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Abstract

Purpose There is limited research on the behavior of different categories of space tourists as identified by different types of space tourism. To address this deficiency, the purpose of this study is to examine what factors make consumers participate in orbital and/or suborbital space tourism, along with three dimensions of motivation, constraint and artificial intelligence. To achieve this study’s goals, a comprehensive research model was developed that included three dimensions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, intrapersonal and interpersonal constraint and awareness of and trust in artificial intelligence, in comparing orbital and suborbital space tourism groups. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire was carried out with respondents who wanted to participate in orbital ( n = 332) and suborbital ( n = 332) space tourism in the future. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, multi-group analysis and deep learning were used to understand potential space tourist behavior. Findings Extrinsic motivation has the greatest positive impact on behavioral intention, followed by awareness of and trust in artificial intelligence, while intrapersonal constraint strongly negatively affects behavioral intention. Surprisingly, interpersonal constraint is insignificant by partial least squares-structural equation modeling but is still one of sufficient causal configurations by fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Interestingly, the two types of space tourism have very distinct characteristics. Originality/value This study created a comprehensive integrated research model with three dimensions of motivation, constraint and artificial intelligence, along with potential orbital and suborbital space tourist groups, to identify future consumer behavior. Importantly, this study used multi-analysis methods using four different approaches to better shed light on potential orbital and suborbital space tourists.

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... This study collected data via Embrain, an online panel company based in South Korea that specializes in recruiting participants for market research and academic studies. Embrain, with the largest pool of panel members in South Korea, ensures high survey response rates through comprehensive panel management, facilitating the efficient and accurate implementation of various surveys (Kang and Kim, 2023;Kim et al., 2024). A thorough screening process ensured that only individuals aged 18 or above were recruited. ...
... In this study, we developed a three-layer ANN framework to analyze the dependent variable, which efficiently generates hidden neuron nodes, as illustrated in Figure 5. We allocated 70% of the dataset for training and 30% for testing purposes Kim et al., 2024). ...
... Among the three frameworks, Model B emerged as the most accurate, achieving a prediction accuracy of 64.3% (1relative error). Kim et al. (2024) suggested that endogenous variables are more accurately predicted using a deep learning-based AI method, indicating that Model B's prediction accuracy significantly surpasses that of PLS-SEM. This advantage is largely due to ANN's capability to recognize complex, nonlinear relationships through the application of the MLP approach and its layered architectural design. ...
Article
Accepted: Although tourists can now book trips directly using generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), it remains unclear whether the real-time travel information it provides is comprehensive and sufficiently trustworthy enough to make booking decisions. The present research addresses this gap by integrating media richness, trust transfer, and the value-based adoption model (VAM) to investigate the impact of varying levels of travel information richness (text-only, text-image, and text-image-audio) on the booking behaviors of tourists using GenAI such as ChatGPT. With data from 578 participants, we tested the proposed structural and configurational models using a multi-analytical approach. Our findings revealed that the three media richness levels yield both analogous and distinctive effects on tourist perceptions regarding benefits, costs, trust formation, and intentions in ChatGPT online travel booking. Specifically, the text-image group demonstrated the strongest links from media richness to trust in ChatGPT, perceived benefit to value, and ultimately value to increased booking intention. Our findings from configurational modeling confirm a significant opportunity to harness the power of AI-empowered platforms for online travel booking.
... The experience involves a few minutes of weightlessness and the sight of the Earth against the blackness of space. These journeys require less speed and are less expensive than orbital travel, and will thus be the most prominent area for space tourism in the coming years (Clash, 2022;Kim et al., 2023). Finally, travel beyond orbital space goes even further and may include experiences such as circling the moon or even flights to the Moon and Mars (Crouch, 2001;Toivonen, 2022). ...
... Space travel appeals to certain types of individuals. For example, Reddy et al. (2012) identified two distinct types-extreme sports enthusiasts and wealthy leisure travelers-while Kim et al. (2023) characterize various types of travelers interested in orbital and suborbital space tourism. According to them, young, educated, professional males comprise the main target group for orbital space tourism whereas older, married, highincome individuals define the suborbital group. ...
Chapter
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This chapter delves into the experiences of actual space travelers, focusing on their experiences along the journey. The underlying premise is that the experiences occurring in various phases of the journey—pre, during, and after—each play a crucial role in shaping the holistic travel experience. In order to gain in-depth insights regarding these experiences, a qualitative study was designed using mixed methods comprising three one-to-one interviews, analysis of published interviews with six space travel astronauts, and archival data. The study contributes with insights into the unique circumstances of space travel and lived experiences of such journeys. It also introduces the concept of “doozy tourism” to illustrate the specific nature of space tourism, which is here characterized as a niche of luxury tourism. Finally, it shows how experiences within space tourism are divided into four phases. The study also holds managerial implications for luxury space tourism.
... The experience involves a few minutes of weightlessness and the sight of the Earth against the blackness of space. These journeys require less speed and are less expensive than orbital travel, and will thus be the most prominent area for space tourism in the coming years (Clash, 2022;Kim et al., 2023). Finally, travel beyond orbital space goes even further and may include experiences such as circling the moon or even flights to the Moon and Mars (Crouch, 2001;Toivonen, 2022). ...
... Space travel appeals to certain types of individuals. For example, Reddy et al. (2012) identified two distinct types-extreme sports enthusiasts and wealthy leisure travelers-while Kim et al. (2023) characterize various types of travelers interested in orbital and suborbital space tourism. According to them, young, educated, professional males comprise the main target group for orbital space tourism whereas older, married, highincome individuals define the suborbital group. ...
... Various forms of space tourism exist, such as visiting astronomical museums; stargazing/planetarium; visiting spaceports/viewing rocket launches; VR experience of space traveling; high-altitude jet or balloon flights; short-duration sub-orbital space tourism; and orbital flights (Giachinoa et al., 2021;Hasegawa et al., 2018;Kim, Hall, Kwon, Hwang, & Kim, 2023;Reddy et al., 2012). However, although the characteristics of on-Earth, sub-orbital, and orbital space tourism are quite different from each other (Clash, 2022;Giachinoa et al., 2021;Spector, 2020), there are limited comparisons between them particularly in an Asian context (Chang et al., 2016;Clash, 2022). ...
... There is a prolonged history of research interest in commercial spaceflight tourism (Goodrich,1987;Olya & Han, 2020). Private space tourism, a key element in the commercialization of outer space, has emerged as a major industry (Kim, Hall, Kwon, Hwang, & Kim, 2023;Olya & Han, 2020. Space policy experts have advocated the evolution of space tourism as the primary method for significantly lowering the expenses associated with space travel systems (Kim, Hall, & Kwon, 2023d;. ...
