ArticlePDF Available

Invasive Thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) an Invasive Threat : A Review

Authors:

Abstract

Thrips parvispinus (Karny 1922) an invasive pest, which belongs to order Thysanoptera and family Thripidae. It is a polyphagous pest on mainly fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. Recently this pest is reported from many states of India including Gujarat. Yield loss due to the pest is ranged from 40 to 80% in chilli. It passes through five stages and complete its life cycle in 13-15 days. It feeds under side leaves, suck the sap from tender leaves, flowers and developing fruits. Old leaves gives silvered appearance. Scraping on petals resulted flower dropping and improper or malformed fruit setting. The nymph prefers to live on leaf, while adult prefers in flower. IPM based approaches viz., timely planting with plastic mulch, balanced use of nitrogenous fertilizer, installation of blue sticky traps (25-30/acre), spraying of neem oil 3%, Azadirachtin 0.003%, (3 ml/L), Pseu-domonas fluorescens 1% WP (4 g/L) and spraying of insecticides viz., fipronil 80 WG or cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD or acetamiprid 20 SP or spirotetramat 150 OD or spinetoram 11.7 SC or tolfenpyrad 15 EC effectively manage the thrips.
2170
Environment and Ecology 40 (4A) : 2170—2175, October—December 2022
ISSN 0970-0420
Invasive Thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) an
Invasive Threat : A Review
S. S. Thorat, D. B. Sisodiya, R. K. Gangwar
Received 16 June 2022, Accepted 13 July 2022, Published on 4 November 2022
ABSTRACT
Thrips parvispinus (Karny 1922) an invasive pest,
which belongs to order Thysanoptera and family
Thripidae. It is a polyphagous pest on mainly fruit,
vegetable and ornamental crops. Recently this pest is
reported from many states of India including Gujarat.
Yield loss due to the pest is ranged from 40 to 80%
in chilli. It passes through ve stages and complete
its life cycle in 13-15 days. It feeds under side leaves,
suck the sap from tender leaves, owers and devel-
oping fruits. Old leaves gives silvered appearance.
Scraping on petals resulted ower dropping and im-
proper or malformed fruit setting. The nymph prefers
to live on leaf, while adult prefers in ower. IPM
based approaches viz., timely planting with plastic
mulch, balanced use of nitrogenous fertilizer, instal-
lation of blue sticky traps (25–30/acre), spraying of
Mr S. S. Thorat*
Assistant Research Scientist, Main Rice Research Station, Anand
Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
Dr D. B. Sisodiya
Professor and Head, Department of Entomology, Anand Agricul-
tural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
Dr R. K. Gangwar
Associate Research Scientist, Main Rice Research Station,
Anand Agricultural University, Nawagam, Gujarat, India
Email: sanjuthorat2@gmail.com
*Corresponding author
neem oil 3%, Azadirachtin 0.003%, (3 ml/L), Pseu-
domonas uorescens 1% WP (4 g/L) and spraying of
insecticides viz., pronil 80 WG or cyantraniliprole
10.26 OD or acetamiprid 20 SP or spirotetramat 150
OD or spinetoram 11.7 SC or tolfenpyrad 15 EC
eectively manage the thrips.
Keywords T. parvispinus, Host range and distribu-
tion, Identication, Life cycle, Nature of damage.
INTRODUCTION
Thrips is one of the largest genera of the insects order
Thysanoptera in the family thripidae and consists of
numbers of species. There were total 739 species in
259 genera listed, out of them 309 species in 116
genera of suborder Terebrantia and 430 species in
143 genera of suborder Tubulifera are reported from
India (Tyagi and Kumar 2016). A total number of 44
species with new distributional records are reported
from dierent geographical regions of India (Rachana
and Varatharajan 2017). Invasive thrips, Thrips par-
vispinus (Karny 1922) (Thysanoptera : Terebrantia:
Thripidae), a member of “Thrips orientalis group”
(Mound 2005). It is also called as western thrips/
taiwanese thrips/tobacco thrips. It is an invasive
pest, cosmopolitan species of quarantine important
pests. Now a days, T. parvispinus is one of the main
pests of fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. Re-
cently this pest was reported from dierent states of
India viz., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana,
Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. The
2171
insect-pests is infesting chilli and causing 70-100%
damage (Sridhar et al. 2021). Probable reasons for
invasive thrips outbreak in chilli exposure to heavy
insecticides use in case of chilli resulted in resurgence
of the pest (Sireesha et al. 2021). It is dicult to
control the insect-pests because of their small size
and not very easily recognized behavior. Its attack
can reduce the quality of fruits, cut owers (Lak-
sanawati 1996). Hence, considering the seriousness
of the damage caused due to invasive pest, an eort is
made to review, about invasive thrips T. parvispinus
at national and worldwide including its host range
and distribution, identication, life cycle, extent of
damage and management strategies.
Distribution
The last two decades observed a extreme extension
in the geographic distribution of T. parvispinus. It
is reported from dierent countries like Malaysia
(Vjayasagaran 1986), Indonesia (Talekar 1991), Thai-
land, Singapore, Philippines, Australia and Solomon
Islands (Palmer 1992), Greece (Mound and Collins
2000), Africa (Bournier 2000), Malaysia and Taiwan
(Anonymous 2000). This species widely spread in
other countries such as Mauritius (Mound 2010),
Malaysia (Azidah 2011), China (Zhang et al. 2011),
Hawaii (Sugano et al. 2013), Tanzania and Uganda
(Moritz et al. 2013), Spain (Lacasa et al. 2019) and
Netherlands (Anon 2019).
