low stiffness of the conductive material is beneficial for the textile electrode, as it can easily resume contours of the human body, gives a uniform contact area between the skin and electrode; mandatory to get precise measurements by avoiding motion artifacts. ...
This work reports the engineering of textile electrodes, considered safe for humans even if worn next to skin for a longer time. Obliging this phenomenon conductive Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized from Silver Sulphate (Ag 2 SO 4 ) and medicinal values enriched Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsi)leaves extract. These conductive Silver nanoparticles were loaded by spray technique on polypropylene nonwoven fabric having inbuilt antifungal characteristics, to reduce its resistivity (10Ω) for the fabrication of textile electrodes. The adequate skin-electrode impedance values were observed for the fabricated textile electrodes, viz; 1.44 MΩ–1.83 MΩ and 1.01 MΩ–1.18 MΩ, in the dry and wet state respectively. The 3-lead health monitoring electrocardiograms (ECG) were obtained on the Analogous system with the textile electrodes; dry and wet state as well as gel electrodes. The cardiograms were also taken at a smaller triangle than usual, only for the high resistance textile electrodes. The wet electrodes have executed considerably better clarity of PQR wavelets than reference gel electrodes ECG plots, and their performance was found consistent when tested after six months’ time leap. However, higher motion artifacts caused in the case of dry electrodes have resulted in distorted PQR wavelets and the tracing became worsen with increased testing time leap. This was mainly due to the encapsulation of conductive AgNPs in the air voids of the fabric, increased resistivity. The cardiogram quality has not shown peculiar benefit for a higher heart pumping pressure at the smaller triangle in either of the cases.
... Flex abrasion is a commonly used type of abrasion among protective garments, which occurs with flexing or bending of clothing items (Booth, 1996). ...
... Because any foreign matter, such as wax or dirt, can cling to the surface of specimen and give fake results. Similarly attachments of instruments which have a direct contact with the specimen should be carefully examined for any spots or grease stains before starting the test (Booth, 1996). ...
... But vegetables fibers like flax and cotton behave differently by increasing the strength. Whereas, other fibers show variations in stress strain curve by decreasing strength and their yield point also changes its location (Booth, 1996). ...
... Drape co-efficient F was the ratio of the projected area of the draped specimen to its undraped area, after deduction of the area of the supporting disk (Booth, 1968). ...
... The height reached (at a constant time of 2 minutes) by the water in the fabric above the water level in the reservoir of distilled water was measured and recorded (Booth, 1968). ...
A conventional breeding method takes 10-15 years to release variety due
to long generation time of crops. Speed breeding is key solution to such issues
of long generation time, and accelerates the variety development process by
manipulating photoperiod, temperature and humidity. Additionally, it also
uses immature seed germination, and embryo rescue technique to further
reduce the generation time. Vegetable improvement is need of an hour to
overcome the problems of nutrient deficiency, worldwide. Speed breeding
technique reduces generation time in vegetables and produce 5-6 generations
per year, which ultimately increase the genetic gain. To further increase in
genetic gain, speed breeding technique must be combined with other
techniques such as high throughput phenotyping, marker assisted selection,
haplotype breeding, genomic selection and gene editing. Thus, speed breeding
is key technique to abridge the generation time and faster release of variety.
This chapter discus mainly about, how to increase genetic gain in vegetables
through speed breeding technique.
... 30 The accuracy of the experimental strength of fiber also varies and depends on the time required to break the specimen while tensile testing. 54 For testing the strength of natural BFs, we can go as low as 100 N as long as it is safe to operate the test considering the material strength. With the 100 N load cell, the time to break would be lower while tensile testing. ...
... With the 100 N load cell, the time to break would be lower while tensile testing. The formula illustrated in equation (8) 54 is typically used to adjust the accuracy of strength measurement for different times required to break the specimen corresponding to different load cell capacity. However, the adjustment needed when dealing with a 100 N and 1 kN load cell, should not be more than 10%. ...
Biomass fibers are being widely investigated for industrial applications as an alternative to synthetic fibers using a standard humidity condition. In this study, the mechanical properties of two waste biomass fibers – canola and cattail – have been investigated when subjected to different environmental conditions, fiber length, and type of estimators used during analysis. The effect of different environmental conditions and structural variations were investigated by measuring the tensile properties after exposing them to eight different relative humidity conditions using a fixed fiber length of 25 mm. Further investigation was conducted using fiber lengths of 25, 35 and 45 mm using the most conservative relative humidity condition. The data were analyzed by a Weibull distribution model using four different estimators. The results revealed that Weibull strength ( σ avg ) and modulus (E avg ) closely followed experimental values for cattail and canola fibers. The different relative humidity conditions and fiber lengths resulted in different Weibull parameters with 11% relative humidity and the mean rank estimator predicted the most conservative tensile strength for both waste biomass fibers. The experimental and characteristic Weibull strength decreased when fiber gauge length increased from 25 to 45 mm. The tensile strength and modulus of both waste biomass fibers at 50% reliability lie within the range of average experimental values. However, these values are reduced to 155 MPa (strength) and 20 GPa (modulus) for cattail fiber at 90% reliability. The survival probability of the tensile strength and modulus were found to be the highest at 75% and 100% relative humidity for cattail and canola fibers, respectively.
