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2170
Environment and Ecology 40 (4A) : 2170—2175, October—December 2022
ISSN 0970-0420
Invasive Thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) an
Invasive Threat : A Review
S. S. Thorat, D. B. Sisodiya, R. K. Gangwar
Received 16 June 2022, Accepted 13 July 2022, Published on 4 November 2022
ABSTRACT
Thrips parvispinus (Karny 1922) an invasive pest,
which belongs to order Thysanoptera and family
Thripidae. It is a polyphagous pest on mainly fruit,
vegetable and ornamental crops. Recently this pest is
reported from many states of India including Gujarat.
Yield loss due to the pest is ranged from 40 to 80%
in chilli. It passes through ve stages and complete
its life cycle in 13-15 days. It feeds under side leaves,
suck the sap from tender leaves, owers and devel-
oping fruits. Old leaves gives silvered appearance.
Scraping on petals resulted ower dropping and im-
proper or malformed fruit setting. The nymph prefers
to live on leaf, while adult prefers in ower. IPM
based approaches viz., timely planting with plastic
mulch, balanced use of nitrogenous fertilizer, instal-
lation of blue sticky traps (25–30/acre), spraying of
Mr S. S. Thorat*
Assistant Research Scientist, Main Rice Research Station, Anand
Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
Dr D. B. Sisodiya
Professor and Head, Department of Entomology, Anand Agricul-
tural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
Dr R. K. Gangwar
Associate Research Scientist, Main Rice Research Station,
Anand Agricultural University, Nawagam, Gujarat, India
Email: sanjuthorat2@gmail.com
*Corresponding author
neem oil 3%, Azadirachtin 0.003%, (3 ml/L), Pseu-
domonas uorescens 1% WP (4 g/L) and spraying of
insecticides viz., pronil 80 WG or cyantraniliprole
10.26 OD or acetamiprid 20 SP or spirotetramat 150
OD or spinetoram 11.7 SC or tolfenpyrad 15 EC
eectively manage the thrips.
Keywords T. parvispinus, Host range and distribu-
tion, Identication, Life cycle, Nature of damage.
INTRODUCTION
Thrips is one of the largest genera of the insects order
Thysanoptera in the family thripidae and consists of
numbers of species. There were total 739 species in
259 genera listed, out of them 309 species in 116
genera of suborder Terebrantia and 430 species in
143 genera of suborder Tubulifera are reported from
India (Tyagi and Kumar 2016). A total number of 44
species with new distributional records are reported
from dierent geographical regions of India (Rachana
and Varatharajan 2017). Invasive thrips, Thrips par-
vispinus (Karny 1922) (Thysanoptera : Terebrantia:
Thripidae), a member of “Thrips orientalis group”
(Mound 2005). It is also called as western thrips/
taiwanese thrips/tobacco thrips. It is an invasive
pest, cosmopolitan species of quarantine important
pests. Now a days, T. parvispinus is one of the main
pests of fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. Re-
cently this pest was reported from dierent states of
India viz., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana,
Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. The
2171
insect-pests is infesting chilli and causing 70-100%
damage (Sridhar et al. 2021). Probable reasons for
invasive thrips outbreak in chilli exposure to heavy
insecticides use in case of chilli resulted in resurgence
of the pest (Sireesha et al. 2021). It is dicult to
control the insect-pests because of their small size
and not very easily recognized behavior. Its attack
can reduce the quality of fruits, cut owers (Lak-
sanawati 1996). Hence, considering the seriousness
of the damage caused due to invasive pest, an eort is
made to review, about invasive thrips T. parvispinus
at national and worldwide including its host range
and distribution, identication, life cycle, extent of
damage and management strategies.
