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LANKESTERIANA 23(1): 35–44. 2023. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/lank.v23i1.54321
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROTHALLIS (PLEUROTHALLIDINAE)
SUBSECTION MACROPHYLLAE-FASCICULATAE FROM
THE CENTRAL ANDES OF COLOMBIA
Mario alexei Sierra-ariza
Grupo de Investigación Schultes, Fundación Ecotonos, Valle del Cauca, Cali, Colombia.
mrsierraariza80@gmail.com
ORCID of the Author: MASA
Received 1 December 2022; accepted for publication 28 February 2023. First published online: 10 March 2023.
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivs 3.0 Costa Rica License.
Introduction. Pleurothallis R.Br. is a neotropical ge-
nus distributed from southern Mexico to South Amer-
ica, with representation in the Antilles (Ackerman et
al. 2014). According to Karremans & Vieira-Uribe
(2020), 499 species are currently accepted; however,
with the publication of new species during the last two
years, the number increased to 528 species (Jiménez et
al. 2021, Karremans et al. 2021, Moreno et al. 2022,
Pupulin et al. 2020, 2021, Sierra-Ariza et al. 2022,
Vélez-Abarca et al. 2022, Wilson et al. 2022). Colom-
bia, with 236 species, comprises the largest number of
species in the neotropics (Karremans et al. in prep.).
The Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-
Fasciculatae Lindl. was initially proposed as a sec-
tion of Pleurothallis subgenus Pleurothallis by Lindley
(1859). This group has undergone several nomenclatur-
al changes over time. For example, Luer (1986) initially
recognized the sectional status of the group, however,
two years later, he classied the group under P. subsec-
tion Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae (Luer 1988). Finally,
Luer (2005) recognized Acronia C.Presl, and he treated
the members of Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae as a sec-
tion of this genus (for a detailed taxonomic history of
the group, see: Pupulin et al. 2020, 2021, Wilson et al.
2022). Nevertheless, phylogenetic studies suggest that
Acronia and the P. subsection Macrophyllae-Fascicula-
tae belong to a well-supported clade within Pleurotha-
llis (Pridgeon et al. 2001, Wilson et al. 2011, 2018).
Morphologically, the species within the P. subsec-
tion Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae can be recognized by
having sessile leaves with a generally cordate base,
solitary owers grouped in a fascicle, lateral sepals
connate into a synsepal more or less similar to the
dorsal sepal, a bilobed stigma, and a lip lying on or
slightly elevated above the synsepal (Lindley 1859,
Luer 2005, Wilson et al. 2018).
Here, we describe and illustrate two new species of
P. subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae found in the
department of Tolima, Colombia, belonging to the in-
formal taxonomic group “Pleurothallis scabrilinguis”.
abStract. Two new species of Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae are described and
illustrated. Both species were found in the central Andes of Colombia in the department of Tolima. The two
species are compared and discussed with Pleurothallis applanata, Pleurothallis ariana-dayanae, Pleurotha-
llis paquishae, and Pleurothallis scabrilinguis, which are the morphologically closest species. The two new
species differ from their congeners mainly by lip morphology. Pleurothallis franciana is distinguished by
having an oblong-lanceolate, acute, vesiculous lip with an obovate glenion, and Pleurothallis petroana is
distinguished by the ovate-lanceolate, verrucose-papillose, slightly pilose lip, with a spathulate glenion.
reSuMen. Se describen e ilustran dos nuevas especies de Pleurothallis subsección Macrophyllae-Fascicu-
latae, encontradas en los Andes centrales de Colombia en el departamento de Tolima. Las dos especies se
comparan y discuten con Pleurothallis applanata, Pleurothallis ariana-dayanae, Pleurothallis paquishae, y
Pleurothallis scabrilinguis, que son las especies morfológicamente más cercanas. Se diferencia de sus con-
géneres principalmente por la morfología del labelo, Pleurothallis franciana se distingue por tener el labelo
oblongo-lanceolado, agudo, vesiculoso, con un glenion obovado y Pleurothallis petroana se distingue por el
labelo ovado-lanceolado, verrucoso-papiloso, ligeramente piloso, con un glenion espatulado.
KeywordS / PalabraS clave: distribución, distribution, ecología, ecology, Ibagué, Orchidaceae, Tolima,
Villahermosa
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Members of this group are characterized by owers
with linear, falcate petals, large, attened lip with ir-
regular texture (cellular, verrucous, papillose, pilose,
vesicular), and a conspicuous basal glenion (Vélez-
Abarca et al. 2022).