... After 4 h, sample were taken out from oven and weighted. From the two weight differences, moisture content and regain were calculated using the following formula [11]: ...
... The spiral disposition of the components of a thread is usually the result of relative rotation of the two ends [11]. Twist per inch (tpi), twist per meter (tpm) and twist direction of the handspun lotus yarn are listed in Table 6. ...
Moving to the organic world, there is the precious fiber hidden in the wetlands. This precious fiber can be obtained from the stem (petiole) part of the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn). The flowers of this plant have a huge economic importance across the country used as offerings for god and goddess. Cultivators cut the flowers with little length of stem leaving the rest entire in the wetland. In the present study, researcher has tried to explore the fiber right from the base, that is, availability of raw material from which the fiber is extracted, method of the fiber extraction, testing of the extracted fiber, spinnability of the extracted fiber on box (Peti) charkha, testing of the yarns prepared by hand charkha and application of the lotus yarn in woven textiles. The results indicate positive for its use as a textile fiber. Bulk production of this fiber will help the textile industry in developing the eco-friendly textiles.
... Similarly, drape shadow area of the template and supporting disc was also taken. Thus, drape coefficient was calculated by using the formula (Booth, 1968) [2] . ...
... Because the fibres can resist higher frictional forces without breaking, this is the main reason for the relatively greater pilling of synthetic fibres. 41 When cotton, polyester, and viscose fabrics were examined amongst themselves, the best pilling values were determined for cotton fabrics after five washing cycles because of low strength values amongst other type of fibres. When the pilling results of the detergents A, B, and E were evaluated within themselves, it was determined that the best results were obtained for detergent B containing boron. ...
The laundering process stands as the most commonly employed method for the maintenance of textile products. This investigation focused on boron, a pivotal mineral resource for our nation, and aims to elucidate alterations in fabric properties, specifically about colour changes and pilling, after the utilisation of various washing detergents. Comparative analyses and assessments were conducted across three distinct washing cycles, employing three distinct detergents: a boron‐infused washing detergent, a standard detergent conventionally utilised in textile trials, and a widely adopted commercial detergent. The investigation encompassed three diverse fabric constituents—cotton, polyester, and viscose—subjected to scrutiny in terms of fabric parameters subsequent to 1, 5, and 25 washing cycles. Following the laundering processes conducted at 40°C, evaluations were conducted concerning the pilling degree and colour alteration of the fabrics. Consumer perception regarding colour alterations, and subjective colour assessments was undertaken with a panel of 10 individuals. Furthermore, the research delved into the stain removal efficacy of the boron‐infused washing detergent. To assess stain removal, all fabrics were intentionally stained with six diverse contaminants: ketchup, mayonnaise, coffee, sweetened coffee, tea, and sweetened tea. A post‐washing evaluation of stain conditions was carried out subjectively by an assembled arbitration committee. Over the course of 25 washing cycles, it was observed that the boron‐containing detergent notably diminished colour strength, particularly evident in polyester and cotton fabrics. Pilling outcomes indicated a decrease in pilling as the number of washing cycles increased. Boron‐containing detergent, denoted as detergent B, consistently demonstrated commendable stain removal properties, particularly on cotton fabric.
... The age of the rabbits from which fiber was harvested was between 1.5 to 2 years and per rabbit 110 g fiber was obtained. Fiber from 30 rabbits was collected and sampling for evaluation was done by zoning techniques (Booth 1970). ...
The physical and mechanical properties of German Angora rabbit fiber obtained from the Northeast region of India were studied. The fiber fineness, staple length, diameter, and medullation of the overall fleece of the rabbit were 0.22 ± 0.04 tex, 09.10 ± 2.21 cm, 23.5 ± 1.04 µm, and 85.46 ± 1.23%, respectively. The cross-sectional shape was found elliptical to oval, and the average tenacity, breaking elongation, specific work of rupture, and initial modulus were 24.78 ± 11.48 cN/tex, 28.78 ± 09.06%, 3.46 ± 2.31cN/tex, and 1065.13 ± 826.67 cN/tex, respectively. The whiteness index average ash and moisture content were 61.24 ± 2.32, 1.36 ± 0.12, and 10.43 ± 0.57%, respectively. Three blend ratios of Angora rabbit fiber and viscose fiber (50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) were used to make yarns having 55 tex, 86 tex, and 97 tex linear density from each blend. Tenacity and breaking elongation significantly (p = .00) increased with an increase in the rabbit fiber composition in the blend and was maximum at the 50:50 blend (7.79 ± 1.92 cN/tex and 7.64 ± 1.70%, respectively). Yarn diameter increased with the increase in yarn count. With the decrease in the rabbit fiber composition from 50% to 25% in the yarn, the friction coefficient increased and the abrasion resistance decreased significantly (p = .00).
... In the ring yarn production line after ring frame, winding is the last process. The produced package from the ring frame contains a small amount of yarn having some faults like thick place, thin place, neps, hairiness, bad piecing, slub etc. [2][3]. These thick, thin, neps are called as imperfection. ...