In India, It is rst time reported from Bengaluru
(Tyagi et al. 2015) and Karnataka (Rachana et al.
2018). Then subsequently its spread was noticed
in chilli growing areas of Andhra Pradesh (Siree-
sha et al. 2021), Telangana (Kumari et al. 2021),
Karnataka (Nagaraju et al. 2021), Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu from
nine dierent host plants (Rachana et al. 2022). The
infestation of this pest rst time recorded in major
chilli growing areas of Anand, Vadodra, Kheda,
Chhotaudepur, Panchmahal and Mahisagar district
of Gujarat (Patel et al. 2022 and Lodaya et al. 2022).
Host range
T. parvispinus is a polyphagous insect-pest, reported
its heavy damage on chilli pepper (Talekar 1991),
green house gardenia plants (Mound and Collins
2000), green bean, potato, strawberry, brinjal (Murai
et al. 2009) and papaya (Sugano et al. 2013). Sartiami
and Mound (2013) recorded T. parvispinus on dier-
ent host plants viz., tuberose, coriander, cruciferous,
papaya, water spinach, beans, maize, rose, hairy
lychee, cucurbitaceae and solanaceae plants. The
infestation of T. parvispinus was found highest on
chilli, melon, cucumber, brinjal and squash in Indo-
nesia (Johari et al. 2014, Johari and Desfaur 2018).
Whereas, In Europe it was found on ornamentals in
green houses : Citrus, mandevilla, cus, gardenia,
gerbera and umbrella tree (Lacasa et al. 2019).
It was rst time reported on papaya (Tyagi et al.
2015) and later on trumpet tree, Dahlia rosea (Racha-
na et al. 2018), chilli, bell pepper, brinjal, okra, bitter
gourd, potato, shallot (onion), pigeon pea, green gram,
beans, sorghum, maize, gingelly, cotton, strawberry
and marigold (Nagaraju et al. 2021 and Roselin et
al. 2021) in India.
Taxonomic description
Adult of the T. parvispinus has brown to dark brown,
head and thorax are brighter than the abdomen. Head
is strong with reticulation patterns and have pig-
mented big eyes. Compound eyes do not elongated
shape. Antenna consisted of seven segments, while
the second and third segments have a fork-shaped
sensory organs. It does not have 1st ocellar setae, 2nd
ocellar setae are shorter than 3rd ocellar setae. Prono-
tum have 2 pairs of long posteroangular setae and 3
pairs of shorter posteromarginal setae. Campaniform
sensila are not present on metanotum. While, tergite
VIII have a comb microtrichia. The V-VIII tergite
have a ctenidia at part of lateral and at tergite VIII
ctenidia located behind the spiracles. Length of wing
is more than half length of the abdomen. It is dark
or shaded, with a pale base, at the rst and second
wings vein front, there was a complete line of setae.
The size and color of the body of T. parvispinus have
variations with long, medium and short criteria (Johari
et al. 2014).
Life cycle
The life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on tem-
2172
perature. The full cycle took about 15 days (Lewis
1973). The average developmental period of the pre-
adult phase of T. parvispinus lasted for 12.97 and
12.57 days in males and females, respectively. It was
also observed that T. parvispinus has metamorphosis
transition between paurometabola and holome-
tabola (Borror et al. 2005). The mean fecundity and
mean generation time at 20°, 25° and 30°C were
50, 69 and 56 eggs and 37.6, 24.8 and 18.8 days,
respectively (Murai et al. 2009). Intrinsic rate of
natural increase at 20°, 25° and 30°C was 0.18, 0.24
and 0.37 days respectively. Five phases of immature
stages of T. parvispinus : Eggs, two instars nymph,
prepupal and pupal period were lasted for 4.79,
1.36, 3.54, 1.08 and 1.96 days, respectively. The
pre-oviposition period is 1.11 days and complete its
life cycle in 13.68 days. Female longevity was 8.55
days, male longevity was six days and fecundity 33
eggs per female. The population development of T.
parvispinus followed type III of survivorship curve
with intrinsic rate of increase of 0.15 individuals per
day per female (Hutasoit et al. 2017).
Nature of damage
T. parvispinus causes direct damage by feeding and
breeding on the young leaves and owers. Adults
mainly colonize on owers and underside of leaves,
whereas larvae deeply punctures and scrap the chlo-
rophyll from the under side of the leaf and suck the
cell sap as a result corresponding portion on upper
side of the leaf looks yellowish to reddish brown.
Infested leaves are distorted, curled, lightly mottled
and streaked. It gives silvered appearance on old
leaves. Distorted leaf lamina with necrotic areas and
yellow streaking was also observed. If the infestation
is severe on newly emerging leaves, such leaves are
dried/ blighted (Sridhar et al. 2021).
This invasive thrips mostly present in owers
that are white and fragrant (Mound and Collins 2000).
Scraping on petals results in brownish streaks. It is
feeds on pollen, which results in drying and withering
of ower (Maharijaya et al. 2011). Infestation causes
heavy ower drop ultimately it is responsible reduce
in fruit production. The highest ight activity of adult,
T. parvispinus occurred at morning hours and nymph
fevers live on the part of the leaf, while the adult
prefers to live in the ower (Pratiwi et al. 2018). The
T. parvispinus is the most dominant species found in-
festing on owers (71%) and leaves (56%) of the chilli
pepper and cayenne pepper (Hutasoit et al. 2019).
