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Running more than before? The evolution of running load demands in the English Premier League
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess running load trends (total distance (TD), high-intensity distance (HID; > 5.5ms ⁻¹ ) and sprinting distance (SprD; > 7ms ⁻¹ )) in the English Premier League (EPL) between the 2014/2015 and 2018/2019 seasons using a semi-automated optical tracking system.
Methods
A total of 1634 games across 5 seasons (2014/2015–2018/2019) were analysed for team and positional TD, HID and SprD. All matches were tracked using TRACAB ® Gen-4 HD motion cameras. Data were analysed to identify significant team and positional differences for each metric.
Results
Small to moderate increases were seen in team running load for TD ( p = 0.02; effect size (ES): 0.21), HID ( p < 0.001; ES: 0.88) and SprD ( p < 0.001; ES: 0.67) between 2014/2015 and 2018/2019. Positional analysis showed significant increases in TD for all except for defensive midfielders (DM), attacking midfielders (AM) and wide midfielders (WM) ( p < 0.001–0.009; ES: 0.14–0.36); HID for all positions excluding goalkeepers (GK) ( p < 0.001–0.007; ES: 0.2–0.54) and SprD for all positions except for GK, central midfielders (CM) and AM, ( p < 0.001–0.020; ES: 0.19–0.39). Trivial to small differences were seen in season-to-season comparisons for TD ( p < 0.001–0.023; ES: −0.16–0.52), HID ( p < 0.001–0.033; ES: 0.10–0.38) and SprD ( p < 0.001–0.025; ES: 0.13–0.27) for both team and positional differences.
Conclusion
Small to moderate increases in team TD, HID and SprD occurred in the EPL between 2014/2015 and 2018/2019, with trivial to small changes in season-to-season variations. Actual changes in running load over time appear to be dependent on playing position. Running load trends should be updated regularly and practitioners should be aware of the variability within their team, and programme accordingly.
... As was demonstrated by numerous studies, the seasonal factor may cause significant differences in the underlying performance among all football leagues worldwide. It is manifested in the evolution of players' motor and technical activity from season to season, or during the period of several seasons (Allen et al., 2023;Barnes et al., 2014;Errekagorri et al., 2022;Konefał et al., 2019;Peñas et al., 2022;Pons et al., 2021;Yi et al., 2020). Further, it was recognized in several studies, that match status (wining, drawing or loosing), match location, level of teams and environmental factors can also significantly alter the intensity of physical activity during the match (Andrzejewski et al., 2017;Aquino et al., 2020;Peñas, 2012;Taylor et al., 2008). ...
... Sprint distance showed an overall increase throughout seven seasons except for 2019-2020. The observed increase in sprint corresponds to the study of La Liga during period from 2015-2016 to 2018-2019 (Pons et al., 2021) and English Premier League (EPL) across seasons from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 (Allen et al., 2023). Although such parameter as walking is rarely considered by authors, we have reviewed it and found out that walking distance showed upward trend. ...
... The seven-season period study of physical activity in RPL revealed an upward trend for sprint, walk and total distances for all playing positions, which is largely consistent with the results of studies of La Liga and EPL (Allen et al., 2023;Peñas et al., 2022). In our study, the biggest increase in the sprint distance was demonstrated for WM and FD, and in the total distance -for CD. ...
Problem statement: While extensive research exists on the physical and technical performance of players in the world's top football leagues, there is a considerable lack of comprehensive studies on professional players from lower-ranking leagues. Conducting new research on performance in these less-studied leagues across various countries will not only help determine their relative performance levels but also allow us to assess the evolution of global football. Purpose: In the absence of previous comprehensive research on the Russian Premier Liga (RPL), this study aims to analyze the physical and technical performance of players in RPL matches over seven consecutive seasons (2015-2022). It considers various influencing factors and assesses similarities with performance trends in major international football leagues. Methods: Data from 24,549 original observations, collected using tracking technologies during live football matches, were used to analyze the performance of players in different positions: central defenders, full defenders, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards. Multivariate analysis of variance with post-hoc tests and linear regression analysis were used to assess the data. Results: Significant differences in the effect size of various factors were revealed and measured using partial eta-squared (η 2 p). The playing position factor had an effect size of η 2 p ≤ 34%, the season factor less than 5%, the team level factor less than 4%, and the match result and field factors each less than 1%. Seasonal analysis indicated significant differences with moderate effect sizes (0.6 < ES < 0.84) for distances covered by walking, high-speed running, and sprinting without possession. Positional roles had very large effect sizes (2 < ES < 2.2) on both the number of successful duels and aerial duels. Linear regression analysis, used to assess changes in parameters over time for each player position, revealed an increasing trend in walking, sprinting, and total distance covered for all positions and a decreasing trend in the number of duels, with forwards contributing the most to this trend. Conclusion: From 2015 to 2022, all positional roles demonstrated an increase in sprint distances and accuracy in technical actions, mirroring performance trends in other international football leagues. The results of our study provide valuable insights into role-specific performance patterns in the RPL, which coaches and practitioners can use to enhance training and competition strategies.
... 4,5 However, technological development as well as the introduction of sports analytics in top-level teams have over time provided new opportunities to carefully study and to carry out longitudinal monitoring of football players' strategy performances as well as teams' behaviour in competition. 6 Previous studies explored the development of the game of football throughout the years, both in domestic competitions [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and in international competitions. 14,15 Considering this longitudinal viewpoint, the physical performance has received close attention. ...
... 14,15 Considering this longitudinal viewpoint, the physical performance has received close attention. [7][8][9][10]12,13 In this line, several authors have studied the evolution of English teams playing in Premier League throughout seven seasons, 8 bearing in mind the specific positions of players, 10 or taking into account the teams' final ranking. 9 Barnes et al. 8 reported that the distance covered by the teams in the English Premier League had not changed much throughout seven years (from 2006-2007 to 2012-2013), nevertheless they increased the number of high-intensity and sprint actions and accumulated distance. ...
... Research published recently on the running load demands of football players in the English Premier League from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019, observed increases from season to season in variables such as total distance covered, high-speed running and sprint, but these increments were not consistently significant. 7 These changes in running load over time may be dependent on playing position. 10 In addition, it is possible that these results might be conditioned by the technology used for assessing the running performance. ...
The present study aimed to analyse the performance of 2,212 collective observations of the eight teams that remained in the Spanish men's top professional football division (Spanish LaLiga) for eight consecutive seasons (from 2011-2012 to 2018-2019), intending to understand the reference values of these teams. The variables recorded were passes, successful passes, crosses, shots, goals, corners, fouls, width, length, height, distance from the goalkeeper to the nearest defender (GkDef) and total distance covered (TD). A linear mixed model was performed for each dependent variable (p<0.05). The main results were: 1) the eight teams, to a large extent, maintained a stable performance throughout the eight seasons analysed; 2) the length values decreased significantly from the fifth season (from 2015-2016 to 2018-2019); 3) the GkDef values decreased significantly from the fourth season (from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019); and 4) the TD values decreased significantly from the third season (from 2013-2014 to 2018-2019). The study concludes that within the framework of a performance stability, the teams over the seasons increased the density of players (e.g., less effective playing space), playing with the goalkeeper closer to the nearest defender of his team and covering less total distance.
... This improved preparation of the players has resulted in the evolution of physical performance in competition represented, for example, by an increase in the total traveled distance, from approximately 9.0 km during the decade of the 90s [7], to approximately 10.4 km, 20 years later [8], which can reach more than 11.1 km for central midfielders [9]. In this sense, it would be interesting to assess if the increase in the total covered distances is also reflected in the high-speed and sprint speed ranges in competition by the female players, as it has been described in a recent study in men's football [10]. ...
... The variable Very High-Speed Running (VHSR) is related to the movements of the players that exceeded the threshold of 19 km/h, similar to previous studies [10,12]. ...
The aim of the present study it’s a providing an update of the profile of very high-speed running (VHSR) of professional female football players. In this study 23 official matches of the Spanish First Division of Women´s Football were analysed. A total of 15 players participated, who were classified according to their location on the matches played: central-corridor (CCP, n = 7), and lateral-corridor (LCP, n = 8). The variables recorded were: 1) Very High-Speed Running (VHSR), considering the accumulated distance, duration, and frequency, and the individual characteristics of the efforts (distance and duration); 2) Recovery between efforts (VHSRe) and; 3) VMAX. The results show that LCP described higher values in accumulative VHSR and VHSR by distance bands, with greater distances, durations and VMAX of VHSRe, with less recovery between efforts. There seems to be an evolutionary trend in the distribution of the efforts, with a higher % of efforts in the 10–20 m band. The results provide useful information that coaching staff of professional women’s football teams could use to design specific very high-speed running training to optimize performance in competition.
... There has been a noticeable increase in high-intensity activities during competition worldwide over the last few decades [7][8][9]. performance variables were collected using a GPS (Apex Pod, Statsports; Northern Ireland, UK). Data from all competitive matches across both leagues during two seasons were analysed. ...
