Field Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Chemical Pesticides and The Biological Fungus Trichoderma Harzianum Against Larvae and Adults of Rhaphidopalpaa Foveicollis (Lucas) (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera)

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three types of chemical pesticides, Karate Zeon, Actara and Zenith, in addition to the use of the biological fungus Trichoderma harzianum against the larvae and adults of the red beetle Raphidopalpa foveicollis (Lucas) in the field. The results of the study showed that the two pesticides Actara and Zenith are the best, as the percentage of their effectiveness in red beetle larvae after eight days of treatment was 89.52 and 87.50% respectively, and reached 81.83% in Karate Zeon. As for the red beetle adults, the percentage of effectiveness of the pesticides Actara and Zenith after eight days of treatment was 84.81 and 78.3% respectively, and reached 76.32% at Karate Zeon. The results of the study also showed the effect of the fungus T. harzianum on the larvae and adults of the red beetle. The percentage of activity of the fungus after eight days of treatment with a concentration of 1×107 spore/ ml was 61.20 and 52.06% for two phase respectively.

Full text

Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(3S) 1126-1132 2023
1126
Field Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Chemical Pesticides and
The Biological Fungus Trichoderma Harzianum Against Larvae and
Adults of Rhaphidopalpaa Foveicollis (Lucas) (Chrysomelidae:
Coleoptera)
Hanadi A. Abdul-Razzaq
College of Science, University of Kirkuk, Iraq
Hadeel Abdelelah Abdel Razaaq
College of Education for Women, University of Anbar, Iraq
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three types of chemical pesticides, Karate Zeon,
Actara and Zenith, in addition to the use of the biological fungus Trichoderma harzianum against the larvae
and adults of the red beetle Raphidopalpa foveicollis (Lucas) in the field. The results of the study showed
that the two pesticides Actara and Zenith are the best, as the percentage of their effectiveness in red beetle
larvae after eight days of treatment was 89.52 and 87.50% respectively, and reached 81.83% in Karate
Zeon. As for the red beetle adults, the percentage of effectiveness of the pesticides Actara and Zenith after
eight days of treatment was 84.81 and 78.3% respectively, and reached 76.32% at Karate Zeon. The results
of the study also showed the effect of the fungus T. harzianum on the larvae and adults of the red beetle.
The percentage of activity of the fungus after eight days of treatment with a concentration of 1×107 spore/
ml was 61.20 and 52.06% for two phase respectively.
Keywords: Trichoderma Harzianum, Rhaphidopalpaa Foveicollis, Chemical Pesticides.
Introduction
The red beetle Rhaphidopalpaa foveicollis
(Lucas) is an important insect that infects many
plant hosts, including the Cucurbitaceae family
(Dhillon et al., 2005). Adult insects feed on
vegetative growth nodules and their larvae feed
on the roots and surface of fruits adjacent to the
soil, causing severe damage to plants in the
seedling stage. (Al-Iraqi and Ramadhan, 2010).
The world is heading recently to develop
biological control and its use that depends on
the use of elements from the same environment
as insects that work to curb the pest and reduce
its damage, as researchers found a sufficient
degree of safety for some of these elements,
which is the use of insect pathogens (Van
lenteren, 2006), where the fungus Trichoderma
harzianum was used successfully Against many
insect pests due to its ability to secrete chitin-
degrading enzymes such as Chitinase (Duffy et
al., 1996). Saleh and Abdul Razzaq (2011) have
indicated that T. harzianum has the ability to
produce enzymes that distort the mouths of
adults and nymphs so that the insect starves and
dies.
In the field of chemical control, where chemical
insecticides are among the most common
pesticides after weed pesticides, as they
effectively contribute to preserving agricultural
production by reducing insect damage that
affects various crops (Meister, 2008). Karate
Zeon, the active substance of this pesticide is
Lambda - cyhalothrin, which is a pyrethroid
pesticide that affects contact and infectiously,
and it is one of the pesticides that affect the
nervous system of insects, and this pesticide
was used in the control of the insect of the
almond fruit wasp (Eurytomidae -