Materials and methods. Pleurothallis petroana was
found in July 2019 in one of the expeditions carried
out in the research entitled “synthesis of the orchids of
the Azufrado River, Tolima-Colombia”, project where
six new species of orchids have been discovered and
described: Acianthera villahermosae Sierra-Ariza,
Rinc.-González & Karremans, Oncidium tolimense
Sierra-Ariza & A.Albino-Bohórquez, Pleurothallis
villahermosae Sierra-Ariza, Rinc.-González & Villan-
ueva, Epidendrum villahermosaense Sierra-Ariza &
Hágsater and Epidendrum rioazufrense Sierra-Ariza,
Hágsater & E.Santiago. In addition, Pleurothallis fran-
ciana was found in June 2022 on the road that connects
the urban area of the city of Ibagué with the Municipali-
ties of Ambalá and Carrizales in Tolima, Colombia.
The specimens were photographed with a Nikon
D5300 camera and a NIKKOR AF 105 mm f/2.8 D Mi-
cro lens. Ecological data and phenology were recorded
for P. franciana for three months and for P. petroana
for two years. Type specimens were prepared by storing
vegetative structures on newspaper soaked in 75% etha-
nol. The oral structures were preserved in a concentra-
tion of equal parts of glycerin and ethyl alcohol.
The collected material was dried at 75°C for 14
hours and subsequently deposited in the collection
of the TOLI Herbarium. Literature on the genus was
reviewed, such as monographs on the systematics
of Pleurothallis section Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae
(Luer 1988, 2005). In addition, specimens from AMES
(www.huh.harvard.edu) and K herbaria (apps.kew.org/
herbcat/gotoHomePage.do) were reviewed online. Fi-
nally, Lankester composite Digital plates (LCDP) were
made with Adobe Photoshop® CS6.
taxonoMic treatMent
Pleurothallis franciana Sierra-Ariza sp. nov. (Fig.
1–2).
TYPE: COLOMBIA. Tolima: Municipio de Ibagué,
entre las veredas Ambala y Carrizales, 1976 m, 23 June
2022, M. A. Sierra-Ariza & A. Albino Bohorquez 430
(holotype: TOLI).
diagnoSiS: Pleurothallis franciana is similar to Pleu-
rothallis ariana-dayanae Vélez-Abarca, M.M.Jiménez
& D.Gut. del Pozo from which it differs by having a
narrowly ovate-lanceolate dorsal sepal (vs. lanceo-
late), an ovate synsepal (vs. broadly ovate) and the lip
oblong-lanceolate, acute, vesiculose (vs. ovate-elliptic,
obtuse, verrucose-papillose), with an obovate glenion
(vs. slightly bilobed).
Plant 4 to 12 cm tall, epiphytic, caespitose, erect to
suberect. Roots slender, 1 mm in diameter. Ramicauls
green, 3.5–11 cm long, with a tubular sheath on the
lower third and two other sheaths at the base, papyra-
ceous, light brown. Leaf light green, bright, coriaceous,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3–5 × 2.4–3.5 cm,
the base sessile, cordate. Inorescence a fascicle of suc-
cessive owers, one ower, rarely with two simultane-
ous owers, enclosed at the base by a spathaceous bract
ca. 2.8 mm long; peduncle terete, green, 2.0–3.8 mm
long; oral bract tubular, papyraceous, acute, 1.5–2.8
mm long. Pedicel terete, up to 3.2 mm long. Ovary
yellow with red tones and some black dots, papillate,
pedicellate, cylindrical, longitudinal sulcate, with some
black dots, 2.5 mm long. Sepals membranaceous, glan-
dular-papillate, margins irregular. Dorsal sepal reddish
purple, margins slightly yellow, narrowly ovate-lanceo-
late, rounded, 3.9–4.4 × 1.5–1.9 mm, 3-veined. Lateral
sepals yellow spotted with reddish-purple, connate
into an ovate, acute to bid synsepal, concave at base,
4.2–4.5 × 2.4–2.7 mm, 4-veined. Petals reddish purple,
eshy, linear, slightly glandular-papillose, acute, mar-
gins irregular, 2.3–2.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, 1-veined. Lip red-
dish purple, eshy, oblong-lanceolate, acute, vesiculose,
margin erose, 2.2–2.5 × 1.2–1.4 mm, 3-veined, disc with
a small, obovate glenion near the base, the base forming
two rounded, pronounced lobes. Column reddish pur-
ple, short, broad, semiterete, margins irregular, 0.8 × 1.0
mm, with a short foot, thick; stigma apical, bilobed. An-
ther cap yellow, apical, obovate, minutely papillose, 0.6
× 0.4 mm Pollinia 2, yellow, obovoid. Capsule not seen.