Article
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Space tourism is a growing industry sector that faces challenges of cost, risk, environmental impact, and sustainability. However, few studies address space tourism in an Asian culture, particularly in the context of artificial intelligence (AI), which is an increasingly significant topic both in the tourism sector and in society overall. To address the research gap, this work establishes an analytical framework which contrasts three varieties of space tourism using partial least squares, multi-group analysis, and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. It surveyed 1,000 prospective space travelers from South Korean who are eager to take part in space tourism to examine AI's role in enhancing sustainable space tourism. Findings indicate that recognizing AI benefits are crucial for sustainable on-Earth, sub-orbital, and orbital space tourism, particularly the latter. The study offers both conceptual and applied knowledge to enhance the sustainability of space tourism.
... The most recent researches are those conducted by M. J. Kim, Hall, Chung, et al., (2023), M. J. Kim, Hall, Kwon, & Sohn (2023) and M. J. Kim, Hall, Kwon, Hwang, et al., (2023). Although they relate to tourist behaviour, they do not address the spatiotemporal perspective. ...
... AI has the potential to impact human behavior and decision-making (M. J. Kim, Hall, Kwon, Hwang, et al., 2023) and according to van Esch et al., (2022), the pandemic has accelerated the intrusion of AI in our lives. However, tourists continue to seek "human touch" in services as it enhances their subjective happiness. ...
... Space tourism is the voluntary movement of people who temporarily exit the Earth's atmosphere for leisure and recreational purposes (Duval & Hall, 2015). Still in its early stages following the successful space tourism launches of Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin, and SpaceX in 2021 and 2023, suborbital and orbital space tourism is generating substantial consumer, business and government interest (Kim, Hall, Kwon, Hwang, & Kim, 2023;Kim, Hall, Kwon, Sohn, & Kim, 2023;Virgin Galactic, 2023). The market of space tourism is predicted to be valued $7 billion USD by 2027 (Technavio, 2023). ...
... In this research note, an asymmetrical method (fsQCA) was used to examine the behavior of potential Korean space tourists, applying configurational modelling (Kim, Hall, Kwon, Hwang, & Kim, 2023). In order to gain richer results with sufficient configuration solutions and causal combinations as well as the analysis of necessary condition (evaluating the necessity of the perceived risks using the necessary conditions analysis), the impacts of perceived risks (physical, financial, privacy, and psychological) on behavioral intention were validated . ...
Article
Space tourism is an industry with risks including health and safety, space debris, biological hazards, and sustainability concerns. However, there is limited research on the perceived risk of participation in space tourism, particularly regarding age and gender differences. An integrated research model was created and tested with four perceived risk dimensions using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. A survey of 1,000 South Korean residents over 18 who wanted to participate in space tourism was conducted. Results show significant differences in perceived risks between senior and younger groups, as well as male and female respondents. These findings offer valuable insights for space tourism stakeholders.
... Sustainable mobility is the ability to move people and goods from one place to another in a way that minimizes negative impacts on the environment, while also promoting economic and social well-being (Hall et al., 2017;Neste, 2023). Sustainable mobility can be achieved through a variety of measures, such as promoting the use of public transport, encouraging walking and cycling, improving the energy efficiency of transport modes, and reducing private car use (Hall et al., 2017;Kim et al., 2023c). The use of renewable energy sources is also an important part of sustainable mobility (Neste, 2023;Tan & Lin, 2020). ...
... In asymmetric approaches (e.g. fsQCA), a high-scoring x (solution) is not necessarily associated with a high-scoring y (outcome variable) (Kim, Hall, Chung, et al., 2023a, 2023c. ...
Article
The study of public transport and tourism, especially domestic tourism, is relatively under-researched, particularly in relation to emerging transport technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), and environmental, social, and governance (ESG). To bridge this gap, an integrated research model is created and tested with ESG, air quality, climate change, and AI, applying multi-analysis methods of partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), multi-group analysis (MGA), and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) in an Asian context. The three methods provide a well-rounded perspective of the factors that influence tourists’ public transport use. Symmetric methods of SEM and MGA identifies key variables and their relationships, while the fsQCA reveals complex combinations of conditions. Results reveal that environmental and social ESG as well as climate change mitigation and sustainable mobility are significant for use of public transport by domestic tourists. High and low AI knowledge groups also have distinctive public transport use characteristics.
... Tourism, as an area of research, has expanded its scope, reflecting a growing recognition in the academic community, parallel to the application of interdisciplinary concepts and methods (Kim et al., 2024). Last years, cheese tourism has been characterised as a niche of food tourism, which has seen growing interest from academics worldwide (Ermolaev et al., 2019). ...
Chapter
Tourism is an activity strongly characterized by different motivations and specific interests. In this sense, tourist destinations and territorial stakeholders are paying attention to attributes (e.g. gastronomic heritage) as a preponderant element of territorial management and brand awareness (e.g. city marketing, place marketing, internal marketing, relationship marketing). Cheese tourism has been of particular interest to the marketing and tourism academic community. Portugal, and "Queijo da Serra" in particular , is a tourist product much appreciated by visitors and an important destination brand attribute in the Portuguese context. The chapter aims to present a brief theoretical and exploratory reflection of this product for the niche tourism literature (specifically, cheese tourism). From an embryonic perspective, the chapter presents insights for tourism, internal marketing and territorial management.
... Search engines (Carvalho and Ivanov, 2024) and social media (Azevedo, 2021) are two of the most important information sources for making such judgements. The pervasiveness and powerful computational capability of mobile technology (O'Connor, 2023), when combined with AI algorithms on the basis of tourists' behavioural characteristics (Li et al., 2021), make it possible for tourists to easily access information (Gonzalez et al., 2020), book online services or even make impromptu purchases (Kim et al., 2024). ...
Article
Purpose Amidst ongoing digital transformation, the current paper provides a 360-degree overview of technology-adoption in Tourism and Hospitality. By combining and consolidating a wide range of sources, mainly in the tourism literature, the analysis depicts how the complex technological ecosystem often enhances or hinders the successful adoption, integration and interoperability of different technologies. Design/methodology/approach The critical review method was used to assess, analyse and synthesise existing literature in the area of digitisation in tourism and hospitality. The critical review process included a thematic analysis of the literature, where recurring themes, patterns and trends were identified towards addressing the study’s research questions. Findings The analysis identifies current trends, opportunities, challenges and strategies for technology adoption in tourism and hospitality, the implications for theory, practicable executive directions and avenues for further research. Originality/value The paper’s main contribution lies in its comprehensive identification, consideration and incorporation of all primary contemporary technological elements, and the ensuing development of a corresponding conceptual charting framework, which illustrates a multifaceted process with practical implications for various stakeholders, including businesses, authorities, consumers and employees.
... An asymmetrical method was employed to analyse data in this study, since the asymmetrical way is useful for studying complex phenomena that are not well-explained by traditional statistical methods (Kim et al. 2023a;Thiem 2016). For example, fsQCA as an asymmetrical approach can identify causal relationships between variables even when the relationships are not linear or symmetrical (Kim et al. 2023c;Olya et al. 2023). Accordingly, fsQCA is ideal for studying phenomena such as social change, economic development, and political conflict (Olya 2023;Ragin 2017). ...