Field Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Chemical Pesticides and The Biological Fungus Trichoderma Harzianum
Against Larvae and Adults of Rhaphidopalpaa Foveicollis (Lucas) (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera)
1127
Hymenoptera) Eurytoma amygdale in Homs
Governorate (Syria), where it gave good results
in controlling this insect (Ghaly and Qassis,
2013). Actara pesticide, the active substance of
this pesticide is Thiamethoxam and belongs to
the group of pesticides Neonicotinoids, which
is of the second generation of pesticides and has
the ability to affect through contact and through
the digestive system and has been used against
a wide range of insects such as aphids, whitefly
and thrips (The Radish, 2011), prove Actara
pesticide itself on the nerve receptors for
acetylcholine and cannot be separated, and this
fixation stops the nerve impulses and stops the
transmission of nerve commands to the body of
the insect, which results in stopping all vital
processes of feeding and movement, and the
insect dies (Al-Douri, 1992). Zenith, the active
substance of this pesticide is Acetamiprid, and
it belongs to the group of neonicotinoids and
has an effect on the central nervous system of
the insect, as it is highly systemic and
transmissible and affects contact and infectious
(Al-Qadhi and Al-Rimawi, 1996). This
research aims to study the effectiveness of
some chemical pesticides (Karate Zeon, Actara
and Zenith) and the biological fungus T.
harzianum against the larvae and adults of the
red beetle.
Materials and methods:
This experiment was carried out in one of the
fields of cultivation of cucumis (Cucumis melo
flexuosus), a local variety in Sulaymaniyah,
where the experimental unit included five rows,
as 6 plants of cucumis were planted on both
sides of the row and the distance was between
each two plants 25 cm and the length of the row
was 1.5 m, all recommended agricultural
operations and all treatments were carried out.
After three weeks of planting the plants in the
field, each hole was isolated with green tulle
and a rubber band from the bottom and top to
prevent the occurrence of insect infestation, for
each plant, 20 larvae and 20 adults were
introduced together. The pesticides were
sprayed (Table 1) with the recommended
concentrations, and the comparison treatment
(sprayed with water only) separately, and using
a one-liter sprayer with three replicates, and
after three days the corrected death percentage
was calculated according to the Schneider and
Orell equation mentioned in (Shaaban and Al-
Mallah, 1993).
Corrected death percentage
aaaaaa(pesticide efficacy%) =
Comparison in Death Ratio - Treatment in Death Ratio
×100
The comparison is in the death rate -100
Table (1) Pesticides used to control red
beetle.
Trade
Name
Effective
Material
The conc. used
for the
preparation/
100 L of water
Karate
Zeon
Lambda –
Cyhalothrin
150 ml
Actara
25 WG
Thiamethoxam
10 g
Zenith
20%
Acetamiprid
50 g
The cultures medium of T. harzianum:
The isolation of the fungus was obtained from
the Department of Plant Protection/ College of
Agriculture/ University of Baghdad. The
isolate of T. harzianum was propagated in
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), where the dishes
were vaccinated with T. harzianum by taking a
0.5 cm diameter disc from the fungus colony
growing on a PDA medium was grown in the

Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(3S) 1126-1132 2023
1128
middle of the dishe, and the dishes were
incubated at 25 ± 2 ° C for seven days. Also
used potato broth, which consisted of (200 gm
of potatoes, 10 gm of dextrose sugar and 1 L of
distilled water). The medium was sterilized
with an autoclave at a temperature of 121 and a
pressure of 15 pounds / inch2 for 20 minutes,
and after the medium was cooled, it was
transferred to the isolation room, and pouring
150 ml of it into sterile glass flasks with an
autoclave and vaccinated the culture medium
by taking a 0.5 cm diameter disc from the
fungus colony growing on the PDA medium for
seven days and the flasks were incubated at 25
± 2 ° C for 28 days with the flasks shaken every
3 days to distribute the fungal isolate (Huxham
and Lackie, 1988).
Preparation of the spore suspension of T.
harzianum:
Prepared the mushroom suspension by taking a
glass dish in which the mushroom colony is
grown at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C for seven
days and washing the dish (mushroom colony)
with (10) ml of sterile distilled water in a sterile
glass flasks inside the isolation room and add
90 ml of distilled water to it and the resulting
suspension was used to create a dilution by
taking by taking 1 ml of the main suspension
with a sterile pipette and placed in a test tube
and adding 9 ml of sterile distilled water to it,
the process was repeated for the resulting
suspension to obtain a number of dilutions until
the required concentration was obtained, and
the number of spores was calculated by the
Hemocytometer counting slide. To obtain the
concentrations, applied the following equation:
Required concentration = number of colonies ×
reciprocal of the dilution
Statistical analysis:
The experiment was designed according to a
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
and the differences between the averages were
compared using the least significant difference
test L.S.D (Al-Sahuki and Waheeb, 1990; Al-
Rawi and Khalafallah, 2000) and the data were
analyzed using SAS (2012).
Results and discussion:
The effect of chemical pesticides on the larvae
of the red beetle:
The results indicated in Table (2) that all the
pesticides had an effect on the insect larvae
with high significant differences compared to
the comparison treatment, as the results showed
that the highest killing percentage was in the
treatment of the pesticide Actara, which
reached 89.52% after eight days of treatment,
which was not significantly different from the
Zenith and Karate Zeon insecticide, where gave
a killing rate of 87.50 and 81.83% respectively,
after eight days of treatment. In this regard,
Barrania (2013) indicated that Actara achieved
a killing rate of cotton leafworm larvae
Spodoptera littoralis of 77.5, 67.5 and 60%,
respectively, when used with field
concentrations 1, 1/2 and 1/4.
Table (2): The percentage of pesticide efficacy on red beetle larvae.
Pesticide
The percentage of pesticide efficacy after
spraying in days %
Mean of
pesticides
2
4
8
Karate Zeon
18.42
45.64
81.83
48.63
Actara
32.76
54.31
89.52
58.86
Zenith
24.95
56.11
87.50
56.19

