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Albania, a country with unexpected, intraspecific genetic variability in butterflies (Papilionoidea : Nymphalidae & Lycaenidae) Balancing on a tightrope between species, subspecies, ESU’s and haplotypes

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The recent publication of the intraspecific genetic variation for Western Palearctic butterflies is a milestone for the identification and protection of hidden diversity. This research includes 87 taxa from Albania, some of which being highlighted in this article that also discusses the recent discovery of a hitherto unknown Albanian population in the cryptic group of the anomalous blues (Agrodiaetus). The Mirdita ophiolite belt in the inner Albanides is often involved in these putative evolutionary significant units. More research is needed to better document their taxonomic level without losing time for conservation efforts. Résumé La publication récente sur la variation génétique intraspécifique des papillons de la région Paléarctique occidentale est une étape importante pour l'identification et la protection de la diversité cryptique. Cette étude comprend 87 taxons d'Albanie, dont certains sont mis en évidence dans cet article qui traite également de la découverte récente d'une population albanaise jusque-là inconnue dans le groupe cryptique des Agrodiaetus bruns. La zone d'ophiolites de Mirdita dans les Albanides internes est souvent impliquée dans ces unités significatives évolutives potentielles. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour mieux documenter leur niveau taxinomique mais sans négliger les préoccu-pations de conservation.
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
     
 
       
       
       
       
      
Agrodiaetus
        





     

      

       

       
      
-
 Agrodiaetus     
      
     

      


--
Boloria euphrosyneMelitaea athalia
Pseudochazara tisiphonePseudochazara amymone
PolyommatusAgrodiaetus




 -     
       
 
     

      
     et al.





-


©
 
ALBANIA: INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIABILITY IN BUTTERFLIES
       
   

      
    et al

      

      


      






       
  
 
      

  
      

   
     

      
      
       

         
      
      





      



         

     

        

      
     
    
     

  



      

        
        

     


      
     
     

       
      

      



     
      
     



Homo sapiens
        
     



    







     
      
et al


Agrodiaetus
     

    

     

 

Boloria euphrosyne   
Melitaea athalia    
     

Boloria euphrosyne    
     
        
     
       

   - 
     
       
        


       

          
      

       
      

Melitaea athalia   
 
       
   et al   
-M. athalia
     
M. athaliaMelitaea celadussa
   et al   
    
-

athalia-celadussa
-    M. athalia  M. cela-
dussaM. atha-
lia     - 
     
      
 et al      

     
 
       

     

     
Pseudochazara
  

       Pseudo-
chazara tisiphone    Pseudochazara
amymone  -     
    - 
     
 


Pseudochazara tisiphone 
     
       
     
      

  P. tisiphone    

et al   

et al
      
-
 

        
 P. tisipho-
ne 
-
       
       

       
 




       

      
Pseudochazara


 
    

    Pseudochazara amy-
mone -
      

        
      
ALBANIA: INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIABILITY IN BUTTERFLIES
Pseudochazara tisiphone
Pseudochazara amymone
©
ALBANIA: INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIABILITY IN BUTTERFLIES
Melitaea athalia
M athalia
M athalia
M athalia
Pseudochazara tisiphone©
Ptisiphone
Ptisiphone

Ptisiphone©
Boloria euphrosyne
B. euphrosyne
B. euphrosyne
B. euphrosyne
 


 


   
    P. amymone 

P. tisiphone
       
 
       
  P. amymone    
P. tisiphone

      
  -   
       P.
amymone      
locus typicus

      

   Agrodiaetus 


       
  Agrodi-
aetus
       


     


       Polyom-
matus admetus    Polyommatus
ripartii     
       
 
      
     
  et al  
   Agrodiaetus   

Polyommatus lurae

 Agrodiaetus   
    
    
    
Polyommatus aroaniensis   
   -
P. ripartii  et al  P. aroan-
iensis      
       
     
Polyommatus
orphicus 

   -     

     
    P. admetus P.
ripartii  Polyommatus timfristos 
     
      
ripar-
tii-    aroaniensis- 
     
  P.ripartii  P.timfristos 
      


     P. adme-
tus        

     Agrodiaetus
        
     
      
Agrodiaetus
Pseudochazara amymone©
Pamymone©
. ♀Pamymone©
ALBANIA: INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIABILITY IN BUTTERFLIES
 




  P. admetus  P. ripartii
 
    P. aroaniensis
P. nephohiptamenos

      
    P. aroaniensis 
      
       
      

P. ripartiiP. aroaniensis

    

Agrodi-
aetus 
    Agrodiaetus  

        
    


    
       
et al
       
     
 -
ALBANIA: INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIABILITY IN BUTTERFLIES
Polyommatus orphicus P. lurae
P. aroaniensis aroaniensis-

©
Polyommatus lurae
Polyommatus aroaniensis aroaniensis-



Polyommatus orphicus



    Leptidea 
Lysandra
Lysandra coridon 

et
al      
 L. coridon

graecus-
 Leptideasinapis   
 

      et al 
 


        
LysandraLeptidea

 
       
 Agrodiaetus
       
    
     
    Agrodiaetus  
     

       
P. aroaniensis
      
aroaniensis-
timfristos-
orphicus -lurae-
  aroaniensis    

      
et al
et al
P. aroaniensis
et al P.
aroaniensis

        
      
       

       

P. aroaniensis     
et al.,
     

P. lurae
et al

         
--     
       

     
      P. aroan-
iensis-     
      

     

     
P. orphicus   P. lurae   
P. aroaniensis  -
 
   aroaniensis-   


        
      -
P. aroaniensis
      
       
P. aroaniensis      
P. orphicus

aroaniensis-     
P. admetusP. ripartii

        
      

      aroaniensis-


      
et alP. aroan-
iensis     P. ripartii
 P. damon   P. aroaniensis 
    aroaniensis  
      
A. adme-
tus  A. ripartii      
et al
       
aroaniensis
P. aroaniensis
      P. lurae  
      





      
       
        
 (2003):    

ALBANIA: INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIABILITY IN BUTTERFLIES
   Agrodiaetus  
”.      