ePonyMy: Named to honor Francia Elena Márquez
Mina, Vice-president of the Republic of Colombia
(2022–2026), social leader, environmental activist,
LANKESTERIANA 23(1). 2023. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2023.
37
Sierra-ariza — Two new species of Pleurothallis
Figure 1. Pleurothallis franciana Sierra-Ariza. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Dissected perianth. D. Lip and column, ¾ view. E.
Lip, adaxial and abaxial views. Illustration by A. Albino Bohorquez, based on the plant that served as the holotype.
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LANKESTERIANA 23(1). 2023. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2023.
Figure 2. Pleurothallis franciana Sierra-Ariza. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Dissected perianth. D. Lip and column, ¾ view. E.
Lip, adaxial and abaxial views. LCDP by M. A. Sierra-Ariza, based on the plant that served as the holotype.
LANKESTERIANA 23(1). 2023. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2023.
39
Sierra-ariza — Two new species of Pleurothallis
and Goldman Prize winner (2018), her work has been
of vital importance in the social struggles in Colombia.
She carried out activities supporting the conservation
of rivers, customs, and the territory of the Afro-Colom-
bian people. She is a tireless ghter against indiscrimi-
nate mining.
diStribution and ecology: Pleurothallis franciana
was discovered in the Central Cordillera of Colombia,
in a fragment of wet premontane forest, in the depart-
ment of Tolima, at 1976 m of elevation.
This species was found on the edge of a public
road near the urban center of Ibagué, in a relict of very
degraded forest, surrounded by crops and pastures. It
grows as an epiphytic on thin branches and among a
sparse covering of bryophytes in dark and humid areas.
It has been observed owering in July.
Discussion. Pleurothallis franciana belongs to
the morphological group “P. scabrilinguis” and it
has probably the smallest owers (less than 1 cm
long) of the group. The most similar species is P.
ariana-dayanae but differs from it by having the dor-
sal sepal narrowly ovate-lanceolate, rounded, 3.9–4.4
×1.5–1.9 mm (vs. lanceolate, acute, 6.5–7.8 × 2.3–2.4
mm); the synsepal ovate, acute to bid, 2.4–2.0 ×
4.2–4.5 mm (vs. broadly ovate, acute, 5.8–6.5 × 4.3–
4.5 mm); the lip oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2.2–2.5 ×
1.2–1.4 mm, vesiculose (vs. ovate-elliptic, obtuse, 3.2
× 2.0–2.2 mm, verrucose-papillose) and the glenion
obovate (vs. slightly bilobed).
This species is also similar to Pleurothallis scabri-
linguis Lindl., which has larger owers (1.5 to 2.0 cm
long). However, the new species also differs by hav-
ing the dorsal sepal dorsal narrowly ovate-lanceolate,
rounded, 3.9–4.4 ×1.5–1.9 mm (vs. elliptic-ovate,
subacute to obtuse, 6–10 × 2.5–7.0 mm); the synse-
pal ovate, acute to bid, 2.4–2.7 × 4.2–4.5 mm (vs.
broadly ovate, obtuse, shallowly concave, 5–10 × 4–8
mm); the petals linear, acute, 2.3–2.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm
(vs. narrowly linear-triangular, acute, 3–7 × 0.50–1.25
mm); the lip oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2.2–2.5 × 1.2–
1.4 mm, vesiculose (vs. triangular, oblong, subacute
or rounded, 3–7 × 2–4 mm, papillose) and the glenion
obovate (vs. obovate, slightly bilobed).
Another similar species is Pleurothallis applanata
Luer & Dalström, but the new species differs mainly
by having the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate-lanceolate,
3.9–4.4 × 1.5–1.9 mm (vs. narrowly elliptical-ovate,
10 × 3.6 mm); the petals linear, 2.3–2.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm
(vs. narrowly linear-triangular, 6.75 × 1.00 mm); the
lip oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2.2–2.5 ×1.2–1.4 mm, ve-
siculose (vs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, 4.5 × 2.2 mm cellu-
lar-verrucose) and the glenion obovate (vs. orbicular).
