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Where the Gaps Are: Assessing Alternative Models of Governance to Improve the Delivery of Key Public Services in Metro Manila
Abstract
This chapter gives a broad overview of the alternative models of governance to improve key public services in Metro Manila, which have emerged since the enactment of the LGC of 1991. This is in light of the several challenges which have confronted the LGC of 1991 in the implementation of social service delivery. The concerns it examines are the following: (1) the state of key services in Metro Manila; (2) how individual local government units in Metro Manila perform relative to their peers in other regions; and (3) under current conditions, what governance model can best address the gaps in public service delivery in Metro Manila. The chapter explores the concept of multi-level governance (MLG), e.g., federalism as an approach in instituting governance which go beyond boundaries to address the current shortcomings in the delivery of social services, e.g., peace and order, health, education, and disaster risk management.
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p>Due to rapid urbanization, Metro Manila is facing many environmental challenges with its continuous accelerating urban growth rate. According to 2010 census of population Metro Manila accounts about one-third of the total urban population and about 13% of the total national population of Philippines. The impact of urban growth of the Metro Manila to its urban environment relating on demography, solid wastes problem and problems in water bodies as well as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissionis emphasized here in this study. The flood prone areas within the Metro Manila is about 31%, most of the risk areas located along creeks, river banks or coastal areas. Metro Manila produces total garbage equivalent to 25% of the national waste generation in which about 17% is paper wastes and about 16% are plastics. In terms of water quality classification the upper reaches of the Marikina River is of Class A, but all remaining river systems are of Class C. Accordingly, the classification of Manila Bay is of Class SB. Similarly, the quality of ambient air of the Metro Manila is also poor. Using 2010 as base year, the major contributor to greenhouse gas is from vehicular emissions followed by the stationary sources. An urgent need is felt to incorporate environmental issues into planning its urban area to reduce the risks of further environmental degradation.
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management , Vol. 3, 2017, Page: 79-92</p
The term desakota, a mixed urban-rural space adjacent to a metropolitan area, has been substantially used to depict a distinct Southeast Asian urban phenomenon. Invoking the resistant and anti-essentialist aspect of this concept, I offer a critical interrogation of suburban developments in a Global South setting, in particular in Manila's urban fringe, by grounding it within neoliberal restructuring in the Philippines. As the Philippines continues to experience sustained real estate growth eliciting jubilant support from both the state and the market, vast tracks of land on Manila's fringe have been converted to multiple gated residential subdivision developments. Using the case study of Canlubang, I problematize the accelerated production of these suburban spaces in two ways. One, I foreground their historical economic, social, political, and geographical relations and contestations involving multiple actors, such as landed elites, -taipans, Overseas Filipinos, dispossessed farmers, and indigenous peoples. Second, I unpack these highly preferred developments by linking them to the continued land struggles of farmers and persistent dominance of political-economic elites in the Philippines. As farmers face numerous acts of harassment, violence, and demolition to make way for these developments, several farming communities have managed to sustain their resistance to these projects. These spatial narratives offer possible theoretical and empirical trajectories that elucidate grounded contingencies between urbanization and neoliberalization in multiple contexts and illustrate the instability of urban futures projected by neoliberal visions.
This paper traces the relationship between shifts in state strategies for capital building in Manila and changes in the political symbolism of urban space. It discusses three distinct epochs in capital building strategies in the Philippines during the past century: the American colonial period, the period of Ferdinand Marcos' authoritarian rule, and the Philippines' current integration into the global economy. It argues that the global era has been marked by the privatization of urban development and the degradation of public space, and that this has led Manila residents to seek new forums for political action, with important implications for the country's democracy.
