Dementia in India: An Overview

Abstract

Dementia is a rapidly growing concern in India, with a projected increase in the number of affected individuals in the coming years. People over the age of 60 are expected to account for 19.1% of the overall population by 2050. This population ageing is likely to be accompanied by a significant increase in the prevalence of dementia. A number of prospective longitudinal investigations on the aetiology of dementia have been conducted in North America and Europe; however, the conclusions of this research cannot be simply applied to the Indian population. In terms of socioeconomic, cultural, linguistic, geographical, lifestyle-related, and genetic aspects, India's population is extraordinarily varied. This review provides an in-depth look at the current situation of dementia in India, including its prevalence, risk factors, available treatments, and the impact it has on individuals, families, and society as a whole. Despite the increasing number of people living with dementia in India, the country still lacks adequate resources and awareness about the condition. This highlights the need for a comprehensive national strategy for the prevention, treatment, and care of people with dementia in India. With a growing aging population, addressing the issue of dementia in India is of utmost importance to ensure that affected individuals receive the care and support they need to live dignified and fulfilling life.

Full text

Dementia in India: An Overview
Neeru Chaudhary
School of Allied Health Sciences & Management, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University,
Pushp Vihar, Sector 3, M.B. Road, New Delhi 110017, India
Abstract: Dementia is a rapidly growing concern in India, with a projected increase in the number
of affected individuals in the coming years. People over the age of 60 are expected to account for
19.1% of the overall population by 2050. This population ageing is likely to be accompanied by a
significant increase in the prevalence of dementia. A number of prospective longitudinal
investigations on the aetiology of dementia have been conducted in North America and Europe;
however, the conclusions of this research cannot be simply applied to the Indian population. In
terms of socioeconomic, cultural, linguistic, geographical, lifestyle-related, and genetic aspects,
India's population is extraordinarily varied. This review provides an in-depth look at the current
situation of dementia in India, including its prevalence, risk factors, available treatments, and the
impact it has on individuals, families, and society as a whole. Despite the increasing number of
people living with dementia in India, the country still lacks adequate resources and awareness
about the condition. This highlights the need for a comprehensive national strategy for the
prevention, treatment, and care of people with dementia in India. With a growing aging population,
addressing the issue of dementia in India is of utmost importance to ensure that affected individuals
receive the care and support they need to live dignified and fulfilling life.
Keywords: Dementia, epidemiology, prevalence, India.
Dementia affects an estimated 47 million
people worldwide and is the leading cause of
death in England and Wales (Jacob et al.,
2007; Venugopal et al., 2022). It is estimated
that by 2030, the number of people with
dementia will increase to 75 million and by
2050 to 132 million. Alzheimer’s disease is
the most common cause of dementia,
accounting for 60-70% of cases (Cheng et al.,
2016; Khan et al., 2020; Sosa et al., 2012).
The cost of caring for people with dementia
is estimated to reach $1 trillion globally in
2018. The global cost of dementia is
estimated to reach $1.1 trillion in 2018, with
the majority of costs borne by families and
caregivers (Brainin et al., 2019; Das et al.,
2010; Görpelioğlu et al., 2018). Dementia is
more common in women than in men, with
2/3rd of people with dementia being women.
In low- and middle-income countries, less
than 1 in 10 people with dementia receive a
formal diagnosis (Prince et al., 2012;
Srivastava & Muhammad, 2022). The
number of people with dementia is projected
to triple by 2050. In the United States, it is
estimated that Alzheimer’s disease and other
forms of dementia will cost over $290 billion
in 2018 (Ghoge et al., 2003; Robertson et al.,
2016; Villarreal et al., 2016; Vollmar et al.,
2016). In addition to the direct costs of care,
there is a significant indirect cost associated
with dementia, such as loss of productivity,
informal care, and reduced quality of life for
people with dementia and their caregivers
(Gallagher et al., 2009; Pathak & Biswal,
2021; Perkins et al., 2022). These statistics
highlight the significant global impact of
dementia and the urgent need for effective