Distribution
The last two decades observed a extreme extension
in the geographic distribution of T. parvispinus. It
is reported from dierent countries like Malaysia
(Vjayasagaran 1986), Indonesia (Talekar 1991), Thai-
land, Singapore, Philippines, Australia and Solomon
Islands (Palmer 1992), Greece (Mound and Collins
2000), Africa (Bournier 2000), Malaysia and Taiwan
(Anonymous 2000). This species widely spread in
other countries such as Mauritius (Mound 2010),
Malaysia (Azidah 2011), China (Zhang et al. 2011),
Hawaii (Sugano et al. 2013), Tanzania and Uganda
(Moritz et al. 2013), Spain (Lacasa et al. 2019) and
Netherlands (Anon 2019).
In India, It is rst time reported from Bengaluru
(Tyagi et al. 2015) and Karnataka (Rachana et al.
2018). Then subsequently its spread was noticed
in chilli growing areas of Andhra Pradesh (Siree-
sha et al. 2021), Telangana (Kumari et al. 2021),
Karnataka (Nagaraju et al. 2021), Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu from
nine dierent host plants (Rachana et al. 2022). The
infestation of this pest rst time recorded in major
chilli growing areas of Anand, Vadodra, Kheda,
Chhotaudepur, Panchmahal and Mahisagar district
of Gujarat (Patel et al. 2022 and Lodaya et al. 2022).
Host range
T. parvispinus is a polyphagous insect-pest, reported
its heavy damage on chilli pepper (Talekar 1991),
green house gardenia plants (Mound and Collins
2000), green bean, potato, strawberry, brinjal (Murai
et al. 2009) and papaya (Sugano et al. 2013). Sartiami
and Mound (2013) recorded T. parvispinus on dier-
ent host plants viz., tuberose, coriander, cruciferous,
papaya, water spinach, beans, maize, rose, hairy
lychee, cucurbitaceae and solanaceae plants. The
infestation of T. parvispinus was found highest on
chilli, melon, cucumber, brinjal and squash in Indo-
nesia (Johari et al. 2014, Johari and Desfaur 2018).
Whereas, In Europe it was found on ornamentals in
green houses : Citrus, mandevilla, cus, gardenia,
gerbera and umbrella tree (Lacasa et al. 2019).
It was rst time reported on papaya (Tyagi et al.
2015) and later on trumpet tree, Dahlia rosea (Racha-
na et al. 2018), chilli, bell pepper, brinjal, okra, bitter
gourd, potato, shallot (onion), pigeon pea, green gram,
beans, sorghum, maize, gingelly, cotton, strawberry
and marigold (Nagaraju et al. 2021 and Roselin et
al. 2021) in India.
Taxonomic description
Adult of the T. parvispinus has brown to dark brown,
head and thorax are brighter than the abdomen. Head
is strong with reticulation patterns and have pig-
mented big eyes. Compound eyes do not elongated
shape. Antenna consisted of seven segments, while
the second and third segments have a fork-shaped
sensory organs. It does not have 1st ocellar setae, 2nd
ocellar setae are shorter than 3rd ocellar setae. Prono-
tum have 2 pairs of long posteroangular setae and 3
pairs of shorter posteromarginal setae. Campaniform
sensila are not present on metanotum. While, tergite
VIII have a comb microtrichia. The V-VIII tergite
have a ctenidia at part of lateral and at tergite VIII
ctenidia located behind the spiracles. Length of wing
is more than half length of the abdomen. It is dark
or shaded, with a pale base, at the rst and second
wings vein front, there was a complete line of setae.
The size and color of the body of T. parvispinus have
variations with long, medium and short criteria (Johari
et al. 2014).
