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Hybodus hauffianus Fraas, 1895 from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) of Dormettingen, SW Germany
Abstract
The hybodont shark, Hybodus hauffianus FRAAS, 1895 is well established on the basis of multiple well preserved and articulated specimens from the Posidonienschiefer (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of the Holzmaden-Ohmden region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, but has not so far been recorded from outside the type area. A partial skull including numerous teeth exposed in a variety of views are described from the Koblenzer (Middle Posidonienschiefer Formation, semicelatum subzone) of Dormettingen some 75 km south-west of Holzmaden. This is the first record of H. hauffianus from this part of the Posidonienschiefer outcrop and the specimen permits refinement of the species diagnosis.
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The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE; ~ 183 Ma) represents an episode of marine anoxia that lasted for several hundred thousand years. Abiotic factors contributing to the formation of the T-OAE, such as global warming, changes in weathering intensity, or sea-level change, are associated with a marked change in carbon cycling. While these factors are well studied, detailed palynological data, including marine and terrestrial palynomorphs, is still missing. Here we present comprehensive palynological data from the sedimentologically and geochemically well constrained T-OAE section in Dormettingen (SW Germany). Palynological assemblages prior to the T-OAE reflect a mixed gymnosperm-pteridophyte vegetation on land. They also include unseparated spore tetrads and sporomorphs with darkened walls indicative of environmental stress. During the early stage of the T-OAE, gymnosperms decline and only pteridophytes are recorded in the palynological assemblages, terrestrial vegetation recovery commenced before the end of the T-OAE. Contrastingly, dinoflagellate cyst diversity declines significantly in the first stage of the T-OAE and is reduced to zero towards the end of the T-OAE. Our data shows that the terrestrial ecosystems reacted early to the abiotic disturbances reflected in carbon isotope data even before the T-OAE.
Konservat-Lagerstätten—deposits with exceptionally preserved fossils—vary in abundance across geographic and stratigraphic space due to paleoenvironmental heterogeneity. While oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) may have promoted preservation of marine lagerstätten, the environmental controls on their taphonomy remain unclear. Here, we provide new data on the mineralization of fossils in three Lower Jurassic Lagerstätten—Strawberry Bank (UK), Ya Ha Tinda (Canada), and Posidonia Shale (Germany) —and test the hypothesis that they were preserved under similar conditions. Biostratigraphy indicates that all three Lagerstätten were deposited during the Toarcian OAE (TOAE), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) show that each deposit contains a variety of taxa preserved as phosphatized skeletons and tissues. Thus, despite their geographic and paleoenvironmental differences, all of these Lagerstätten were deposited in settings conducive to phosphatization, indicating that the TOAE fostered exceptional preservation in marine settings around the world. Phosphatization may have been fueled by phosphate delivery from climatically-driven sea level change and continental weathering, with anoxic basins acting as phosphorus traps.
The study of past climate changes is pivotal for understanding the complex biogeochemical interactions through time between the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, which are critical for predicting future global changes. The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, also known as the Jenkyns Event, was a hyperthermal episode which occurred during the early Toarcian (∼183 Ma; Early Jurassic) and resulted in numerous collateral effects including global warming, enhanced weathering, sea-level change, carbonate crisis, marine anoxia-dysoxia, and biotic crisis. The IGCP-655 project of the IUGS-UNESCO has constituted an international network of researchers with different disciplinary skills who collaborated and shared conceptual advances on uncovering drivers of the environmental changes and ecosystem responses. This volume, Carbon Cycle and Ecosystem Response to the Jenkyns Event in the Early Toarcian (Jurassic), presents 16 works that investigate the early Toarcian environmental changes related to the global warming, sea-level rise, carbon cycle perturbation and second-order mass extinction through biostratigraphy, micropalaeontology, palaeontology, ichnology, palaeoecology, sedimentology, integrated stratigraphy, inorganic, organic and isotopic geochemistry, and cyclostratigraphy.