Article
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The purpose of this research is to examine the roles of benefits and awareness of AI, as well as the usefulness and knowledge of smart apps in shaping tourist public transport use in South Korea, considering senior and younger population segments and gender. This research utilizes a mixed-methods approach (partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), multigroup analysis (MGA), fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)), combining symmetric and asymmetric methods to explore the roles of AI and smart apps in influencing public transport usage among different age and gender groups for domestic tourism. The findings of this research provide key insights into the roles of AI and smart apps on tourist public transport usage, considering age and gender. Based on the PLS-SEM, smart app usefulness was the most important for participating in public transport, followed by AI benefits and smart app knowledge. While the benefits of AI are necessary for seniors and males, the usefulness of smart apps is recognized by all ages and genders. The benefits of AI and usefulness of smart apps are sufficient for all ages and genders, but other input variables differ. The use of PLS-SEM, MGA, and fsQCA allow for the identification of complex causal relationships and configurations among the variables of interest, revealing the specific AI and smart app features that cater to the unique needs and preferences of different demographic groups. Accepted
... In recent years, researchers have examined consumer behavior in relation to different types of space tourism (Kim et al., 2023a, b;Mehran et al., 2023;Paladini & Saha, 2023). Kim et al. (2023a) found that extrinsic motivation and trust in AI significantly boost consumers' intentions to participate in both orbital and suborbital space tourism, while intrapersonal constraints negatively affect these intentions, highlighting distinct differences between the two forms of space tourism. According to an Extended Model of Goal-Directed Behavior for space tourism, individual interventions had a significant effect on all model constructs, but organizational interventions exert a partial impact, thereby influencing behavioral intention differently depending on experience levels (Kim et al., 2023b). ...
Article
Since reusable launch vehicles have revolutionized access to space, space tourism has received enormous policy and research attention. However, such growth is occurring within a wider context of concerns over climate change, emissions, and space debris. Although space industries have enormous environmental impacts, few studies of space tourism have been undertaken on the sector's sustainability. Therefore, we aim to create and assess an extended value-beliefs-norms (EVBN) theory with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, trust in artificial intelligence (AI), and benefits of AI, in comparing three types of space tourism (on-Earth, suborbital, and orbital). To achieve the goals, multi-method analyses of 1,000 respondents were applied, including partial least squares-structural equation modeling, multi-group analysis, fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, and deep learning. Results revealed that EVBN model well explains space tourist behavior, ESG also has significant roles on the research model, and the three types of space travel have unique characteristics (Accepted).
... This can improve customer service and reduce response times, thus enhancing guest engagement, loyalty, and satisfaction (Pereira et al., 2022). Kim et al. (2023) even demonstrate that artificial intelligence is one of the critical dimensions for developing space tourism. ...
Article
Understanding how Artificial Intelligence (AI) impacts organizational functions supports stakeholders to prepare accordingly and profit from these developments. Adopting a grounded theory approach, this study uses three interlinked stages (in-depth interviews, focus groups and a questionnaire-based survey) to explore the impact of AI on the marketing function of hotels. The results identify ten trends related to AI’s contribution to hotel marketing, clustered in four themes. AI reengineers internal processes and procedures by enabling data and content as catalysts of competitiveness; empowering the augmented worker and performing mass personalization and customization. AI also impacts relationships with stakeholders by determining return on investment; improving sustainability; and governing legal aspects and ethics regarding data use. AI supports networks to which the organizations belong by concentrating and integrating organizations and transforming distribution models. AI transforms customer processes and services by engaging smart and predictive customer care and by employing predictive and augmented product and service design. The study illustrates the changes that AI will likely bring to hospitality and tourism marketing, developing a research agenda and raising discussion points for academic and industry practitioners respectively.
Chapter
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Article
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This study explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the growth and competitiveness of regional tourism and hospitality destinations. AI's application has both positive and negative effects on sustainable tourism. On the positive side, AI enhances accessibility to tourist sites, provides detailed information about attractions, simplifies understanding of costs and amenities, boosts local economies, and increases federal income. A notable downside is the replacement of human workers by machine learning technologies, which may necessitate remedial measures such as training. This review examines AI's foundational IT principles, current applications, and systems in the industry, focusing on the hotel sector. It concludes with an overview of AI’s challenges in this field, proposes a research agenda, and suggests future directions for AI development in tourism and hospitality.
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Article
İnsanlığın yaşamı boyunca süregelen merak duygusu ve gelişen teknoloji ile uzaya seyahat etmek mümkün hale gelmiştir. Bu sayede insanlar sınırlarını genişleterek evrende yeni keşifler yapma fırsatı elde etmiştir. Uzay turizmi pazarı her geçen gün kendini geliştirmektedir. Uzay girişimleri artan talep ve rekabet doğrultusunda hareketli bir sektör haline gelmiştir. Macera ve eşsiz bir deneyim isteği ile uzay seyahatini gerçekleştirmek isteyen bireyler gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Uzay turistleri yörüngede bulunan otel ve uzay istasyonunda konaklama gibi birçok fırsatı deneyimleme şansına sahip olmaktadır. Birçok özel uzay şirketi yörünge altı uçuşlar, yörüngesel uçuşlar, parabolik uçuşlar ve sanal gerçeklik gibi farklı uzay deneyimleri sunmaktadır. Uzay turizmi sektörü zengin ve macera tutkunu olan kişilere hitap etmektedir. Fakat uzay turizminin sürdürülebilirliği açısından zengin bireyler dışında daha geniş bir kitleye ulaşılması gereklidir. Bu durum uzay pazarının uzun vadeli başarılı olması için önemlidir. Uzay sektörü potansiyel ziyaretçilere ulaşmak için çaba göstermektedir. Uzay seyahati maliyeti yüksek ve tehlikeli bir süreçtir. SpaceX, Virgin Galactic, Axiom Space ve Blue Origin gibi birçok şirket bu sorunların önüne geçmek için uzay turizmini kolay erişilebilir bir hale getirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Uzay faaliyetleri beraberinde birçok risk faktörü getirmektedir. Bu riskler güvenlik ve çevreye zarar verme gibi bazı sorunlardan oluşmaktadır. Bu riskler potansiyel turistlerin seyahat algılarını değiştirmekle sonuçlanabilir. Bu yüzden uzay çalışmalarına gerekli düzenlemeler getirilmeli ve yeterli güven sağlanmalıdır. Ziyaretçilere seyahat sırasında karşılaşabilecekleri tüm sorunlar net bir şekilde anlatılmalıdır. Uzay turizmi geleceğinin başarılı olması için yapılan çalışmaların hükümetler ve toplum tarafından desteklenmesi ve teşvik edilmesi gereklidir. Uzay turizmi potansiyel olarak insanlık için heyecan verici ve eşsiz bir deneyimdir. Zamanla yapılan çalışmalarla risklerin ortadan kalkması ile uzay turizmi beraberinde birçok olumlu katkı getirecek ve gelişimini sürdürecektir. Bu çalışmada uzay turizminin potansiyeli ve riskleri üzerine literatür taraması yapılarak değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmeler sonucunda uzay turizminin potansiyel ziyaretçileri çekmek için ziyaretçilerin beklentilerine göre hareket etmesi ve bu seyahatin getireceği riskleri en aza indirmeleri gerektiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
Chapter
The main purpose of this chapter is to understand how artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved in the academic literature on visitors' spatiotemporal behaviour (STB), identifying the key thematic areas that have drawn most research interest to help academics and professionals to gain a better understanding of AI usage on this topic. The literature review was based on a search of scientific documents available on the Scopus platform concerning the use of AI on visitors' STB studies. On a first stage the number of documents published per year and the identification of the most representative journals and authors are presented and discussed. On second stage, a content analysis was conducted, and bibliometric method such as, co-occurrence analysis, was used. The most productive and cited authors were identified and although the number of articles published is not very high, reveal some interest of researchers on this issue, particularly during 2023. The most important key thematic areas and some implications for future research were also identified and discussed.