Due to infestation of this pest on fruit resulted in
improper and malformed fruit setting, fruits became
button shaped (in case of bell pepper) and surface of
fruit shows scratchy/rugged appearance. The fruits
attained abnormal shape (Maharijaya et al. 2011).
Economic importance
It cause large scale shedding of owers, malformation
and dropping of chilli fruits, leading to severe yield
loss in India. The chilli growers of Andhra Pradesh
estimated a loss of Rs 1 lakh per acre (Anon 2021b).
Damage due to T. parvispinus in chilli crop observed
between 40-80% at various elds in Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana (Anon 2022b). Chilli yield loss due
to T. parvispinus is 23—60% under eld conditions
in Indonesia (Johari et al. 2014). The role of T. par-
vispinus also play an important role as pollinators on
various tropical and subtropical crops (Varatharajan
et al. 2016).
Management
Cultural control
Early planting of bell pepper plant reduce the popula-
tion of T. parvispinus and per cent plant damage (Pra-
baningrum and Moekasan 2008). The Capsicum ann-
uum AC 1979, C. annuum bisbas, C. annuum CM 331,
C. baccatum no. 1553, C. annuum keystone resistant
giant and C. baccatum aji blanco christal found to be
resistant against T. parvispinus under three dierent
screening methods green house, leaf disc, detached
leaf tests (Maharijaya et al. 2011). The chilli planting
pattern using plastic mulch without the combination
of other crop and with the use of pesticides had the
lowest average population of T. parvispinus during
the vegetative period of chilli plants (Haerul et al.
2020). The mayang ratih genotype of chrysanthemum
found resistance parent against T. parvispinus and it
can be used for further resistance breeding program
(Musalamah et al. 2021). Avoiding excessive use
of nitrogenous fertilizers and application of recom-
2173
mended and balanced use of fertilizers needs to be
followed (Sireesha et al. 2021).
Physical measures
Exposure to 60% CO2 atmospheres at 30°C results
in 100% mortality of ve dierent thrips species,
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), F. intonsa, T.
tabaci, T. palmi and T. parvispinus (Seki and Murai
2012).
Mechanical measures
T. parvispinus was more attracted to white rather
than blue or yellow color traps (Murai et al. 2009).
The blue and yellow sticky traps attracting more T.
parvispinus adults (Sireesha et al. 2021). Collect and
destroy infested crop debris and uproot o-seasonal
host weeds (Parthenium spp. and Abutilon spp.) from
eld and installation of blue sticky traps 25-35 per
acre for mass trapping immediately after transplanting
(Anon 2021a).
Botanicals measures
Use of neem oil, pongamia oil or soap solution in
heavily infested sites (Anon 2021a). The sh poison
bean, Tephrosia vogelii, 2.5 and 3.0%, Indonesian
mahogany, Toona sureni, 3.0% and eucalyptus oil,
2.0% recorded more than 30.0% ecacy during
vegetative stage and lowest attack of T. parvispinus
until 75 DAP and gave highest marketable ower
yields of chrysanthemum (Rahardjo et al. 2022).
Biological control
Use of Ladybird beetles, Menochilus sexmaculatus
and entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii
were found eective as bio pesticide for the manage-
ment of T. parvispinus (Prabaningrum et al. 2008).
Application of Pseudomonas uorescens-NBAIR-
PFDWD @ 20 g/L or Bacillus albus-NBAIRBATP
@ 20 g/L spray focusing on owers and fruits of chilli
could manage this pest (Anon 2021a). Among the
dierent bio-pesticides tested, Azadirachtin 10000
ppm, 0.003%, 3 ml/liter and Pseudomonas uorescens
1% WP, 2 × 108 cfu/g, 4 g/L were found eective in
managing new invasive thrips, T. parvispinus infest-
ing chilli (Anon 2022a).
Chemical control
Laboratory studies indicated that T. parvispinus are
susceptible (Murai et al. 2009). Liquied formula-
tion of phosphine at concentration of 200 ppm for
1 hour of exposure completely killed T. parvispinus
(Setyawan et al. 2015). Fipronil 80 WG, 0.2 g/
liter or cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD, 1.25 ml/liter or
acetamaprid 20 SP, 0.2 g/liter or spirotetramat 150
OD, 0.8 ml/lirer or spinosad 45 SC, 0.3 ml/liter water
as sequential sprays at weekly interval manage T.
parvispinus in chilli (Kumari et al. 2021 and Siree-
sha et al. 2021). From spinetoram 11.7 SC, 1 ml/
litre water and tolfenpyrad 15 EC, 2 ml/liter water
sprayed plants recorded lower (2.39 and 2.67 thrips/
ower, respectively) T. parvispinus population in
chilli (Anon 2022a).
