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Hydro-modular zoning of irrigated lands in South Karakalpakstan and optimal irrigation regime for cotton
Abstract
The article presents the results of research on hydromodular zoning of irrigated lands based on GIS technologies and cotton irrigation regimes in the conditions of South Karakalpakstan, which ensure an increase in the productivity of scarce irrigation water. Irrigated lands of the southern districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan belong to one soil-climatic zone - desert zone, within three soil-ameliorative areas within this zone. Irrigated lands of the southern districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan are divided into 25.78% - VII, 34.37% - VIII and 21.86% - IX hydromodule zones in the aeration layer according to soil thickness, mechanical composition, location and groundwater level. Based on field experiments, pre-irrigation of cotton in all hydromodule areas should be carried out at a soil moisture content of 70-80-60% relative to the limited field moisture capacity: Seasonal irrigation norms 3756-3856 m³/ha in the 1-4-1 system for growth phases in VII hydromodule region with, seasonal irrigation norms of 2789-2867 m³/ha in 1-2-1 system in hydromodule region VIII and seasonal irrigation norms of 2203-2250 m³/ha in 0-3-0 system in hydromodule region IX.
... Thе rеsults indiсаtе thаt slightlу sаlinе аrеаs wоuld gеnеrаllу bе rеduсеd in соmреnsаtiоn fоr аn inсrеаsе in mоdеrаtеlу аnd highlу sаlinе аrеаs [11]. ...
This artiсle рresents the results of sсientifiс researсh on сlimate сhange in the Aral Baу region due to global сlimate сhange and inсreasing water sсarсitу, as well as the develoрment of сotton irrigation methods taking into aссount soil-hуdrogeologiсal сonditions. In the Reрubliс of Karakalрakstan, whiсh is loсated in the Aralboуi region, global сlimate сhange рaрametрlaрin Biр diversitу and T-test analуsis revealed an inсrease in aсoсida air haрoрathу bу 1.42°C, and the sсientifiс-based irrigation рroсedure of сotton “Methodologу of сonduсting field exрeriments” of the Sсientifiс Researсh Institute of Cotton Seleсtion, Seeding and Cultivation Agroteсhnologies (2007 )” on the basis of the VIII hуdromodule with the largest area in the region was develoрed for the region, and it was found that irrigating сotton 4 times in the 1-2-1 sсheme with irrigation norms of 623-882 m3/ha and seasonal irrigation norms of 2789-2867 m3/ha is highlу effeсtive.
Soil salinity increasing is one of the most dangerous factors for food security and ecological conditions in the world and also in Uzbekistan. Currently, salinity affects around 47% of Uzbekistan's irrigated lands. The study area is located in the western part of Uzbekistan and downstream of the Amu Darya River. The satellite images were acquired between the 2015- 2024 years over the 5-year time period. In order to analyse soil salinity was used Normalized Difference Salinity Index (NDSI) by the ArcGIS Pro software and RS data. Especially, slightly saline soils are the biggest occupied land and equal to 30% of the total area of the district, which of 127,735.4 ha. Also, saline soils are the second biggest land class which occupies 28.1% of the total area of the district, of which 119,612.9 ha. Meanwhile, non-saline soils occupied 20.55% of the total area, as well as both strongly saline and extremely saline soils occupied area is 21.34% of the total district of the study area, which is 87456.6 ha with 90827.43 ha.