A partial skeleton of a hybodontiform shark-like chondrichthyan from the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation of Dorset, England, is described and designated as a new genus and species, Durnonovariaodus maiseyi gen. et sp. nov. The holotype and only known specimen, which is represented by disarticulated splanchnocranial elements with associated teeth, a single dorsal fin spine, the pelvic girdle, as well as unidentifiable cartilage fragments, plus countless dermal denticles, exhibits a puzzling combination of dental and skeletal features, providing important new insights into the morphological and ecological diversity of
hybodontiforms. Durnonovariaodus gen. nov. displays a unique set of dental characters, showing close morphological resemblance to Secarodus from the Middle Jurassic of England, which was erected for distinctive, strongly labio-lingually compressed multicuspid cutting teeth originally described as Hybodus polyprion. Skeletally, Durnonovariaodus gen. nov. resembles Hybodus and Egertonodus in having a palatoquadrate with a palatobasal process and an ethmoidal articular surface, combined with the possession of dorsal fin spines ornamented with costae. Therefore, and given the absence of any conclusive phylogenetic framework, Durnonovariaodus maiseyi gen. et sp. nov. is here tentatively referred to Hybodontidae until more complete material becomes available in order to enable a more reliable suprageneric identification. The holotype of Durnonovariaodus
maiseyi gen. et sp. nov. contains two separate pelvic half-girdles, a feature previously considered as evolutionarily primitive among hybodontiforms. However, unfused pelvic half-girdles also occur in the supposedly closely related species Hybodus hauffianus and may in fact have been more widely distributed among hybodontiforms than previously thought, thus rendering the phylogenetic utility of separated pelvic half-girdles for inferring hybodontiform
interrelationships difficult and unresolved.
Especially in Lagerstätten with exceptionally preserved fossils, we can sometimes recognize fossilized remains of meals of animals. We suggest the term leftover fall for the event and the term pabulite for the fossilized meal when it never entered the digestive tract (difference to regurgitalites). Usually, pabulites are incomplete organismal remains and show traces of the predation. Pabulites have a great potential to inform about predation as well as anatomical detail, which is invisible otherwise. Here, we document a pabulite comprising the belemnite Passaloteuthis laevigata from the Toarcian of the Holzmaden region. Most of its soft parts are missing while the arm crown is one of the best preserved that is known. Its arms embrace an exuvia of a crustacean. We suggest that the belemnite represents the remnant of the food of a predatory fish such as the shark Hybodus .
During the Early Toarcian, deposition of organic carbon-rich-shales occurred throughout the epicontinental sea across Europe. Climate instability and high extinction rates in the marine realm were associated with profound environmental changes. The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) has been linked to the injection of greenhouse gases (e.g. oceanic methane) into the atmosphere triggered by the emplacement of the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous province (LIP) volcanism. The data presented are obtained from the Posidonia Shale Formation in Dormettingen (southwestern Germany), ~2 km from the well-known Dotternhausen section. Despite the intense palaeontological and geochemical research, studies on the particulate organic matter (POM) across the T-OAE are scarce. Here, we provide a detailed study of POM of the Dormettingen section as a tool to evaluate changes in the depositional environment. Integrated POM (i.e. amorphous organic matter, marine and terrestrial palynomorphs) and geochemical (i.e. carbon isotope δ¹³C) analyses reveal different episodes of palaeoecological upheavals during the studied time interval. In this study, we will integrate new palynofacies data and combine it with the existing sedimentological and palaeoecological data of Dotternhausen in order to interpret relative sea-level fluctuations and climatic changes at the local palaeogeographic setting.