It's been a problem over the years that auto cone produces more imperfection and coefficient of variation (CV) percentage than ring yarn. It was found that lowering the gauge from the running setting results for better quality yarn (less CV% and imperfection) without affecting any other parameters related with production. Thus, it can clearly be stated that less yarn clearer gauge results for better quality yarn.
... In the testing laboratory, all yarn samples were conditioned for 24 hours under standard atmospheric conditions of 20 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 2% R.H., and then the following testing was conducted [19]. [20]. ...
Recently, the consumption of core-spun yarn is increasing owing to its growing application in functional textiles. In a core-spun yarn, filaments as a core material are being used to provide functional properties, while natural fibers as a cover material are being used to provide surface physical properties and a natural outlook. In this study, jute-covered core-spun yarns containing polyester filaments with different linear densities were made in a modified jute flyer-spinning frame with the distinguishably positioned filament feed. The physico-mechanical properties of the manufactured core-spun yarns were examined, and the results were analyzed with the SPSS software. Compared with the 100% jute yarn, the jute-covered core-spun yarns have significantly higher tenacity (233.13% to 315.5%) and breaking elongation (257.9% to 367%), and lower unevenness (Um%), imperfection values, and degree of hairiness. Such good-quality core-spun yarn can be used in functional, value-added, and different diversified jute products.
... The strength of the yarn was calculated using the following equation, which is also known as the quality ratio (equation1) [37,38]. All tests were evaluated at a standard testing atmosphere i.e., 65 ± 2% RH and 20 ± 2 • C temperature for 48 h [39]. ...
Jute is a biodegradable , agro-renewable, and widely available lingo cellulosic fiber having high tensile strength and initial modulus, moisture regain, good sound, and heat insulation properties. For these unique properties and eco-friendly nature of jute fibers, jute-based products are now widely used in many sectors such as packaging, home textiles, agro textiles, build textiles, and so forth. The diversified applications of jute products create an excellent opportunity to mitigate the negative environmental effect of petroleum-based products. For producing the best quality jute products, the main prerequisite is to ensure the jute yarn quality that can be defined by the load at break (L.B), strain at break (S.B), tenacity at break (T.B), and tensile modulus (T.M). However, good quality yarn production by considering these parameters is quite difficult because these parameters follow a non-linear relationship. Therefore, it is essential to build up a model that can cover this entire inconsistent pattern and forecast the yarn quality accurately. That is why, in this study, a laboratory-based research work was performed to develop a fuzzy model to predict the quality of jute yarn considering L.B, S.B, T.B, and T.M as input parameters. For this purpose, 173 tex (5 lb/spin-dle) and 241 tex (7 lb/spindle) were produced, and then L.B, S.B, T.B and T.M values were measured. Using this measured value, a fuzzy model was developed to determine the optimum L.B, S.B, T.B, and T.M to produce the best quality jute yarn. In our proposed fuzzy model, for 173 tex and 241 tex yarn count, the mean relative error was found to be 1.46% (Triangular membership) and 1.48% (Gaussian membership), respectively, and the correlation coefficient was 0.93 for both triangular and gaussian membership function. This result validated the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy model for an industrial application. The developed fuzzy model may help a spinner to produce the best quality jute yarn.
... Three to five measurements were averaged to obtain one data point. Total color differences ∆E was calculated by the equation; ∆E= [(∆L * ) 2 + (∆a * ) 2 + (∆b * ) 2 ] 1/2 [18][19]. ...
... At the same time, the required tensile strength should be maintained in the final product as strength has a very significant effect on the serviceable life of the garment. 8,10,13 In this situation, to maintain the proper tensile strength of bleach washed denim, the process parameters such as bleach concentration, bleaching time, and bleaching temperature are needed to be controlled precisely. ...
The prime intention of this study is to develop and validate the efficiency of a fuzzy logic model to predict the tensile strength of bleach washed denim garments. Denim washing is nowadays a widely used technology to give a worn-out appearance to denim garments and thus add esthetic to that garments’ appearance and outlook. In the case of regular overall fading of denim, bleach washing is very popular. At the same time, it is also a matter of concern that the process optimization of bleach washing is critical as bleaching agents have an adverse effect on the fabrics. Among others, bleach concentration, time, and temperature are the primary process parameters in bleach washing, which directly impact the final strength of the treated denim garments. Though their relationship is nonlinear, a fuzzy expert-based system has been constructed to model and illustrate the complex relationship among bleach concentration, time, and temperature in the input side, whereas tensile strength is the output. Strength is the most critical parameter of the final denim product, as it dominates the serviceability of that garments. Therefore, predicting the tensile strength without the trial-and-error method, which is being practiced now, can be a blessing for industrial practitioners. With the help of a laboratory trial, the developed model has been evaluated, and it has been found that the mean relative error was 2.82 and 3.92 for warp and weft direction tensile strength, respectively. On the other hand, the comparison exhibited a coefficient of determination ( R ² ) of 0.99 for both warp and weft direction tensile strengths. The authors found that the performance of the developed model is satisfactory enough to predict the tensile strength of the bleach washed denim garments.