Life cycle
The life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on tem-
2172
perature. The full cycle took about 15 days (Lewis
1973). The average developmental period of the pre-
adult phase of T. parvispinus lasted for 12.97 and
12.57 days in males and females, respectively. It was
also observed that T. parvispinus has metamorphosis
transition between paurometabola and holome-
tabola (Borror et al. 2005). The mean fecundity and
mean generation time at 20°, 25° and 30°C were
50, 69 and 56 eggs and 37.6, 24.8 and 18.8 days,
respectively (Murai et al. 2009). Intrinsic rate of
natural increase at 20°, 25° and 30°C was 0.18, 0.24
and 0.37 days respectively. Five phases of immature
stages of T. parvispinus : Eggs, two instars nymph,
prepupal and pupal period were lasted for 4.79,
1.36, 3.54, 1.08 and 1.96 days, respectively. The
pre-oviposition period is 1.11 days and complete its
life cycle in 13.68 days. Female longevity was 8.55
days, male longevity was six days and fecundity 33
eggs per female. The population development of T.
parvispinus followed type III of survivorship curve
with intrinsic rate of increase of 0.15 individuals per
day per female (Hutasoit et al. 2017).
Nature of damage
T. parvispinus causes direct damage by feeding and
breeding on the young leaves and owers. Adults
mainly colonize on owers and underside of leaves,
whereas larvae deeply punctures and scrap the chlo-
rophyll from the under side of the leaf and suck the
cell sap as a result corresponding portion on upper
side of the leaf looks yellowish to reddish brown.
Infested leaves are distorted, curled, lightly mottled
and streaked. It gives silvered appearance on old
leaves. Distorted leaf lamina with necrotic areas and
yellow streaking was also observed. If the infestation
is severe on newly emerging leaves, such leaves are
dried/ blighted (Sridhar et al. 2021).
This invasive thrips mostly present in owers
that are white and fragrant (Mound and Collins 2000).
Scraping on petals results in brownish streaks. It is
feeds on pollen, which results in drying and withering
of ower (Maharijaya et al. 2011). Infestation causes
heavy ower drop ultimately it is responsible reduce
in fruit production. The highest ight activity of adult,
T. parvispinus occurred at morning hours and nymph
fevers live on the part of the leaf, while the adult
prefers to live in the ower (Pratiwi et al. 2018). The
T. parvispinus is the most dominant species found in-
festing on owers (71%) and leaves (56%) of the chilli
pepper and cayenne pepper (Hutasoit et al. 2019).
Due to infestation of this pest on fruit resulted in
improper and malformed fruit setting, fruits became
button shaped (in case of bell pepper) and surface of
fruit shows scratchy/rugged appearance. The fruits
attained abnormal shape (Maharijaya et al. 2011).
Economic importance
It cause large scale shedding of owers, malformation
and dropping of chilli fruits, leading to severe yield
loss in India. The chilli growers of Andhra Pradesh
estimated a loss of Rs 1 lakh per acre (Anon 2021b).
Damage due to T. parvispinus in chilli crop observed
between 40-80% at various elds in Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana (Anon 2022b). Chilli yield loss due
to T. parvispinus is 23—60% under eld conditions
in Indonesia (Johari et al. 2014). The role of T. par-
vispinus also play an important role as pollinators on
various tropical and subtropical crops (Varatharajan
et al. 2016).
Management
Cultural control
Early planting of bell pepper plant reduce the popula-
tion of T. parvispinus and per cent plant damage (Pra-
baningrum and Moekasan 2008). The Capsicum ann-
uum AC 1979, C. annuum bisbas, C. annuum CM 331,
C. baccatum no. 1553, C. annuum keystone resistant
giant and C. baccatum aji blanco christal found to be
resistant against T. parvispinus under three dierent
screening methods green house, leaf disc, detached
leaf tests (Maharijaya et al. 2011). The chilli planting
pattern using plastic mulch without the combination
of other crop and with the use of pesticides had the
lowest average population of T. parvispinus during
the vegetative period of chilli plants (Haerul et al.
2020). The mayang ratih genotype of chrysanthemum
found resistance parent against T. parvispinus and it
can be used for further resistance breeding program
(Musalamah et al. 2021). Avoiding excessive use
of nitrogenous fertilizers and application of recom-
2173
mended and balanced use of fertilizers needs to be
followed (Sireesha et al. 2021).