The article highlights the unique role of irrigation canals in the supply of water in the required amount, depending on crop demand and the rational use of it. The study of the prevention of filtration in irrigation networks and the study of the existing malfunctions in the operation of irrigation networks, the sequence of works on the repair of irrigation networks were analyzed, and the priority of repair work was determined. The current state of the Khumbuz canal in Khiva, Khorezm region of the Republic of Uzbekistan was studied. Information was obtained and analyzed on compliance with design specifications during construction and the presence of protection zones in the canal design. Analytical indicators have been developed to extend the service life of the Khumbuz canal to ensure its normal operation and supply the required amount of water to crops. In the implementation of water supply to agricultural crops, priority is given to the repair and construction of hydraulic structures, including the Khumbuz canal. In addition, all the work to be done was planned based on the priority of the work. It has been found that the amount of water required to irrigate crops can be achieved uniformly along the length of the canal, at the top, middle, and bottom of the canal, by ensuring that the irrigation networks operate at the required level. Specific scientific recommendations have been given for the normal operation of the Khumbuz canal. Repairing the canal has been shown to increase water use by 20 percent and increase crop yields by 15 percent by ensuring that crops receive the required amount of water on time. The service area of the Khumbuz canal is 1.460 hectares. The length of the canal to be repaired is 6 km. of which 2,568 km of new concrete. The maximum water flow of the canal is 2.5 m ³ /sec, and the normal water flow is 2.0 m ³ /sec. The efficiency of the channel (canal) is 0.93. The article provides information on how to achieve efficient use of irrigation water by repairing hydraulic structures at the required level and the construction of new ones.
This article is devoted to the creation of complex electronic maps of agriculture and agro-geo databases on the basis of geoformation systems (GIS) and technologies. Scientific and practical research on the mapping of the agricultural sector conducted by scientists from foreign countries, the Commonwealth of Independent States and Uzbekistan. Analyzing the research on the classification of agricultural maps, the classification of agricultural maps for the Republic of Uzbekistan is proposed. Content elements of maps covering agricultural sectors and infrastructure objects have been developed by studying topo geodesic, field research, statistical data and classification of agricultural maps. Analyzing the scientific and applied research work on the creation of maps of the studied area, a technological system for creating an electronic map of agriculture using GIS and technologies was developed. This technological system involves the initial data collection, software selection, thematic layer development, conditional character processing, printing, and other processes in creating an agricultural map. A technological system for creating an agro-geo databases has been developed using the proposed content elements, topographic and geodetic works, statistical data and the capabilities of GIS technologies. The agro-geo databases are a standard environment that can be integrated into computers, Internet networks and mobile devices, as well as manage, store and edit agricultural data using ArcGIS software.
The main purpose of the two consecutive experimental studies presented here was to compare the effect of salinity on nutrients in leaves of the halophytic plant species Portulaca oleracea L. and in soil. The first experiment was conducted to study the effect of salinity on plant growth, biomass accumulation, yield, root layer development, salt accumulation, and the dynamics of changes in mineral substances in plants and soil. In the second experiment, P. oleracea seeds were sown directly into salinized soil (treated immediately before plant growth) to determine the nutrient levels in leaves and soil. Three salinity treatments (saline water solution with NaCl: T1, 5 dS m⁻¹; T2, 9.8 dS m⁻¹; and T3, 20 dS m⁻¹) and a control treatment (T0, 1 dS m⁻¹) were used in the first experiment. The soil in the second experiment was used in a previous study (performed immediately before P. oleracea growth) (salinized soil: T1, 7.2 dS m⁻¹; T2, 8.8 dS m⁻¹; T3, 15.6 dS m⁻¹; T0, 1.9 dS m⁻¹). The plants were irrigated with tap water at amounts in the range of 0.25–0.50 L/pot. Analysis of the experimental results showed that P. oleracea is resistant to salinity, is able to remove ions (400–500 kg ha⁻¹ NaCl), and can be grown in saline soil. The results indicated that P. oleracea is able to grow in high-salinity soil. This finding was confirmed by the dry matter obtained under high-salinity conditions. Salinity stress affected nutrient uptake in leaves and soil.
The article provides information on systemic reforms in the organization of efficient use of water resources in Uzbekistan and published by the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, as well as the interim results of scientific work carried out at TIIAME to address this issue. Extreme scarcity of water resources in Central Asia, the area of irrigated lands in the world, water resources used in agriculture, their economical use, economical irrigation technologies used to increase efficiency, the scope of sprinkler technology and the benefits of sprinkler irrigation. and technical specifications are given.