... Variable elements used here with cotton were viscose and modal fiber. The fiber parameters were tested in AFIS & HVI machine in a standard testing condition (Temperature 20 0 ±2 0 C & Relative Humidity 65±2 percent) [7]. Fiber properties and country of origin shown in table 1. ...
The demand of blended yarn has been increasing gradually due to some of its distinctive properties. It is a challenging task for textile technologists to ensure the appropriate blend composition and blending ratio for the developments of the spinning industry. We should reduce dependency from natural fiber as their properties are not adequate in advancing textile industry and so they are used together in blends with synthetic fibers to compensate their limitations. The aim of this research work was to study the comparative properties of cotton/viscose and cotton/modal blended yarn. Cotton was blended with viscose and modal fibers separately in 50/50 ratio. Blending was carried out at draw frame, and finally 31/1Ne blended yarns were produced. The yarn properties such as unevenness, imperfection, hairiness, single yarn strength (cN/tex) and bundle yarn strength (CSP) were tested, and their comparative results were analyzed. Cotton/modal 50/50 blended yarn showed significantly better properties than the cotton/viscose 50/50 blended yarn. Abstract-The demand of blended yarn has been increasing gradually due to some of its distinctive properties. It is a challenging task for textile technologists to ensure the appropriate blend composition and blending ratio for the developments of the spinning industry. We should reduce dependency from natural fiber as their properties are not adequate in advancing textile industry and so they are used together in blends with synthetic fibers to compensate their limitations. The aim of this research work was to study the comparative properties of cotton/viscose and cotton/modal blended yarn. Cotton was blended with viscose and modal fibers separately in 50/50 ratio. Blending was carried out at draw frame, and finally 31/1Ne blended yarns were produced. The yarn properties such as unevenness, imperfection, hairiness, single yarn strength (cN/tex) and bundle yarn strength (CSP) were tested, and their comparative results were analyzed. Cotton/modal 50/50 blended yarn showed significantly better properties than the cotton/viscose 50/50 blended yarn.
... Variable elements used here with cotton were viscose and modal fiber. The fiber parameters were tested in AFIS & HVI machine in a standard testing condition (Temperature 20 0 ±2 0 C & Relative Humidity 65±2 percent) [7]. Fiber properties and country of origin shown in table 1. ...
The demand of blended yarn has been increasing gradually due to some of its distinctive properties. It is a challenging task for textile technologists to ensure the appropriate blend composition and blending ratio for the developments of the spinning industry. We should reduce dependency from natural fiber as their properties are not adequate in advancing textile industry and so they are used together in blends with synthetic fibers to compensate their limitations. The aim of this research work was to study the comparative properties of cotton/viscose and cotton/modal blended yarn. Cotton was blended with viscose and modal fibers separately in 50/50 ratio. Blending was carried out at draw frame, and finally 31/1Ne blended yarns were produced. The yarn properties such as unevenness, imperfection, hairiness, single yarn strength (cN/tex) and bundle yarn strength (CSP) were tested, and their comparative results were analyzed. Cotton/modal 50/50 blended yarn showed significantly better properties than the cotton/viscose 50/50 blended yarn. Abstract-The demand of blended yarn has been increasing gradually due to some of its distinctive properties. It is a challenging task for textile technologists to ensure the appropriate blend composition and blending ratio for the developments of the spinning industry. We should reduce dependency from natural fiber as their properties are not adequate in advancing textile industry and so they are used together in blends with synthetic fibers to compensate their limitations. The aim of this research work was to study the comparative properties of cotton/viscose and cotton/modal blended yarn. Cotton was blended with viscose and modal fibers separately in 50/50 ratio. Blending was carried out at draw frame, and finally 31/1Ne blended yarns were produced. The yarn properties such as unevenness, imperfection, hairiness, single yarn strength (cN/tex) and bundle yarn strength (CSP) were tested, and their comparative results were analyzed. Cotton/modal 50/50 blended yarn showed significantly better properties than the cotton/viscose 50/50 blended yarn.
... Cis cotton was used to spin 40 ne combed yarn in conventional ring spinning machine (reiter) without compacting device and with mechanical compacting device (rocos) of rotorcraft company .the raw cotton was tested under standard testing atmospheric conditions at 20 ± 2˚ c and 65% rh (Booth, 2012) on hvi (high volume instrument) machine of premier art-2 (Indian). ...
... Cis cotton was used to spin 40 ne combed yarn in conventional ring spinning machine (reiter) without compacting device and with mechanical compacting device (rocos) of rotorcraft company .the raw cotton was tested under standard testing atmospheric conditions at 20 ± 2˚ c and 65% rh (Booth, 2012) on hvi (high volume instrument) machine of premier art-2 (Indian). ...
Ring spinning is the most popular and universal spinning system due to its significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning systems. But the yarn properties are hampered in ring spinning system with the increase of spindle speed and spinning triangle. Overall yarn properties can be improved by retrofitting of simple mechanical device (rocos) on conventional ring spinning machine. In this study we try to show, how rocos overcome the negative influences of spinning triangle on yarn quality. It also ensures outstanding yarn properties such as hairiness, strength, imperfections, elongation etc. Inspite of higher spindle speed as compared to the yarns which are produced in conventional ring spinning machine by using same raw materials.