Asteracanthus was one of the most common Mesozoic hybodontiform chondrichthyans, given that remains traditionally referred to this genus have been reported almost worldwide from Middle Triassic to Late Cretaceous strata so far. Asteracanthus was erected by Louis Agassiz for Late Juras-sic fin spines with stellate tubercles. Later, Arthur Smith Woodward synonymized Strophodus, originally introduced by Agassiz for distinctive crushing teeth of Triassic-Cretaceous age, with Asteracanthus based on associated teeth and spines from the English Middle Jurassic. This taxonomic scheme has been accepted for more than 130 years until now, although articulated material has never been found. Here, we present a unique hybodontiform skeleton from the German Late Juras-sic, displaying a striking combination of characters: tubercu-late dorsal fin spines reminiscent of Asteracanthus, and multicuspid teeth that markedly differ from the crushing teeth previously referred to this genus. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, we compared its fin spines with those that were found in association with Agassiz's Strophodus teeth, providing evidence that Asteracanthus and Strophodus in fact represent two valid genera distinct from all other hybodontif-orms. Morphological features that distinguish fin spines of Strophodus from those of all other hybodontiforms include a straight anterior border and distally distributed posterior den-ticles. These observations led us to present an emended diagnosis for Asteracanthus. Dentally, Asteracanthus shows strong resemblance to Hybodus, but it otherwise lacks a palatobasal process on the palatoquadrate. Therefore, and in the absence of any reliable phylogenetic framework, we recommend treating Asteracanthus as incertae familiae until hybodontiform interrelationships are resolved.
Here we describe a new, previously unrecognized elasmobranch microfossil assemblage consisting of isolated dental material from late Pliensbachian marginal marine, near-shore deposits of Grimmen in northeastern Germany. The faunal composition indicates close affinities to other European pre-Toarcian elasmobranch-bearing localities, as it is predominantly composed of Hybodontiformes (Hybodus reticulatus?, H. hauffianus?, Lissodus sp.), Synechodontiformes (Palidiplospinax enniskilleni, P. occultidens, Paraorthacodus sp., Sphenodus sp.), and Hexanchiformes (Notidanoides sp.), as well as teeth attributable of the enigmatic Early Jurassic galeomorph shark Agaleus dorsetensis. In addition, the here reported elasmobranch tooth assemblage includes the oldest undisputable fossil records of Orectolobiformes and Batomorphii, each being represented by a single complete tooth only. The orectolobiform specimen is reminiscent of hemiscyllids but left in open nomenclature due to its very generalized morphology preventing any taxonomic identification. The batomorph tooth, conversely, is characterized by a unique combination of morphological features, which allows the introduction of new genus and species, Antiquaobatis grimmenensis gen. et sp. nov. The fossil assemblage presented here contributes to our current knowledge of late Early Jurassic chondrichthyan diversity and distributional patterns, providing some support for the hypothesis that most modern neoselachian lineages were initially linked to marginal marine, near-shore environments, before moving into open marine, offshore habitats by the Toarcian.
A new genus and species of hybodontid shark, Crassodus reifi, is described from the upper Falciferum Zone of the Posidonienschiefer Formation (Lower Toarcian) of Dotternhausen, Baden-Württemberg, southwestern Germany. The type and only specimen comprises the Meckelian cartilages, palatoquadrates, remains of the labial cartilages and branchial skeleton as well as a large portion of the dentition. Comparison to other hybodontids shows a strong resemblance to Hybodus delabechei from the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian (?Toarcian) of Western Europe. H. delabechei is possibly a member of the new genus Crassodus but needs reinvestigation. Crassodus reifi and "Hybodus" delabechei deviate strongly in the characters of their dentition from the type species of the genus Hybodus, H. reticulatus Agassiz, 1837. The new genus Crassodus most probably represents a rather basal hybodontine hybodontid, whereas Hybodus sensu stricto is more closely related to other derived hybodontine genera with longicone, high-crowned teeth, such as Priohybodus, Planohybodus, Meristiodonoides and Secarodus.
During the early Toarcian, black-shale deposition was widespread, and several different models have been proposed to explain environmental conditions and controlling factors. Multidisciplinary investigations combining microfacies analysis, geochemical parameters, and paleoecological data reveal that sea-level variation was the main forcing factor for facies distribution within the Central European Basin. This interpretation is supported by the comparison of several Lower Toarcian sections from Europe.