CONCLUSION
T. parvispinus is a cosmopolitan insect-pest species
and has been reported from Thailand, Australia and
Europe. The last two decades witnessed a drastic
extension in the geographic distribution of T. par-
vispinus and it is now known to occur in France,
Greece, Hawaii, Mauritius, Spain, Tanzania and the
Netherlands. In India, this species was rst reported
on Papaya from Bengaluru in 2015 and considering
its potential to acquire pest status, infestation of this
invasive pest was reported in chilli growing areas of
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana, Chhattisgarh,
Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat caused signicant
damage 40 to 80%. It is a polyphagous species and
has been reported infesting beans, eggplant, papaya,
chilli, pepper, potato, shallot and strawberry. In addi-
tion, it inicts injury to ornamentals, viz. Anthurium,
Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Dipladenia, Gardenia and
Ficus. It passes through ve stages and complete
its life cycle in 13-15 days. Community approach
in pest management helps in better management of
thrips particularly when the incidence is aring up at
large scale. Overall, an integrated pest management
approach for tackling T. parvispinus by including
various eco-friendly tools viz., host plant resistance,
biological control options like entomopathogens,
2174
REFERENCES
Anonymous (2000) EPPO Reporting Service no.04-
2000 Num.article:2000/061; https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/
article-3091.
Anonymous (2019) The Netherlands Plant Protection Organi-
zation, Thrips parvispinus, QS. Ent., pp 001.
Anonymous (2021a) Pest Alert: Invasive thrips, Thrips par-
vispinus (Karny) threatening chilli cultivation in
India, ICAR-NBAIR.
Anonymous (2021b) The New Indian Express, 16 Novem-
ber pp 7.
Anonymous (2022a) Proceeding of the 18th PPSC of AGRESCO
held at AAU, Anand on March 4-5-2022.
Anonymous (2022b) The New Express New Service, https://www.
newindianexpress.com/ states/telangana/2022/feb/05/inva-
sive-thrips-caused-80-damage.
Azidah AA (2011) Thripidae (Thysanoptera) species collec-
ted from common plants and crops in Peninsular Malay-
sia. Sci Res Essays 6 (24) : 5107—5113.
Borror DJ, Triplehorn CA, Johnson NF (2005) An Intro-
duction to the Studies of Insects. 7th ed. United States
of America: Brooks/Cole.
Bournier JP (2000) Les Thysanoptères de l’île de la Réun-
ion: Terebrantia. Bulletin de la Société entomologique
de France 105 : 65—108.
Haerul, Agus N, Nasruddin A, Gassa A (2020) The role of plan-
ting patterns to control thrips from red chili pepper plants.
Int J Recent Technol Engg 8 (5) : 674—679.
Hutasoit RT, Triwidodo H, Anwar R (2017) Biology and demo-
graphic statistics of Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera :
Thripidae) in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus)
Indonesian. J Entomol 14 (3) : 107—116.
Hutasoit RT, Triwidodo H,Anwar R (2019) The abunda-
nce and diversity of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
on chili (Capsicum annuum L.) and cayenne (Capsi-
cum frutescens L.) in Bogor. J Hama dan Penyakit Tum-
buhan 19 (1) : 33–41.
Johari A, Herlinda S, Pujiastuti Y, Irsan C, Sartiami D (2014)
Morphological and genetic variation of Thrips parvispinus
(Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in chili plantation (Capsicum
annuum L.) in the lowland and highland of Jambi Province,
Indonesia. Am J Biol Sci 2 : 17—21.
Johari TA, Desfaur N (2018) The abundance of Thrips parv-
ispinus Karny (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on various
crops in Jambi region, Sumatera, Indonesia. J Entomolo-
gic Res 42 (2) : 237—244.
Karny H (1922) Thysanoptera From Siam and Indo-China.
J Siam Soc 16 : 91—153.
Kumari DA, Bhasker K, Suresh V (2021) A new invasive
chilli thrips (Thrips parvispinus) in Telangana State. In-
sect Environm 24 (4) : 520—522.
Lacasa A, Lorca M, Martinez MC, Bielza P, Guirao P
(2019) Thrips parvispinus (Karny 1922), un nuevo trips
en cultivos de plantas ornamentales. Phytoma Espana
311 : 62—69.
Laksanawati HD (1996) The ecacy of Beauveria and Verti-
cilium microbes in controlling Thrips tabaci in garlic. J
Hortic 6 : 55—66.
Lewis T (1973) Thrips : Their biology, ecology and economic
importance. Academic Press Inc, London Ltd, pp 349.
Lodaya JP, Suthar M, Patel HC, Sisodiya B, Acharya RR,
Raval AT, Trivedi NP, Mohapatra AR (2022) Status
of invasive species of thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Ka-
rny) infesting chilli grown in middle Gujarat. The Pha-
rma Innov J 11(3) : 1298—1302.
Maharijaya A, Vosman B, Steenhuis-Broers G, Harpenas A,
Purwito, Richard GFV, Roeland EV (2011) Screen-
ing of pepper accessions for resistance against two
thrips species (Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips
parvispinus. Euphytica 177 : 401–410.
Moritz G, Brandt S, Triapitsyn S, Subramanian S (2013)
CBIT Publishing, Queensland. Thrips parvispinus Karny.
Mound LA (2005) The Thrips orientalis group from South-
east Asia and Australia : Some species identities
and relationships (Thysanoptera, Thripidae Aust
J Entomol 44 : 420—424.
Mound LA (2010) Species of the Genus Thrips (Thysanopt-
era, Thripidae) from the Afro-tropical Region. Zoot-
axa 2423 : 1—24.
Mound LA, Collins DW (2000) A south east Asian pest spe-
cies newly recorded from Europe : Thrips parvispi-
nus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), its confused identity
and potential quarantine significance. J Europ Ento-
mol 97 : 197—200.