... More recently, another study [21] compared Portuguese and Dutch second leagues and found that Portuguese players produced higher total and sprinting training distances, although no comparisons during match-play or among playing positions were considered. Numerous publications [6,9,19] are available covering reference ranges for basic running characteristics of soccer players and various contextual variables. Nonetheless, no previous studies considered accelerations and decelerations [20,21], thus reinforcing the relevancy of the present study as it analysed two different countries/leagues and positional differences which is vital to improve coaches' knowledge of various training methods to enhance player preparation and recovery [22]. ...
he aims of the present study were to: (i) quantify accelerations and decelerations of soccer players during match-play across two consecutive seasons from the English Premier League (EPL) and Ligue 1 (L1); and (ii) compare any positional differences between the two leagues. Fifty-eight male professional soccer players were monitored during all league matches (n = 144) across seasons 2020/21 and 2021/22. The absolute number of accelerations (> +3 m/s−2) and decelerations (< -3 m/s−2) and accelerations and decelerations per minute were examined. The relative number of accelerations and decelerations across all positions was higher with moderate effect sizes in the EPL when compared to L1 (p < 0.001, for both). Significant differences were observed in accelerations and decelerations across all playing positions (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001 respectively, with moderate to very large effect sizes), except for centre forwards (CF) (accelerations p = 0.40; ES = 0.16; decelerations p = 0.97; ES = 0.01). This study provides valuable insights into the positional acceleration and
deceleration differences in the EPL and L1, which should be considered in match running performance evaluations. While confirming higher accelerations and decelerations in the EPL, the unique case of CF challenges current evidence, emphasising the need for a more granular understanding of the positional demands of explosive actions incorporating accelerations and decelerations in elite soccer.
... These high-intensity actions have been shown to lead to decisive moments of the match, such as goals, assists and defensive situations [2], highlighting their importance to soccer match-play and match outcome. Furthermore, research based on multi-season comparisons of key soccer parameters is very important for the development of soccer knowledge [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The knowledge related to the evolution direction of soccer players' match activities allows coaches to take actions to optimise the training process. ...
... Studies have shown that the playing intensity in soccer has increased significantly over the years, and this trend is expected to continue, according to recent research [6,7]. Barnes et al. [8] reported that high-intensity running distance and sprinting distance increased by ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare external match load, according to match outcome, match location, and opponent quality across five competitive seasons. ...
The aim of this study was to compare external match load, according to match outcome, match location, and opponent quality across five competitive seasons. Forty-six professional outfield soccer players from the same English Premier League club across the complete 2018/19 to 2022/23 seasons were involved in the study. For each match, the outcome (win, draw, loss), match location (home, away) and quality of opponent (top or bottom six teams, remaining mid-table teams) were recorded. Players covered significantly more m/min and performed more decelerations when playing against the top six compared to mid-table or bottom six teams (p < 0.001; d = 0.213–0.322). There were no differences in external match load depending on match outcome. There were significant opponent×outcome×match location interactions for each position across most of the external match load measures, but these differed in magnitude for specific metrics and positions (p = 0.001–0.048; d = 0.300–1.741). The present study provided novel information on external match load and the influence of
match outcome, match location and opponent quality. This may support and contribute to understanding how to improve training methods to physically prepare players to cope with varying contexts.
... Previous studies explored the development of the game of football throughout the years [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Considering this longitudinal viewpoint, several studies have focused on analysing physical aspects [6,7,9,10,12]. ...
... Previous studies explored the development of the game of football throughout the years [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Considering this longitudinal viewpoint, several studies have focused on analysing physical aspects [6,7,9,10,12]. In this regard, previous studies analysed the evolution of the English Premier League teams throughout seven seasons [7], considering the specific position of players [10] or the final ranking of teams at the end of the season [9]. ...
This study aimed to analyse the performance of 5,518 collective observations of the Spanish LaLiga teams for eight consecutive seasons (from 2011–12 to 2018–19), considering the final league ranking. The teams were divided into four groups: Europe (from 1st to 6th), Upper-Middle (from 7th to 11th), Lower-Middle (from 12th to 17th) and Relegation (from 18th to 20th). The variables recorded were: Passes, Successful Passes, Crosses, Shots, Goals, Corners, Fouls, Width, Length, Height, distance from the goalkeeper to the nearest defender (GkDef), total distance covered (TD) and number of points accumulated. The main results were that: 1) Europe, being superior to the rest of the groups, showed lower values of Length from 2015–16, and lower values of GkDef from 2014–15; 2) Upper-Middle showed lower values of Length from 2015–16; 3) Lower-Middle showed fewer Shots from 2013–14, and lower values of Length, GkDef and TD from 2014–15; and, 4) Relegation barely showed significant differences between seasons in any variable. The study concludes that the teams of the Europe, Upper-Middle and Relegation groups showed quite stable performance, while the teams of the Lower-Middle group presented a worsening in different dimensions as the seasons progressed. The information provided in this study makes it possible to have reference values that have characterized the performance of the teams for each group.
... Previous studies have explored the development of the game of football throughout the years [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The physical performance has received close attention regarding this longitudinal viewpoint [6][7][8][9]11,13]. ...
... Previous studies have explored the development of the game of football throughout the years [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The physical performance has received close attention regarding this longitudinal viewpoint [6][7][8][9]11,13]. Some authors have studied the physical performance evolution of the English Premier League teams throughout seven seasons [7], bearing in mind the specific position of players [9], or considering how teams ended up at the end of the season [8]. ...
The present study aimed to analyse the performance of the Spanish men's top (LaLiga1) and second (LaLiga2) professional football division teams for eight consecutive seasons (from 2011-2012 to 2018-2019). The variables recorded were Passes, Successful Passes, Crosses, Shots, Goals, Corners, Fouls, Width, Length, Height, distance from the goalkeeper to the nearest defender (GkDef) and total distance covered (TD). The main results were that (1) LaLiga1 teams showed lower values of Length from 2013-2014, and lower values of GkDef and TD from 2014-2015; (2) LaLiga2 teams showed fewer Passes and lower values of GkDef and TD from 2014-2015, and fewer Goals and lower values of Length from 2015-2016; and (3) LaLiga1 teams showed more Passes, Successful Passes, Shots and Goals and higher values of TD compared to LaLiga2 teams during the eight-season period. This study concludes that LaLiga1 teams showed fewer final offensive actions, LaLiga2 teams showed fewer Passes and Goals and the teams of both leagues played in a space with greater density (meters by player), covering less distance as the seasons passed. The information provided in this study makes it possible to have reference values that have characterised the performance of the teams.
... The increase in hamstring injury rates is likely multifactorial. First, increases in match play demands and exposure to maximal velocity running place individuals at greater risk of sustaining HSIs [2,15]. Although eccentric strength training interventions have proven effective in certain contexts, there is contradictory evidence that suggests they may not fully address the impact of increased sporting demands [16]. ...
... The high biomechanical demands of maximal velocity sprint running place the hamstrings at the upper limit of their physiological capacity. As both individual and teamsport demands continue to increase, with higher match-play running velocities and a greater frequency of exposures to sprint running [2,15], the risk of injury will also increase. Greater running speeds subject the hamstrings to higher muscle forces [37], excitation levels [41] and tissue strain [42], particularly at the BFLH, while more frequent exposures and/or fixture congestion increase the possibility of tissue fatigue and accumulation of micro-trauma. ...
Hamstring strain injuries are one of the most common injuries in sprint-based sports with the mechanism of injury considered the result of an interaction between applied mechanical strain and the capacity of the muscle to tolerate strain. To date, injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies have frequently focused on enhancing the capacity of the hamstrings to tolerate strain, with little consideration of factors directly influencing mechanical strain. Sprint running biomechanics are one factor proposed to influence the mechanical strain applied to the hamstrings that may be modified (towards reduced strain) within rehabilitation and injury prevention programs. This article aims to explore the theoretical mechanistic link between sprint running mechanics and hamstring strain injury, along with the available supporting evidence. In doing so, it hopes to provide practitioners with an understanding of mechanical parameters that may influence hamstring strain injury whilst also identifying areas for further research exploration.
... In contemporary women's football, high-intensity conditional demands have increased significantly [1], mirroring trends in their male counterparts [2,3]. Such demands play a crucial role in talent recruitment, especially in elite academies, with acceleration capabilities becoming pivotal criteria for player selection and promotion [4][5][6]. ...
The recognition of high-speed demands in football has led elite academies to prioritize acceleration capabilities for player selection and promotion, particularly given their fundamental role in the motor skills of professional players and their impact on goal-related opportunities. This study explored the effectiveness of game-based versus resisted sprint training methods in enhancing the acceleration abilities of professional women’s football players. Over the entire competitive period, the training load of 26 athletes (24.2 ± 3.7 years) was assessed using GPS devices, and sprint capabilities were evaluated through four 30-m acceleration tests spaced six weeks apart. Linear mixed models (LMMs) analyzed physical load parameters, including distance covered at high speeds, speed events, and maximum speed, with periods and players as fixed and random effects, respectively. Significant sprint performance improvements were observed across all intervals, particularly when high-intensity distance volumes were combined with resisted sprint training. Conversely, high-intensity running without additional stimuli also led to performance gains, albeit to a lesser extent. Both game-based and resisted sprint training methods were effective in enhancing acceleration capabilities, while the absence of specific sprint focus did not significantly alter sprint performance. These findings support the inclusion of tailored sprint training in athletic programs to optimize acceleration in women’s football players.
... Another interesting aspect is whether there is an evolution in the occurrence of own goals across the seven seasons, i.e. whether their frequency changes over time. Such changes might go in line with evolutions in physical and match-specific performance indicators over the years, where previous work assessed season-specific changes and found increases in measures such as high-intensity running distance and total running distance (Allen et al., 2024;Barnes et al., 2014). While there is some tendency of reduced own goals between 2012/13 and 2018/19 as visible in Table 8 (4.3% in 2012/13 to 3.1% in 2018/19), we do not find significant differences between own goals and all goals across seasons. ...
