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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 177 – No. 39, February 2020
34
Effect of Node Density over the performance of DSR,
TORA, and OLSR Routing Protocols of MANET
Naeem Raza
National Textile University
DCS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Aized Amin Soofi
University of Central
Punjab
Pakistan
Habib Ur Rehman
National Textile University
DCS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Mubashir Tariq
University of Central
Punjab
Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a network of
heterogeneous and homogeneous wireless mobile nodes to
offer provisionally communication facilities to users for the
exchange of data packets without having the well-established
infrastructure in a limited geographical area. Resource-
constrained mobile nodes are not a permanent part of the
network instead mobile nodes are individualistically can join
or leave the network at any time. Network topology,
connectivity of nodes and routing information change
dynamically based on multi-hop routing. The main focus of
this research work is to evaluate the performance of DSR,
TORA reactive routing protocols and OLSR proactive routing
protocol of MANET under augmentation of Nodes Density
investigation based on Random Way Point (RWP) mobility
model. DSR, TORA, and OLSR protocols are simulated by
using OPNET modeler 14.5 by creating three different
scenarios. These protocols are compared and analyzed with
respect to Wireless LAN delay, Wireless LAN throughput,
Wireless LAN network load, Routing traffic send and Routing
traffic received.
General Terms
Routing Protocols, MANET, Performance Evaluation, Nodes
Density, Random Waypoint Mobility Model.
Keywords
MANET Routing Protocols, DSR, TORA, OLSR, Nodes
Density.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless networks are capable of providing faster and fully
distributed computations, communications anywhere and at
any time making it possible for the wireless network nodes to
exchange data without physically connected to each other’s
[1]. Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is emerged due to the
rapid advancements in the field of wireless networks,
advanced wireless communication technologies and the
powerful mobile devices supported by the cellular networks
and the internet. Instead of fixed infrastructure-based wireless
networks, easily reconfigurable MANET has the potential to
provide communications in case of natural disasters, such as
earthquakes, fire and or flood [2]. Mobile nodes form
MANET in a peer to peer (P2P) fashion without preexisting
fixed infrastructure [3]. MANETs are self-creatable, self-
organizable, self-configurable, easily deployable, highly fault
resilient, flexible, adaptable oriented robust mobile networks
[4]. High mobility of mobile nodes and lots of variations in
the transmission range of these nodes makes network
topology completely dynamic [5]. With the emergence of
cheaper, smaller, battery-equipped, more advanced
functioning, and powerful portable devices, MANETs have
become a rapidly growing technique. Due to the emergence of
Information and Communication Technology, MANETs are
capable of providing multimedia services, surveillance, health
monitoring, and remote education, etc. [6-10].
Fig 1: Wireless Networks Catagories
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2
highlighted the routing requirements as well as the working of
DSR, TORA, and OLSR routing protocols of MANET, in
section 3, simulation scenarios, parameters, and performance
matrices selection, configuration, and experimentation were
discussed. In section 4, simulation results, comparative
analysis, and details were discussed. The last section
concluded and summarized the overall research work.
2. ROUTING IN MANET
To exchange data packets in wireless networks, the first step
is to find the best and shortest path from the traffic riginating
source node to the traffic receiving destination node. These
tasks are performed by the routing protocols and the routing
algorithms. Routing protocols suggest the mobile nodes about
topological information whereas routing algorithms form the
shortest path by calculating the distances of all the connected
nodes and links. Dijkstra and the Bellman-Ford is a
commonly used routing algorithm [11]. Transmission Control
Protocol over Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) protocol suite
consists of four layers such as the application layer, transport
layer, network layer, and data lin layer. The topmost
application layer manages the applications, transport layer
responsible for transferring reliably or unreliable data
segments of related application-specific processes, network
layer deals with data packets and IP addresses and data link
layer deals with data frames based on Media Access Control
(MAC) address [12]. In MANETs, mobile nodes do not only
forward data packets but also support effective and strong
routing functioning. MANET nodes form a multi-hop and
dynamic topology network with bandwidth constraint
communication links [13]. Mobile
nodes in MANET must learn its neighbors and path to reach
the destinations using intermediate nodes in a multi-hop
Wireless Networks
Infrastructure-Based
Networks
(LTE, 5G, WiMAX)
Infrastructure-Less
Networks
(MANET, WSN)
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 177 – No. 39, February 2020
35
fashion and based on this knowledge transmit data packets.