Field Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Chemical Pesticides and The Biological Fungus Trichoderma Harzianum
Against Larvae and Adults of Rhaphidopalpaa Foveicollis (Lucas) (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera)
1129
Control
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mean of days
19.03
39.02
64.71
LSD 0.05
Pesticide
the days
Interaction
0.663
0.574
1.149
The effect of chemical pesticides on the red
beetle adults:
The results of table (3) showed that the
chemical pesticide Actara achieved a high
killing rate on the adult's insect, amounting to
84.81%, which was not significantly different
from Zenith and Karate Zeon, which had a
killing rate of 78.3 and 76.32% respectively,
however, all pesticides achieved high moral
superiority over the control treatment after
eight days of treatment. Sarkawt and Al-Iraqi
(2015) indicated that Actara achieved a killing
rate of stink bugs, which reached 37.03 and
80%, respectively, when used at concentrations
of 0.1 and 2.5 mg/ gallon water after one day of
treatment. Osman (2010) also indicated that
Actara achieved a high killing rate in the adult
Colorado beetle, reaching 46.67% after 30 days
of treatment.
Table (3) The percentage of pesticide efficacy on red beetle adults.
Pesticide
The percentage of pesticide efficacy after
spraying in days %
Mean of
pesticides
2
4
8
Karate Zeon
15.66
30.63
76.32
40.87
Actara
31.65
41.90
84.81
52.79
Zenith
31.66
42.76
78.3
50.91
Control
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mean of days
19.74
28.82
59.86
LSD 0.05
Pesticide
Days
Interaction
0.663
0.574
1.149
The effect of T. harzianum on the red beetle
larvae:
The results in Table (4) showed that all the
concentrations used were from the biological
fungus T. harzianum gave a significant effect
against red beetle larvae, and the percentage
effectiveness of the fungus after eight days of
treatment at concentrations of 1 × 103, 1 × 105
and 1 × 107 spore/ ml were 38.04, 43.54 and
61.20% respectively, and with this result the
highest killing rate of insect larvae are 61.20%
at 1 x 107 spore/ ml. This is in agreement with
the researchers who used the fungus, as (Ashraf
and El-Katatny, 2007) indicated that T.
harzianum had a killing rate of 80% in the
larvae and virgins of the cotton leafworm. Also
mentioned (Khalaf, 2004) that the sporophyte
suspension 1 × 106 spore/ ml of T. harzianum
spores caused a mortality of 100 and 90% of
larvae and adults of the cowpea beetle

Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(3S) 1126-1132 2023
1130
Callosobruchus chinensis L. after seven days of
treatment.
Table (4): The percentage of activity of T. harzianum in red beetle larvae.
Conc. of
T. harzianum
(spore/ ml)
fungus efficacy percentage after spraying in
days (%)
Mean of
concentration
2
4
8
310×1
18.32
31.91
38.04
29.42
510×1
25.65
31.84
43.54
33.68
710×1
31.64
47.35
61.20
46.73
Control
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mean of days
18.90
27.78
35.69
LSD 0.05
Fungus
Days
Interaction
0.663
0.574
1.149
The effect of T. harzianum in red beetle adults:
The results in table (5) showed that all the
concentrations used for the biological fungus T.
harzianum gave a significant effect against the
red beetle adults. The percentage of fungus
efficacy after eight days of treatment was
22.21, 41.40 and 52.06% respectively for the
concentrations 1×103 and 1×105 and 1x107
spore/ ml, and with this result the highest
killing rate of insect adults is 52.06% at the
concentration of 1x107 spore/ ml. (Al-Youssef,
2008) indicated the possibility of T. harzianum
in controlling Black Bean Aphid Aphis fabae
Scopoli, as it achieved a mortality rate of 37.5%
in the field and 76.31% in laboratory at a
concentration of 1×106 spore/ ml. The
biological suspension of T. harzianum fungus
at 1×106 spore/ ml caused a mortality reached
of 90% for Oryzaephilus surinemensis (Bunyan
et al., 2010). The effect of the fungus may be
attributed to the secretion of chitin-degrading
enzymes such as Chitinase (Duffy et al., 1996).
Table (5): The percentage of activity of T. harzianum in red beetle adults.
Conc. of
T. harzianum
(spore/ ml)
fungus efficacy percentage after spraying in
days (%)
Mean of
concentration
2
4
8
310×1
7.28
10.71
22.21
13.40
510×1
7.30
11.96
41.40
20.22
710×1
8.20
30.49
52.06
30.25
Control
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mean of days
5.69
13.25
28.92

Field Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Chemical Pesticides and The Biological Fungus Trichoderma Harzianum
Against Larvae and Adults of Rhaphidopalpaa Foveicollis (Lucas) (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera)
1131
LSD 0.05
Fungus
Days
Interaction
0.663
0.574
1.149
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