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Preservative Sodium Benzoate as a Food Additive Alone and in Combination with Vitamin C and its Toxic Effects on the Liver and Kidney Function of Adult Male Rabbits
... These biomarkers are crucial for assessing kidney function and metabolism. In animal studies, Sodium benzoate has been shown to induce kidney toxicity, characterized by elevated levels of creatinine and urea, suggesting renal dysfunction [37]. Sodium benzoate can impact the excretion of nitrogenous waste, which is reflected in altered urea and creatinine levels. ...
Sodium benzoate, a common food preservative, has been linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and potential damage to various organs, including the kidneys. Aged black garlic (ABG) offers significant potential in supporting body health through its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce cellular damage and inflammation and, thus, improve organ functions. The purpose of this investigation is to investigate the ameliorative effect of aged black garlic extract (ABG extract) on the nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by sodium benzoate. A total of thirty-two adult male albino rats were divided randomly into four groups: Group 1: control; Group 2: orally given ABG extract (200 mg/kg bw) daily for 4 weeks; Group 3: administrated orally by sodium benzoate daily for 4 weeks; Group 4: cotreated with both ABG extract and sodium benzoate for 30 days. This included histological examinations, a histochemical demonstration of DNA contents, and an immunohistochemical demonstration of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3, as well as a biochemical evaluation of renal MDA, CAT, SOD, GPx, and IL-1β levels. Moreover, serum and urinary urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, and potassium levels were also determined, as well as serum C-reactive protein. FI (30 days), FER, and BWG% were calculated as well as urinary volume and protein being measured. The findings revealed that ABG extract significantly improved all histopathological and physiological changes (p < 0.05) induced by SB as renal tissue was significantly improved, DNA contents were restored, and capase-3 immunoreactivity was diminished. Additionally, oxidative and inflammatory markers, and renal function parameters, were significantly improved. These results showed that ABG extract possesses significant ameliorative effects against the nephrotoxicity induced by sodium benzoate; this may be mediated by its antioxidant activity.
... In rats, the use of sodium benzoate and fructose together had negative effects on the structure and function of the liver [39]. Compared to the group receiving vitamin C alone and the control groups, the administration of sodium benzoate alone and in combination with it had a negative impact on liver and kidney functioning [40]. ...
Numerous studies have found that some food preservatives are hazardous to human health and can lead to cancer in the long run. Plant extracts are becoming increasingly popular and garnering the attention of researchers due to their important antibacterial and antioxidant components. In this review, we will focus on some chemical preservatives, the potential health risks of nitrate and nitrite, sodium benzoate, and potassium sorbate in food processing. Natural plant extracts are also discussed as antimicrobials and antioxidants, as well as their potent roles as medicinal plants and antimicrobial agents that can be employed to reduce the percentage of food preservatives. Data reveals that synthetic chemicals in food additives can promote obesity, cancer, asthma, and heart problems. Natural plant extracts have antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics, making them a partially viable alternative to synthetic preservatives. Bioactive compounds, agro-industrial processes, and green processing technologies that are environmentally friendly are important for improving food products.
Context: Food spoilage has been a common problem throughout history, and much of the spoilage is caused the activity of microorganisms or enzymatic reactions during the storage of food. Thus, using chemical substances could prevent or delay food spoilage and this has led to the great success of these compounds in the treatment of human diseases. Sodium benzoate is one of the synthetic additives that are widely used in the food industry.
Evidence Acquisition: In this review we summarized the history and role of benzoate sodium in the food industry, its limited value in different food, other uses, pharmacokinetics, and its toxicity in animal studies. A literature search was carried out using MEDLINE, Scopus, Science Direct, and Scientific Information Databases (SID).
Results: Sodium benzoate is used in different industries as well as the food industry and it has adverse effects similar to other food additives.
Conclusions: Studies on natural ingredients in foods to find compounds with similar effects as benzoate with less adverse effects is necessary.