Chapter
Artificial intelligence has significantly impacted the consumer behavior process in business. It has revolutionized how companies understand, interact with, and serve their customers. Businesses can understand sentiment, identify trends, and adjust their marketing and product strategies by analyzing social media data, customer reviews, and online interactions. Businesses can use these insights to make informed decisions about inventory management, pricing, and marketing strategies. AI can generate product descriptions, blog posts, and social media updates. This automation streamlines content creation processes and ensures a consistent online presence. Businesses leveraging AI effectively in their consumer engagement strategies can gain a competitive edge and build stronger customer relationships. Based on the above, it is to systematically review the bibliometric literature on artificial intelligence in the consumer behavior process in business using the Scopus database with the analysis of 140 academic and/or scientific documents
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Despite concerns over its sustainability, space tourism is an emerging luxury consumer service which is promoted to participants as providing a new connection to Earth and humanity. However, little research examines the potential connectivity between sustainability and space tourism, especially given the strong technological dimensions of space tourism. The purpose of this study is to explore an extended value-attitude-behavior theory with AI awareness and social and personal norms to examine space tourism's alignment with the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Through 664 potential space tourism consumers and applying PLS-SEM, multi-group analysis, fsQCA, and deep learning methods, findings revealed the significant influence of value and AI awareness on attitude and social and personal norms leading to sustainable behaviors. Findings provide insights into space tourism's sustainability, emphasizing environmental considerations and AI awareness in shaping luxury travel consumer services.
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Space tourism, a niche segment of the aviation industry, has radically altered the private sector. A noticeable trend in this market has been the development of commercial space with numerous start‐ups and ventures underway. Adopting a concept‐driven approach, we conduct a hybrid review to sketch the emerging market areas in space tourism and provided insights into tourists' behavioral responses. Our results are supplemented by an analysis of public viewpoints on space‐faring to gauge their alignment with academic views on space tourism. We also develop an integrative framework to elucidate how personality interacts with scenario to influence the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of space tourists and their responses toward space tourism. We recognize critical gaps in previous literature and propose the following recommendations to guide future research: 1) Conceptualization of travel services and tourism typology in the new space market; 2) theoretical contribution on pragmatic and semantic levels; 3) need for empirical and multi‐disciplinary studies; 4) investigating the role of ethical issues on bilateral arguments toward commercialized space tourism; 5) integrating stakeholders' perspectives to maximize the socioeconomic impacts of space tourism and environmental sustainability; 6) media platforms and application of new technologies; and 7) role of scientific journals in knowledge enhancement.
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Although active transport contributes to environmental and human health, only limited research has been conducted on what makes people participate in active transport in tourism-related contexts. To fill this gap, research was conducted on theoretically conceptualized relationships between pro-social behavior on active transport, air quality, climate change mitigation, and health with a moderator of leisure and tourism activity. In order to collect data, an online survey was conducted targeting Korean cyclists and walkers, and PLS-SEM and deep learning were applied for data analysis. Results revealed that pro-social behavior on active transport has a great effect on perceived air quality. Health is strongly influenced by pursuing climate change mitigation and a strong impact of active transport on health was identified. There were greater effects between pro-social behavior and air quality as well as pro-social behavior and climate change mitigation for those engaged in active transport for tourism than for leisure, while the leisure group has a stronger relationship between pro-social behavior and health than for tourism. The results are valuable for encouraging active transport behavior. Accepted paper!!!! Accepted paper
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Understanding individual differences in attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence (AI) is of importance, among others in system development. Against this background, we sought to investigate associations between personality and attitudes towards AI. Relations were investigated in samples from two countries—Germany and China—to find potentially replicable, cross-culturally applicable associations. In German (N = 367, n = 137 men) and Chinese (N = 879; n = 220 men) online surveys, participants completed items on sociodemographic variables, the Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence (ATAI) scale, and the Big Five Inventory. Correlational analysis revealed among others significant positive associations between Neuroticism and fear of AI in both samples, with similar effect sizes. In addition to a significant association of acceptance of AI with gender, regression analyses revealed a small but significant positive association between Neuroticism and fear of AI in the German sample. In the Chinese sample, regression analyses showed positive associations of acceptance of AI with age, Openness, and Agreeableness. Fear of AI was only significantly negatively related to Agreeableness in the Chinese sample. The association of fear of AI with Neuroticism just failed to be significant in the regression model in the Chinese sample. These results reveal important insights into associations between certain personality traits and attitudes towards AI. However, given mostly small effect sizes of relations between personality and attitudes towards AI, other factors aside from personality traits seem to be of relevance to explain variance in individuals’ attitudes towards AI, as well.
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Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the current systematic literature review is to synthesize the extant literature on consumers’ adoption of artificial intelligence and robotics (AIR) in the context of the Hospitality and tourism sector (HATS) to gain a comprehensive understanding of it. This study also outlines insights for academia, practitioners, AI marketers, developers, designers and policymakers. Design/Methodology/ Approach: The present study used a content analysis approach to conduct a systematic literature review for the period of 10 years (2011-2020) of the various published studies themed around consumer’s adoption of AIR in HATS. Findings: The synthesis draws upon various factors affecting the adoption of AIR, such as individual factors, service factors, technical & performance factors, social & cultural factors and infrastructural factors. Additionally, the authors identified four major barriers namely psychological, social, financial, technical and functional that hinder the consumer’s adoption of artificial intelligence and robots in the hospitality and tourism industry. Originality: This study is a first attempt to synthesize the factors that drive consumers’ adoption of artificial intelligence and robots in the hospitality and tourism industry. The present work also advances the tourism and consumer behavior literature by offering an integrated antecedent-outcome framework. Keywords: Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Tourism, Hospitality, Systematic Review, Antecedent-Outcome Framework.