The results show that a Pliensbachian to early Toarcian regression caused the enclosure of the SW German basin, inducing stagnant conditions. Deposition of organic-matter-rich sediments started in the central part of the basin while contemporaneous sediments in basin-margin areas were affected by reworking. The subsequent slow transgression was of minor extent and led to long-term stagnation, which led to anoxic conditions in the benthic environment. Maximum oxygen depletion existed during the exaratum Subzone times and is indicated by largest fecal pellet sizes, a distinct type of lamination, highest content of organic carbon and sulfur, and a lack of paleocurrents and benthic macrofauna. Enhanced water circulation and improved living conditions in the benthic environment could not have been established until a further sea-level rise. Consequently, the bituminous mudstones of the European Epicontinental Sea were not deposited during a Liassic sea-level maximum.
Mass accumulations of belemnite rostra (‘belemnite battlefields’) are common in Mesozoic sediments, and accumulations of belemnoids are also known from older rocks. Many Recent teuthid species suffer mortality immediately after spawning, and some authors have suggested that belemnite accumulations record a similar phenomenon. Conversely, it is clear that many belemnite battlefields actually formed in an environment of net sediment loss, with current alignment and winnowing. A proposed model for the production of belemnite battlefields involves five possible pathways: post-spawning mortality, catastrophic mass mortality, predation concentration, stratigraphical condensation, and resedimentation. Although accumulations that have not been reworked are rare, it is possible to recognise the generating agents of belemnite accumulations through their intrinsic features. A genetic classification of belemnite battlefields, based on the identified pathways, is tested through field examples in Britain and Antarctica, as well as through published examples. □Belemnites, fossil accumulations, palaeoecology, Mesozoic, Antarctica, Yorkshire.
Konservat-Lagerstätten—deposits with exceptionally preserved fossils of articulated multi-element skeletons and soft tissues—offer the most complete snapshots of ancient organisms and communities in the geological record. One classic example, the Posidonia Shale in southwestern Germany, contains a diverse array of fossils preserved during the ∼183 Ma Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Seminal work on this deposit led to the hypothesis that many Konservat-Lagerstätten were preserved in stagnant basins, where anoxic conditions limited soft tissue degradation. To date, however, no studies have thoroughly investigated the geomicrobiological processes that drove fossil mineralization in the Posidonia Shale. As a result, the role of anoxia in its exceptional preservation remains uncertain. Here, we address these issues by reviewing the geology of the Posidonia Shale; describing the mineralization of its fossils; and synthesizing novel and existing data to develop a new model for the paleoenvironment and taphonomy of the Lagerstätte. Although shells and carbonate skeletal elements were preserved as pyritized and carbonaceous fossils, non-biomineralized tissues were primarily preserved via phosphatization (transformation of remains into calcium phosphate minerals). Unambiguous examples of phosphatization include ammonite shells, crustacean carapaces, ichthyosaur remains, coprolites, and coleoid gladii, mantle tissues, and ink sacs. Phosphatized crustaceans and coleoids contain cracks filled with pyrite, sphalerite, and aluminosilicate minerals. Such cracks were likely generated during burial compaction, which fractured phosphatized tissues, exposed their organic matter to focused microbial sulfate reduction, and thereby led to formation of, and infilling by, sulfide and clay minerals. These observations indicate that phosphatization happened early in diagenesis, prior to burial compaction and microbial sulfate reduction, beneath (sub)oxic bottom water, and corroborate the hypothesis that the animals were preserved during ephemeral pulses of oxygenation in the basin and/or within environments located along boundaries of anoxic water bodies. Overall, our findings support the view that anoxic bottom water does not directly promote exceptional preservation; in fact, it may impede it. Konservat-Lagerstätten, particularly “stagnation deposits”, tend to form in (sub)oxic depositional environments with steep redox gradients and/or high sedimentation rates. Under these conditions, organisms are rapidly buried below the redox boundary, where their mineralization is promoted by focused geomicrobiological processes, and degradation is limited by the supply of oxidants in the microenvironments around them.