Pleurothallis petroana Sierra-Ariza, sp. nov. (Fig.
3–4).
TYPE: COLOMBIA. Tolima: municipio de
Villahermosa, vereda Entrevalles, 3100 m, 25 July
2019, M. A. Sierra-Ariza & A. Albino Bohorquez 194
(holotype: TOLI).
diagnoSiS: Pleurothallis petroana is similar to P. sca-
brilinguis, but the new species differs by an oblong-
lanceolate dorsal sepal (vs. oblong-ovate), an ovate
synsepal (vs. broadly ovate), linear, acuminate petals
(vs. narrowly linear-triangular, acute) and a lip ovate-
lanceolate, verrucose-papillose, slightly pilose (vs. ob-
long-triangular, subacute or rounded, papillose), with a
spathulate glenion (vs. obovate, slightly bilobed).
Plant 15 to 26 cm tall, epiphytic, occasionally ter-
restrial, caespitose, erect to suberect. Roots slender,
1.3 mm in diameter. Ramicauls yellow-green, 12–24
cm long, with a sheath located at the rst basal third
and two other sheaths at the base, tubular, broad, papy-
raceous, brown. Leaf light green, bright, coriaceous,
minutely papillate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 7–10
× 4.0–5.5 cm, the base sessile, cordate. Inorescence
a fascicle of successive single-owers, rarely with two
simultaneous owers, enclosed at the base by a spatha-
ceous bract ca. 12 mm long; peduncle terete, green,
9–11 mm long; oral bract tubular, papyraceous,
acute, 9–11 mm long. Pedicel terete, up to 13 mm
long. Ovary light green, papillate, pedicellate, cylin-
drical, longitudinal sulcate, covered with black dots, 6
mm long. Sepals membranaceous, glandular-papillate,
margins irregular. Dorsal sepal dark red, margins pale
yellow, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 14–16 × 3.0–4.2 mm,
3-veined. Lateral sepals, connate into an ovate, acute
synsepal, dark red with a central yellow stripe and
pale yellow margins, concave at the base, 13.5–15.0
× 8.5–9.2 mm, 4-veined. Petals dark red, margins pale
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LANKESTERIANA 23(1). 2023. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2023.
Figure 3. Pleurothallis petroana Sierra-Ariza. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Dissected perianth. D. Lip and column, ¾ view. E.
Lip, adaxial and abaxial views. Illustration by A. Albino Bohorquez, based on the plant that served as the holotype.
LANKESTERIANA 23(1). 2023. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2023.
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Sierra-ariza — Two new species of Pleurothallis
Figure 4. Pleurothallis petroana Sierra-Ariza. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Dissected perianth. D. Lip and column, ¾ view. E.
Lip, adaxial and abaxial views. LCDP by M. A. Sierra-Ariza, based on type.
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LANKESTERIANA 23(1). 2023. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2023.
yellows, eshy, linear, acuminate, microscopically
verrucose-papillose on the dorsal surface, margins ir-
regular, minutely denticulate, 7.8–9.0 × 1.2–1.5 mm,
1-veined. Lip yellow-red, eshy, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, verrucose-papillose, slightly pilose abaxi-
ally, margins irregular, denticulate-ciliate, 7.5–8.6 ×
3.4–4.2 mm, 3-veined, the disc with a small, spathu-
late glenion near the base, the base truncate forming
two pronounced lobes, subacute. Column light red,
short, broad, semiterete, margins irregular, 1.5 × 1.2
mm, with a short, thick; stigma apical, bilobed. Anther
cap light red, apical, obovate, minutely papillose, 0.6 ×
0.5 mm Pollinia 2, yellow, obovoid. Capsule not seen.
ePonyMy: In honor of Gustavo Francisco Petro Urrego,
President of the Republic of Colombia (2022–2026),
in commemoration of his political career; winner of
the Letelier-Moftt Human Rights Award (2007); tire-
less supporter of social causes and interest in caring for
the environment and mitigating climate change.
diStribution and ecology: Pleurothallis petroana was
found in a fragment of montane rainforest in the munici-
pality of Villahermosa, Tolima, between 3000 and 3200
m of elevation. It inhabits ecosystems that have been
heavily disturbed by the expansion of the agricultural
frontier. It grows as epiphytic in small forest fragments,
on tree branches among bryophytes and constant shade.