... Soccer is a team sport characterized by intermittent bouts of submaximal running distances interspersed with high-intensity efforts, including maximum sprints [1]. Recent trends in professional soccer reveal a significant increase in high-intensity running distances [2,3], with sprint distances in the English Premier League rising by 30-50% between 2006/2007 and 2012/2013 [4, 5, 6]. Additionally, sprint actions play a crucial role in soccer, frequently preceding goal situations [7]. ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of linear sprint training (LST) compared to curvilinear sprint training (CST) using an equivalent session training volume, on linear (LS) and curvilinear (CS) sprint performance, horizontal force-velocity profile, and change of direction (COD) ability in young soccer players. In a randomized pre-post parallel-group trial design, nineteen U16 male soccer players were randomly assigned to LST (n = 9) and CST (n = 10) groups. Both groups performed 11 sprint training sessions over 6 weeks. Before and after the training period, LS (5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, and 30 m), CS (weak and good side), horizontal force-velocity profile, and COD speed (modified 505 test) were assessed. The LST showed small to moderate significant enhancements (p ≤ 0.05) in LS (except 5 m sprint), modified 505 test, theoretical maximal velocity (V0), maximal power output (Pmax), and maximal ratio of force (RFpeak) from pre‑test to post‑test. CST resulted in small to moderate significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m LS performance, weak and good sides of the CS, COD speed, and Pmax from pre‑test to post‑test. In addition, significant between-group comparisons were observed between LST and CST for CS performance in both sides (p < 0.01). In conclusion, LST and CST seem to produce trajectory-specific adaptations in young soccer players. Therefore, strength and conditioning coaches should integrate both LST and CST training methods to effectively prepare soccer players and enhance their sprinting performance.
... To comprehensively analyse the physical demands of football matches (Carling, 2013), a range of scientific studies have been conducted (Casamichana & Castellano, 2014). Recently, studies have highlighted the importance of high-intensity running and sprinting, not so much related to achieving success (Asian Clemente et al., 2019;Castellano, 2018;Hoppe et al., 2015), but because of the current requirements of competition (Allen et al., 2024). ...
... Furthermore, game success can even increase, as sprints are closely related to goal situations [13]. Additionally, considering that maximum speeds can subject hamstrings to extremely high loads [14], it may not be surprising that both hamstring injuries [15] and sprint distance have increased in recent years [16]. However, even if sprints increase the risk of hamstring injuries, the progressive exposure of players to these intense efforts can provide an important protective effect [17]. ...
This study aimed to characterize match peak speeds, during a 20-second time window (10 seconds immediately before and after the match peak speed), in soccer matches. Twenty elite soccer players were monitored with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) devices during six soccer matches from the Brazilian first division. After identifying the peak speed, individual speeds within 10 seconds before and 10 seconds after were collected at each 0.1-second interval (10 Hz). Intra-individual speed differences were assessed at every second of the selected window using paired mean differences (with effect sizes and 95% confidence
intervals). Match peak speeds ranged from 29.11 km/h to 31.64 km/h. Speeds registered 10 seconds before and 10 seconds after the match peak speed ranged from 5.11 km/h to 9.21 km/h and 6.90 km/h to 7.65 km/h, respectively. Speed increased moderately (effect size [95% confidence interval]: 0.68 [0.64, 0.73]) 4 seconds before the match peak speed and decreased moderately (effect size [95% confidence interval]: -0.73 [-0.78, -0.68]) 3 seconds after the maximal effort. Match peak speeds were achieved from flying starts, differing from the current sprint test procedures. Players needed to accelerate from speeds of approximately 10 km/h to reach their peak speed. After the match peak speed, players decelerated faster than they accelerated but without reaching a complete stop. Nevertheless, preparing players for intense decelerations should not be disregard. Players can benefit from field tests and training sessions that provide similarities to what occurs during competition, and accelerations should also be considered when referring to peak speeds.
... With the evolution of soccer matches, players' physical and technical performances have been continuously improving [1,2]. Factors influencing players' performances include adjustments in tactics and rules, increased application of technologies, enhanced professionalization, and improvements in players' physical and technical preparation [3][4][5]. ...
This study aimed to investigate the non-linear evolution of position-specific physical and technical performance indicators across different tactical formations in the Chinese Super League (CSL) from the 2015 to the 2021 seasons. Match data were collected from 800 games played in six common formations (3-5-2, 4-3-3, 4-2-3-1, 4-4-2, 3-4-3, and 4-1-4-1). Players were classified into five positions: central defenders (CD; match observations = 2,219), fullbacks (FB; match observations = 2,060), central midfielders (CM; match observations = 2,786), wide midfielders (WM; match observations = 1,587), and forwards (FW; match observations = 1,680). Generalized additive models (GAMs) were constructed to analyze the nonlinear evolution trends in position-specific physical and technical performance across seasons and formations. The results showed that the total distance covered by CDs in the 3-5-2 formation showed a non-linear upward trend from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R² = 0.3, p = 0.006); FBs in the 3-4-3, 4-1-4-1, and 3-5-2 formations exhibited non-linear upward trends in number of sprints and sprint distance from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R² = 0.189–0.448; P < 0.03, respectively); the high-speed running of FWs in the 4-2-3-1 formation displayed a non-linear decline trend from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R² = 0.477; P < 0.001); CMs in the 4-2-3-1 formation demonstrated a non-linear increasing trend in the ball retention percentage (R² = 0.369; p = 0.001); WMs in the 4-4-2 formation showed a non-linear decreasing trend in ball retention percentage and passes from the 2015 to 2021 seasons (R² = 0.259–0.29; P = 0.006, respectively). These findings revealed non-linear evolutionary trends in physical and technical performances across positions and formations, providing an in-depth understanding of the changing match demands placed on players during matches. This enables the optimization of training and tactics by developing targeted strategies tailored to meet the specific requirements of different formations and playing positions.
... Soccer is an intermittent team sport, where high-intensity actions have great importance [4,5]. Specifically, an increase in high-intensity actions during matches, such as jumping, sprinting, or changes in direction, has been observed in the last few years [6]. In addition, success in soccer is closely related to high-intensity actions; therefore, players should have adequate preparation to achieve optimal performance [7]. ...
This study aimed to quantify the influence of the playing surface on workload-related variables (i.e., external load, Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and mental load) in training sessions with a Spanish professional soccer team. Twenty professional male players from the same soccer team were involved. A total of thirty training sessions related to the preseason period were included. All the players completed training sessions on three playing surfaces: natural turf of poor quality, natural turf of high quality, and third-generation artificial turf. Monitoring during sessions involved assessing internal load (i.e., RPE and mental load) via self-reported questionnaires, and external load using Global Positioning System devices. Linear mixed models showed that RPE was significantly higher on natural turf of high quality than on natural turf of poor quality (p < 0.001). Total distance, relative total distance, the number of accelerations, decelerations, and high metabolic load distance were significantly lower on third-generation artificial turf compared to natural turf of poor quality (p < 0.001) and high quality (p < 0.001). In addition, high-speed running, sprint running distances, and the number of sprints reached higher values on third-generation artificial turf compared to the other two playing surfaces. These findings highlight the need for coaches to consider the type of training surface in soccer to optimize training load planning and prevent injuries.
... Increasing physical demands of elite soccer have been suggested in previous studies examining different championships and time periods. [1][2][3] To monitor player readiness to perform, help with weekly periodization, and minimize injury risk, fatigue monitoring is common practice in elite soccer. One of the most widely used biomarkers to quantify muscle damage is creatine kinase (CK). ...
Purpose : The relationship between external load and creatine-kinase (CK) response at the team/position or individual level using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has been studied. This study aimed to compare GPS-derived and Football Movement Profile (FMP) –derived CK-prediction models for national-team soccer players. The second aim was to compare the performance of general and individualized CK prediction models. Methods : Four hundred forty-four national-team soccer players (under 15 [U15] to senior) were monitored during training sessions and matches using GPS. CK was measured every morning from whole blood. The players had 19.3 (18.1) individual GPS-CK pairs, resulting in a total of 8570 data points. Machine learning models were built using (1) GPS-derived or (2) FMP-based parameters or (3) the combination of the 2 to predict the following days’ CK value. The performance of general and individual-specific prediction models was compared. The performance of the models was described by R ² and the root-mean-square error (RMSE, in units per liter for CK values). Results : The FMP model ( R ² = .60, RMSE = 144.6 U/L) performed similarly to the GPS-based model ( R ² = .62, RMSE = 141.2 U/L) and the combination of the 2 ( R ² = .62, RMSE = 140.3 U/L). The prediction power of the general model was better on average ( R ² = .57 vs R ² = .37) and for 73% of the players than the individualized model. Conclusions : The results suggest that FMP-based CK-prediction models perform similarly to those based on GPS-derived metrics. General machine learning models’ prediction power was higher than those of the individual-specific models. These findings can be used to monitor postmatch recovery strategies and to optimize weekly training periodization.
... Soccer is a highly demanding team sport, where high-intensity actions such as jumping, sprinting or changes in direction have great importance [1,2]. In recent years, an increase in high-intensity actions during matches has been observed [3,4]. These actions are closely related to success in soccer, so players must be adequately prepared to achieve optimal performance [5]. ...
This study analyzed workload variations (internal, external, and mental) in training sessions based on soccer players’ match participation. Thirty-six professional Brazilian players from a single team were categorized into three groups: starter (G1), non-starter (G2) and non-participant (G3) players. Monitoring during sessions involved assessing internal load via perceived exertion, mental load through affective, emotional, and motivational factors, and external load using Global Positioning System devices. On MD+2, starter players exhibited significantly lower values in all categories compared to non-starters (p < 0.001) and non-participants (p < 0.001), while on MD, they displayed the highest values. MD-4 and MD-3 showed no cognitive or emotional load differences; however, variations were observed in RPE, motivation, mental fatigue, and physical metrics. Notably, starters’ lowest values occurred on MD-2 and MD-1. Findings emphasize the need to manage starter players’ load, implementing recovery strategies for optimal performance. Additionally, tailored tasks should be provided for non-starter and non-participant players to compensate for non-performed efforts during match downtime. This study underscores the significance of an individualized training approach based on players’ match participation, contributing valuable insights for optimizing performance and recovery strategies.