This is happened just because of ad-hoc routing protocols of
MANET [14, 15]. Mobile nodes in MANET are resource-poor
in terms of computations, memory, battery life and mobility.
So, each node has a limited transmission range and they
require multi-hop links to transfer data packets [16]. Various
kinds of routing protocols proposed by the researchers to
work in a MANET environment. Each of these must
fundamentally base on link-state and distance vector routing
algorithms [17]. There are several factors involved in
MANET routing protocol performance optimizations and
effectiveness such as geographical network area, nodes
density, nodes speed, nodes mobility, mobility models, packet
size, link bandwidth, the transmission range of each node,
simulation time, simulation parameters, etc. [18]. Some of the
common MANET Flat or Unicast routing protocols are
highlighted in Fig. 2.
Fig 2: MANET Uni-Cast Routing Protocols [19-21]
2.1 Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is a proactive or table-
driven routing protocol, it maintains the routing and
dynamically changing topology information prior to the actual
transmission of data packets to the network nodes. OLSR
routing protocol is based on MultiPoint Relay (MPR), which
minimizes the need to control data packets required for the
maintain the routing and topological information for the
efficient transmission of data packets. In MPR, nodes select
the symmetric neighbor nodes to hop by hop and in a
cascading fashion. This hierarchical approach maintains a list
of MPRs nodes to transmit data and forward messages in a
flooded fashion and is maintaining the optimized routing and
communication links. OLSR approach is inverse of the link-
state routing algorithm. Therefore, OLSR is less power-
intensive [22]
2.2 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) is a reactive or on-demand
routing protocol, it discovers the routing and topology
information at the time whenever transmission of data packets
to the network nodes required. They require relatively high
bandwidth demand for control data packets specifically
instead of only for forwarding messages. DSR maintains the
loop-free path rapidly in case of changing network paths.
Each node adds the control packet in the forwarding path and
caches the path information, results in minimizing the
propagation delay with increased routing overhead [23].
2.3 Temporary Ordered Routing
Algorithm (TORA)
Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) is a reactive
or on-demand routing protocol, it discovers the routing and
topology information at the time whenever transmission of
data packets to the network nodes required. TORA is mainly
based on the “Connection Traversal” phenomenon and it
maintains the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) for network
nodes. Based on DAG all the involved nodes in message
forwarding send back the routing or path information to the
source node from the destination node. In TORA limited
administration is required for efficient routing-related control
overheads. There may exist several intermediate paths
between the source and destination nodes. By this fashion
reroute establishment can easily be understood, recognized
and configured quickly [24].
3. SIMULATION SETUP
In this research work, three network scenarios of MANET
with the varying number of mobile wireless nodes (25, 50 and
75) were created in OPNET modeler 14.5 as shown in Fig. 3,
Fig. 4, and Fig. 5. MANET server was configured to provide
communication facilities between the nodes, and the server in
client/server architecture. To provide mobility to the nodes,
the mobility configuration entity was configured by using
Random Way Point (RWP) mobility model. MANET profile
definition entity was used for nodes parameter settings. The
application definition entity was used to generate FTP traffic.
The simulated network is constructed to evaluate the effect of
nodes density over the performance of DSR, TORA, and
OLSR routing protocols of MANET. The simulation
parameters are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Simulation Parameters
Parameters
Value/Size
Simulation Area
500 * 500 Meters
Simulation Time
10 Minutes
Maximum Speed
Uniform and 10 m/sec
Number of Nodes
25, 50, 75
Routing Protocols
DSR, TORA, OLSR
Mobility Model
Random Way Point
Traffic Type/ Application
CBR/FTP
Packet Size
1500 bytes
MANET Protocols
Proactive
DSDV OLSR
WRP FSR
STAR TBRPF
Reactive
DSR TORA
AODV ARB
CBRP LAR
ABP SSR
Hybrid
CEDAR STARA
ZRP HLAR
HZLS
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 177 – No. 39, February 2020
36
Parameters
Value/Size
Data Rate
11Mbps
Radio Propagation
Direct Sequence
Transport Protocol
TCP
MAC Layer Protocol
MAC/IEEE 802.11
Transmission Power
0.005W
Antenna Type
Omni Directional
Fig 2: Simulation Scenario 1: Nodes Density 25 Nodes
Fig 3: Simulation Scenario 2: Nodes Density 50 Nodes
Fig 4: Simulation Scenario 3: Nodes Density 75 Nodes
3.1 Performance Matrices
3.1.1 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Delay
The average interval of time b/w the generation of the data
packets and the successful delivery of the data packets to all
nodes in the wireless network is known as WLAN End to End
delay. To calculate End to End Delay, discarded data packets
or lost data packets are not considered [25].