Murai T, Watanabe H, Foriumi W, Adati T, Okajima S
(2009) Damage to vegetable crops by Thrips parvispi-
nus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and prelimin-
ary studies on biology and control. J Insect Sci 10 : 166.
Musalamah Rahardjo IB, Lia S, Soehendi R (2021) Resista-
nce Selection of 12 Genotypes of Chrysanthemum Agai-
nst Thrips parvispinus (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). J
Hortikultura Indonesia 12(1) : 1—9.
Nagaraju DK, Uppar V, Ranjith M, Sriharsha RG, Verma
OM, Ravi P (2021) Occurrence of Thrips parvispi-
nus (Karny) (Thripidae : Thysanoptera) in major
chilli (Capsicum annum) growing areas of Karna-
taka. Insect Environ 24 (2) : 523—532.
Palmer JM (1992) A review : Bulletin of the British Museum
Natural History (Entomology) 61 : 1—76.
Patel NB, Bhagora JK, Raghunandan BL, Patel NM (2022) First
Report of New Invasive Thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny)
(Thripidae : Thysanoptera) in Chilli Fields of Umreth in
Anand District of Gujarat State. Int J Environ Climate Cha-
nge 12 (3) : 73—78.
Prabaningrum L, Moekasan TK (2008) Response of Sw-
eet Pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) to infesta-
tion of Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripi-
dae). J Hort 18 (1) : 69—79.
Prabaningrum L, Moekasan TK, Udiarto BK, Den Belder E, Elings
A (2008) Integrated pest management on sweet pepper in
Indonesia: Biological control and control thresholds for
thrips. Acta Horticult (ISHS) 767 : 201-210.
Pratiwi NPE, Supartha W, Yuliadhi DKA (2018) Flight acti-
physical and mechanical control measures, use of
eco-friendly insecticide molecules are advisable for
its eective management.
2175
vity and population development of Thrips parvispi-
nus Karny (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on large chili pl-
ants (Capsicum annuum L.). Agrotrop 8 (1) : 29—37.
Rachana RR, Roselin P, Amutha M, Sireesha K, Reddy GN
(2022) Invasive pest, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysan
optera: Thripidae)-a looming threat to Indian agriculture.
Curr Sci 122 (2) : 211—213.
Rachana RR, Varatharajan R (2017) Checklist of Terebran-
tian Thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) recorded from
India. J Threatened Taxa 9 (1) : 9748—9755.
Rachana RR, Roselin P, Varatharajan R (2018) Report of inva-
sive thrips species, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thripidae :
Thysanoptera) on Dahlia rosea (Asteraceae) in Karnataka.
Pest Manage Horticult Ecosyst 24 (2) : 175—176.
Rahardjo IB, Yanda RP, Diningsih E, Nuryani W, Budiarto K, San-
jaya LL, Thamrin M, Soehendi R (2022) Effectiveness
of botanical insecticides in controlling Thrips parvispinus
on chrysanthemum. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1334: II Int.
Symp. on Tropical and Subtropical Ornamentals DOI:
10.17660/Acta Hortic.2022.1334.21.
Roselin P, Sharma K, Rachana RR (2021) Diversity of Floral Thrips
From Western Ghats of Karnataka. Ind J Entom 83(3):
407-410.
Sartiami D, Mound LA (2013) Identication of the terebran-
tian thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) associated with culti-
vated plants in Java, Indonesia. Zoo Keys 306 : 1—21.
Sastrosiswojo S (1991) Thrips on vegetables in Indonesia. AVRDC
Publ (No. 91 (342) : 12—17.
Seki M, Murai T (2012) Responses of ve adult thrips species
(Thysanoptera ; Thripidae) to high carbon dioxide atmosphe-
res at dierent temperatures. Appl Entomol Zool 47 (2) :
125—128.
Setyawan TT, Harahap IS, Dadang (2015) Application of liquid
formulation phosphine against Thrips parvispinus Karny
(Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on cut owers of of chrysanthe-
mums. Indonesian J Entomol 13 (2) : 73—80.
Sireesha K, Prasanna BVL, Vijaya Lakshmi T, Reddy RVSK
(2021) Outbreak of invasive thrips species Thrips parvispi-
nus in chilli growing areas of Andhra Pradesh. Insect Envi-
ron 24 (4) : 514—519.
Sridhar V, Chandana SP, Rachana RR (2021) Global status
of Thrips parvispinus (Karny 1922), an invasive pest.
The J Res PJTSAU 49 (4) : 1—11.
Sugano J, Hamasaki R, Villalobos E, Chou M, Wright
M, Fukuda S, Swift S, Ferreira S, Tsuda D, Derval
Diaz-Lyke C, Nakamoto ST (2013) Damage to pap-
aya caused by Thrips parvispinus (Karny). [poster]
https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/ freepubs/pdf/Pap-
aya_Thrips_poster.pdf.
Talekar NS (1991) Thrips in Southeast Asia. Proceedings of
a regional consultation workshop, Bangkok, Thail-
and AVRDC Publ. 91 (342) : 1—74.
Tyagi K, Kumar V (2016) Thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera)
of India- An updated checklist. Halteres (7) : 64—98.
Tyagi K, Kumar V, Singha D, Chakraborty R (2015) Mor-
phological and DNA barcoding evidence for invasive
pest thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Thripidae: Thysanopt-
era), newly recorded from India. J Insect Sci 15 (1) : 105.