... The overall demands as well as the length and frequency of these high-intensity periods vary throughout the match (Mohr et al., 2005) and are affected by several contextual factors such as e.g., game status, quality of opponent, playing position, individual capacity, tactical role (Baptista et al., 2019;Delaney et al., 2018;Oliva-Lozano et al., 2020;. Studies investigating the demands of the game have shown increases in game demands during the last 10-20 years (Allen et al., 2024;Barnes et al., 2014;Bradley et al., 2016;Bush et al., 2015;Lago-Peñpeñas et al., 2023). Due to the extensive interest in understanding the most intense periods, game demands of 1-to 10-minute periods have been described (Fereday et al., 2020;Fransson et al., 2017;Oliva-Lozano et al., 2020;Schimpchen et al., 2021). ...
... Lastly, in a study that assessed the position-specific development of physical performance parameters over a seven-season period in the EPL, it was found that wide and forward positions increased high-intensity distance (HSR) and Spr more than central defenders and central midfielders [9]. Lastly, a recent study showed that there were significant increases (from 2014/15 to 2018/19 season) in: TD for all position with the exception of defensive midfielders, attacking midfielders and wide midfielders; HSR distance for all positions and Spr distance for all positions except central midfielders and attacking midfielders [10]. ...
This study aimed to examine physical match performance and the effects of opponent ranking and positional differences in both the English Championship League (ECL) and the English Premier League (EPL) over five consecutive seasons. Fifty-four professional outfield soccer players (average age 24.6±5.4 years, weight 76.6±6.9 kg, height 1.79±0.09 m) from an English club were involved. Physical data obtained with the 18 Hz GPS technology tracking system from 213 regular-season matches spanning the complete 2018/19 to 2022/23 seasons were examined. The results showed that, considering the level of the opponent, total distance (TD), high-intensity distance (HSR), and the number of decelerations (DEC) significantly varied in both EPL and ECL (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05 respectively). Additionally, opponent level influenced sprint distances (Spr) and accelerations (ACC) in the EPL (p < 0.05, p < 0.05) but not in the ECL. The highest running metrics were noted when the team played against a high-ranked opponent. Concerning positional roles, more physical metrics were influenced by opponent level in the ECL (centre-backs (TD, ACC), full-backs (TD, DEC), centre midfielders (TD, HSR, Spr, DEC), attacking midfielders (TD, Spr, DEC), centre forwards (TD)) than in the EPL (centre midfielders (TD, HSR, DEC), attacking midfielders (TD, DEC), centre forwards (TD)). These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how players from different positions perform in elite soccer match-play against varying opposition rankings. Coaches may then tailor tactical approaches, positional, and individualized training regimens to address the specific physical demands associated with matches against different-ranked opponents.
... This requires soccer players to be able to accelerate quickly, stop, change direction, sprint and sprint repeatedly over long periods [1][2][3][4][5][6]. All these requirements call for strength and power in the lower limbs [1,7] which in turn calls for increasingly precise neuromuscular assessment and preparation of soccer players by a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 coaches and their staff [8]. To this end, the isokinetic dynamometer has often been recognized as the gold standard for measuring strength [9,10]. ...
Evaluation of muscle strength imbalance can be an important element in optimizing the training process of soccer players. The purpose of the study was to examine isokinetic peak torque (PT) and total work (TW) exerted by both knee extensors (quadriceps or Q) and flexors (hamstrings or H), intra-limb imbalance and the magnitude and direction of inter-limb asymmetry in top elite senior (n = 109) and junior (n = 74) soccer players. An isokinetic dynamometry was used to measure maximum peak torque of quadriceps (PT-Q) and hamstrings (PT-H) at an angular velocity of 60° ·s⁻¹, as well as the total work for extensors (TW-Q) and flexors (TW-H) at an angular velocity of 240° ·s⁻¹ in the dominant (DL) and non-dominant leg (NDL) during concentric muscle contraction. Intra-limb imbalance and inter-limb asymmetries were calculated using a standard equation. Statistical analysis using t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test revealed: (a) no differences (p > 0.05) between groups for PT-Q and PT-H, (b) greater strength levels (p < 0.05) for TW-Q and TW-H of senior players than juniors, and (c) no differences (p > 0.05) between groups for intra-limb imbalance and inter-limb asymmetry. Additionally, Pearson’s chi-kwadrat (χ2) analysis showed no differences (p > 0.05) between groups for intra-limb imbalance and inter-limb asymmetry in relation to the ’normative’ values accepted in the literature that indicate an increase in the risk of knee injury. This study shows that isokinetic assessment can be an important tool to identify imbalances/asymmetries and to develop strategies to reduce the risk of muscle injury.
... A reduction in the importance of measuring total distance could be explained by a change in the energetic demands of the sport over recent years. Allen et al. (2023) have recently reported only a small increase (1%) in total distance covered in matches between 2014/15 and 2018/19, but moderate increases in high-intensity running (12%) and sprints (15%) over the same period. As the game continues to become more intense with a greater number of accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction (Harper et al. 2019;Hostrup and Bangsbo 2023), the need to accurately quantify such actions grows. ...
... Soccer is an intermittent sport that combines high-speed actions with longer periods of walking and jogging (10). In this sense, high-speed actions, which have increased in recent years (1), are decisive in determining the success of this sport because they usually precede a goal situation (11). Not only speed capabilities are decisive but also change of direction maneuvers are essential in this sport and are closely related to the ability to apply force (26). ...
This research aim to assess the validity and reliability of the acceleration-speed profile (ASP) for measuring the mechanical variables of running kinematics when compared with the force-velocity profile (FVP) obtained by reference systems. The ASP and FVP of 14 male players of an elite football club were assessed during a competitive microcycle. Three ASPs were tested according to the number and type of sessions included in its plotting (ASP1: 5 training sessions and competitive match; ASP2: 5 training sessions; ASP3: competitive match). Force-velocity profile was tested 4 days before match (MD-4) with a 30-m linear sprint using 3 previously validated devices (encoder, mobile App, and global positioning system). Level of significance was p , 0.05. Acceptable reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient. 0.5) was found between the ASP1 and the encoder for all variables (F 0-A 0 , V 0-S 0 , and V max). The more reliable ASP method was the ASP1 showing a lower bias than the ASP2 and ASP3 methods for almost all variables and reference systems. For ASP1, lower mean absolute error (MAE: 0.3-0.5) and higher correlation (P-M corr: 0.57-0.92) were found on variables related to the velocity in comparison with variables related to the early acceleration phase (F 0-A 0 ; MAE: 0.49-0.63; P-M corr: 0.13-0.41). Acceleration-speed profile, when computed with data from a complete competitive week, is a reliable method for analyzing variables derived from velocity and acceleration kinematics. From these results, practitioners could implement ASP and the applications of the FVP previously studied, such as resistance training prescription, performance assessment, and return-to-play management.
... During professional soccer matches, the ability to maintain high-intensity running and levels of skill proficiency are key attributes of a top-class player and successful teams (Mohr et al., 2003). It has long been established that speed, agility, strength, and a combination of aerobic and anaerobic abilities are vital in soccer (Bangsbo, 1994), while Allen et al. (2023) suggest that the physical demands (total distance, high-intensity distance, and sprinting distance) of elite soccer have increased further in recent years. Thus, due to these high physiological demands, the influence of nutritional intake on soccer performance has been well documented, particularly in relation to energy and carbohydrate (CHO) requirements, and plays a key role in optimizing fueling and recovery from training and matches (Collins et al., 2021). ...
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is an important component of total daily energy expenditure; however, it is currently not understood how it varies across a typical competitive match week in professional soccer players. For the first time, we aimed to assess RMR throughout an in-season competitive week in professional soccer players. Additionally, we aimed to assess energy and carbohydrate intake across the same week. Twenty-four professional soccer players from an English Premier League club (age: 18 ± 1.6 years) completed the study. RMR was assessed each morning of a typical competitive match week (match day [MD] −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, and + 3), and dietary intake (including MD) was assessed daily via the remote food photography method and 24-hr recall. Daily training load was quantified using Global Positioning System, daily muscle soreness ratings were recorded, and body composition was assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There was a significant ( p = .0004) increase in mean RMR of ∼261 kcal/day on MD + 1, compared with MD − 1. Additionally, volume of oxygen consumed significantly increased at MD + 1 ( p = .0002) versus MD − 1. There were no significant differences in daily energy or carbohydrate intake across the competitive week ( p > .05), with inadequate carbohydrate intakes on MD − 1 (∼3.9 g/kg body mass), MD (∼4.2 g/kg body mass), and MD + 1 (∼3.6 g/kg body mass) in relation to current recommendations. We report, for the first time, that RMR is significantly increased following a competitive match in professional soccer players. In addition, we confirm previous findings to reinforce that players exhibit inadequate nutrition periodization practices, which may impair physical performance and recovery.
To better understand the in-match fuelling practices of elite football players and compare against current
guidelines, we quantified the carbohydrate, fluid, and caffeine intake of players from an English Premier
League club (n = 22) during 90 min of competitive match-play. Mean carbohydrate intake across match-play
was 17 ± 11 g.h−1 with players demonstrating a preference towards CHO-containing fluids (58%) when
compared with semi-solids (38%) and solids (14%), respectively. CHO intake was significantly lower than
reported by players (17 ± 11 vs 24.8 ± 11 g.h−1
, p < 0.001) during initial consultation. Fluid was ingested at
a rate of 0.45 ± 0.14 L.h−1, with 54, 40 and 6% of ingested fluid coming from water, carbohydrate, and
electrolyte-only solutions, respectively. The majority of players (91%) met the UEFA guidelines for fluid
consumption. Of the players who consumed caffeine across match-play (55%) the average dose was 233 ±
148 mg (2.8 ± 1.1 mg.kg−1 body mass [BM]), which meets the UEFA consensus guidelines for caffeine intake.