... The fibre properties of both are illustrated in Table 1 and 2. [15]. Mean values of the different quality parameters of the yarn are tabulated in Table 5 and 6. ...
This study focuses on the impacts of the draft on the characteristics of MVS produced CVC blended yarn. The output of a finisher drawn sliver with a linear density of 3.54 ktex was converted into yarns of 18.45 tex (32 s/1 Ne) with the help of two separate delivery speeds: 350 and 410 m/min when possessing all constant spinning parameters. The properties of the yarn such as yarn anomaly, imperfections, tensile behaviour, and hairiness were investigated. The significance of independent variables and their relations with the physico-mechanical characteristics of CVC yarn was examined using two-way ANOVA at a 95% level of confidence.
... Knitting is made with yarn interloping. [1] So when a single yarn is intermeshed, it forms a knitted loop having a loop head and loop leg. This is the main part for a knitted fabric. ...
In Knitting technology, input yarn tension is one of the basic process controlling parameters which affects the fabric aerial weight (GSM) and hence the quality of the fabric. This study tries to develop a model showing the relation between input yarn tensions (g) with knit fabric aerial weight (GSM). For that, experimentation is done using 100 % Cotton yarn of 34's used for making of single jersey plain knitted fabric. Keeping all machine and yarn parameters constant, five different levels of treatments of input yarn tension, which are selected randomly has been set by altering the position of tension pulley. The experimentation follows a single factor ANOVA with 5 levels of input yarn tension and 10 replicates of observations. Using significance level of α = 0.05, the finding shows input yarn tension significantly affects the knitted fabric aerial weight (GSM). For comparing pairs of treatment means that significantly differs, a multiple comparison method is used. Other than treatment means between the first and second level of treatments and the fourth and fifth treatment levels, the rest pairs of treatment means are significantly different. The linear regression model is computed as Y= 95.644+9.9675 X 1. From the experiment, a correlation coefficient (R 2) of 84.4% is computed. In this study, plot for predicted versus residual value and plot for observed versus predicted value is also made, which shows the model is adequate and fitting.
... For example, Cotton, the K/S value was lowest 1.6 at 450nm and highest value was 11.93 at 610nm, for sample Jute the K/S was minimum 7.01 at 430nm and maximum 12.35 at 630nm wave lengths. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] ...
Jute producing sector is one in every of the oldest ancient manufacturing sectors of East Pakistan. As a lignocellulosic natural fibre jute possesses exhausting and harsh qualities that build it troublesome to provide attire and alternative fancy materials used in our daily life. Jute-Cotton mix is one in every of the doable choices to cut back the reliableness on the cotton. The aim of this work is to characterize the Jute-cotton alloyed material. During this work 100 gift cotton material is compared with a jute-cotton alloyed fabric. material samples like weave style, yarn count, material density, cowl issue, weight per unit space (g/m²), material strength, colouring performances like wash and rubbing fastness are evaluated. The reflection factor attempt to color strength K/S values of reactive colored material and basic dyed fabric samples were additionally studied. The experimental works are done at Dyeing laboratory and textile testing & quality control laboratory of Textile Engineering College, Noakhali.
... Abrasion resistance of polypropylene is almost similar to nylon and is superior to that of other fibres (Sinclair,2015).. According to Booth (1976), abrasion resistance of tough fiber is higher than that of weak fiber. ...
Impact of blending wool (W) with polypropylene (P) fibres on performance of felt has been studied. Blended Felts of three ratios; 70W: 30P, 50W: 50P and 30W: 70P were prepared in three thicknesses viz. 1-2mm, 2-3 mm and 3-4 mm. 100W felt was also prepared for base reference. Dimensional, mechanical and functional properties of felts were determined. It was found that thickness and blend ratio of felts influence their performance. Improvement in strength and abrasion resistance and compressibility of felts is observed after blending polypropylene fibre with wool fiber.
... The air exchange through clothing is highly influenced by the air transmittance of the fabric. The air permeability or transmittance of a fabric is the volume of air measured in cubic centimeters passed per second through 1 cm 2 of the fabric at a pressure of 1 cm of water [4]. The air transmittance of fabric is closely linked to its structure. ...
Physical properties of fabric basically depend on fabric cover and porosity. Other fabric parameters that influence the air transmittance of a fabric are type of stitches used, type of yarn, linear density, twist factor in the yarn, stitch density, thickness, tightness factor and fractional cover of fabric and moisture content which has a circuitous effect on those parameters. Many researchers had already derived so many relationships among those parameters and the fabrics properties. But, air transmittance rate may influence other comfort properties of the fabric. Our investigation shows the relationship of different parameters which can alter the transmittance of air through the plain knitted fabric. Here, a little change in the structure can alter the air transmittance which has been represented graphically.
... Wrap reel is used to prepare the sample of length 100 yds. For this research work average yarn count is calculated from 10 samples [6]. ...