Varatharajan R, Maisnam S, Chochong Shimray, V, Rachana
RR (2016) Pollination potential of Thrips (Insecta : Thy-
sanoptera) – an overview. Zoo’s print XXXI (4) : 6—12.
Vjayasagaran S (1986) Proceedings of 2nd Int. conference
of plant protection in the Tropics, 17-20 March 1986
Genting Highlands : 140—142.
Zhang HR, Xie YH, Li ZY (2011) Identication key to spe-
cies of Thrips genus from China (Thysanoptera,
Thripidae), with seven new records. Zootaxa 2810 :
37–46, DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.277122.
... Among them, Frankliniella occidentalis is the prevalent thrip of capsicum in Europe [8], whereas T. parvispinus is the most common insect pest of the same crop in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Taiwan or China [3]. T. parvispinus is a polyphagous pest reported for the first time in the Telangana State chili growing areas of India and has been recorded as a serious devastating insect pest of capsicum worldwide [9]. T. parvispinus is a notorious invasive pest originating from Thailand [10] and is known to act as a viral vector to spread diseases on several horticultural crops, including chili peppers [9]. ...
... T. parvispinus is a polyphagous pest reported for the first time in the Telangana State chili growing areas of India and has been recorded as a serious devastating insect pest of capsicum worldwide [9]. T. parvispinus is a notorious invasive pest originating from Thailand [10] and is known to act as a viral vector to spread diseases on several horticultural crops, including chili peppers [9]. Moreover, there are over 20 insect species infesting Indian chili peppers; of these, thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis), mites (Polyphagotarsonemus latus), and aphids (Aphisgosypii and A. craccivora) are the most harmful pests [3]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The world population's growing demand for food is expected to increase dramatically by 2050. The agronomic productivity for food is severely affected due to biotic and abiotic constraints. At a global level, insect pests alone account for~20% loss in crop yield every year. Deployment of noxious chemical pesticides to control insect pests always has a threatening effect on human health and environmental sustainability. Consequently, this necessitates for the establishment of innovative, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and alternative means to mitigate insect pest management strategies. According to a recent study, using chloroplasts engineered with double-strand RNA (dsRNA) is novel successful combinatorial strategy deployed to effectively control the most vexing pest, the western flower thrips (WFT: Frankliniella occidentalis). Such biotechnological avenues allowed us to recapitulate the recent progress of research methods, such as RNAi, CRISPR/Cas, mini chromosomes, and RNA-binding proteins with plastid engineering for a plausible approach to effectively mitigate agronomic insect pests. We further discussed the significance of the maternal inheritance of the chloroplast, which is the major advantage of chloroplast genome engineering.
... Additionally, the species has invaded southeastern Canada (Ontario), where it is currently found infesting plants within greenhouse environments (Gleason et al. 2023). This invasive thrips has been documented on over 43 plant species from 19 families across various ornamental and food crops (Thorat et al. 2022). It is highly destructive, causing heavy leaf scars, flower drop, and upward leaf curling (Veeranna et al. 2022). ...
Article
Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an invasive thrips species, poses a significant threat to global agriculture due to its polyphagous nature and rapid spread. Its recent arrival in the continental United States raises concerns about potential impacts on ornamental and vegetable crops. Dip treatments might serve as a phytosanitary practice for growers to start with plants free of visible pests. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of dip treatments using 4 biorational and microbial insecticides (mineral oil and Beauveria bassiana-based) in controlling T. parvispinus on bean seedlings. Following gentle agitation of cuttings, artificially infested with 10 second-instar (L2) larvae, for 15 s in each solution, thrips infestation was evaluated at 1, and 24 h postdipping, scoring the numbers of dislodged and dead larvae. Additionally, we tested whether dipping could cause phytotoxicity on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis), and mandevilla (Mandevilla splendens (Hook.f.) Woodson) cuttings during a 7-day period. Our results demonstrated that dip treatments effectively dislodged and killed T. parvispinus L2 larvae from infested cuttings, with BotaniGard-ES and Suffoil-X exhibiting the highest efficacy and a dislodgment rate of 80%–100%. BotaniGard-ES was the only product causing phytotoxicity on bean seedlings, but not on mandevilla and gardenia. Overall, we demonstrated that dip treatment using biorational insecticides is an additional tool that can be incorporated in the integrated pest management of T. parvispinus. These results hold implications for the broader application in the management of thrips across various plants propagated from cuttings.
... For mass trapping, 15 to 20 blue sticky traps should be installed per acre. Coccinellid beetle, Menochilus sexmaculatus and white halo fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii were found to be effective (Thorat et al., 2022). Diafenthiuron 50WP @ 0.1 per cent was found to be controlling T. parvispinus population in bell pepper under protected cultivation (Logeswaran et al., 2023). ...
... To maintain the colony's population, fresh bean plants were introduced into the cage three times a week. Since pepper is a preferred host [4,9], once per week a pepper plant was also added to enhance the thrips population. In addition to fresh plants, pollen from Typha spp. ...