Caffeine capsules (42%) and caffeine containing fluids (30%) were the preferred format prior to the warm-up
whilst caffeine gum was exclusively used prior to kick-off and during the half-time period (100%). We conclude
that 81% of the total playing squad failed to meet the current UEFA CHO intake recommendations of 30–60 g.
h−1
, which may be attributed to the preference towards fluid-based CHOs as the chosen format of delivery.
Keywords: match analysis; physical performance; soccer cleat; tracking; wearables.
Background
Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken.
Objectives
The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests.
Methods
A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as “professional”, “international” or “elite”.
Results
Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies).
Conclusions
The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.
Background
Physical development during adolescence is crucial for athletes in team sports, as it prepares them for the high sport demands at the senior level. While physical development in non-athletes are well-documented, a comprehensive understanding of adolescent athletes’ development, including the potential effects of team sports participation and training load, is lacking.
Objectives
The study aimed to investigate the development of physical characteristics in team sport athletes during adolescence (12–20 years) and explore the impact of training load.
Methods
A systematic search of the databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science were conducted combining keywords related to physical characteristics, youth athletes, team sport and study design. Criteria for inclusion were: (1) team sport athletes aged 12–20 years, (2) cross-sectional or longitudinal designs investigating physical characteristics, (3) comparisons across different age groups, (4) peer-reviewed original article, (5) written in English, and (6) available results from physical testing. Results were normalized and weighted based on sample size.
Results
176 eligible articles were identified. The results showed consistent annual improvement in most physical characteristics from 12 to 16 years for both sexes (e.g., boys: lower body strength 14.3%; intermittent endurance 11%; countermovement jump height 6.7%; change of direction 2.8%; 30 m sprint 3.6%, and girls: lower body strength 9.4%; intermittent endurance 12.1%; countermovement jump 4.7%; change of direction 3.3%; 30 m sprint 1.9%). Only 4 studies investigated the effect of training load on physical development.
Conclusions
Although both sexes consistently improved through adolescence, girls tended to have less pronounced physical development compared to boys, likely due to lower increase in lean mass and limb length. The existing evidence do not definitively establish whether team sports participation, compared to studies examining non-athletes, or training load have an additive effect on physical development during this period.
ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of transitional activities (TA) on physicalmetrics. Global Positioning System technology was utilized on 23 elite outfield footballers over 10 games to
quantify absolute metrics per minute such as total distance (TD; m · min-1), sprint distance (SD; m · min-1), the number of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations (A+D; n · min-1), and high-speed running distance (HSRD; m · min-1). TD – total distance; HSRD – high-speed running distance; SD – sprint distance and high intensity acceleration distance (Acc B3 Dist) were also quantified. Metrics were observed in relation to 4 TA’s commonly observed in football matches. Positive Transitions (PT), Negative Transitions (NT), Fast Attacks (FA) and High Pressure Activities (HP). Main effects for transition and game were observed. Comparisons were also made between 90 minute averages and transitional mean scores. NT displayed the highest TD (m · min-1) when
compared to other TA’s (p ≤ 0.05). Observation of SD (m · min-1) for all transitions highlighted higher outputs when in PT (p ≤ 0.05). HP TA displayed the lowest output in all metrics (p ≤ 0.05), except high-intensity accelerations and decelerations A+D (n · min-1). The mean average and peak average outputs for TA and 90min average detailed elevated physical outputs across all metrics. Absolute physical metrics are increased when observing transitional play, representing the maximum physical exposure that athletes experience in games.
This knowledge should be utilized when implementing high-velocity exposures within a weekly microcycle, to best prepare players for match play.
Objectives:
Previous research has highlighted the frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations in elite football. The influence of these actions on match performance outcomes has not been established. The aim of the present study was to identify the influence of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations on match performance outcomes (i.e., win, draw, lost). Comparisons were also made between team and positional high-intensity accelerations and decelerations recorded within the games.
Methods:
26 elite outfield footballers from an elite English Football League (EFL) Two team completed the present study. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology was utilised to quantify high-intensity accelerations and decelerations during 45 games in a competitive season. Magnitude analysis and the effects of results, positions and fixture periods were observed.
Results:
Significant effects of results, periods and positions were observed (p ≤ 0.05), with the highest outputs observed in games won. Positionally, fullbacks and centre forwards in a 4-3-3 formation exhibited the greatest frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations. Very large differences were observed between the frequency of high-intensity decelerations compared to accelerations in games won (g = 2.37), drawn (g = 2.99) and lost (g = 3.59). The highest team frequencies of high-intensity accelerations (n = 3330) and decelerations (n = 6482) were completed in games won.
Conclusions:
The frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations has a significant impact on match performance outcomes in an elite English League Two football team. Consideration needs to be given to specific conditioning and recovery strategies to optimise high-intensity acceleration and deceleration performance in games. Caution should be taken as these findings are representative of one team within the EFL.
Background: This study aimed to compare the match running performance between bottom- and top-ranked teams in professional soccer players during over the 2020 season of the Brazilian National 2nd Division League. In addition, this study verified the independent and interactive effects of playing position and contextual factors on running outputs between these teams.
Methods: Forty-eight professional male outfield soccer players participated in this study (top-ranked team, n=24; bottom-ranked team, n=24). The distance- and accelerometry-based measures were recorded during 69 matches using a global position system (10 Hz) integrated with an accelerometer (400 Hz).
Results: The top-ranked team covered greater total distance [median (interquartile range); 10330.0 m (1430.0)] and high-acceleration [97.0 m (32.0)] than the bottom-ranked team, in home and away matches [p < 0.05, effect size (ES)=small]. The midfielders of the top-ranked team covered higher total distance, high-speed running (> 18 km·h-1), high acceleration (≥ 3 m·s-2), and high-deceleration (≤ −3m·s-2) performed more sprints ((> 25 km·h-1) compared to midfielders of the bottom-ranked team (p < 0.05, η2=small-moderate). The matches against top-level opponents required high values of high-acceleration and number of sprints only for the top-ranked team (p < 0.05, ES=small). Independent analysis showed that match outcome (loss vs. draw vs. win) was not influenced by running performance for both bottom- and top-ranked teams (p > 0.05; η2=small). However, the top-ranked team covered greater total distance, high-acceleration/deceleration than bottom-ranked team in loss matches (p < 0.05, η2=small).
Conclusions: These findings should be considered when the coaches and practitioners interpret the match running outputs and when evaluating the effects of training intervention on these performance indicators.
Future of elite football 2030. We suggest that tactical evolutions of the future game,
predicated on models of high-intensity pressing, counter-pressing, and counterattacking, will result in greater exposure to intense, short accelerations and decelerations, interspersed between more high-speed running moments.
Accordingly, the creation of high-intensity locomotor profiles may be especially insightful for individualizing load demands and accurately informing training prescriptions.
This study assessed the interchangeability between 10-Hz multi-GNSS GPS devices (Vector®) and two optical tracking systems (TRACAB® and Second Spectrum®). The study also investigated the agreement between data from the optical tracking systems when processed with manufacturer software and GPS-filtered software. Thirty players competing in the English Premier League were monitored using three different tracking systems across five matches. To determine the interchangeability between tracking systems, player movement variables including, total distance, high-speed running distance (19.8–25.2 km‧h⁻¹), sprinting distance (>25.2 km‧h⁻¹), efforts >19.8 km‧h⁻¹ and maximal speed were compared. Equations were formed with samples ranging from 16-36 using linear regression and linear mixed-effects models to allow interchangeability of player movement variables between tracking systems. More than half of the variance of most interchangeability equations were explained and associated with very strong positive correlations (r>0.72). Small to huge differences were found between tracking systems for most player movement variables. Data of optical tracking systems had decreased values in all speed variables >19.8 km‧h⁻¹ when processed through GPS software. This study provides equations for practitioners to interchange player movement variables between TRACAB, Second Spectrum and Vector GPS tracking systems with reduced error. This will enable practitioners to combine and share data captured with different tracking systems to analyse and improve their training.
The objective of the study was to compare goal scoring patterns among the “Big Five” European football leagues during the 2009/2010–2018/2019 seasons. A total of 18 pattern dimensions related to the offense pattern, the shooting situation and the scoring time period were evaluated. Kruskal–Wallis analyses revealed significant pattern differences among the five leagues. The Spanish La Liga showed a greater proportion of goals from throw-ins. The English Premier League had a higher tendency to score from corner kicks. The German Bundesliga had the greatest number of goals from counterattacks and indirect free kicks, and the Italian Serie A had the greatest proportion of penalties. Ligue 1’s scoring ability is weaker than that of the other leagues, especially Bundesliga. The Bundesliga had an overwhelming advantage in goals scored on big chances with assists, while the Premier League had an advantage in goals scored with assists that were not from big chances. However, the differences among the five leagues in the mean goals scored in the last 15 min and the goals from elaborate attacks and direct free kicks were not statistically significant. These results provide a valuable addition to the knowledge of different goal patterns of each league and allow us to better understand the differences among the leagues.
The aim of this editorial is to discuss the football evolution and prepare the players, the coaches, sports medicine and sports science staff for the future game demands. The game tactical evolution is expected to elevate the players' physical demands. This together with the congested schedule will impose additional physical and mental load to the players. The decision makers may consider to adapt their approach with regards to a number of issues including the way of conducting the player' recruitment. Sports medicine and science staff will need to recalibrate their strategy in order to prepare the players for the match demands.