Hybodontiform shark teeth, cephalic and fin spines as well as placoid scales are reported here for the first time from the continental, Lower Triassic Dongchuan Formation near the village of Zhaojia (Huize County, Yunnan Province) in southwest China. The isolated teeth are assigned to three unidentified hybodontiforms but also to a new species of Parvodus, P. huizodus sp. nov., the oldest record of this small-toothed lonchidiid shark genus, extending its range well down into the Lower Triassic. This new species, together with additional hybodontiform remains, provides new evidence of shark occurrences in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction event, when freshwater environments might have acted as centers of origin rather than refugia for sharks. A review of the species assigned to Parvodus and similar small hybodontiform sharks reveals two distinct ecomorphological groups. Group 1, which is characterized by clutching-type dentitions, includes eight species (three of which remain unnamed) ranging from the Middle Triassic to Lower Cretaceous, while group 2, characterized by cutting-crushing type dentitions, comprises 11 species (six of which remain unnamed) including the type-species, P. rugianus ranging from the Lower Triassic to the Lower Cretaceous. The new fossils documented here reveal that hybodontiforms were already adapted to freshwater environments in the Lower Triassic rather than in the Jurassic in China. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.
The early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (T-OAE, ~183 Ma), also known as the Jenkyns Event, was one of the most important hyperthermal events of the Phanerozoic, caused by the large-scale release of carbon from massive volcanism and/or surficial carbon reservoirs. Organic-rich facies record the event in basins worldwide, but the precise controls on organic carbon burial, and the relative importance of this burial as a mechanism of sequestering excess carbon from the Toarcian atmosphere, are uncertain. In this study, we have compiled total organic carbon (TOC) data from 67 lower Toarcian sections to reconstruct the pattern of organic enrichment through the T-OAE. Shallow marine sites dominate the compilation, and rates of organic carbon burial during the T-OAE were low relative to shallow water margins at the present day. Redox was a major control on organic enrichment and burial rates, but the very high TOC (>5%) observed in hydrographically restricted anoxic-euxinic basins in northern Europe and elsewhere were largely a consequence of low sedimentation rates. Globally, organic enrichment and redox conditions were highly variable, but a majority of sites show an increase in TOC at the T-OAE relative to pre-event values. TOC increases were generally highest where deoxygenation was most severe. In anoxic-euxinic marine basins in Europe organic carbon burial rates may have increased ~500% on average during the T-OAE, potentially sequestering an extra ~791 Gt of carbon relative to the same time period immediately prior to the event. Sites outside of Europe and those that remained oxic-suboxic or were dominated by terrestrial organic matter show variable, and often negligible, changes in organic enrichment across the T-OAE. Globally, an extra ~9000 Gt of carbon may have been buried in shallow seas during the T-OAE relative to before the event. Nevertheless, a paucity of data and significant uncertainties mean that the precise amount of excess carbon sequestered during the T-OAE remains uncertain.
The fin spine of a myriacanthid holocephalian from the Lower Toarcian (Early Jurassic) Posidonienschiefer of Ohmden, near Holzmaden, is described and, following comparison with other Mesozoic holocephalian dorsal fin spines, identified as Recurvacanthus uniserialis DUFFIN 1981. This is the first record of Recurvacanthus from the German Posidonienschiefer, and only the second specimen known. In addition to extending both the stratigraphical and geographical ranges of the genus, the specimen represents an addition to the known chondrichthyan diversity of the Posidonienschiefer.
Black shale samples from sedimentary layers below and between the Unterer Stein, Oberer Stein, Inoceramus Bank, and Nagelkalk horizons from the Dormettingen quarry, SW Germany were analysed for their Re and Os isotope composition and content. The ~12-m-thick sedimentary sequence of the Posidonia Shale Formation, composed of multiple layers of black shale and intercalated limestone beds, was deposited during the Early Jurassic (Toarcian), a time during which black shale sedimentation was ubiquitous in Western Europe during a widespread oceanic anoxic event. Both the marl and shale layers beneath the black shales and adjacent to the Oberer Stein limestone layer show signs of bioturbation. The excellent biostratigraphic constraints and the high Re and Os contents (24–290 ppb and 290–1050 ppt, respectively) of the Dormettingen shales thus make these samples ideal for testing the influence of bioturbation on the Re-Os isotope system, as well as refining age constraints for the Toarcian OAE and potential triggers for this event. The calculated isochron age for the Dormettingen shales is 183.0 ± 2.0 Ma, with a low initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Osi of 0.377 ± 0.065, indicating a Pliensbachian to Toarcian age. This age is in agreement with published U-Pb and Re-Os ages for other Lower Jurassic sites, astronomical constraints, and biostratigraphic correlations, suggesting limited disturbance of the isotope system by minor degrees of biological activity. The low ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Osi is consistent with significant influx of mantle-derived material into the Toarcian ocean, likely from weathering of Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Province basalts.