interventions to address the rising burden of
this disease.
India is now in a demographic transition
period, with a fast-expanding elderly
population. Life expectancy in India has
nearly doubled, rising from 36.98 years in
1950-1960 to 69.27 years in 2015-2020
(Amini et al., 2019; Chandra et al., 1998;
Pritchard, 1999; Sarangi et al., 2021).
According to the 2011 census, India's old
population stood for 103.9 million, up from
5.63 million in 1961. The decadal rise in the
old population was 35.5% from 2001 to 2011,
compared to only 23.9% from 1951 to
1961(Mazzotti et al., 2012; Naranjo, 1992;
Singhai et al., 2020; Vasantharekha et al.,
2017). This increase has been ascribed to
changes in mortality rates, the creation of
basic health facilities, economic growth, and
an increase in literacy rates. Dementia is a
progressive decline in cognitive function that
affects memory, thinking, and behavior. In
India, it is estimated that there are currently
around 4 million people living with dementia,
and this number is expected to increase to
around 7.7 million by 2030 (Chowdhary et
al., 2021; Parle et al., 2005; Verma & Asopa,
2018). The prevalence of dementia in South
Asia was 1.9% in 2005, and in 2020 it was
3.6 million and expected to rise by7.5 million
by 2040 (Bhalsing et al., 2013; Ru et al.,
2021; Salahuddin et al., 2020). Dementia has
a varied incidence rate in India, ranging from
2 per 1000 to 35 per 1000 people, according
to epidemiological studies (de Villiers, 1983;
Lakshman et al., 2016; Taquet et al., 2022).
One of the main risk factors for developing
dementia in India is age. As the population
ages, the number of people with dementia is
expected to rise (Anjana et al., 2021; Iype et
al., 2009; Rao et al., 2020; Rektor et al.,
2018). In addition, lifestyle factors such as a
lack of physical activity, poor diet, and
chronic conditions such as diabetes and
hypertension also increase the risk of
developing dementia (Agarwal & Tripathi,
2014; Chaudhuri et al., 2020; Ghosh et al.,
2019; Hirokawa et al., 2022). The prevalence
of dementia in India is increasing due to the
country’s rapidly aging population.
Currently, it is estimated that there are around
4 million people living with dementia in
India, and this number is projected to rise to
nearly 14 million by 2050 (Gulia & Kumar,
2018; Lahiri et al., 2019; Smith et al., 2021;
Vancampfort et al., 2019). The high burden
of dementia in India is due to a combination
of factors, including demographic changes,
lifestyle factors, and the increasing
prevalence of risk factors such as
hypertension, diabetes, and depression
(Malapur et al., 2021; Rangarajan et al.,
2021).
However, it is important to note that
dementia is often underdiagnosed and
underreported in India, so the true prevalence
of the disease may be higher than what is
currently estimated (Bateman et al., 2016;
Chen et al., 2016; Kandiah et al., 2021).
Despite the growing burden of dementia in
India, the country still lacks adequate
resources and infrastructure to meet the needs
of people with the disease and their families
(Aggarwal et al., 2022; Emmady et al., 2022).
There is a need for increased investment in
dementia research, diagnosis, care, and
support services to address this growing
public health challenge.
There are several different types of dementia,
including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular
dementia, and Lewy body
dementia(Mohandas & Rajmohan, 2009;
Mukherjee et al., 2017; Narayanan et al.,
2020; Saldanha et al., 2010; Tripathi et al.,

2001; Vijayakumar & Vijayakumar, 2013).
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common
form of dementia, accounting for around 60-
70% of cases.
In India, the diagnosis and treatment of
dementia are often inadequate. Many people
with dementia do not receive a proper
diagnosis, and even when they do, they may
not receive appropriate treatment. This is
partly due to a lack of awareness and
understanding of dementia, as well as a lack
of trained healthcare professionals who can
diagnose and treat the condition.
One of the main challenges in addressing
dementia in India is the lack of government
funding and resources devoted to research
and care. This makes it difficult to develop
effective policies and programs to address the
growing problem of dementia.
There is also a lack of support for caregivers
in India. Many families take on the primary
responsibility of caring for a loved one with
dementia, which can be emotionally and
physically draining. This puts a strain on
families and can lead to neglect or abuse of
people with dementia.
Despite these challenges, there are steps that
can be taken to address dementia in India.
One important step is to raise awareness of
the condition and its impact on individuals
and families. This can be done through public
education campaigns and by training
healthcare professionals to recognize and
diagnose dementia. Another important step is
to provide support and resources for
caregivers. This can include providing
training on how to care for a person with
dementia, as well as support groups and
respite care services.
In conclusion, dementia is a growing problem
in India, and it is important that steps are
taken to address the issue. This includes
raising awareness of the condition, providing
support for caregivers and proper diagnosis
and treatment. Addressing dementia in India
will require a comprehensive and coordinated
effort involving government, healthcare
professionals, and the community.
FUNDING
This study gained no particular financial
support from any agencies.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
DECLARATION OF COMPETING
INTEREST
None.
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