Bangla white D (BWD) grade jute fiber and Polypropylene of linear density 6 denier were blended at 60:40, 70:30; 80:20 and 100% jute yarn of 8lbs/spyndle were produced. Mixing of softened jute fiber and tufts of polypropylene were blended at feed sheet of the Breaker card machine. Changes in yarn characteristics have been studied at different blend ratio of jute and polypropylene. It is observed that the property of blended yarn is better for increasing the percentage of Polypropylene. Blended yarn become stronger, increase Elongation% and lower end breakage rate and more quality ratio compare with 100% jute yarn. Variation of Twist CV% increases remarkably for increasing the percentage of polypropylene and shows an increasing trend with the percentage of polypropylene up to 40%. Tested results are also justified with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).
Materials science and engineering is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the study of the relation between the structure and the property of materials. Coming from historical roots in ancient metallurgy, the field today encompasses a vast range of different materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Fundamentally, material science is a study in which the link between synthesis and processing methods, the structure, and the properties of materials is identified. One of the principal goals is to relate macroscopic properties to those at the atomic- and molecular-level. A crystallographic (or crystal structure) perspective illustrates how atoms are stacked in crystalline solids, and is critical to understanding the relationship between the structures of materials and the resultant properties. Materials are categorized based on how they behave. The need for newer, more advanced materials has led to the idea of designing and customizing the properties of materials to meet specific requirements or needs. The above interplay between microstructure development and resulting properties, and processing techniques, is also necessary in materials science. It has enabled a vast array of innovative materials applications from aerospace to healthcare. By including theory, characterization, and application while taking a complete view, materials science continues to radically transform countless technological fields and is innovations that continue to shape our world.
Textile products are essential to a wide range of sectors and support modern living in many ways. Their adaptability makes them suitable for use in filtration systems, insulation, apparel, aerospace, naval, and composite reinforcement applications. With millions of jobs and a large GDP contribution from the worldwide textile sector, it is a vital economic engine for many nations. Because of their special qualities, textile materials are essential to daily life and a wide range of industrial uses. Textiles in clothes offer protection, comfort, and a way to express one's individual style. Advanced textile composites improve performance in the aviation and naval industries by providing strong, long-lasting, and heat-resistant solutions. By efficiently capturing impurities, textiles used in filtration systems enhance the quality of the air and water. Insulating fabrics support the preservation of energy efficiency in automobiles and buildings. Furthermore, textiles provide more adaptable, strong, and environmentally friendly packaging options than conventional materials. Innovations like smart textiles that can monitor health issues or adjust to environmental changes are the result of continuous research and development in the field of textile science. This invention emphasizes how crucial textile materials are to advancing technology and raising standards of living.
The study assessed the quality and variability of camel hair fibres in arid regions of Egypt. Raw camel-hair samples were collected from fifteen Sudanese camels divided into seven males (414.60 ± 38.19 kg, BW) and eight females (401.67 ± 26.76 kg BW), and the study investigated the influences of animal sex on both the physical and chemical traits of camel-hair fibers. The relationships among physical properties and both mineral and amino acid content were studied. Camel’s sex had no significant effect on any of the studied traits including fibre diameter (FD), prickle factor (PF), medullated fibre (MF), staple length (SL) and staple strength (SS). In the meantime, no significant differences were found between males and females in fibers’ minerals contents except potassium, where fibres of females had significantly higher potassium content than those of males. For amino acids contents in camel fibres, camel sex had a significant effect only on glutamic acid, since fibres of males showed higher (P < 0.05) content than females. Fibre diameter had positive (P < 0.01) correlations with prickle factor (r = 0.83) and medullated fibres (r = 0.73). Zinc content in camel fibres was positively correlated with fibre diameter (r = 0.57; P < 0.05) and medullated fibres (r = 0.73; P < 0.01). Moreover, a significant (negative correlation coefficient P < 0.05) was found between fibre diameter and both sulfur and proline contents (r=-0.39 and − 0.56). Ammonia content in fibres was correlated negatively (P < 0.05) with prickle factor and elongation (r=-0.62 and − 0.58, respectively). The variability in the physical properties and chemical composition of Sudanese camel-hair fibers under subtropical desert conditions may shed light on the possibility of improving fiber quality.
In this research work an attempt has been made to prepare a nonwoven fabric using a sustainable natural fibre ‘Sisal’ and to use the same for the mulching purpose for the cultivation of watermelon. The sisal fibre nonwoven was prepared by needle punching technique with three different GSM values, i.e., 300, 600, and 900. The result is further contrasted against the synthetic mulch using plastic. The study explores the soil characteristic in terms of its macronutrient (organic carbon, phosphorous, potash, and sulfur) and micronutrients (zinc, iron, manganese, copper) as an effect of the mulching. The watermelon cultivation cycle with the mulching takes 65–70 days. The process of cultivation was maintained identically for all the chosen mulches. The nonwoven was characterised by its thickness and permeability characteristics. The results showed a promising use of the sisal fibre nonwoven mulch for the cultivation of watermelon. Sisal fibre nonwoven mulch of 300 and 600 GSM yielded a normal result while the 900 GSM value yielded abnormal values.