The reallocation of authority upward, downward, and sideways from central states has drawn attention from a growing number of scholars in political science. Yet beyond agreement that governance has become (and should be) multi-level, there is no consensus about how it should be organized. This article draws on several literatures to distinguish two types of multi-level governance. One type conceives of dispersion of authority to general-purpose, nonintersecting, and durable jurisdictions. A second type of governance conceives of task-specific, intersecting, and flexible jurisdictions. We conclude by specifying the virtues of each type of governance.
http://www.centreforliteracy.qc.ca/sites/default/files/CTD_ResearchBrief_Horizontal%20Governance_sept_2009_0.pdf
In this paper, the author argues that to preserve their primacy and dominance, national capitals construct and assert representations and projects of power before the nation and the world. Metro Manila or the national capital region (NCR) serves as the major locus and staging area of capital building strategies and assertions by the state and elite power as well as by the resistance of subaltern groups. The ways that flows of transnational capital, politics, and ideas are organized and channeled into the capital’s spatial and social fabric are mediated by local and national politics. In the Philippines, three major forces have shaped the process of capital city building and assertion during the past two decades, namely: (1) the decentralization of national government functions to the local government units of cities, municipalities, and provinces; (2) the democratization of socio‐political life; and the (3) nation’s bid to be globally competitive where its major insertion to the global economy is anchored on labor migration, business process outsourcing services, and light export‐oriented industries. These processes have raised questions regarding the quality of life and sustainability of the NCR, posing challenges to its continuing dominance, desirability, and representation of the nation‐state. In international media, contradicting images of high‐rise buildings in the financial district and urban poor settlements are presented to highlight these issues. These contradictions have presented erosions and challenges to the national capital’s project of hegemony and dominance, in part because of the multiple ways that state power, capital, and democratic movements have become decentralized (multi‐sited), heterogeneous, and porous. These processes are reflected in the shifting spaces, symbols, and representations of power in, and of, the national capital.
The institutionalisation of decentralisation among urban local governments in the Philippines since the 1990s has been highly documented. While most of the studies have hailed its progressive development, a few have argued that decentralisation has also led to the further entrenchment of traditional élites and their allied power structures in local governance. This paper argues that, while decentralisation has allowed some local governments to initiate effective, efficient and accountable structures, thus becoming more responsive to the needs of their constituents, it has also led to the strengthening of traditional élites/political families and allied power structures as well as the creation of new ones. In short, decentralisation has ‘selectively’ democratised as well as reinforced existing power structures through the entrenchment of élite political families in urban governance and development. Utilising the concept of networked governance practices, this paper examines how local chief executives and allied officials have transformed local power structures through the mobilisation of decentralisation and democratisation discourses/strategies within and across the government bureaucracies, civil society organisations (non-government organisations, people's organisations and private-sector or business groups). Their mobilisation of such strategies is part of the overall governance framework of local government units to become locally/globally competitive amidst a weak metropolitan governance system in Metro Manila. The study describes how decentralisation compels local governments and their officials to deal strategically with the competing demands of economic growth and social and environmental governance, by reconfiguring or recasting existing power structures/practices through democratisation strategies/discourses, to respond to the needs of their constituencies, especially marginalised sectors like the urban poor. The paper concludes that the concept of networked governance practices allows us a broader understanding of how decentralisation promotes democratisation while strengthening ‘selectively’ traditional political élites and allied power bases in civil society and the business sector. These arguments are illustrated by examining the implementation of two local government environmental and social housing programmes—the Pasig Green City Programme and the Land and Housing Programme in Las Piñas City in Metro Manila.
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This paper explains the evolution of the metropolitan organizations that have been established to oversee the development of Metro Manila, provides a survey of their responsibilities, authorities, organizational structure, financing, institutional relationships as well as briefly assess their strengths and weaknesses. It then discusses the major management challenges in Metro Manila at present and how they are being addressed under the current set-up. Under the present decentralized framework, governance of Metro Manila becomes more challenging as cities and municipalities that compose it have political legitimacy and significant powers and authorities relative to the Metropolitan organization. However, the paper has emphasized that with proper allocation of powers, authorities and financing, the metropolitan body can take on a more important role in terms of actual delivery of metro-wide services. While the present metropolitan body appears to have taken on more responsibilities in the delivery of services transcending local boundaries, still a large part of these metro-wide services still remain with the national government agencies. This is primarily explained by the fact that while the national government has continuously provided subsidies to the metropolitan body, it still allocates a sizeable portion of the budget for metro-wide services to the national government agencies. These agencies, being line departments, are inherently concerned with their own sectoral priorites rather than serving the needs of the metropolis per se. Consequently, the metropolitan body is left with very difficult task of having to orchestrate the sectoral programs of various national government agencies, including metro-wide services. This situation not only makes government effort almost intractable but also increases costs in terms of both manpower and financial costs. The advantage of metropolitan governance under a decentralized framework is that it allows the local government un
Associated with the country’s drive to become more modern and competitive global economy is the emergence of metropolises, which is defined in theory as large urban settlement having at least one million population. Given such definitions, the only metropolises that would qualify are Metro Manila, Metro Cebu and Metro Davao. There are, however, other metropolises that do not qualify to the theoretical standards but behave functionally as such and are henceforth classified as metropolitan arrangement. Its emergence, whether fleeting or a prelude to the future trend, is the main concern of this paper. The paper also examines whether there are significant benefits to this form of geopolitical cooperation and how this can be strengthened and enhanced as an alternative mechanism for efficient delivery of urban service.