3.1.2 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Throughput
The average rate for the successful delivery of data packets
between nodes is known as wireless LAN throughput
measured in bits/sec. the demand of every network is to have
a higher value of throughput [26].
3.1.3 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Network Load
The total amount of load submitted by all higher-level
network layers to all nodes in the network. WLAN network
load is denoted in bits/sec [27]. The higher amount of the
network load is due to the higher amount of traffic coming in
the network; hence the network becomes congested and it’s
difficult to successfully handle all of this traffic in the
network. Many approaches are introduced so that the network
can manage a higher amount of traffic that may cause to
degrades the performance of the network [28].
3.1.4 Routing Traffic Sent
The amount of routing control information in bits/sec that is
compulsory to be sent by the routing protocols to all the nodes
so that all the nodes in a network must have knowledge about
all the available paths in order to send/receive data packets
to/from the nodes.
3.1.5 Routing Traffic Received
The amount of routing control information in bits/sec that a
node receives from the initiating source node or intermediate
source nodes.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Time-Average WLAN Delay
Based on the simulation results of time-average WLAN delay,
as the number of nodes increases the WLAN delay of OLSR
remains lesser and uniform as compared to DSR and TORA.
TORA having a higher value of WLAN delay in comparison
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 177 – No. 39, February 2020
37
to DSR reactive routing protocol and OLSR proactive routing
protocol. DSR shows medium WLAN delay as compared to
TORA and OLSR. The maximum values of WLAN delay are
highlighted in Table 2.
Fig 5: WLAN Delay: Nodes Density 25 Nodes
Fig 6: WLAN Delay: Nodes Density 50 Nodes
Fig 7: WLAN Delay: Nodes Density 75 Nodes
Table 2. Time Average WLAN Delay
Nodes
Density
DSR
TORA
OLSR
25 Nodes
3.8 ms
21 ms
0.5 ms
50 Nodes
7.5 ms
46.5 ms
0.625 ms
75 Nodes
12 ms
127 ms
1 ms
4.2 Time-Average WLAN Throughput
Based on the simulation results of WLAN throughput as th
number of nodes increases OLSR shows higher throughput as
compared to DSR and TORA. Whereas DSR and TORA show
approximately similar WLAN throughput is reduced quantity.
The maximum values of WLAN throughput are highlighted in
Table 3.
Fig 8: WLAN Throughput: Nodes Density 25 Nodes
Fig 9: WLAN Throughput: Nodes Density 50 Nodes
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 177 – No. 39, February 2020
38
Fig 10: WLAN Throughput: Nodes Density 75 Nodes
Table 3. Time Average WLAN Throughput
Nodes
Density
DSR
TORA
OLSR
25 Nodes
92Kbps
183Kbps
540Kbps
50 Nodes
183Kbps
305Kbps
2920Kbps
75 Nodes
284Kbps
448Kbps
8650Kbps
4.3 Time-Average WLAN Network Load
Based on the simulation results of the WLAN network load as
the number of nodes increases w.r.t time, OLSR and TORA
offer the higher value of WLAN network load to the MANET
server means these protocols making MANET server
overburdened. Whereas DSR offers a lower value of WLAN
network load to the MANET server. The maximum values of
the WLAN network load are highlighted in Table 4.