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Crowdfunding based financing, via the internet, can be a solution for sustainable development. In order to better understand this under researched area, the objective of this study was to build and test a theoretical model to help understand crowdfunder behavior related to sustainable development applying the theories of planned behavior, constraints, and attachment style. To accomplish the research goals, an Internet survey was conducted between March 11 and 23, 2020 in South Korea. Data from 487 respondents, who participated in sustainability crowdfunding during the past year, were analyzed utilizing partial least squares-structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis. Results revealed that perceived constraints related to sustainability crowdfunding had significantly negative impacts on attitude and behavioral intentions. In addition, perceptions of crowdfunding for sustainability were found to positively influence attitudes and subjective norms. Moreover, behav-ioral intentions were found to significantly and positively be affected by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Additionally, respondents with high anxiety attachment were found to have their perceived constraints and attitudes to have greater impacts on their behavioral intentions than their counterparts. Also, crowdfunders with high avoidance attachment were found to have larger effects between their perceived constraints and attitudes, perceived constraints and behav-ioral intentions, perceptions and attitudes, and perceived behavioral control and behavioral intentions than their counterparts. Accordingly, results suggest theoretical and managerial insights related to crowdfunding for sustainable development. K E Y W O R D S attachment style, constraints, crowdfunding, extended theory of planned behavior, intentions, South Korea, sustainable development
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Purpose Future tourism will take place in a robonomic economy (aka robonomics). The massive introduction of robots, artificial intelligence and automation technologies which will lead to the advent of an economy that will be qualitatively different from the current economy. The robonomic economy will have profound implications on the nature of work, level and sources of incomes, leisure time, politics, international trade and relations, ownership rights, etc., hence leading to major social, economic and political challenges and tension. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on how tourism will be in a robonomic society. Design/methodology/approach This is a perspective paper that shows how tourism will be in a robonomic society. This is a conceptual perspective article that shows how tourism will be in a robonomic society. Findings This paper elaborates on the tourism/hospitality implications of robonomics, the positive and negative impacts of robonomics on tourism and vice versa. Originality/value This is one of the first papers to discuss tourism implications of a future automated society.
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Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among determinant (ease of use), extrinsic (usefulness) and intrinsic motivations (enjoyment), attachment, and usage intention regarding seniors’ use of mobile devices for tourism. In addition, this study examines the moderating role of knowledge in these relationships. Design/methodology/approach – The researchers collected data via online surveys in order to reach the target population of this study, 55 years and older adults who had used mobile devices for tourism. The researchers utilized the partial least squares approach for this study. Findings - The results reveal that ease of use has significant effects on extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. The motivations of usefulness and enjoyment significantly affect attachment, which, in turn, influences usage intention. The relationships between ease of use and usefulness, ease of use and enjoyment, and enjoyment and attachment were stronger for the high-knowledge group than for the low-knowledge group. The relationship between usefulness and attachment was stronger for the low-knowledge group than for the high-knowledge group. Research limitations/implications - The findings of this study provide compelling implications for academics and practitioners in the senior tourism field. Originality/value - The compelling insight of this study is the development of a research model that combines an emergent construct of attachment as a mediator and knowledge of technology as a moderator. Keywords Mobile device, Senior, Motivation, Attachment, Knowledge, Tourism
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Although there are numerous studies on volunteering in tourism, little research has been done on volunteer support for mega-events. This study develops a theoretical model investigating the relationship between volunteer motivation and support for the Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea through mediating effects of satisfaction and attitudes toward volunteering and the Expo venue. An onsite survey of 489 volunteers at the Yeosu Expo was conducted. The structural equation model reveals that patriotism and intrinsic motivations significantly influence volunteer satisfaction, which in turn exerts a significant effect on attitudes toward volunteering and the Expo venue. Also, volunteer attitudes toward volunteering significantly influence volunteer attitudes toward the Expo venue, which in turn have a significant effect on support for the Expo. The study suggests that patriotism and intrinsic motivations can leverage support for mega-events through enhancing mediators of satisfaction and attitudes.
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There is limited theoretically informed research on sustainability in the space tourism market. An extended model of goal-directed behavior (EMGB) is created and verified with individual and organizational interventions, comparing space tourism experienced and non-experienced travelers. Results revealed that individual intervention has fully significant effects on all MGB constructs, while organizational intervention has partially significant impacts, which in turn influence desire relevant to behavioral intention. The findings from fsQCA showed the different profiles of experienced and non-experienced tourists.
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This research proposes the spacetime scale to derive a space tourism economic model based on the General Relativity Theory. The space curvature is considered in the economic model analogized to a physic theory to expand the horizons of tourism economics. The deductive reasoning and analogy methods were adopted to propose the spacetime scale for space tourism economics, accommodating the conventional economic models of near-flat space commodities on the earth. Conclusions suggest conquering our perception acceptance from linear time to curvilinear spacetime for space tourism economics.
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Commercial space tourism is being developed and this trend is expected to continue and accelerate. Although opportunities and threats of space tourism attracted the interest of academia, literature on potential demand, attitudes and people’s motivations for space tourism is scarce. In this context, this paper investigates young generations’ interest and motivations towards different forms of space tourism. The cluster analysis on 2,207 respondents highlighted an interest in space tourism although motivated by different reasons, levels of budget and sustainability aspects. Interest in space tourism varies according to how far it is perceived as potential, possible or sustainable, or to people’s personal feelings. The paper adds to contributions in the tourism field by investigating the opportunities space can offer this industry
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Space travel involves complicated processes, and the potential tourists may avoid these trips at any stage due to various risks and costs. The avoidance intention has serious implications for both the tourists and the services. Applying a push-pull-mooring (PPM) framework, we modelled space tourist's avoidance intention. We developed a model that investigates the direct effect of the push, pull, and mooring factors on avoidance intention. We evaluated the moderation role of the mooring factor with the associations of the push and pull factors with the avoidance intention. We also assessed the necessity of the push, pull, and mooring factors with avoiding space tourism. Using configurational modelling, we explored algorithms that explain the conditions where tourists avoid space tourism. Space tourism avoidance intention is increased by the push factor and decreased by the push and mooring factors. The mooring factor moderates the impact of the pull factor on the avoidance intention.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore and discuss the impact of digital innovations from a business eco-systemic perspective. Key smart technology application themes in the cruise industry are extracted and synthesised in a “Smart Cruise Ecosystem” (SCE) framework. Design/methodology/approach Information communication technologies (ICTs) advancements and smart tools revolutionise interactions and affect all transactions, transforming the cruise experience. Gradually a Smart Cruise Ecosystem emerges by incorporating all technologies available and involving cruise passengers, who as smart actors interact dynamically with stakeholders, creating value before, during and after the cruising experience. The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak stressed the need for touchless and digital interactions as well as real-time information, fast-tracking the deployment of smart technologies. The diffusion of ICTs in the cruise industry is multi-faceted and dynamic, resulting in a number of smart-technology use-cases. Findings Smart technology constitutes a comprehensive smart ecosystem to manage all actors, controls, devises and systems to optimise ship operations and management, while co-creating value for guests and crew in an effective way. The multiplex SCE proposed is enabled by digital technologies collecting, storing, accessing and processing big data dynamically, including: object detection, Internet of Things, Internet of Everything, satellite communications, Big Data, automation, robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learnin, Cloud Computing, Augmented, Virtual and Mixed Reality. A range of interoperable and interconnected supporting systems form the basis of the smart ecosystem. Originality/value The proposed framework offers a holistic perspective of the smart-cruising domain, highlighting innovations, interfaces, dependencies, along with the corresponding key limitations and challenges. The synthesis and conceptual structure provided serves as a topology for guiding and connecting further research in smart cruising.