Keywords: Sodium Benzoate; Preservative; Food Safety; Spoilage
The present study was designed to determine the modulating effect of green tea and vitamin C against adverse effects of malathion. Animals were divided into four groups 5 rats /group). Group one was usedas a control. Group two given malathion (50 mg/kg/day; 1/50 of the LD50 for four weeks). Group three and Group four were given malathion (50 mg/kg/day; 1/50of the LD50 for four weeks) plus vitamin C (200 mg/kg/day) and plus green tea (36 mg/kg/day) respectively. At the end of the fourth week, the malathiontreated group had significantly lower Red Blood Cell Count (RBCs), Hemoglobin concentration (Hb), Paced Cell Volume (PCV%) and White Blood Cells (WBCs) than the control group. Compared to the control group, the malathion-treated group had significantly higher serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, creatinine and uric acid level. The malathion treated rats also had significantly lower serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels than the control group,the malathion plus vitamin C and malathion plus green tea groups did not differ from the control group in terms of these parameters. However, concomitant vitamin C and green tea treatment significantly normalized, at least partially, all the other hematological and biochemical parameters that were altered by malathion. Liver tissue homogenate in malathion treated group had lower Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione Peroxidase(GSH-PX) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) levels accompanied with higher level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) than the control group. Histopathological studies revealed that the malathion-treated, malathion plus vitamin C and malathion plus green tea treated groups exhibited histopathological changes in liverand kidney tissues, although some pathological features were only observed in the malathion-treated group. Thus, vitamin C and green tea can at least partly reduce malathion hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
To identify distinct biological pathways of glucose metabolism, we conducted a systematic evaluation of biochemical changes after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a communitybased population. Metabolic profiling was performed on 377 non-diabetic Framingham Offspring cohort participants (mean age 57 years, 42% women, BMI 30 kg/m2) before and after OGTT. Changes in metabolite levels were evaluated with paired t-tests, cluster-based analyses, and multivariable linear regression was used to examine differences associated with insulin resistance. Of 110 metabolites tested, 91 significantly changed with OGTT (P ≤ 0.0005 for all). Amino acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates decreased after OGTT, and glycolysis products increased, consistent with physiologic insulin actions. Other pathways affected by OGTT included decreases in serotonin derivatives, urea cycle metabolites, and B vitamins. We also observed an increase in conjugated, and decrease in unconjugated bile acids. Changes in beta-hydroxybutyrate, isoleucine, lactate, and pyridoxate were blunted in those with insulin resistance. Our findings demonstrate changes in 91 metabolites representing distinct biological pathways that are perturbed in response to an OGTT. We also identify metabolite responses that distinguish individuals with and without insulin resistance. These findings suggest that unique metabolic phenotypes can be unmasked by OGTT in the prediabetic state.
Chronic exposure to benzene is associated with hematotoxicity and acute myelogenous leukemia. Inhibition of topoisomerase IIalpha (topo II) has been implicated in the development of benzene-induced cytogenetic aberrations. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of topo II inhibition by benzene metabolites. In a DNA cleavage/relaxation assay, topo II was inhibited by p-benzoquinone and hydroquinone at 10 microM and 10 mM, respectively. On peroxidase activation, inhibition was seen with 4,4'-biphenol, hydroquinone, and catechol at 10 microM, 10 microM, and 30 microM, respectively. But, in no case was cleavable complex stabilization observed and the metabolites appeared to act at an earlier step of the enzyme cycle. In support of this conclusion, several metabolites antagonized etoposide-stabilized cleavable complex formation and inhibited topo II-DNA binding. It is therefore unlikely that benzene-induced acute myelogenous leukemia stems from events invoked for leukemogenic topo II cleavable complex-stabilizing antitumor agents. (Blood. 2001;98:830-833)
The preservative levels in commercial toothpastes for general, children's and medicinal uses were measured by GLC, and daily preservatives intake arising from brushing of the teeth in female students (20 years old) was calculated and compared to the intake from the diet. The levels of benzoic acid (BA) were 810~4,450 mg/kg in toothpaste for general use, and 800~850 mg/kg in that for children's use. Those of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) esters in the toothpastes for general, children's and medicinal uses were 70~1,370 mg/kg, 170~520 mg/kg and 350~450 mg/kg, respectively. When toothpaste for general use containing BA 4,450 mg/kg and PHBA ethyl 1,550 mg/kg was used by 40 female students, the daily intake of BA was about 2.23 mg, which was almost the same as that from the diet, whereas the PHBA-ethyl daily intake was about 1.10 mg, which was considerably higher than that through the diet.
Background/aims:
Excretion of urinary compounds in spot urine is often estimated relative to creatinine. For the growing number of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays of urine-excreted molecules, a fast and accurate method for determination of creatinine is needed.