The present study aimed to validate and compare the football-specific measurement accuracy of two optical tracking systems engineered by TRACAB. The “Gen4” system consists of two multi-camera units (a stereo pair) in two locations either side of the halfway line, whereas the distributed “Gen5” system combines two stereo pairs on each side of the field as well as two monocular systems behind the goal areas. Data were collected from 20 male football players in two different exercises (a football sport-specific running course and small-sided games) in a professional football stadium. For evaluating the accuracy of the systems, measures were compared against simultaneously recorded measures of a reference system (VICON motion capture system). Statistical analysis uses RMSE for kinematic variables (position, speed and acceleration) and the difference in percentages for performance indicators (e.g. distance covered, peak speed) per run compared to the reference system. Frames in which players were obviously not tracked were excluded. Gen5 had marginally better accuracy (0.08 m RMSE) for position measurements than Gen4 (0.09 m RMSE) compared to the reference. Accuracy difference in instantaneous speed (Gen4: 0.09 m⋅s⁻¹ RMSE; Gen5: 0.08 m⋅s⁻¹ RMSE) and acceleration (Gen4: 0.26 m⋅s⁻² RMSE; Gen5: 0.21 m⋅s⁻² RMSE) measurements were significant, but also trivial in terms of the effect size. For total distance travelled, both Gen4 (0.42 ± 0.60%) and Gen5 (0.27 ± 0.35%) showed only trivial deviations compared to the reference. Gen4 showed moderate differences in the low-speed distance travelled category (-19.41 ± 13.24%) and small differences in the high-speed distance travelled category (8.94 ± 9.49%). Differences in peak speed, acceleration and deceleration were trivial (<0.5%) for both Gen4 and Gen5. These findings suggest that Gen5’s distributed camera architecture has minor benefits over Gen4’s single-view camera architecture in terms of accuracy. We assume that the main benefit of the Gen5 towards Gen4 lies in increased robustness of the tracking when it comes to optical overlapping of players. Since differences towards the reference system were very low, both TRACAB’s tracking systems can be considered as valid technologies for football-specific performance analyses in the settings tested as long as players are tracked correctly.
Background
The external movement loads imposed on players during competitive team sports are commonly measured using global positioning system devices. Information gleaned from analyses is employed to calibrate physical conditioning and injury prevention strategies with the external loads imposed during match play. Intense accelerations and decelerations are considered particularly important indicators of external load. However, to date, no prior meta-analysis has compared high and very high intensity acceleration and deceleration demands in elite team sports during competitive match play.
Objective
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantify and compare high and very high intensity acceleration vs. deceleration demands occurring during competitive match play in elite team sport contexts.
Methods
A systematic review of four electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 2010 and April 2018 that had reported higher intensity (> 2.5 m·s⁻²) accelerations and decelerations concurrently in elite team sports competitive match play. A Boolean search phrase was developed using key words synonymous to team sports (population), acceleration and deceleration (comparators) and match play (outcome). Articles only eligible for meta-analysis were those that reported either or both high (> 2.5 m·s⁻²) and very high (> 3.5 m·s⁻²) intensity accelerations and decelerations concurrently using global positioning system devices (sampling rate: ≥ 5 Hz) during elite able-bodied (mean age: ≥ 18 years) team sports competitive match play (match time: ≥ 75%). Separate inverse random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to compare: (1) standardised mean differences (SMDs) in the frequency of high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations occurring during match play, and (2) SMDs of temporal changes in high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations across first and second half periods of match play. Using recent guidelines recommended for the collection, processing and reporting of global positioning system data, a checklist was produced to help inform a judgement about the methodological limitations (risk of detection bias) aligned to ‘data collection’, ‘data processing’ and ‘normative profile’ for each eligible study. For each study, each outcome was rated as either ‘low’, ‘unclear’ or ‘high’ risk of bias.
Results
A total of 19 studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising seven team sports including American Football (n = 1), Australian Football (n = 2), hockey (n = 1), rugby league (n = 4), rugby sevens (n = 3), rugby union (n = 2) and soccer (n = 6) with a total of 469 male participants (mean age: 18–29 years). Analysis showed only American Football reported a greater frequency of high (SMD = 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.43) and very high (SMD = 0.19; 95% CI − 0.42 to 0.80) intensity accelerations compared to decelerations. All other sports had a greater frequency of high and very high intensity decelerations compared to accelerations, with soccer demonstrating the greatest difference for both the high (SMD = − 1.74; 95% CI − 1.28 to − 2.21) and very high (SMD = − 3.19; 95% CI − 2.05 to − 4.33) intensity categories. When examining the temporal changes from the first to the second half periods of match play, there was a small decrease in both the frequency of high and very high intensity accelerations (SMD = 0.50 and 0.49, respectively) and decelerations (SMD = 0.42 and 0.46, respectively). The greatest risk of bias (40% ‘high’ risk of bias) observed across studies was in the ‘data collection’ procedures. The lowest risk of bias (35% ‘low’ risk of bias) was found in the development of a ‘normative profile’.
Conclusions
To ensure that elite players are optimally prepared for the high-intensity accelerations and decelerations imposed during competitive match play, it is imperative that players are exposed to comparable demands under controlled training conditions. The results of this meta-analysis, accordingly, can inform practical training designs. Finally, guidelines and recommendations for conducting future research, using global positioning system devices, are suggested.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the interchangeability of position tracking metrics obtained using global positioning systems (GPS) versus those obtained by a semi-automatic high definition (HD) optical camera system.
Methods: Data was collected from a cohort of 29 elite football players (age: 23.1 ± 5.1 years, height: 180.4 ± 5.8 cm, mass: 74.6 ± 6.7 kg) in four matches played in four different stadiums. In two matches 10 Hz GPS (GPS-1, StatSports, Belfast, UK) were used, while in the other two matches augmented 10 Hz GPS (GPS-2, StatSports, Belfast, UK) were used. All four matches were analysed concomitantly using six semi-automated HD motion cameras sampling at 25 Hz (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, USA).
Results: Mean bias was between 6% and 10% for GPS-1 and 1–4% for GPS-2, respectively. No proportional bias was found (p > 0.184). The SEE within calibration functions (expressed in % to mean) was between 5% and 22% for GPS-1 and 4–14% for GPS-2. While some significant differences existed between GPS-1 and TRACAB (total distance and high-speed), positional tracking variables were highly correlated between GPS-1, GPS-2 and TRACAB (r²> 0.92) with GPS-2 displaying stronger correlations (> r² = 0.96).
Conclusion: In the present study augmented GPS technology (GPS-2) and the TRACAB camera system provided interchangeable measures of positional tracking metrics to allow concurrent assessment and monitoring of training and competition in football players. However, we recommend practitioners evaluate their own systems to identify where errors exist, calculate and apply the regression equations to confidently interchange data.
Coaches, footballers and researchers agree that offensive transitions are one of the most important moments in football today. In a sport where defense over attack dominates, with low scores on the scoreboard, the importance of these actions from the offensive point of view becomes very important. Despite this, scientific literature is still very limited on this topic. Therefore, the objectives set out in the present investigation have been two: first, by means of a proportion analysis and the application of a chi-square test, it was intended to describe the possible differences between the offensive transitions made in the UEFA Euro 2008 and UEFA Euro 2016; then, through different multivariate analyzes based on logistic regression models, it was intended to know the possible differences among the proposed models. Using observational methodology as a methodological filter, 1,533 offensive transitions corresponding to the observation of the quarter final, semifinal, and final quarter of UEFA Euro 2008 and UEFA Euro 2016 have been analyzed. The results obtained have shown that offensive transitions between both championships have changed throughout both UEFA Euro, as well as some of the variables or behaviors associated with them (p < 0.05). The predictive models considered, although they have been developed from the same predictor variables, have also yielded different results for both championships, evidencing predictive differences among themselves. These results allow to corroborate that the offensive phase in high level football, specifically in what refers to moments of transition defense-attack, have evolved over these 8 years. At the applied level, the results of this research allow coaches to have current and contemporary information on these actions, potentially allowing them to improve their offensive performance during competition.
Objective:
Sport research often requires human motion capture of an athlete. It can, however, be labour-intensive and difficult to select the right system, while manufacturers report on specifications which are determined in set-ups that largely differ from sport research in terms of volume, environment and motion. The aim of this review is to assist researchers in the selection of a suitable motion capture system for their experimental set-up for sport applications. An open online platform is initiated, to support (sport)researchers in the selection of a system and to enable them to contribute and update the overview.
Design:
systematic review; Method: Electronic searches in Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were performed, and the reference lists of the screened articles were scrutinised to determine human motion capture systems used in academically published studies on sport analysis.
Results:
An overview of 17 human motion capture systems is provided, reporting the general specifications given by the manufacturer (weight and size of the sensors, maximum capture volume, environmental feasibilities), and calibration specifications as determined in peer-reviewed studies. The accuracy of each system is plotted against the measurement range.
Conclusion:
The overview and chart can assist researchers in the selection of a suitable measurement system. To increase the robustness of the database and to keep up with technological developments, we encourage researchers to perform an accuracy test prior to their experiment and to add to the chart and the system overview (online, open access).
Time–motion analysis is a valuable data-collection technique used to quantify the physical match performance of elite soccer players. For over 40 years researchers have adopted a ‘traditional’ approach when evaluating match demands by simply reporting the distance covered or time spent along a motion continuum of walking through to sprinting. This methodology quantifies physical metrics in isolation without integrating other factors and this ultimately leads to a one-dimensional insight into match performance. Thus, this commentary proposes a novel ‘integrated’ approach that focuses on a sensitive physical metric such as high-intensity running but contextualizes this in relation to key tactical activities for each position and collectively for the team. In the example presented, the ‘integrated’ model clearly unveils the unique high-intensity profile that exists due to distinct tactical roles, rather than one-dimensional ‘blind’ distances produced by ‘traditional’ models. Intuitively this innovative concept may aid the coaches understanding of the physical performance in relation to the tactical roles and instructions given to the players. Additionally, it will enable practitioners to more effectively translate match metrics into training and testing protocols. This innovative model may well aid advances in other team sports that incorporate similar intermittent movements with tactical purpose. Evidence of the merits and application of this new concept are needed before the scientific community accepts this model as it may well add complexity to an area that conceivably needs simplicity.