A world-class metropolis connotes a metropolitan settlement where infrastructure and services are considered at par with world standards in terms of sophistication, efficiency and quality of services. Admittedly, Metro Manila still has much to hurdle in relation to the provision of good transportation and making accessible the basic utilities like water, power and communication facilities. This paper highlights the issues and problems confronting Metro Manila by evaluating transport and traffic management, solid waste management, land use planning and infrastructure development.
During the past two decades, a silent revolution in public sector governance has swept across the globe aiming to move decision making for local public services closer to the people. The countries embracing and adapting to this silent revolution have had diverse motives and followed even more diverse approaches. This paper attempts to present a stylized view of the motivations and approaches used to strengthen local governance. The quest forthe right balance, i.e. appropriate division of powers among different levels of government, is not always the primary reason for decentralizing. There is evidence that the decentralization decision may have more to do with short-term political considerations than the long-run benefits of decentralization. To take stock of progress worldwide, we take a comparative look at developments in political, fiscal and administrative decentralization for a selected group of countries. Most of the decentralization literature deals with normative issues regarding the assignment of responsibilities among different levels of government and the design of fiscal transfers. The process of decentralization has not received the attention it deserves as the best laid plans can fail due to implementation difficulties. We revisit major controversies regarding preferred approaches to obtaining a successful outcome. Key approaches examined are big push versus small steps; bottom up vs. top down; and uniform vs. asymmetric decentralization. Finally, Indonesia's 1999 big bang decentralization program is evaluated. The program should be commended for its achievements over a short period of time, however incentives are lacking for local governments to be accountable and responsive to their residents.
This article examines the emerging role of metropolitan intergovernmental human services bodies (IGBs). As a result of changes in federalism during the past few decades, a growing number of metropolitan areas have found the need to replace their defunct health and welfare planning councils with new metropolitan groups involving local governments as well as private sector funders. These human services bodies, comprised of top level elected and appointed decision-makers, conduct interjurisdictional planning and policymaking focused on social problems and also perform other intergovernmental roles. In dealing with social problems locally, they access federal and state programs, match them with local funds and services, and thus manage federalism from a community perspective. This article focuses on nine of the twenty-five known IGBs.
This volume is the first ever English translation of Part III of von Thünen`s famous ‘Isolated State’. It deals with the optimum rotation period of woods - a central problem of capital theory which has been studied by many famous economists. Thünen’s early approach to the problem compares very well with most of the later attempts. © Thünengesellschaft e. V., Tellow and Keith Tribe and Fritz Tack and Paul A. Samuelson 2009. All rights reserved.
Impact of decentralization on public service delivery is mixed. A meta-analysis of the studies suggests that impact of decentralization on public service delivery is contingent on factors such as the design of the decentralization policy; implementation bottlenecks and diluting the model of decentralization for accommodating the dissenting segments of stakeholders including employees; and participatory governance. In particular decentralization has resulted in improvements in delivery of local services where devolution as a mode of decentralization is accompanied by sound financial resource base of local governments, full autonomy to local governments in HRM matters, regular capacity building of local officials, performance based incentive structures, and participatory governance. In contrast where either truncated model of decentralization is adopted or the original model is diluted in favour of centralisation particularly in the form of imposition of central personnel policies, thus burdening local governments financially and in the process delivery of public services suffered. Rampant corruption and elite capture in the decentralized bodies have also hampered the equitable delivery of services.