Les calcaires lithographiques de la carrière de Cerin, située dans le Jura méridional français, sont datés de la fin du Kimméridgien. Ils ont été très célèbres au xixe siècle, pour la qualité de leur pierre, et exploités intensément pendant cette période. De 1975 à 1994, un chantier de fouilles a été installé dans ces calcaires, afin de comprendre quel était l’environnement de dépôt et comment les organismes ont été piégés et conservés. De nombreux fossiles ont été récoltés, des pistes de locomotion originales observées, des figures d’émersion mises en évidence, ainsi que l’existence et le rôle majeur de tapis microbiens. Ces informations ont conduit à une nouvelle interprétation de ce gisement, désormais considéré comme une lagune installée dans une zone déprimée d’un ancien récif corallien émergé et érodé. Cette lagune était épisodiquement connectée à la mer par des chenaux temporaires, lors de tempêtes. La boue calcaire, à l’origine des calcaires lithographiques, provenait à la fois de la mer et des espaces émergés environnants. La plupart des organismes, marins et terrestres, ont été transportés, piégés, mélangés et ensevelis dans la lagune. L’excellente conservation des fossiles a été favorisée par la présence de tapis microbiens recouvrant les cadavres très tôt, installant des conditions superficielles anoxiques les protégeant de la décomposition.
Acid preparation of samples of a bonebed from the Cenomanian of central Canada yielded several thousand well-preserved chondrichthyan teeth, in addition to numerous other vertebrate remains. Teeth and other remains of one species of chimaeroid, one species of hybodont shark, three species of Ptychodus, 10 species of neoselachian sharks and two species of batoid were recorded. The family Archaeolamnidae fam. nov., genera Meristodonoides gen. nov. and Telodontaspis gen. nov. and species Ptychodus rhombodus sp. nov., Telodontaspis agassizensis gen et sp. nov., Eostriatolamia paucicorrugata sp. nov., Roulletia canadensis sp. nov., Cretorectolobus robustus sp. nov. and Orectoloboides angulatus sp. nov. are described. Status of the genus Palaeoanacorax and the species Cretoxyrhina denticulata, Squalicorax curvatus and ‘Rhinobatos’incertus are discussed, and reconstructed dentitions of Archaeolamna and Roulletia presented. The fauna is of low diversity and dominated by active hunters, with many species apparently endemic to the northern Western Interior Seaway.
Recent bulk sampling and study of museum collections has revealed a high diversity of hybodont sharks from the English Bathonian, with 15 species being recognised. In addition, study of dental and skeletal material from the English Callovian has allowed the diagnosis of a new genus and species, Planohybodus peterboroughensis gen. et sp. nov., allowing the Bathonian species Hybodus grossiconus Agassiz to be referred to Planohybodus. Two additional new genera, Secarodus and Frangerodus, are erected for the Bathonian taxa Hybodus polyprion Agassiz and Strophodus lingualis Woodward, respectively. Egertonodus duffini sp. nov. is described and the diagnosis of Egertonodus based on dental material is discussed. The previously unrecorded Hybodus sp., Parvodus sp., and Lonchidion sp. are recognised but left in open nomenclature. Asteracanthus medius (Owen) is recorded in the British Bathonian for the first time, and the status of Bathonian nominal species of Asteracanthus are assessed. Bathonian hybodonts showed great diversity in trophic ecology and many of the species are specific to particular palaeoenvironments.
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