Background
Evolving patterns of match analysis research need to be systematically reviewed regularly since this area of work is burgeoning rapidly and studies can offer new insights to performance analysts if theoretically and coherently organized. Objective
The purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of published articles on match analysis in adult male football, identify and organize common research topics, and synthesize the emerging patterns of work between 2012 and 2016, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Methods
The Web of Science database was searched for relevant published studies using the following keywords: ‘football’ and ‘soccer’, each one associated with the terms ‘match analysis’, ‘performance analysis’, ‘notational analysis’, ‘game analysis’, ‘tactical analysis’ and ‘patterns of play’. ResultsOf 483 studies initially identified, 77 were fully reviewed and their outcome measures extracted and analyzed. Results showed that research mainly focused on (1) performance at set pieces, i.e. corner kicks, free kicks, penalty kicks; (2) collective system behaviours, captured by established variables such as team centroid (geometrical centre of a set of players) and team dispersion (quantification of how far players are apart), as well as tendencies for team communication (establishing networks based on passing sequences), sequential patterns (predicting future passing sequences), and group outcomes (relationships between match-related statistics and final match scores); and (3) activity profile of players, i.e. playing roles, effects of fatigue, substitutions during matches, and the effects of environmental constraints on performance, such as heat and altitude. Conclusion
From the previous review, novel variables were identified that require new measurement techniques. It is evident that the complexity engendered during performance in competitive soccer requires an integrated approach that considers multiple aspects. A challenge for researchers is to align these new measures with the needs of the coaches through a more integrated relationship between coaches and researchers, to produce practical and usable information that improves player performance and coach activity.
THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE PROCESSES THAT ARE UNDERTAKEN BY THE CONDITIONING COACHES OF ELITE SOCCER CLUBS WHEN PLANNING THE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR PROFESSIONAL PLAYERS. TO SUCCESSFULLY MANAGE THE TRAINING REQUIREMENTS OF A SQUAD OF PLAYERS THROUGHOUT A SEASON, IT IS IMPORTANT TO STRUCTURE TRAINING APPROPRIATELY USING STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDUAL NEEDS OF PLAYERS, ENSURING THAT THOSE REQUIREMENTS ARE MET WITHIN THE CONSTRAINTS OF THE ANNUAL CALENDAR. THE OVERALL AIM IS TO MAXIMIZE SQUAD AVAILABILITY WHILE OPTIMIZING PLAYER READINESS FOR MATCHES, ENSURING THAT EACH PLAYER HAS THE PHYSICAL CAPABILITY TO IMPLEMENT THE REQUIRED TACTICS SUCCESSFULLY.
The aim of the present study is to examine how various playing positions and end result (i.e. won, drawn or lost match) affect the total covered distance and distances covered at low and high-intensity by German Bundesliga soccer players. Match performance data were collected from 350 soccer players competing in the German Bundesliga during the 2014/2015 domestic season. A total of 4393 individual match observations were undertaken on outfield players. The analysis was carried out using the Impire AG motion analysis system recording all movements of players in all 306 matches. The examined variables included total distance covered and distance covered in low-intensity and high-intensity running. The analysis of distance covered at high intensity shows that central defenders and fullbacks covered shorter distances in won matches than in lost matches (p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, forwards covered significantly longer distances in won matches than in drawn and lost matches (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate the importance of considering match outcome and playing positions in the assessment of physical aspects of soccer players' performance.
Background Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are common within the Australian Football League (AFL) with most occurring during high-speed running (HSR). Therefore, this study investigated possible relationships between mean session running distances, session ratings of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and HSIs within AFL footballers.
Methods Global positioning system (GPS)-derived running distances and s-RPE for all matches and training sessions over two AFL seasons were obtained from one AFL team. All HSIs were documented and each player's running distances and s-RPE were standardised to their 2-yearly session average, then compared between injured and uninjured players in the 4 weeks (weeks −1, −2, −3 and −4) preceding each injury.
Results Higher than ‘typical’ (ie, z=0) HSR session means were associated with a greater likelihood of HSI (week −1: OR=6.44, 95% CI=2.99 to 14.41, p<0.001; summed weeks −1 and −2: OR=3.06, 95% CI=2.03 to 4.75, p<0.001; summed weeks −1, −2 and −3: OR=2.22, 95% CI=1.66 to 3.04, p<0.001; and summed weeks −1, −2, −3 and −4: OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.54 to 2.51, p<0.001). However, trivial differences were observed between injured and uninjured groups for standardised s-RPE, total distance travelled and distances covered whilst accelerating and decelerating. Increasing AFL experience was associated with a decreased HSI risk (OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.97, p=0.02). Furthermore, HSR data modelling indicated that reducing mean distances in week −1 may decrease the probability of HSI.
Conclusions Exposing players to large and rapid increases in HSR distances above their 2-yearly session average increased the odds of HSI. However, reducing HSR in week −1 may offset HSI risk.
This study aimed to investigate the impact of mental fatigue on soccer-specific decision-making. Twelve well-trained male soccer players performed a soccer-specific decision-making task on two occasions, separated by at least 72 h. The decision-making task was preceded in a randomised order by 30 min of the Stroop task (mental fatigue) or 30 min of reading from magazines (control). Subjective ratings of mental fatigue were measured before and after treatment, and mental effort (referring to treatment) and motivation (referring to the decision-making task) were measured after treatment. Performance on the soccer-specific decision-making task was assessed using response accuracy and time. Visual search behaviour was also assessed throughout the decision-making task. Subjective ratings of mental fatigue and effort were almost certainly higher following the Stroop task compared to the magazines. Motivation for the upcoming decision-making task was possibly higher following the Stroop task. Decision-making accuracy was very likely lower and response time likely higher in the mental fatigue condition. Mental fatigue had unclear effects on most visual search behaviour variables. The results suggest that mental fatigue impairs accuracy and speed of soccer-specific decision-making. These impairments are not likely related to changes in visual search behaviour.
Abstract
Training load (TL) is monitored with the aim of making evidence-based decisions on appropriate loading schemes to reduce injuries and enhance team performance. However little is known in detail about the variables of load and methods analysis used in high level football. Therefore the aim of this study was to provide information on the practices and perceptions of monitoring in professional clubs. Eighty two high-level football clubs from Europe, the United States and Australia were invited to answer questions relating to (1) how TL is quantified; (2) how players’ responses are monitored, and (3) their perceptions of the effectiveness of monitoring. Forty one responses were received. All teams used GPS and heart rate monitors during all training sessions and 28 used RPE. The top 5 ranking TL variables were; acceleration (various thresholds), total distance, distance covered above 5.5 m·s-1,estimated metabolic power, and heart rate exertion. Players’ responses to training are monitored using questionnaires (68% of clubs) and submaximal exercise protocols (41%). Differences in expected vs. actual effectiveness of monitoring were 23% and 20% for injury prevention and performance enhancement respectively (P<0.001 d=1.0 to 1.4). Of the perceived barriers to effectiveness, “limited human resources” scored highest, followed by “coach buy-in”. The discrepancy between expected and actual effectiveness appears to be due to suboptimal integration with coaches, insufficient human resources and concerns over the reliability of assessment tools. Future approaches should critically evaluate the usefulness of current monitoring tools and explore methods of reducing the identified barriers to effectiveness.
With the advancements in player tracking technology, the topic of fatigue and pacing in team sport has become increasingly popular in recent years. Initially based upon a pre-conceived pacing schema, a central metabolic control system is proposed to guide the movement of players during team sport matches, which can be consciously modified based on afferent signals from the various physiological systems and in response to environmental cues. On the basis of this theory, coupled with the collective findings from motion-analysis research, we sought to define the different pacing strategies employed by team sport players. Whole-match players adopt a 'slow-positive' pacing profile (gradual decline in total running intensity), which appears to be global across the different team sports. High-intensity movement also declines in a 'slow-positive' manner across most team sport matches. The duration of the exercise bout appears to be important for the selected exercise intensity, with the first introduction to a match as a substitute or interchange player resulting in a 'one bout, all out' strategy. In a limited interchange environment, a second introduction to the match results in a 'second-bout reserve' strategy; otherwise, the 'one bout, all out' strategy is likely to be adopted. These pacing profiles are proposed to reflect the presence of a central regulator that controls the movement intensity of the player to optimize performance, as well as avoiding the harmful failure of any physiological system. The presence of 'temporary fatigue' reflects this process, whereby exercise intensity is consciously modulated from within the framework of a global pacing schema.
This study examined the evolution of physical and technical soccer performance across a 7-season period in the English Premier League. Match performance observations (n=14700), collected using a multiple-camera computerised tracking system and controlled for season, phase of season, position and standard were analysed for emergent trends. Total distance covered during a match was ~2% lower in 2006-07 compared to 2012-13. Across seven seasons, high-intensity running distance increased by ~30% (890±299 vs 1151 ± 337 m, p<0.001; ES: 0.82) and high-intensity running actions by ~50% (118±36 vs 176±46, p<0.001; ES: 1.41). Sprint distance increased by ~35% across the timeframe (232±114 vs 350±139 m, p<0.001; ES: 0.93) with a concomitant increase in the number of sprints (31±14 vs 57±20, p<0.001; ES: 1.46). Mean sprint distance was shorter in 2012-13 compared to 2006-07 (5.9±0.8 vs 6.9±1.3 m, p<0.001; ES: 0.91), with the proportion of explosive sprints increasing (34±11 vs 47±9%, p<0.001; ES: 1.31). Players performed ~40% more passes (35±17 vs 25±13, p<0.001; ES: 0.66), with a greater percentage of successful passes in 2012-13 compared to 2006-07 (83±10% vs 76±13%, p<0.001; ES: 0.60). The increased number of short and medium passes followed a similar pattern to total passes (p<0.001; ES>0.6), whereas the number of long passes varied little between seasons (p<0.001; ES: 0.11). This data demonstrates evolution of physical and technical parameters in the English Premier League, and could be used to aid talent identification, training preparation and injury prevention.