Article
Full-text available
In 2020, the invasive Thrips parvispinus (Karny) was first detected in Florida, United States. In response to the implemented regulatory restrictions, we conducted laboratory experiments under containment conditions. Thrips larvae and adults were exposed to 32 products (conventional and biorational insecticides) either directly or indirectly. Direct exposure was performed using a Spray Potter Tower, while indirect exposure was conducted by evaluating residue toxicity against the thrips. Water served as a control. We assessed mortality and leaf-feeding damage 48 h post-treatment. Among the conventional insecticides, chlorfenapyr, sulfoxaflor-spinetoram, and spinosad caused high mortality across all stages in both direct and residue toxicity assays. Pyridalyl, acetamiprid, tolfenpyrad, cyclaniliprole-flonicamid, acephate, novaluron, abamectin, cyantraniliprole, imidacloprid, cyclaniliprole, spirotetramat, and carbaryl displayed moderate toxicity, affecting at least two stages in either exposure route. Additionally, chlorfenapyr, spinosad, sulfoxaflor-spinetoram, pyridalyl, acetamiprid, cyclaniliprole, cyclaniliprole-flonicamid, abamectin, and acephate inhibited larvae and adult’s leaf-feeding damage in both direct and residue toxicity assays. Regarding biorational insecticides, mineral oil (3%) and sesame oil caused the highest mortality and lowest leaf-feeding damage. Greenhouse evaluations of spinosad, chlorfenapyr, sulfoxaflor-spinetoram, and pyridalyl are recommended. Also, a rotation program incorporating these products, while considering different modes of action, is advised for ornamental growers to avoid resistance and to comply with regulations.
Article
Full-text available
Chilli, a globally cultivated and consumed crop is significantly impacted by Thrips parvispinus. The reliance on pesticides could result in residue contamination, adversely affecting quality, leading to export rejections and health risks to consumers. This study evaluated the bioefficacy and persistent toxicity of fipronil and tolfenpyrad against thrips in chilli, and persistence of their residues. Tolfenpyrad demonstrated higher field efficacy (60.94 to 78.53%) against thrips compared to fipronil (37.61 to 58.07%). Residue analysis was performed in leaves and green chilli fruits using LC–MS/MS. Fipronil’s efficacy decreased after 5 to 7 days of application, but both fipronil and tolfenpyrad residues remained for 20 and 30 days, respectively. In contrast, the residues in leaves caused persistent toxicity to thrips, causing about 50% mortality until 10 to 15 days in tolfenpyrad treatment. In green chilli, residues of tolfenpyrad and fipronil persisted for up to 40 and 25 days, necessitating pre-harvest intervals of 3.17 and 19.39 to 30.65 days, respectively, but with no dietary risk to consumers. Tolfenpyrad exhibited superior efficacy against T. parvispinus compared to fipronil, with a longer duration of effectiveness in leaves and quicker residue dissipation in chilli fruits and a short pre-harvest interval, supporting its use in Integrated Pest Management.
Article
Full-text available
Thrips parvispinus (Karny) is an exotic pest that has invaded many regions around the world in the last three decades. It was first detected in Florida in 2020 on ornamental plants ( Hoya and Anthurium ) in greenhouses and subsequently on ornamental plants in residential landscapes ( Gardenia ) in 2021. However, its first report on open vegetable field crops ( Capsicum ) in Florida was in 2022. We conducted field surveys and genetic analysis to answer three questions: (1) Is the population of T. parvispinus that invaded Florida the same as the one that has spread globally in the last few decades? (2) Is the host expansion to Capsicum in Florida a new population or the extension of the existing population reported on ornamental plants? and (3) What are the native and invaded distribution ranges of T. parvispinus ? We analysed the genetic variation in the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) to address these questions. The global genetic diversity analysis of T. parvispinus revealed 18 haplotypes (populations) worldwide based on available data, but only one population (Hap1) invaded three continents: Africa, Europe, and North America. Based on available data, the highest haplotype diversity was observed in India, suggesting India may be part of the presumed native range (South and Southeast Asian countries) of T. parvispinus . Our survey of retail plant stores across 10 Florida counties indicated that plant trade is the source of T. parvispinus in open vegetable field crops and ornamental landscape plants. The outcome of this study will assist with regulatory and management decisions of T. parvispinus in Florida and elsewhere.
Article
Full-text available
This datasheet on Thrips parvispinus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Vectors & Intermediate Hosts, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Article
Full-text available
Chili plants are commodities that are vulnerable to various types of pests, one of the main pests is thrips. This study aims to determine the role of cropping patterns to control thrips from red chili plants, which was carried out in the Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. Planting patterns applied were: 1) chili using plastic mulch without the combination of other plants and the use of pesticides, 2) chili using plastic mulch combined with corn plants, 3) chili without plastic mulch combined with watermelon plants, 4) chili without plastic mulch combined with watermelon and corn plants, 5) chili without plastic mulch combined with corn plants and 6) chili using plastic mulch and pesticides (according to farmers' treatment). The results showed that the highest population of thrips was found in the chili cropping pattern without plastic mulch combined with watermelon and corn plants with as many as 15 T. parvispinus and 32 T. palmi thrips. Meanwhile, the chili planting pattern using plastic mulch without the combination of other plants and with the use of pesticides had the lowest average amount of thrips population weighing at 5.1 T. parvispinus and 9.5 T. palmi. T. parvispinuspopulation was lower at the beginning of the observation (during the vegetative period) and tends to increase during the generative period of chili plants. T. palmi shows the opposite trend, its population tends to be high at the beginning of plant growth (vegetative phase) and decreases its population when the plant enters the generative period. Based on the data and facts found during the study, it is concluded that: 1). The chili cropping pattern without plastic mulch combined with watermelon and corn plants showed the highest average number of thrips population compared to the other cropping patterns. 2). The abundance of populations of the two thrips species showed different fluctuations, where T. parvispinus populations tended to increase in line with plant development and T. palmi decreased according to plant development. 3). In general, the application of intercropping cropping patterns has not yet appeared to play a role in reducing the abundance of thrips population but there is an opportunity to apply cropping patterns as a method to control thrips by selecting plants that are more suitable to be combined with chili plants.