Fig 11: WLAN Network Load: Nodes Density 25 Nodes
Fig 12: WLAN Network Load: Nodes Density 50 Nodes
Fig 13: WLAN Network Load: Nodes Density 75 Nodes
Table 4. Time Average WLAN Network Load
Nodes
Density
DSR
TORA
OLSR
25 Nodes
91Kbps
143Kbps
108Kbps
50 Nodes
180Kbps
198Kbps
230Kbps
75 Nodes
273Kbps
259Kbps
370Kbps
4.4 Time-Average Routing Traffic Sent
Based on simulation results of routing traffic sent at nodes the
density of 25 nodes, routing traffic sent by the DSR is very
less as compared to TORA and OLSR, moderate by the OLSR
and high by the TORA. As the Nodes Density increase,
routing traffic sent by the DSR again remains less as
compared to TORA and OLSR whereas moderate again by
the OLSR and high by the TORA. It means that DSR required
less routing information for data packets forwarding, OLSR
required the moderate value of routing information butTORA
required a very high amount of routing information
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 177 – No. 39, February 2020
39
for data packets forwarding as nodes density increases. The
maximum values of the routing traffic sent are highlighted in
Table 5.
Fig 14: Routing Traffic Sent: Nodes Density 25 Nodes
Fig 15: Routing Traffic Sent: Nodes Density 50 Nodes
Fig 16: Routing Traffic Sent: Nodes Density 75 Nodes
Table 5. Time Average Routing Traffic Sent
Nodes
Density
DSR
TORA
OLSR
25 Nodes
91Kbps
143Kbps
108Kbps
50 Nodes
180Kbps
198Kbps
230Kbps
75 Nodes
273Kbps
259Kbps
370Kbps
4.5 Time-Average Routing Traffic
Received
Based on the simulation results of routing traffic sent, at low
nodes density, routing traffic received by the DSR is very less
as compared to TORA and OLSR, moderate by the OLSR and
high by the TORA. As the Nodes Density increase, routing
traffic received by the DSR again remains less as compared to
TORA and OLSR whereas moderate by the TORA and high
by the OLSR. Routing traffic received is always greeter than
routing traffic sent because intermediate nodes add more
routing information with the data packets. The maximum
values of the routing traffic received are highlighted in Table
6.
Fig 17: Routing Traffic Received: Nodes Density 25 Nodes
Fig 18: Routing Traffic Received: Nodes Density 50 Nodes
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 177 – No. 39, February 2020
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Fig 19: Routing Traffic Received: Nodes Density 75 Nodes
Table 6. Time Average Routing Traffic Received
Nodes
Density
DSR
TORA
OLSR
25 Nodes
2.05Kbps
1300Kbps
370Kbps
50 Nodes
7.05Kbps
4850Kbps
2460Kbps
75 Nodes
16.3Kbps
5100Kbps
7780Kbps
5. CONCLUSION
With respect to time average results of WLAN delay, by
increasing the density of the nodes, OLSR has a very small
delay as compared to DSR and TORA, whereas DSR has a
moderate delay as compared to OLSR and TORA. TORA has
a very high delay as compared to OLSR and DSR. DSR also
belongs to the category of reactive protocols but it has a short
delay as compared to TORA. With respect to time average
results of WLAN throughput, by increasing the density of the
nodes, OLSR shows very high throughput as compared to
DSR and TORA. TORA has moderate WLAN throughput and
DSR has very little throughput. It was oticed earlier that
OLSR has a very small WLAN delay hat is the reason it
shows the highest throughput as compared to TORA and
DSR. TORA has a very high delay but its throughput is better
than DSR. DSR offers less throughput as compared to TORA
and OLSR. With respect to time average results of WLAN
network load, by increasing the density of the nodes, OLSR
provides a maximum load to all WLAN layers of MANET
whereas TORA and DSR provide a moderate WLAN network
load. Higher WLAN network load to all WLAN layers of
protocol stack makes challenges for the network to effectively
handle this high value of network load because the network
becomes overburdened. So DSR is more effective with
respect to the WLAN network load. With respect to time
average results of routing overhead or routing traffic sent and
received, TORA has very high routing traffic sent, moderate
routing traffic was sent by OLSR and a very small amount of
routing traffic sent by DSR. Whereas in the case of routing
traffic received, OLSR has very high routing traffic received,
TORA has a high amount of routing traffic received and DSR
has very less routing traffic received. It means that DSR is
best with respect to routing traffic sent and received or routing
overhead as compared to both TORA and OLSR whereas
OLSR the proactive protocol performs worse with respect to
routing traffic sent and received or routing overhead. In short,
OLSR has the best performance as compared to DSR and
TORA in case of WLAN delay and throughput. Future work
will be the enhancement of these routing protocols.
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