Abstract The main focus of this paper was to review the available literature on match analysis in adult male football. The most common research topics were identified, their methodologies described and the evolutionary tendencies of this research area systematised. A systematic review of Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Knowledge database was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. The following keywords were used: football and soccer, each one associated with the terms: match analysis, performance analysis, notational analysis, game analysis, tactical analysis and patterns of play. Of 2732 studies initially identified, only 53 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures abstracted and analysed. Studies that fit all inclusion criteria were organised according to their research design as descriptive, comparative or predictive. Results showed that 10 studies focused predominantly on a description of technical, tactical and physical performance variables. From all comparative studies, the dependent variables more frequently used were "playing position" and "competitive level". Even though the literature stresses the importance of developing predictive models of sports performance, only few studies (n = 8) have focused on modelling football performance. Situational variables like game location, quality of opposing teams, match status and match half have been progressively included as object of research, since they seem to work as effective covariables of football performance. Taking into account the limitations of the reviewed studies, future research should provide comprehensive operational definitions for the studied variables, use standardised categories and description of activities and participants, and consider integrating the situational and interactional contexts into the analysis of football performance.
Abstract The purposes of this study were to characterise the total space covered and the distances between players within teams over ten Brazilian First Division Championship matches. Filmed recordings, combined with a tracking system, were used to obtain the trajectories of the players (n = 277), before and after half-time. The team surface area (the area of the convex hull formed by the positions of the players) and spread (the Frobenius norm of the distance-between-player matrix) were calculated as functions of time. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was applied to each time series. The median frequency was then calculated. The results of the surface area time series median frequencies for the first half (0.63 ± 0.10 cycles · min(-1)) were significantly greater (P < 0.01) than the second-half values (0.47 ± 0.14 cycles · min(-1)). Similarly, the spread variable median frequencies for the first half (0.60 ± 0.14 cycles · min(-1)) were significantly greater (P < 0.01) than the second-half values (0.46 ± 0.16 cycles · min(-1)). The median frequencies allowed the characterisation of the time series oscillations that represent the speed at which players distribute and then compact their team formation during a match. This analysis can provide insights that allow coaches to better control the team organisation on the pitch.
There is a need for a collective variable that captures the dynamics of team sports like soccer at match level. The centroid positions and surface areas of two soccer teams potentially describe the coordinated flow of attacking and defending in small-sided soccer games at team level. The aim of the present study was to identify an overall game pattern by establishing whether the proposed variables were linearly related between teams over the course of the game. In addition, we tried to identify patterns in the build-up of goals. A positive linear relation and a negative linear relation were hypothesized for the centroid positions and surface areas respectively. Finally, we hypothesized that deviations from these patterns are present in the build-up of goals. Ten young male elite soccer players (mean age 17.3, s=0.7) played three small-sided soccer games (4-a-side) of 8 minutes as part of their regular training routine. An innovative player tracking system, local position measurement (LPM), was used for obtaining player positions at 45 Hz per player. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the proposed linear relation of the key variables. Correlation coefficients indicate a strong positive linear relation during a whole game for the centroid position in all three games, with the strongest relation for the forward-backward direction (r>0.94). For 10 out of 19 goals a crossing of the centroids in this direction can be seen. No negative linear relation was found for surface area (−0.01 < r
This short communication considers the calculation of player speed from tracking data. Whereas there are many player tracking systems, all rely on the collection of Cartesian coordinates corresponding to the players on the pitch. From these Cartesian coordinates, there are many ways that one could approximate player speed and acceleration. We introduce some simple principles from exploratory data analysis, which help yield more reliable speed calculations. The general principles are illustrated on various player tracking systems.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement between match-derived running load outputs; total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR) and sprint distance (SPR) obtained by two optical tracking systems.
Methods:
Data were collected from 31 elite footballers from the first team and under-21 squads of an English Premier League (EPL) football club across three competitive matches. One EPL game (game 2) and one under-21 Premier League game (game 3) were played at the team's home stadium and one EPL game (game 1) at an away venue. All matches were tracked concomitantly using eight colour cameras sampling at 10 Hz (PROZONE®) and six high-definition motion cameras sampling at 25 Hz (TRACAB®).
Results:
TD displayed a perfect (r = 0.99) correlation while HSR and SPR displayed very large (r = 0.81 and r = 0.73) correlations between TRACAB® and PROZONE®. Mean biases were 5% for TD, -3% for HSR and 61% for SPR. Between games, mean biases for TD were 6% for game 1, and 5% for game 2 and game 3. For HSR, 9% for game 1, -5% for game 2 and 6% for game 3 and for SPR, 31% for game 1, 71% for game 2 and 84% for game 3.
Conclusion:
TD and HSR can be interchanged between PROZONE® and TRACAB®, to allow accurate interpretation between the two optical systems. PROZONE® overestimated SPR compared to the TRACAB®, with the magnitude of difference considered meaningful, altering interpretation of historical match outputs, sprint volume trends in the EPL and forecasts of the modern game.
To account for the individual intensity of locomotion tasks, individualised speed thresholds have been proposed as an alternative to global speed thresholds. Methodologies to determine individual speed thresholds have typically been laboratory based, time consuming and expensive, rendering them inappropriate for applied practitioners working with large squads. The current investigation utilised easy to administer field tests to individualise speed thresholds. The aim was to investigate differences between high-speed locomotion measured using global and individual speed thresholds. Nineteen, male, professional soccer players completed maximum sprint and maximum aerobic speed protocols and were divided into groups dependent upon maximum aerobic speed performance (high, medium and low). Locomotion data were collected using portable Global Positioning System units and analysed using global and individual analysis methods to determine distances travelled performing high-speed running, very high-speed running and sprinting. In low athletes, the individual analysis method produced significantly higher percentages of high-speed running, very high-speed running and sprinting compared to global (mean differences 7.8%, 6.1% and 1.7%, respectively, all p < 0.001). In medium athletes, no significant differences were found between analysis methods for high-speed running and very high-speed running. In high athletes, the individual analysis method produced significantly lower high-speed running and very high-speed running percentages compared to global (mean differences 11.0% and 6.8%, p < 0.001). Results concluded that global thresholds produced high-speed locomotion percentages significantly higher or lower than individual thresholds for 47% of athletes. The current investigation recommends the use of field tests to individualise speed thresholds, allowing applied practitioners to accurately quantify individual athlete intensity.
This study aimed to identify changes in tactical, physical and physiological performances in large-sided games during the preseason of elite footballers. Thirty professional football players participated in several GK+8vs.8+GK large-sided games across the first four weeks of the season. Players were monitored by GPS units and heart rate monitors to quantify physical, physiological and tactical performances. The variables were compared according to the preseason period, players’ positioning and professional experience. The training situation promoted similar physiological responses during the first and the last training period. However, players were revealed to have higher levels of positional synchronization during the last preseason period, indicating an improved tactical performance. Tactical variables seem to reflect the improvement of players’ performance during the preseason, measured in large-sided games situation, while affecting both physical and physiological demands. These results highlight the potential of positioning derived variables, concurrently to physical and physiological variables, for football training optimization.
Purpose:
The aim of the study was to examine the ways playing positions and match outcome (i.e. win, draw, loss) affect the sprint distance covered and the number of sprints performed by German Bundesliga soccer players.
Methods:
Match performance data were collected from 350 soccer players competing in the German Bundesliga during the 2014/2015 domestic season. A total of 4393 individual match observations were undertaken on outfield players. The analysis was carried using the Impire AG motion analysis system with records of all movements of players in all the 306 matches. The recorded variables included total sprint distance covered and the total number of sprints in offensive and defensive play. The conformity assessment was carried out with the Shapiro-Wilk test (p ≤ 0.01). To compare mean values of the examined variables a two-way ANOVA was used. The differences between pairs of means were verified with Fisher's LSD.
Results:
The analysis of the covered sprint distance and the number of performed sprints showed that central defenders and full-backs covered shorter distances in won matches than in lost matches (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, forwards and wide midfielders covered significantly longer sprint distances in won matches than in lost matches (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusions:
The match outcome may be viewed as a measure of performance accomplishment and, hence, it may influence the sprinting efforts made by players.
Statistical guidelines and expert statements are now available to assist in the analysis and reporting of studies in some biomedical disciplines. We present here a more progressive resource for sample-based studies, meta-analyses, and case studies in sports medicine and exercise science. We offer forthright advice on the following controversial or novel issues: using precision of estimation for inferences about population effects in preference to null-hypothesis testing, which is inadequate for assessing clinical or practical importance; justifying sample size via acceptable precision or confidence for clinical decisions rather than via adequate power for statistical significance; showing SD rather than SEM, to better communicate the magnitude of differences in means and nonuniformity of error; avoiding purely nonparametric analyses, which cannot provide inferences about magnitude and are unnecessary; using regression statistics in validity studies, in preference to the impractical and biased limits of agreement; making greater use of qualitative methods to enrich sample-based quantitative projects; and seeking ethics approval for public access to the depersonalized raw data of a study, to address the need for more scrutiny of research and better meta-analyses. Advice on less contentious issues includes the following: using covariates in linear models to adjust for confounders, to account for individual differences, and to identify potential mechanisms of an effect; using log transformation to deal with nonuniformity of effects and error; identifying and deleting outliers; presenting descriptive, effect, and inferential statistics in appropriate formats; and contending with bias arising from problems with sampling, assignment, blinding, measurement error, and researchers' prejudices. This article should advance the field by stimulating debate, promoting innovative approaches, and serving as a useful checklist for authors, reviewers, and editors.
Comparison of goal scoring patterns in "The Big Five
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