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Purpose Voice assistants (VAs) empower human–computer interactions by recognising human speech and implementing commands pronounced by users. This paper aims to investigate VA-enabled interactions between hotels and guests in the hospitality context. The research positions VAs within the artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) context, disrupting old practices and processes. Smart hospitality uses VAs to support effortless value cocreation for guests cost-effectively. The research examines consumer perceptions and expectations of hospitality VAs and explores VA capabilities through expert technology providers. Design/methodology/approach This empirical paper investigates the current use and future implications of VAs for hotel environments. It uses qualitative, semi-structured in-depth interviews with 7 expert hospitality VA technology providers and 21 hotel guests who have VA experience. The research adopts a demand and supply approach, addressing the VAs in hospitality holistically. Findings The findings illustrate the requirements from both end-users’ sides, hotels and guests, exploring VA advantages and challenges. The analysis demonstrates that VAs increasingly become digital assistants. VA technology helps hotels to improve customer service, expand operational capability and reduce costs. Although in its infancy, VA technology has made progress towards optimising hotel operations and upgrading customer service. The study proposes a speech-enabled interactions model. Research limitations/implications This research stimulates the transformation of hospitality services by using VAs and the development of smart hospitality and tourism ecosystems. The study can benefit from further research with hotel managers, to reflect hoteliers’ points of view and investigate their perception of VAs. Further research can also explore different aspects of consumer–VA interaction in different contexts. Practical implications The paper makes a significant contribution to hospitality management and human–computer interaction best practices. It supports technology providers to reconsider how to develop suitable technology solutions towards improving their strategic competitiveness. It also explains how to use VAs cost-effectively and profitably while adding value to travellers’ experience. Originality/value VA studies are often focussed on the technology in private households, rather than in commercial or hotel spaces. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on AI and IoT in smart hospitality and explores the acceptance and operationalisation of VAs. The research contributes to the conceptualisation of VA-enabled hotel services and explores positive and negative features, as well as future prospects.
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Purpose - This study aimed to develop a framework to identify and prioritize the key factors in automation and artificial intelligence (AI) implementation in the hospitality and tourism industry. Design/methodology/approach – We used the analytic hierarchy process, a multi-criteria decision-making method, to prioritize the factors influencing automation and AI implementation. We developed a model with five criteria (human knowledge, services, robotics applications, internal environment, and institutional environment) and 23 sub-criteria obtained from previous studies. We designed a questionnaire in the form of pair-wise comparisons based on the proposed hierarchical structure. We used a nine-point ranking scale to show the relative significance of each variable in the hierarchy and tested the model among staff from 35 five-star hotels and top-rated tourism agencies in the United Arab Emirates. Findings – Human knowledge, services, and robotics applications were the most significant factors influencing automation and AI implementation. Practitioners and researchers in the hospitality and tourism industry could apply the proposed framework to develop sustainable strategies for implementing and managing automation and AI. The proposed framework may also be useful in future studies examining AI implementation in the hospitality and tourism industry. Originality – We developed a framework for policy-makers that identifies and could help to overcome some of the challenges in implementing automation and AI in the hospitality and tourism sector around the world. The results provide an agenda for future research in this area.
Chapter
Since the Apollo 11 launch to the moon in 1969, there have been numerous space missions. However, this space travel has always been conducted by NASA alone or NASA in collaboration with the US military and other country’s space agencies. Now, through research and development, private companies like Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin, and SpaceX are racing to fulfill the dreams of many, by proposing to take civilian customers on space excursions. But space tourism is in its infancy. This chapter looks at seven technologies that are necessary for space tourism to succeed; the vessel, fuel, navigation, health and safety technology, physics, communication systems, orbit control systems, and sensors, examining each through a literature review. Our seven key technologies are then examined using a technology forecasting technique – patent analysis – to reveal their growth curve. Our study shows that the last of the technology necessary to support safe space tourism will not reach maturity for another century.
Article
While there are plans for spacecraft to take private travellers to the edge of space, we are yet to see this occur beyond a few individuals. Before this happens in larger numbers, research is needed about the sustainability of private space flight, including potential travellers’ awareness of and views about the environmental implications of their spaceflight. This article aims to address this gap by examining the travel motivations of frontier tourists – those individuals who seek to visit some of the most fragile locations on and off the planet, including outer space – connected to the environmental sustainability of this travel. Given space tourism is a subset of frontier tourism, studying the latter might help us to understand the behaviour of the nascent space tourist. Qualitative interviews with frontier tourists were conducted and analysed using grounded theory techniques. While participants referred to the unspoilt characteristics of places, untainted by human activity, as an integral part of their travel experience, many did not see the paradox inherent in this travel. Some who did referred to prosocial motivations connected to environmental causes and saw themselves as ambassadors for conservation. The article concludes with the implications of these findings for sustainable space tourism.
Article
Purpose The prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI) has considerably affected management and society. This paper aims to explore its potential impact on hospitality industry employees, bringing enlightenment to both employees and managers. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from a survey of 432 employees who worked in full-service hotels in China. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. Findings Results presented a positive relationship between AI awareness and job burnout. No significant direct relationship was found between AI awareness and career competencies. Organizational commitment mediated the relationship between AI awareness and career competencies, as well as the relationship between AI awareness and job burnout. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to human resource management in the hospitality industry to theoretical and practical aspects. Theoretically, it enriched both career theory and fit theory. Practically, this study reminds managers to pay attention to the adverse effect of AI on human capital. It also enlightens the manager to think of the positive effects that AI may bring. Managers should provide proper support to overcome AI’s threat to human resources. Practical implications Practically, this study reminds managers to pay attention to the adverse effect of AI on human capital. It also enlightens the manager to think of the positive effects that AI may bring. Managers should provide proper support to overcome AI’s threat to human resources. Originality/value The study aims to analyze the impact of AI from a career perspective. It provided theoretical support and evidence for hotel managers for the effects of AI awareness on hotel employees. The study conveys a potential topic of concern that the hospitality industry may face in the future.