A research had been taken to find out the suitability of blended curtain in respect to the property of 100% similar cotton curtain. Here, two main factors viz. wt. and strength are taken in to account considering the effect of washing on it. From the test results, it is shown that 50:50/ jute: cotton blended curtain is comparable to the 100% cotton curtain of Tk. 90 /meter. Even better than the properties of 100% cotton curtain of Tk. 60/ meter.
Historical textiles in Egyptian museums are exposed to many different forms of damage, such as biological, chemical, and physicochemical factors. They are also exposed to dirt and various stains. These factors cause damage to historical textiles, including changing the pH, weakening of historical textiles, and increasing fragility. Therefore, modern technology contributes to the maintenance and restoration of historical textiles, which helps in the sustainability of historical textiles in Egyptian museums. In this chapter, the role of various damage factors and their impact on historical Egyptian textiles will be clarified through the writer's practical experience, which spanned more than 20 years in the field of restoration and preservation of historical textiles. Practical experiences of using modern technology and its applications in the field of preserving historical Egyptian textiles will also be presented.
Decorticated ramie fiber (Variety R-1449) was degummed using different systems, namely, individual alkali, mix alkali, enzyme, mix enzyme, and peracetic acid to the optimal level of residual gum content. Further, the optimal degummed samples of various systems have been characterized through IR analysis, DSC thermographs, scanning electron microscopes, tensile properties etc. The chemical constituents of degummed samples of various systems at optimal level along with untreated decorticated ramie fiber have been determined and compared. Study suggests the use of new eco-friendly peracetic acid is best degumming method for decorticated ramie followed by synergetic effect of alkalis.
Bagasse is one the potential raw material for the textile application and it is extracted from sugarcanerind. Presently the bagasse is used for cogeneration and other industrial application. In spite of the wideconsumption of bagasse as a fuel for mill boilers, electricity and steam generation, as well as animal feed,or as a raw material for paper and board manufacture, the residues still remain as a surplus which posesa disposal problem for mill owners. Hence, for proper utilization of bagasse is a need of an hour for localfarmers and entrepreneurs for their livelihood. The study is focused on optimization of fibre extractionmethods for textile application. Bagasse was procured from local sugarcane juice maker and jiggery unitsand subjected to different fibre extraction methods viz., chemical, enzymatic, mechanical and manualmethod of extraction for separation of fibres and pith. Further, fibre yield, time of extraction and cost ofproduction parameter were calculated. The result of the study revealed that, the fibre extraction method wasoptimized based on the fibre yield, time taken and production cost. Fibre yield was found to be more in caseof the traditional method of extraction followed by mechanical (Raspader machine) extraction with leastpercentage of wastage and less time. Among the fibre extraction methods, enzymatic extraction method wasfound to be costlier with minimum fibre yield followed by chemical extraction method. Production rate perkg fibre was accounted least (Rs. 36.00) in the traditional method followed by mechanical and chemical extractionmethod (Rs.63.00 and 59.00). Traditional method of fibre extraction was the suitable technique for Bagasse fibre extraction with greater fibre yield and less production cost can be effective agro startups for youngfarmers and local artisans.
Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn.) is a potential aquatic cash crop grown and consumed across the globe. The flower has a huge economic importance across the India and used as offerings for god and goddess. Researcher started the study right from the base that is finding out the wetlands near and around Vadodara region of Gujarat, contacting the people associated with the marketing and cultivation of Lotus. It was observed that lotus cultivators generally cut the flowers with little length of the stem (petiole) leaving the rest entire as a “waste” and abandoned for a natural decay. In the present study, the effective utilization of this aquatic biomass was studied and explored in the field of textiles. 300 g of fibers were extracted manually to prepare yarns using the traditional spinning system. Union fabrics were prepared on handloom using cotton and silk as a warp and lotus as a weft. The properties of these fabrics were compared with 100% cotton and silk fabrics. Thickness, GSM, Tensile Strength, Fabric Count, Crease Recovery, Bending length, and Shrinkage test was done as per ASTM and ISO test standards. Results revealed lotus fiber has a great potential to be used in developing soft and light weight woven fabrics. Product like stole was prepared using lotus yarn by extra-weft weaving technique.KeywordsLotusPetioleBiomassTextile fiberSpinningYarnUnion fabricWeavingExtra-weft
This study aimed to investigate the effect of extensibility on cotton blended polyester-spandex core-spun yarn in the weft direction of 3/1 right-handed Z-twill denim. For the preparation of samples, 100% ring spun cotton yarn of 42 tex (14s/1 Ne) was used as warp, and 70:30, 30:70, 60:40, and 40:60 cotton-polyester core-spun yarn of 30 tex (20s/1) was used in the weft direction. Four categories of denim fabric were fabricated by using the air-jet weaving machine. Spandex yarn was used as a core material of weft with a percentage of 2%, 2.5%, 1.9%, and 1.8% respectively. Different physio-mechanical characteristics namely tensile and tearing strength, GSM, growth and recovery percentage, initial modulus, bending length, drape co-efficiency, abrasion resistance, flexural rigidity were evaluated to justify the quality of fabricated pieces of denim. Water wicking and breathability were taken into consideration when determining comfort. Higher cotton containing specimens exhibited lower tensile and tearing strength. Additionally, the produced denim fabrics showed balanced drapability and good breathability.