Physical measures
Exposure to 60% CO2 atmospheres at 30°C results
in 100% mortality of ve dierent thrips species,
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), F. intonsa, T.
tabaci, T. palmi and T. parvispinus (Seki and Murai
2012).
Mechanical measures
T. parvispinus was more attracted to white rather
than blue or yellow color traps (Murai et al. 2009).
The blue and yellow sticky traps attracting more T.
parvispinus adults (Sireesha et al. 2021). Collect and
destroy infested crop debris and uproot o-seasonal
host weeds (Parthenium spp. and Abutilon spp.) from
eld and installation of blue sticky traps 25-35 per
acre for mass trapping immediately after transplanting
(Anon 2021a).
Botanicals measures
Use of neem oil, pongamia oil or soap solution in
heavily infested sites (Anon 2021a). The sh poison
bean, Tephrosia vogelii, 2.5 and 3.0%, Indonesian
mahogany, Toona sureni, 3.0% and eucalyptus oil,
2.0% recorded more than 30.0% ecacy during
vegetative stage and lowest attack of T. parvispinus
until 75 DAP and gave highest marketable ower
yields of chrysanthemum (Rahardjo et al. 2022).
Biological control
Use of Ladybird beetles, Menochilus sexmaculatus
and entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii
were found eective as bio pesticide for the manage-
ment of T. parvispinus (Prabaningrum et al. 2008).
Application of Pseudomonas uorescens-NBAIR-
PFDWD @ 20 g/L or Bacillus albus-NBAIRBATP
@ 20 g/L spray focusing on owers and fruits of chilli
could manage this pest (Anon 2021a). Among the
dierent bio-pesticides tested, Azadirachtin 10000
ppm, 0.003%, 3 ml/liter and Pseudomonas uorescens
1% WP, 2 × 108 cfu/g, 4 g/L were found eective in
managing new invasive thrips, T. parvispinus infest-
ing chilli (Anon 2022a).
Chemical control
Laboratory studies indicated that T. parvispinus are
susceptible (Murai et al. 2009). Liquied formula-
tion of phosphine at concentration of 200 ppm for
1 hour of exposure completely killed T. parvispinus
(Setyawan et al. 2015). Fipronil 80 WG, 0.2 g/
liter or cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD, 1.25 ml/liter or
acetamaprid 20 SP, 0.2 g/liter or spirotetramat 150
OD, 0.8 ml/lirer or spinosad 45 SC, 0.3 ml/liter water
as sequential sprays at weekly interval manage T.
parvispinus in chilli (Kumari et al. 2021 and Siree-
sha et al. 2021). From spinetoram 11.7 SC, 1 ml/
litre water and tolfenpyrad 15 EC, 2 ml/liter water
sprayed plants recorded lower (2.39 and 2.67 thrips/
ower, respectively) T. parvispinus population in
chilli (Anon 2022a).
CONCLUSION
T. parvispinus is a cosmopolitan insect-pest species
and has been reported from Thailand, Australia and
Europe. The last two decades witnessed a drastic
extension in the geographic distribution of T. par-
vispinus and it is now known to occur in France,
Greece, Hawaii, Mauritius, Spain, Tanzania and the
Netherlands. In India, this species was rst reported
on Papaya from Bengaluru in 2015 and considering
its potential to acquire pest status, infestation of this
invasive pest was reported in chilli growing areas of
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana, Chhattisgarh,
Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat caused signicant
damage 40 to 80%. It is a polyphagous species and
has been reported infesting beans, eggplant, papaya,
chilli, pepper, potato, shallot and strawberry. In addi-
tion, it inicts injury to ornamentals, viz. Anthurium,
Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Dipladenia, Gardenia and
Ficus. It passes through ve stages and complete
its life cycle in 13-15 days. Community approach
in pest management helps in better management of
thrips particularly when the incidence is aring up at
large scale. Overall, an integrated pest management
approach for tackling T. parvispinus by including
various eco-friendly tools viz., host plant resistance,
biological control options like entomopathogens,
2174
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