Article
This study argues that method should work hand-in-hand with theory to be able to generate impactful outcomes. This study provides three methodological, theoretical and practical contributions to the current body of knowledge on tourism development from residents’ perspective. First, five analytical approaches—namely, covariance based-structural equation modelling (CB-SEM), partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), multiple regression analysis (MTA), simple regression analysis (SRA), fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), and analysis of necessary conditions (ANC)—are applied to test a model to predict support for tourism development from local residents’ perspective. It critically discusses the results of analytical approaches to researching support for tourism development. A guideline for conducting a symmetrical approach is provided. Second, this study presents a classification of theories on residents’ support of tourism, which helps to tackle the complexity of this complex social phenomenon by advancing theories and highlighting the importance of a theory-method match in future research. Third, beyond method and theory, there is a need for an informative framework that illustrates the ‘pathway to impact’ of research on residents’ support for sustainable tourism development. Using the theory of change, this study fills this research gap by developing a logical model demonstrating outputs, actor groups, outcomes, and impacts of residents’ support for tourism development.
Article
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), AI anxiety has emerged and is receiving widespread attention, but research on this topic is not comprehensive. Therefore, we investigated the dimensions of AI anxiety using the theoretical model of integrated fear acquisition and a questionnaire survey. A total of 494 valid questionnaires were recovered. Through a first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a factor model of AI anxiety was constructed, and eight factors of AI anxiety were verified. Then, a second-order CFA was applied to verify the adaptation of the factor structure of AI anxiety to fear acquisition. We identified four dimensions of AI anxiety and proposed a theory of AI anxiety acquisition that illustrates four pathways of AI anxiety acquisition. Each pathway includes two factors that cause AI anxiety. We conclude by analyzing the limitations of current AI anxiety research and proposing a broader research agenda for AI anxiety.
Article
This study explores the relationships of perception toward protests and perceived constraints with the theory of planned behaviour constructs in the context of the ongoing Hong Kong protests. The study samples are overseas Korean travellers who plan to visit Hong Kong. Results reveal that perception positively influences attitude and subjective norm. Perceived constraints have significant effects on attitude and behavioural intention not to travel to Hong Kong during the protests. Attitude positively influences behavioural intention, whereas subjective norm and perceived behavioural control show insignificant relationships. The mediating effects of perception and perceived constraints on behavioural intention are also confirmed. The findings reveal that perception and perceived constraints associated with Hong Kong protest will dominate the decision-making process of the travellers, after introspecting their safety and security. ARTICLE HISTORY
Article
The current emergence of a new space economy is leading to the exploration of outer space towards unforeseen futures. Space tourism is a new addition to the tourism industry, prompted in large part by adventure-seeking individualism and potentially lucrative private business prospects. However, in light of the current megatrend of environmentalism, different space tourism activities are facing climate change-related challenges to convince the greater public of their necessity, especially as the high cost involved for suborbital space travel limits it to a niche adventure activity for the wealthy. This article explores the views held by the Finnish populace in relation to space tourism and sustainability through an empirical study. The data are derived from two surveys: the first gathering Finnish public opinion on space tourism’s sustainability with the use of principal component analysis; the second utilising a professional Delphi panel for qualitative explanations. The findings, analysed using grounded theory, can be compressed into four dimensions – “virtual travel”, “comparative fairness”, “technological innovations” and “ecopolitics” – through which actions towards sustainability in space tourism might be enhanced in different national planning strategies.
Article
Technological advancements significantly reduce the cost of space travel, thereby making many other activities in space technologically feasible and financially affordable for a larger number of people. This paper considers tourist travel to outer space, that is, beyond the 100-km Karman line altitude accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale as the border between the Earth atmosphere and outer space. Because of the scarcity of literature on the market for space flights, the study investigates factors that affect enthusiasm for becoming an orbital space tourist among those who are interested in space exploration and, at the same time, are younger and educated. We investigate motivations and risk factors as well as the moderating role of involvement, gender, and age in enthusiasm to become an orbital space tourist and compare the findings with the outcomes of previously conducted marketing research.
Article
Advances in suborbital, orbital, and beyond orbit space tourism continue to occur at a rapid pace. However, it is uncertain what form this burgeoning industry will take. Some envisage spaceflight as an extension of commercial aviation, a new transport paradigm that would allow flying from London to New York City in less than an hour. Others argue space tourism will remain a niche, high-adrenaline activity suited to adventurers. Finally, space tourism is sometimes instead positioned as more akin to the efforts of explorers, such as early expeditions to Earth’s polar regions. The level of acceptable risk associated with space tourism hinges on which of these categories defines its development during the coming decades. This paper argues that uncertainty regarding the future course of space tourism development complicates delineating the level of acceptable risk in this domain and that this dynamic is likely to lead to problematic industrial and customer relations.
Article
Artificial Intelligence (AI) characterizes a new generation of technologies capable of interacting with the environment and aiming to simulate human intelligence. The success of integrating AI into organizations critically depends on workers’ trust in AI technology. This review explains how AI differs from other technologies and presents the existing empirical research on the determinants of human trust in AI, conducted in multiple disciplines over the last twenty years. Based on the reviewed literature, we identify the form of AI representation (robot, virtual, embedded) and the level of AI’s machine intelligence (i.e. its capabilities) as important antecedents to the development of trust and propose a framework that addresses the elements that shape users’ cognitive and emotional trust. Our review reveals the important role of AI’s tangibility, transparency, reliability and immediacy behaviors in developing cognitive trust, and the role of AI’s anthropomorphism specifically for emotional trust. We also note several limitations in the current evidence base, such as diversity of trust measures and over-reliance on short-term, small sample, and experimental studies, where the development of trust is likely to be different than in longer term, higher-stakes field environments. Based on our review, we suggest the most promising paths for future research.
Article
Purpose This paper aims to briefly review the history and future expectations for space tourism. Design/methodology/approach Historical review. Findings After a series of successes in space travel, culminating by the Apollo 11 Moon landings in 1969, governmental efforts at space travel stalled. In the early twenty-first century, private entrepreneurs inspired new life into space travel and tourism, offering commercial suborbital trips, but none have as yet actually taken place. However, despite impediments, a significant expansion of space travel and tourism is expected to occur in the course of the twenty-first century. Originality/value The paper offers a synoptic view of past and projected future developments in space travel and tourism.
Article
The advent of machines powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics technologies have already strongly influenced the hospitality industry, and the effects of its replacement upon the human workforce has been a highly debated topic. Despite this, empirical evidence in the form of published empirical studies have yet to appear in academic journals that present compelling evidence addressing what hospitality employees’ awareness of those potential impacts could be pertaining to AI and robotics specifically applied within the context of their turnover intention and future employment prospects. The purpose of this study was to present new empirical findings on this issue using data from a sample of 468 full-time five star hotel employees in Guangzhou, China. AI and robotics awareness was found to be significantly associated with employee turnover intention. This relationship was moderated by perceived organizational support and competitive psychological climate. Implications and directions for future research are provided.