Methods:
A high-throughput flow injection tandem mass spectrometry method for exact quantitation of creatinine in urine has been developed and validated. Sample preparation used only two-step dilution for protein precipitation and matrix dilution. Flow injection analysis without chromatographic separation allowed for total run times of 1 min per sample. Creatinine concentrations were quantitated using stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Selectivity and coelution-free quantitation were assured by qualifier ion monitoring.
Results:
Method validation revealed excellent injection repeatability of 1.0% coefficient of variation (CV), intraday precision of 1.2% CV and interday precision of 2.4% CV. Accuracy determined from standard addition experiments was 106.1 ± 3.8%. The linear calibration range was adapted to physiological creatinine concentrations. Comparison of quantitation results with a routinely used method (Jaffé colorimetric assay) proved high agreement (R(2) = 0.9102).
Conclusions:
The new method is a valuable addition to the toolbox of LC-MS/MS laboratories where excretion of urinary compounds is studied. The 'dilute and shoot' approach to isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry makes the new method highly accurate as well as cost- and time-efficient.
The present study summarizes information on toothpaste composition as supplied by the manufacturers. The survey covered 48 items, virtually all toothpastes offered for sale in Finland. It was concluded that the toothpastes are not entirely safe to use, because almost 50% of the products studied contained a total of some 30 compounds widely recognized as allergens. According to the literature, the most common allergens in toothpastes are flavours (e.g., cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamon oil and peppermint) and preservatives. Symptoms include stomatitis, cheilitis, glossitis, gingivitis, perioral dermatitis and immediate hypersensitivity.
Benzyl Alcohol is an aromatic alcohol used in a wide variety of cosmetic formulations as a fragrance component, preservative, solvent, and viscosity-decreasing agent. Benzoic Acid is an aromatic acid used in a wide variety of cosmetics as a pH adjuster and preservative. Sodium Benzoate is the sodium salt of Benzoic Acid used as a preservative, also in a wide range of cosmetic product types. Benzyl Alcohol is metabolized to Benzoic Acid, which reacts with glycine and excreted as hippuric acid in the human body. Acceptable daily intakes were established by the World Health Organization at 5 mg/kg for Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate. Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate are generally recognized as safe in foods according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. No adverse effects of Benzyl Alcohol were seen in chronic exposure animal studies using rats and mice. Effects of Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate in chronic exposure animal studies were limited to reduced feed intake and reduced growth. Some differences between control and Benzyl Alcohol-treated populations were noted in one reproductive toxicity study using mice, but these were limited to lower maternal body weights and decreased mean litter weights. Another study also noted that fetal weight was decreased compared to controls, but a third study showed no differences between control and Benzyl Alcohol-treated groups. Benzoic Acid was associated with an increased number of resorptions and malformations in hamsters, but there were no reproductive or developmental toxicty findings in studies using mice and rats exposed to Sodium Benzoate, and, likewise, Benzoic Acid was negative in two rat studies. Genotoxicity tests for these ingredients were mostly negative, but there were some assays that were positive. Carcinogenicity studies, however, were negative. Clinical data indicated that these ingredients can produce nonimmunologic contact urticaria and nonimmunologic immediate contact reactions, characterized by the appearance of wheals, erythema, and pruritus. In one study, 5% Benzyl Alcohol elicited a reaction, and in another study, 2% Benzoic Acid did likewise. Benzyl Alcohol, however, was not a sensitizer at 10%, nor was Benzoic Acid a sensitizer at 2%. Recognizing that the nonimmunologic reactions are strictly cutaneous, likely involving a cholinergic mechanism, it was concluded that these ingredients could be used safely at concentrations up to 5%, but that manufacturers should consider the nonimmunologic phenomena when using these ingredients in cosmetic formulations designed for infants and children. Additionally, Benzyl Alcohol was considered safe up to 10% for use in hair dyes. The limited body exposure, the duration of use, and the frequency of use were considered in concluding that the nonimmunologic reactions would not be a concern. Because of the wide variety of product types in which these ingredients may be used, it is likely that inhalation may be a route of exposure. The available safety tests are not considered sufficient to support the safety of these ingredients in formulations where inhalation is a route of exposure. Inhalation toxicity data are needed to complete the safety assessment of these ingredients where inhalation can occur.
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