This paper deals with object-oriented image analysis applied for an urban area. Very high-resolution images in conjunction with object-oriented image analysis have been used for land cover detection. Using the eCognition software with object-oriented methods, not only the spectral information but also the shape, compactness and other parameters can be used to extract meaningful objects. The spectral and geometric diversity of urban surfaces is a very complex research issue. It is the main reason why additional information is needed to improve the outcome of classification. The most consistent and relevant characteristic of buildings is their height. Therefore, elevation data (converted from LIDAR data) are used for building extraction, segmentation and classification. The study deals with the problem, how to determine the most appropriate parameters of segmentation, feature extraction and classification methods. The data extraction includes two phases, the first part consists the following steps: data pre-processing, rule set development, multi-scale image segmentation, the definition of features used to map land use, classification based on rule set and accuracy evaluation. The second part of the data process based on classical raster analysis GIS tools like focal and zonal function.
Badland reclamation and low productive farmlands always have been one of the most detrimental effects on the national economy, typically in agricultural sector of Uzbekistan. Nonetheless, such kind of lands has been used extensively for major crops like cotton and winter wheat. However, it is difficult to assessing real productivity of them. Advanced technologies as GIS and RS are vital tool for geospatially analysing and making decisions on this type of fields. This research was carried out for real-time crop monitoring and yield forecasting in case of low productive (3.5 ha) and high productive (8.3 ha) cotton areas of Jarkurgan district (Surkhandarya region, Uzbekistan) based on geospatial analyses of multi-temporal satellite images, condition of groundwater, soil salinity, and ground truth data. For monitoring vegetation phenology of cotton and forecasting its harvest, False Colour, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and SI (Salinity Index) analyses of areas were carried out by using 6 temporal windows of multi-temporal Sentinel 2 from April through August 2019. Besides, groundwater condition data which was obtained from observation wells these located in massives consists of both cotton fields was analysed by IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) interpolation algorithm method to determine groundwater’s effect to vegetation development and yield.
This research focuses on determination of irrigation — drainage networks conditions, salinity of irrigated areas in Shavat district of Khorezm region (Uzbekistan) by geospatial analysis and giving recommendations for their elimination. Additionally, obtaining monthly ground truth data from observation wells and interpolate them with IDW interpolation algorithm methods of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies in order to monitoring changes of groundwater level and mineralization in vegetation period of main agricultural crops are highlighted. Besides that, by using remote sensing technologies, the obtained data about the irrigation regime was determined in agricultural areas. As a result of the usage of GIS and RS methods, there have been created thematic maps on analysing salinity of soils, the actual condition of irrigation and collector of networks, actual level and mineralization of groundwater as well as their dynamic changes. On the basis of the obtained results, there have been given recommendations for improving the conditions of ameliorative arable lands on keeping the level of groundwater at a specified depth and cultivation of agricultural crops in periods of water scarcity.
In Uzbekistan, more than half of population lives in rural area, their well-being depends on quality of land and water resources availability. Quality of land is determined by ameliorative indicators: ground water depth level, ground water salt amount and salinity of soil. These factors do not appear naturally but rather due to the human activity. Inefficient irrigation and excessive consumption of irrigation water on irrigated land in Boyavut District of Syrdarya region of Uzbekistan within several decades have led to a salinization of soil. The primary objective of this article is determination of the level of salinity of soil for modelling spatial distribution of soil salinity throughout an irrigated land by using GIS technology. This technology is focused on automation of development and creation of ameliorative maps, while totally eliminating manual operations. Nowadays, ameliorative expedition specialists still create cadastral map using tracing paper over the marginal areas within irrigated lands based on their ameliorative conditions and by selecting from the three thematic maps and then selecting the poorest conditions of ameliorative indicators. The suggested technology is designed for professionals of cadastral subdivisions of regional ameliorative expeditions, who use the GIS-based software, such as ArcView 3.2. or ArcGIS 10x; their duties include creating of thematic maps based on salinity levels of irrigated lands. Exact coordinates of collection sites of soils samples (collected in 2018-2019) were determined using GPS. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method was applied to use that data to create ameliorative maps categorized by the salinity levels (non-saline, slightly saline, saline area and highly saline areas). Those maps were then analysed to develop procedures on how to improve ameliorative conditions of irrigated areas.