This e-book is a compilation of resource text obtained from various subject experts for the Collaborative Online Training Programme of ICAR-CSWRI, Avikanagar, Rajasthan & MANAGE, Hyderabad on Value Addition to Sheep Products with Special Reference to Wool & Mutton from 12-16 April 2021. This e-book is designed to educate extension workers, students, research scholars, academicians related to veterinary and textile science about sheep produce and its value addition.
In order to provide durable structure and stability to the dry filter fabric, the fabrics are generally passed through calendering machine which has got pair of heated rollers, pressing the coated material under certain pressure and temperature. With this view in mind, the present study has been made to compare the properties of the fabrics manufactured using virgin and recycled polyester fibres. In order to study the effect of different processing parameters, the effect of coating with different add-on percentage, calender roller pressure and calender roller temperature on pressure drop and filtration properties have been made. The results have shown that the add-on percentage during coating results throughout increase in pressure drop, dust holding capacity (DHC) and filtration efficiency; within the limits the study has been made. Increase in calender roller pressure results an initial increase in pressure drop and filtration efficiency subsequently it became constant. The increase in calender roller temperature results initial increase in pressure drop, DHC and filtration efficiency subsequently it decreased. Such a trend is seen for both virgin and recycled polyester filter fabrics and the differences of filtration values are insignificant. Considering, recyclability and sustainability aspects, recycled polyester fibre can be used in place of virgin polyester fibre in the manufacturing of needle punched nonwoven dust filter fabrics without affecting basic filtration properties.
This work aims to improve the flame retardancy of jute fabric. Raw and bleached plain weave jute fabric was used in this work. Flame retardants borax, diammonium phosphate and thiourea were applied in different concentrations in a raw and bleached jute fabric with the padding method. The influences of flame retardant finishing on the vertical flammability behaviour and tensile properties as well as wash resistance were inves¬tigated. Flame spread time was found to significantly increase when these simple flame retardant finishing agents were used. It was found that the borax-treated raw and bleached specimens exhibited higher flame spread time among all. The assessment of physical properties such as weight gain percentage and breaking load along warp and weft direction of the control and treated fabrics revealed that the increase of flame retardant finishing weight gain caused a decrease in breaking load. Furthermore, the specimens treated with borax and diammonium phosphate flame retardant showed better results than thiourea for flame retardancy and wash durability. These flame retardant jute fabrics have industrial protective textile applications as brattice cloth in mines and many other potential fields of application, e.g. flame retardant kitchen apron, furnishings for public hall, theatre and hospital, etc.
This volume contains select papers presented during the Functional Textiles and Clothing Conference 2020 held at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. The volume covers recent developments, challenges and opportunities in the field of functional and protective clothing; functional printing and finishing; sustainable production and supply chain; and testing and characterisation. This volume will be of interest to researchers, professional engineers, entrepreneurs, and market stakeholders interested in functional textiles and clothing.
This research aims to use nanotechnology to develop ecofriendly and durable multifunctional products, capable of providing protection of textiles from harmful UV radiations, bacterial infection and mosquitoes. Natural essential oils have various useful properties; however, they are difficult to apply directly onto a textile substrate due to their volatile nature. In this work, peppermint essential oil along with a combination of suitable surfactants has been used to develop stable and optimized oil in water nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion has been prepared using high-speed homogenization technique and has been applied onto cellulosic fabric. The particle size of the nanoemulsion has been tested with the help of Malvern Mastersizer 2000 according to which a stable nanoemulsion has been obtained. The finishing has been done by application of nanoemulsion through layer by layer technique, which is known to improve the adhesion of finishing on fabric. The use of nanoemulsion has led to very good multifunctional property of fabric through LBL application technique, in terms of antimicrobial property (99 %), mosquito repellency (100 %) as well as moderate UV protection property (UPF 7.28). The fabric has been found to possess its multifunctional properties till 20 washes.
Cigarette smoking has various direct and indirect concerns regarding the health of active and passive smokers. Cigarette smoke consists of many complex aerosols, including metals like arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), and so on. Cigarette filters which are designed to separate toxic aerosols from the smoke to enter into human lungs are less looked after once the smoking is over, and often they are thrown precariously near water bodies. These filters buds when exposed to environment can release absorbed chemicals in soil and water, eventually resulting in biomagnification of toxic chemicals in plant or animal. Electrospun polymer nanofibers, like polyacrylonitrile (PAN), can be a useful alternative to filter materials in commercial cigarette. This paper suggests modification of traditional cigarette filters with PAN nanofibers which can be carbonized to prepare conductive substrate. Electrospun nanofibers when rolled like regular cigarette filters exhibited similar pressure drop with near identical molar flux of inhaled gas. However, the weight gain of regular cigarette filter after smoking was mere 25 %, whereas electrospun PAN nanofiber filter gained 115 % in weight after smoking. The same filter membrane, after smoking, was carbonized to make carbon nanofibers (CNF), which showed enhanced capacitance behavior in cyclic voltammetry study in KOH medium.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.