Article
Full-text available
The rapid roving survey on occurrence of notorious invasive pest, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia: Thripidae) infesting chilli was carried out after its report from southern states (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana state and Karnataka) of the country. Based on this survey, the black thrips found present in almost all villages of Anand, Vadodara, Kheda, Chhotaudepur, Panchmahal, Mahisagar districts except Ahmedabad, Botad and Dahod under middle Gujarat Agro climatic conditions. The number of black thrips ranged from 0 to 8.75 thrips/flower. Among the different districts surveyed, the higher incidence was observed in Chhotaudepur (6.25-8.75 thrips/flower) followed by Anand (5.36-8.27 thrips/flower), Vadodara (4.85-7.77 thrips/flower), Kheda (3.33-4.67 thrips/flower), Panchmahal (0.75-1.75 thrips/flower) and Mahisagar (0.00-1.00 thrips/flower). It was also observed that non pungent chilli variety was infested more with T. parvispinus compared to medium and high pungent varieties.
Article
Full-text available
During November 2021, a new invasive thrips Thrips parvispinus was recorded in chilli growing areas of Telangana state. In India, this pest was first reported on papaya (Carica papaya L.) and later on Brugmansia sp. (Solanaceae) and Dahlia rosea Cav. (Asteraceae). Based on these reports and alert received from ICAR-NBAIR, Bengaluru, a survey was carried out on new invasive thrips in major chilli growing areas of Anand district of Gujarat state. Incidence of T. parvispinus was noticed during the survey. The high population of invasive thrips (14-16 thrips/flower/plant) was recorded in chilli fields of Umreth taluka of Anand district and low population (4-6 thrips/flower/plant) was recorded in chilli fields of Anand, Anklav, Borsad, Petald, Sojitra and Tarapur talukas. It is highly essential to adopt IPM based strategies for the management of this invasive pest in chilli.
Article
Full-text available
The status and spread of notoriously destructive and invasive pest, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysanop-tera: Terebrantia: Thripidae) on agriculturally important crops after its first report from India is reported. Description of the species and illustrations of its diagnostic characters are provided to facilitate identification. Since 2015, this species has been collected from nine host plants belonging to seven families from five Indian states, viz. Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The establishment of this thrips species warrants special attention in India as it is a potentially damaging plant pest and has a wide host range across various plant families. Unless successful quarantine measures are put in place, the spread and subsequent depreda-tions of cultivated crops is inevitable.
Article
Full-text available
Hama Thrips parvispinus merupakan salah satu faktor pembatas dalam sistem produksi bunga krisan. Penggunaan tanaman genotipe tahan merupakan salah satu upaya pengendalian hama T. parvispinus pada krisan yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui ketahanan beberapa genotipe krisan mutan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias (BALITHI) terhadap hama spesies T. parvispinus. Penelitian dilaksanakan di rumah lindung Instalasi Penelitian dan Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (IP2TP) BALITHI Segunung dari bulan Januari sampai Desember 2019. Sebanyak 10 genotipe krisan mutan BALITHI dan 2 genotipe introduksi (Fiji Kuning dan Fiji Putih) digunakan dalam penelitian dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok 3 tiga ulangan. Metode skrining menggunakan hama T. parvispinus. yang ada di alam atau tanpa investasi. Variabel pengamatan meliputi intensitas serangan hama, persentase serangan hama, persentase bunga layak panen, dan diameter bunga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan krisan mutan BALITHI Mayang Ratih agak tahan terhadap hama Thrips ini dengan rata-rata intensitas dan persentase serangan hama paling rendah serta bunga layak panen tertinggi serta diameter bunga memenuhi syarat sebagai bunga krisan potong tipe standar. Genotipe Mayang Ratih selanjutnya dapat direkomendasikan sebagai tetua tahan T. parvispinus. untuk program pemuliaan bunga potong krisan. Kata kunci: bunga, Dendrathema grandiflora, hama, intensitas serangan
Article
Thrips are important group of sucking pests which cause significant economic losses both as pests and vectors of serious plant viruses in several horticultural crops. Recently an outbreak of Thrips parvispinus has been reported from southern states of India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana) especially on chilli crop causing 70-100 per cent damage. T. parvispinus, a member of “Thrips orientalis group”, is a widespread pest species of quarantine importance and designated as one of the pest species of South East Asia. T. parvispinus has displaced T. palmi in Indonesia indicating its competitive ability in displacement of other species in the crop ecosystem. Successful quarantine interceptions made throughout the world against this pest shows the importance of interceptions in avoiding the entry of invasive pests in to any country. Despite existence of the quarantine provisions, recent invasion of various exotic pests like South American tomato moth, rugose spiralling white fly, fall armyworm etc. into India in quick succession is a concern particularly under globalisation situation. Considering the seriousness of the damage caused by the invasive pest in India in the recent past, an attempt was made in this review to present the status of T. parvispinus at national and global level including its identification, taxonomic status, host range, development and biology, extent of damage and various management strategies. Importance of various IPM tools to be explored for the management of this invasive thrips is also discussed in the review.