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Introduction: The Search for Alternative Models for Responsible Local Governance
Abstract
This chapter introduces the whole volume by citing the context, background of the book, framework of analysis and significance. In the context of the recent debates on the appropriate form of government for the Philippines, the book and its chapters examine central-local relations and decentralization in the country, the 1991 Local Government Code and continuing challenges, and various policy proposals, including a full shift to a federal form of government using various themes, namely social services delivery, urban development, and financing local governance. These themes are contextualized in Metro Manila or the National Capital Region with the major question of how the main metropolis and its component local governments can further promote responsible local governance, decentralization, and equitable development. The main framework of analysis is governance and the various models of governance that can help Metro Manila achieve responsible local governance. A strength of this volume is that many chapters have been written by scholars from various disciplines, adding a multidisciplinary approach to the topic.
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The Duterte administration has facilitated a new autonomous arrangement in Muslim Mindanao, and congressional allies passed some popular laws. In the midterms, Duterte-backed candidates dominated both national and local elections. However, the promised charter change has floundered, economic growth has been tempered, and the drug war has not succeeded.
This paper traces the origins of the recurrent functional conflicts among local governments and the financial conflicts between local governments and the national government under decentralization to the formulation and implementation of the Local Government Code of 1991. Though these tugs of war are inherent in a decentralized setup, they are avoidable. They persist, however, because decentralization was pushed too far, leading to fragmentation in service delivery, each piece inefficiently assigned to a different local government. Furthermore, the distribution of the devolved functions was not directly tied to the allocation of the additional fiscal revenue shares to local governments, which did not wean the latter from their financial dependence on the national government. Addressing these issues requires more than simply revising the Code, since increasing urbanization, ICT developments, and climate change over the last 25 years also underscore the need to restructure the local government system and political institutions. The main lesson is to implement the reforms correctly the first time, since rectifying the errors later could prove to be costly, if not impossible. *
An attempt is made to broaden the understanding of the symbiosis between decentralized structures and the achievement of human security. In view of this, noteworthy experiences are presented for a better appreciation of ways in which decentralized governance can be strengthened and better perceived. Some successes are described, such as those gained against human trafficking and HIV/AIDS in Thailand where the central government actively enjoined the participation of local government units (LGUs) and civil society. In Uganda, the delivery of basic health services has been made effective through the simultaneous devolution of administrative and financial functions. In Sierra Leone, the peace and order situation has been improved by harnessing the participation of the local governments in expanding the employment and livelihood opportunities for the insurgents. Finally, pipelined projects and activities which the Human Security Group at United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD) has designed in order to make its approach to human security holistic and encompassing are outlined.
“My idea was to…[promote] values and clean up the government as you go up the ladder.…Start at the barrio, then the municipalities, then the provinces, and then go to the national Senate and Congress.” – Ramon Binamira, Presidential Assistant for Community Development (PACD), 1953–1961 “[The 1991 Local Government Code] was by far one of the most revolutionary pieces of legislation that radically transformed the very nature of the Philippine politico-administrative system at the national and local levels.…[It] set off the process of reinventing and defining the discourse of local government in the Philippines.…[T]he implementation of devolution and autonomy has further strengthened my conviction and resolve that local autonomy is indeed the key to development in the countryside.” – Aquilino Q. Pimentel, 2000 “Federalism would be the logical and practical culmination of decentralization and local autonomy.…Governance will be improved and corruption will be reduced by the new division of powers and functions between the Federal Government and the States, and by the transparency of governance and its accessibility to the people in the regions, cities, provinces, and municipalities.” – Jose V. Abueva, Citizens’ Movement for a Federal Republic, 2005.
Despite Max Weber's prediction that rational-legal bureaucracies would replace patrimonialism, we have instead seen the perpetuation of neopatrimonial systems in many developing states. For the postcolonial states that are struggling with the dual challenges of promoting economic growth and establishing stable democratic polities, the perpetuation of patrimonialism adds to their challenges. This paper has explored whether globalization could enable patrimonial states like the Philippines and Indonesia to overcome these patrimonial barriers. Unfortunately, despite the changes represented by globalization, it appears to be "business as usual" with the patrimonial officials using the state apparatus to promote their own interests and those of their cronies. Similarly, globalization seems to be promoting capitalism more than democracy, and is not strengthening the institutions essential for democratic consolidation.
Originally published in 1942 under title: Idiomatic and syntatic english dictionary
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