P. luraeorphicus
     


    Agrodiaetus 
  -    -
      
       
       

      Celastrina
     


     Agrodiaetus 
     

    
     



     
      
P. aroaniensis

       
    P.aroaniensis  





B. euphrosyneM. athaliaP. tisiphone
  Agrodiaetus   
      




   P. amymone  P.
tisiphone
      
     

 

      




        

      
    
 
       


   B. euphrosyne
-

-
   M. athalia  
 - 

-
  -Pseudochazara
      Entomolo-
gists Gazette 1976, 27 : 8590.
  -
    
Polyommatus Lysandra coridon  
Phegea 2001, 29 (2) : 63-
71.
      
- 
        
   Phegea 2018,
46 (2) : 48-69.
  -      
     Phegea 2021, 49
(3) : 129-133.
      
  -      
        
Buletini
i Shkencave te Natyres, Tirana university 2022 (2023),
32 : 5-31.





     - 
      
-
     Global
Ecology and Biogeography 2022, 00, 17.


     - 
      
   -
     Global
Ecology and Biogeography 2022, 00, 17. Appendix
S1.
ALBANIA: INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIABILITY IN BUTTERFLIES


---
   -
  Lysandra coridon   An-
nales de la Société entomologique de France 1969, 5
(2) : 469532.
 
      
    - 

Journal of Evolutionary Biolo-
gy 2013, 26 : 2095-2106.

       
-
       -  
     

Communications Biology. 4, 315. 
---
  -    Pseudo-
chazara mamurra amymone   -
   Nachrichten des
Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (NF) 2012, 33 : 1-4.
   -The Tectonic Map of
Republic of Albania at scale 1:200000  
   

     

-   Agrodiaetus  
     
        
-α:     
Systematic Biology 2004, 53 (2) : 278-298.
       -
     Polyommatus
(Agrodiaetus) aroaniensis  
       
Phegea 1997, 25 (1) : 35-40.
  -Distribution of Butterflies and Skippers
in Europe (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera, Grypocera). 24
years Mapping European Butterflies (19952019),
Final Report     

  -Systema naturae per regna tria natu-
rae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum
characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 
 

  -      
   Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus)
aroaniensis     
Natura croatica 2016, 25 (1) : 119-129.

      -

      
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2018, 115 (41)

-
     
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        
 -     
Celastrina  Entomological Science
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-New Maps WGS84 of distribution

 -
 
      
    Polyom-
matus   Comparative Cytogenetics
2022, 16 (4) : 211242.

        
 
   -    
      
Genes 2021, 122009.

       
  --
    
Agrodiaetus    
 Biological Jour-
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    
-
    
Comparative Cytogenetics
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  -Chromosome differentiation and the
radiation of the butterfly subgenus Agrodiaetus
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lar phylogenetic approach    

--
  -ITS2 

       Agrodiaetus
 Polyommatus BMC Evo-
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---
ALBANIA: INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIABILITY IN BUTTERFLIES
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Article
Full-text available
Motivation: Butterflies represent a model in biology and a flagship group for invertebrate conservation. We provide four new resources for the Western Palaearctic butterflies: (1) an updated checklist comprising 552 species; (2) a curated dataset of 32,126 mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences for 532 species, including a de novo reference library for the Maghreb (Morocco, northern Algeria and Tunisia) and Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands); (3) seven indexes of intraspecific genetic variation (IGV): observed and expected number of haplotypes, haplotype and nucleotide diversity, two fixation indexes and maximum p-distance; and (4) species-level maps illustrating the distribution of COI variability and haplotype networks. The updated checklist will be fundamental for any application dealing with butterfly diversity in the Western Palaearctic. The IGV indexes provide measures for genetic polymorphism and spatial structure and represent proxies for dispersal capacity. These resources will facilitate comparative studies of macrogenetics, foster integrative taxonomy and aid conservation strategies. Main types of variables contained: A complete species checklist in table format, 32,126 mitochondrial DNA barcodes provided with metadata (species membership, WGS84 coordinates and sequence length) and a book in PDF format, including the IGV atlas and indexes, are provided. Spatial location and grain The checklist encompasses Europe up to the Urals in the east, north Macaronesia (the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands) and the Maghreb (Morocco, northern Algeria and Tunisia). COI sequences have been retained in the geographical interval of −31.3 to 67.5° of longitude and 27.5–71.2° of latitude. Time period and grain: COI sequences originate from studies published between 1998 and 2022 and from de novo sequencing of 2541 specimens done between 2007 and 2022. Major taxa and level of measurement: Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), analysed from individual to species level. Software format: Data and functions to manage the dataset are provided in the iodatabase R package (https://github.com/leondap/iodatabase) and in Dryad (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9w0vt4bjj).
Article
A review of the new version (2021) of "The Butterflies of Greece" by Lazaros Pamperis is presented. A comparison is made with the previous versions (2009 & 2018). Is this a new landmark making the new information a source of additional and more reliable data for Greece? The increased number of records (60%) and geographical coverage (30%) is important. It is regrettable that the reliability of the data remains unsatisfactory.
-A review of the genus Pseudochazara de Lesse
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