The paper focuses on Metropolitan Manila and the serious economic and social problems faced by the city. The Philippines has recently adopted a new national urban policy, the National Urban Development and Housing Framework, 1999-2004. This policy is designed to give new advantages to the lowest income members of urban Philippine society and act as a poverty alleviation device in a near-desperate situation. If properly implemented, this policy can have a profound effect upon Manila.
Cities and towns first developed in the Philippines as a product of Spanish rule and Roman Catholic mission activity. In this context a new three tiered hierarchy of settlements was established above the preexisting village level. Elements of social and spatial segregation derived from Mexico were imposed in these settlements. Due to a lack of economic base, the towns set up to serve as regional centers soon declined. Substantial provincial urbanism appeared only with the rise of commerce and commercial agriculture during the nineteenth century. Manila achieved early predominance as a combined result of its ecclesiastical-administrative position and its role as the principal entrepot in the trade of Mexican silver for Chinese goods. Despite the collapse of that trade, Manila retained its primate position by becoming the chief point of import and distribution for Western manufacturers as well as a major collecting area for the export of agricultural commodities
In this paper I perform a historical and conceptual analysis of multi‐level governance (MLG) in order to tease out its characterizing traits and allow for its utilization for both empirical and normative purposes. MLG is a dynamic three‐dimensional concept that blurs and problematizes three analytical distinctions that have been central to the conventional reflection on the European modern state: (1) that between centre and periphery, (2) that between state and society and (3) that between the domestic and the international. Each dimension or axis involves, in its turn, changes that occur at three analytical levels: political mobilization, policy‐making and polity restructuring. Through the combination of these dimensions I generate a three‐dimensional conceptual space within which the empirical scope and reach of MLG can be gauged and its desirability in normative terms assessed.
As Metro Manila's economy has become increasingly integrated into global flows of trade and investment, it has also experienced a shelter crisis, as the number of people who cannot afford legal housing and consequently illegally settle in informal settlements has increased in both absolute and percentage terms. This paper discusses such informal settlements as 'forgotten places' in the global era. It makes two arguments. First, it argues that this shelter crisis is inherent to globalising cities in developing countries, as a contradiction emerges between the extensive redevelopment and rising property values that accompany 'global city' development and the shelter needs of low-income people. The second is that informal settlements have increasingly been forgotten by urban planners despite this housing crisis, as planners have consciously abandoned place-based poverty alleviation efforts based on the rationale that they are no longer tenable in the global era.
The aggregation of urban population has been described by Bücher and Weber. A sociological study of the growth of the city,
however, is concerned with the definition and description of processes, as those of (a) expansion, (b) metabolism, and (c) mobility. The typical tendency of urban growth is the expansion radially from its central business district by a series
of concentric circles, as (a) the central business district, (b) a zone of deterioration, (c) a zone of workingmen’s homes, (d) a residential area, and (e) a commuters’ zone. Urban growth may be even more fundamentally stated as the resultant of processes of organization and
disorganization, like the anabolic and katabolic processes of metabolism in the human body. The distribution of population
into the natural areas of the city, the division of labor, the differentiation into social and cultural groupings, represent
the normal manifestations of urban metabolism, as statistics of disease, crime, disorder, vice, insanity, and suicide are
rough indexes of its abnormal expression. The state of metabolism of the city may, it is suggested, be measured by mobility,
defined as a change of movement in response to a new stimulus or situation. Areas in the city of the greatest mobility are
found to be also regions of juvenile delinquency, boys’ gangs, crime, poverty, wife desertion, divorce, abandoned infants,
etc. Suggested indexes of mobility are statistics of changes of movement and increase of contacts of city population, as in
the increase per capita in the total annual rides on surface and elevated lines, number of automobiles, letters received,
telephones, and land values. A cross-section of the city has been selected for the intensive study of urban growth in terms
of expansion, metabolism, and mobility.
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