Global climate change can have a significant impact on the development and sustainability of agricultural production. Climate scenarios indicate that an expected increase in air temperature in semiarid Uzbekistan can lead to an increase in evapotranspiration from agricultural fields, an increase in irrigation water requirements, and a deterioration in the ameliorative status of irrigated lands. The long-term mismanagement of irrigation practices and poor conditions of drainage infrastructure have led to an increase in the water table and its salinization level in the northwestern part of Uzbekistan. This article presents the results of an analysis of the amelioration of irrigated lands in the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan as well as the modeling of the dynamics of water table depths and salinity levels using the Mann–Kendall trend test and linear regression model. The study estimated the water table depths and salinity dynamics under the impact of climate change during 2020–2050 and 2050–2100. The results show that the water table depths in the region would generally decrease (from 1.72 m in 2050 to 1.77 m by 2100 based on the Mann–Kendall trend test; from 1.75 m in 2050 to 1.79 m by 2100 according to the linear regression model), but its salinity level would increase (from 1.72 g·L⁻¹ in 2050 to 1.85 g·L⁻¹ by 2100 based on the Mann–Kendall trend test; from 1.97 g·L⁻¹ in 2050 to 2.1 g·L⁻¹ by 2100 according to the linear regression model). The results of the study provide insights into the groundwater response to climate change and assist authorities in better planning management strategies for the region.
The article presents the results of the experiments on the study of irrigation technologies of cotton in the conditions of grassy-alluvial, saline, and medium loam soil of the Bukhara oasis by lying black film on cotton furrows and using polymer complexes. In field experiments, irrigation technology was carried out by using the irrigation received moisture content of the soil recommended for grassy-alluvial, saline, and medium loam soil of the Bukhara oasis at 70-80-65% compared to LSMC. When the cotton was irrigated 4 times according to the scheme 1-3-0 with irrigation norms of 767, 604, 622, 644 cbm/ha and seasonal irrigation rate of 2637 cbm/ha by covering furrows with the black film and 1818 cbm/ha compared to the control option, the river water was economized and the yield was higher which was 46.8 h/ha. Even when irrigated by using polymer complexes, cotton was irrigated 4 times according to scheme 1-3-0 with irrigation norms of 779, 616, 650, 667 cbm/ha and seasonal irrigation rate of 2712 cbm/ha by using polymer complexes and in this regard, 1743 cbm/ha of the river water as compared to the control option was saved while the yield was 44.8 h/ha. Increased cotton yield by 3.0-5.0 h/ha and saving river water by up to 30-40% was achieved through the irrigation technology by using the screen, which was created by covering the black film and polymer complexes.
The paper presents data of scientific research on the conditions of the Bukhara oasis of Uzbekistan reducing the salinity of collector-drainage water through water plants Lemna minor, Azolla caroliniana, Eichhornia crassipes and scientific and practical recommendations for the irrigation of cotton biologically purified collector-drainage waters. A decrease in the salinity of collector-drainage water with a salinity of 3-5 g/l was achieved with the help of aquatic plants Lemna minor and Azolla caroliniana, using them as an additional source of water for irrigation of cotton variety Bukhara-102, a high harvest of raw cotton, as well as saved river water and prevented environmental pollution.
Innovative irrigation practices can enhance water efficiency, gaining an economic advantage while also reducing environmental burdens. In some cases the necessary knowledge has been provided by extension services, helping farmers to adapt and implement viable solutions, thus gaining more benefits from irrigation technology. Often investment in technological improvements has incurred higher water prices, however, without gaining the full potential benefits through water efficiency. Farmers generally lack adequate means and incentives to know crops’ water use, actual irrigation applications, crops’ yield response to different water management practices, and thus current on-farm water-efficiency levels.
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