It is also a terrestrial on roadside ravines with high solar
radiation. It owered in June and July (Fig. 5).
Discussion. Pleurothallis petroana belongs to the “P.
scabrilinguis” group showing big owers, up to 3 cm
long. It is similar to P. scabrilinguis, but it shows larg-
er owers (vs. 1.5 to 2.0 cm long). Also, Pleurothallis
petroana differs from it by the dorsal sepal oblong-lan-
ceolate, acute, 12–15 × 3.2–4.0 mm (vs. elliptic-ovate,
subacute to obtuse, 6–10 × 2.5–7.0 mm); the ovate,
rounded, synsepal 12.3–14.0 × 8.3–9.0 mm (vs. broad-
ly ovate, obtuse, shallowly concave, 5–10 × 4–8 mm);
the petals linear, acuminate, 7.2–8.3 × 1.2–1.4 mm
(vs. narrowly linear-triangular, acute, 3–7 × 0.50–1.25
mm); the lip oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 7.5–8.2 ×
3.0–3.4 mm, verrucose-papillose, slightly pilose (vs.
triangular, oblong, subacute or rounded, 3–7 × 2–4
mm, papillose) and the spathulate glenion (vs. obovate,
slightly bilobed).
Figure 5. Photographs of the new species in situ. A. Pleu-
rothallis franciana. B. Pleurothallis petroana. by M. A.
Sierra-Ariza.
Figure 6. Adaxial view of the lip in morphologically simi-
lar species of Pleurothallis. A. P. petroana. B. P. aff
paquishae. C. P. aff. applanata. D. P. franciana. E. P.
ariana-dayanae. F. P. scabrilinguis. Photographs by M.
M. Jiménez (B, C, E, F) and M. A. Sierra-Ariza (A, D).
Prepared by M. A. Sierra-Ariza.
LANKESTERIANA 23(1). 2023. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2023.
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Sierra-ariza — Two new species of Pleurothallis
This species is also similar to Pleurothallis paqui-
shae Luer, but it differs in the oblong-lanceolate dorsal
sepal, 12–15 × 3.2–4.0 mm (vs. narrowly elliptic, 9.5–
3.3 mm); the synsepal elliptical, acute to acuminate,
13 × 6 mm (vs. ovate acute, 9.4 × 5.6 mm); the petals
linear, acuminate, 7.2–8.3 × 1.2–1.4 mm (vs. narrowly
linear-oblong, acute, 9 × 0.8 mm); the lip oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, 7.5–8.2 × 3.0–3.4 mm, verrucose-
papillose, slightly pilose (vs. oblong, acute, 6.2 × 2.7
mm, verrucose-spiculated) and the glenion spathulate
(vs. oblong, slightly bilobed).
Another similar species is P. applanata, but P.
petroana differs by the dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate,
acute, 12–15 × 3.2–4.0 mm (vs. narrowly elliptical-
ovate, 10.0 × 3.6 mm); the petals linear, acuminate,
7.2–8.3 × 1.2–1.4 mm (vs. narrowly linear-triangular,
6.75 × 1.00 mm); the lip oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
7.5–8.2 × 3.0–3.4 mm, verrucose-papillose, slightly
pilose (vs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, 4.5 × 2.2 mm cellular-
verrucose) and the spathulate glenion (vs. orbicular)
(Fig. 6–7).
acKnowledgeMentS. I thank Arledys Albino Bohórquez for
participating in the eld trips where the new species were
discovered and for the illustrations. I also thank Mark Wil-
son and Patricia Harding for their support in writing this
manuscript, Leisberth Vélez-Abarca and Marco M. Jiménez
for the loan of the photographs used in the comparison g-
ure, and to the staff of TOLI herbarium, Dendrology section
of the University of Tolima, for allowing to deposit the type
specimens in their collection under the collection permit
2191 of 2018 by the Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Am-
bientales (ANLA).
Figure 7. Flower morphology of similar species of Pleurothallis. A. P. aff. applanata. B. P. ariana-dayanae. C. P. franciana.
D. P. aff. paquishae. E. P. petroana. F. P. scabrilinguis. Photographs by M. M. Jiménez (A, D, F), L. Vélez-Abarca (B),
and M. A. Sierra-Ariza (C, E). Prepared by M. A. Sierra-Ariza.
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