Article
This study extends the current knowledge of behavioral intention of space travelers based on motivation and risk antecedents of undertaking a space trip. Using cumulative prospect theory, we develop and test research models to investigate sufficient motivation and risk antecedents on behavioral intention, to explore complex combinations of above antecedents (i.e., causal recipes) leading to both high and low scores of behavioral intention, and to identify necessary motivation and risk antecedents to achieve desired behavioral outcome. The results revealed that although motivations appeared as sufficient and necessary antecedents, but risk antecedents play a dominant role such that risks can diminish the effects of motivations in shaping desired behavioral intention of space travelers. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Article
Recently a number of well-known public figures have expressed concern about the future development of artificial intelligence (AI), by noting that AI could get out of control and affect human beings and society in disastrous ways. Many of these cautionary notes are alarmist and unrealistic, and while there has been some pushback on these concerns, the deep flaws in the thinking that leads to them have not been called out. Much of the fear and trepidation is based on misunderstanding and confusion about what AI is and can ever be. In this work we identify 3 factors that contribute to this "AI anxiety": an exclusive focus on AI programs that leaves humans out of the picture, confusion about autonomy in computational entities and in humans, and an inaccurate conception of technological development. With this analysis we argue that there are good reasons for anxiety about AI but not for the reasons typically given by AI alarmists.
Article
Bitter personal experience and meta-analysis converge on the conclusion that people do not always do the things that they intend to do. This paper synthesizes research on intention–behavior relations to address questions such as: How big is the intention–behavior gap? When are intentions more or less likely to get translated into action? What kinds of problems prevent people from realizing their intentions? And what strategies show promise in closing the intention–behavior gap and helping people do the things that they intend to do?
Article
In human imagination, dreams and expectations, the sequence of “space tourism” has most likely been Moon tourism, Earth orbital tourism and then suborbital tourism. But the sequence in actual development is the reverse: first Earth suborbital tourism, then orbital tourism, and finally Moon tourism. In 1954, three years before the successful launch of the first human artificial satellite, the world's oldest travel company, Thomas Cook in Britain, initiated the “Moon Register.” Enthusiasts could sign an option for a commercial trip to the Moon and the company guaranteed to provide tickets at the earliest possible date. Sixty years later on 31st October 2014, the first SpaceShipTwo (SS2) of Virgin Galactic developed for commercial suborbital space tourism (SST) and scientific research crashed at the Mojave Desert in California during test flight. Although the first privately paid space tourist had travelled to the International Space Station in 2001, this was only for millionaires and not the general public. In 2004, although SpaceShipOne won the Ansari X prize and shed the first light on SST, the commercial SST operations originally planned to be realized in 2008 are now long overdue. The SS2 has been just one of the reusable suborbital launch vehicles developed for SST and other purposes, with others including the Lynx, Spaceplane and Dream Chaser. However a tragedy in which the SS2 crashed and caused the sacrifice of one senior test pilot alerted tourists that the long overdue of SST might still be a few years away. The purposes of this paper are to review and discuss the ups and downs of space tourism development in the 60 years from 1954 to 2014, and to look forward to get more clear future from the unveiling of second SS2 on 19th February 2016 and the continuous development of Lynx Mark I. However in any case, there are still many constraints including economy.
Article
This paper has two objectives. Firstly, it proposes a set of research dimensions for the further investigation of the emerging space tourism industry and secondly, it examines the perceptions of potential space travel participants on key factors that influence their motivation, behaviour and decision-making. The research methodology adopted in this study involved collecting quantitative data from British residents in Southern England to explore and understand their perceptions of space tourism. In addition, qualitative data was gathered by interviewing key informants connected to the space tourism industry including Virgin Galactic, Airbus and EADS Astrium to understand their views on people’s motivations, perceptions and the future of the industry. Data analysis shows that intentional need for adventure and exploration is the motivational force in space tourism. Willingness to undertake space travel is also influenced by the perception to risk, which plays a central role in potential tourist behaviour. Furthermore, factors such as type of space travel (orbital/sub-orbital),type of launch and design of the spacecraft, location of spaceports, training required, duration, insurance, health and reputation of the operating company also seem to have some influence on tourist decision-making. The paper contends that while global research dimensions are necessary it is also important to understand perceptions on a country-specific and regional basis.
Five ways artificial intelligence can help space exploration
  • J Adetunji
Adetunji, J. (2021), "Five ways artificial intelligence can help space exploration", available at: https:// theconversation.com/five-ways-artificial-intelligence-can-help-space-exploration-153664
How AI is sky rocketing space exploration
  • S Bagchi
Bagchi, S. (2021), "How AI is sky rocketing space exploration", available at: www.cxotoday.com/ai/howartificial-intelligence-is-sky-rocketing-space-exploration/ (accessed 2 July 2022).
How much is a ticket to space? $100,000 if you can wait a decade -but here's how to pay nothing
  • J Carter
Carter, J. (2021), "How much is a ticket to space? $100,000 if you can wait a decade -but here's how to pay nothing", available at: www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2021/07/19/how-much-is-a-ticketto-space-100000-if-you-can-wait-a-decade-but-heres-how-to-pay-nothing/?sh=1e5a03e734a6
Space sustainability: artificial intelligence for atmospheric modelling
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Cesaer (2022), "Space sustainability: artificial intelligence for atmospheric modelling", available at: www. cesaer.org/news/space-sustainability-artificial-intelligence-for-atmospheric-modelling-998/
From aviation tourism to suborbital space tourism: passenger screening and training issues
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  • J S Chern
  • T M Shih
Chang, Y.W., Chern, J.S. and Shih, T.M. (2017), "From aviation tourism to suborbital space tourism: passenger screening and training issues", Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress, IAC, Vol. 16, pp. 10965-10973.
The astronomical differences between orbital and suborbital space flight
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Clash, J. (2022), "The astronomical differences between orbital and suborbital space flight", available at: www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2022/06/16/the-astronomical-differences-between-orbital-and-suborbitalspace-flight/?sh=69abd4847c1a
Meet Oliver Daemen, the final passenger on Jeff Bezos' spaceflight
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Hartmans, A. (2021), "Meet Oliver Daemen, the final passenger on Jeff Bezos' spaceflight", available at: www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-spaceflight-blue-origin-final-passenger-oliver-daemen-life-2021-7
Automation and artificial intelligence in hospitality and tourism
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  • S Zaidi
  • M H Dhaheri
Jabeen, F., Al Zaidi, S. and Al Dhaheri, M.H. (2022), "Automation and artificial intelligence in hospitality and tourism", Tourism Review, Vol. 77 No. 4, pp. 1043-1061. j TOURISM REVIEW j
Exploring motivations of potential space tourists
  • J Laing
  • W Frost
Laing, J. and Frost, W. (2019), "Exploring motivations of potential space tourists", Tourism Social Science Series, Vol. 25, pp. 141-161.