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Socio-economical Characteristics and Determinants of Indonesian National Health Insurance Subsidized By The Government in Jakarta
Abstract
The National Health Insurance Program (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional - JKN) is a social health insurance managed by the National Health Insurance Agency (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan – BPJS Kesehatan), aiming to provide health insurance for all Indonesian people. Community groups that receive subsidies from the government are referred to as Contribution Assistance Recipients (Penerima Bantuan Iuran - PBI) participants. One of the issues regarding the JKN program so far is the inaccuracy of PBI targets. Therefore, a study is needed to evaluate the relationship between JKN PBI ownership with their socioeconomic status and history of receiving social aid.
... The agency is responsible for administering the Indonesian national health insurance in accordance with the mandate of Article 34 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution [7]. The National Health Insurance Program (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional -JKN) is managed by BPJS Kesehatan and aims to provide health insurance for all Indonesian people [8]. The quality of healthcare services provided by BPJS Kesehatan is an important factor in determining patient satisfaction. ...
Air pollution poses a significant threat to public health and the financial sustainability of the healthcare system, especially in densely populated urban areas such as Jakarta, Indonesia. This study investigates the financial impact of air pollution on the BPJS Kesehatan budget in Jakarta, focusing on the increase in health claims caused by air pollution-related diseases. A mixed methods approach, including quantitative data analysis and qualitative insights from stakeholders, was used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The quantitative analysis showed a significant positive relationship between air pollution indicators (PM2.5, NO2) and health claims, as well as large direct and indirect costs associated with air pollution-related healthcare expenditure. Qualitative findings highlighted factors contributing to the increase in health claims, including worsening air quality, lack of preventive measures, and challenges in healthcare access. This research provides recommendations to policymakers to address air pollution, improve healthcare outcomes, and maintain the financial health of the BPJS Kesehatan system. This research underscores the urgency of addressing air pollution as a public health and economic necessity.
... These regulations reflect the cultural embeddedness of Islamic values in local governance, but they also raise important questions about the balance between religious norms and secular legal standards. In addition to Islam, Indonesia is home to significant Christian, Hindu, Buddhist, and Indigenous religious communities, each contributing to the country's cultural mosaic (Mahardhika, 2023). The coexistence of multiple religious traditions necessitates a policy approach that respects religious diversity and promotes interfaith harmony. ...
This study explores how cultural dynamics shape public policy in Indonesia, focusing on the influence of cultural dimensions on policy-making processes and outcomes. The purpose is to understand the impacts of Indonesian cultural values on various policy sectors, including education, health, environment, and economic development. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study relies exclusively on secondary data from academic literature, government reports, and media sources to examine these cultural influences. Findings reveal that high power distance leads to centralized decision-making, while collectivism shapes policies toward community welfare. High uncertainty avoidance results in rigid regulatory frameworks, and traditional gender roles affect gender-related policies. Sector-specific analyses highlight the integration of traditional knowledge in environmental policies and the challenges of balancing modernization with cultural heritage in economic policies. The implications of these findings suggest that policymakers should incorporate cultural considerations into policy design to enhance effectiveness and inclusivity. This research contributes original insights into the intersection of culture and policy, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive approaches in diverse governance contexts. By shedding light on how cultural factors impact policy formulation and implementation, the study offers valuable guidance for developing culturally relevant and effective policies addressing societal needs.
... Urban environment is vibrant and diversified, with coexisting ethnic groups including Chinese, Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, and many more. Studies reveal that the presence of different ethnic backgrounds affects dynamics, identity formation, and social interactions [25], [26]. ...
In Jakarta, Indonesia, this study explores the complex
interrelationships among social capital, cultural diversity, and
community resilience. Participants from a varied sample of 500 people,
spanning a range of socioeconomic classes, and nationalities, shared
their perspectives on social capital, cultural diversity, and community
resilience. The results show a culturally diversified and affluent
community where people feel they have strong social ties and are
resilient. Indicators of community resilience, social capital, and cultural
variety all show favorable connections according to statistical analysis.
Regression analyses highlight the important roles that cultural variety,
social capital that bonds, bridges, and links, and environmental, social,
and economic resilience play in enhancing the overall resilience of
Jakarta's communities. The sample's diversity in terms of
demographics improves the findings' external validity. This research
offers significant perspectives for practitioners and policymakers that
aim to promote resilience in urban environments with various cultural
backgrounds.
Health development aimed to improve access and quality of health services, yet 4.5 billion people globally and 2.9 million rural residents in Indonesia still lacked adequate access. The JKN Program strived to equalize health services, despite facing challenges such as complex registration and access inequalities. To enhance inpatient care quality, the Standard Inpatient Care Class (KRIS) system was implemented with 12 criteria. Although 81% of regional hospitals showed readiness for KRIS, many still required infrastructure adjustments. This study analyzed hospital readiness in implementing KRIS and provided recommendations to enhance its implementation effectiveness. The research utilized a literature review with a PRISMA approach. Google Scholar and PubMed search engines were used. After removing duplicates and filtering articles, eight relevant articles were selected and evaluated using Mendeley software. The research findings indicated variations in hospital readiness to meet Standard Inpatient Care Class (KRIS) requirements. Pertamina Bintang Amin Hospital only met 30% of the KRIS standards, while regional public hospital dr. Moch Anshari Saleh Banjarmasin achieved 85% readiness. Regional public hospital karanganyar and hospital Bhayangkara Medan faced challenges in policy socialization and infrastructure, while hospitals in Tangerang and Purwakarta districts struggled with meeting intensive care and isolation room standards. This study highlighted the need for infrastructure and facility improvements, as well as policy socialization for KRIS to achieve full standards. Hospital readiness for KRIS varied, with main challenges in infrastructure, facilities, socialization, as well as budgetary and funding constraints. The government and BPJS Kesehatan should monitor hospital readiness and subsidy mechanisms periodically.
The preservation of cultural heritage is crucial for maintaining a nation's identity, and in culturally diverse countries, this task is deeply intertwined with governance frameworks and institutional practices. This study investigates the relationship between governance frameworks and cultural preservation in Indonesia, exploring the policies, institutions, and practices influencing cultural heritage preservation. A content analysis approach was employed, examining legislative texts, policy documents, official reports, UNESCO reports, international agreements, and other relevant documents. Detailed case studies of specific cultural heritage sites and creative industry initiatives were also analyzed. The study shows Indonesia has strong cultural preservation laws, yet their application differs regionally. The Ministry of Education and Culture leads but struggles with inter-agency cooperation. Community engagement, as seen in Borobudur's conservation, is pivotal. International collaboration, notably with UNESCO, aids preservation. Economically, promoting Batik and similar industries is promising, but equitable benefit sharing requires attention. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of cultural governance and preservation. It highlights the complexities and challenges in preserving cultural heritage in a diverse and multiethnic country like Indonesia while offering insights into potential solutions and areas for improvement.
DETERMINAN SOSIAL EKONOMI TERKAIT DENGAN KEPEMILIKAN ASURANSI KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT DI DESA TANJANG WILAYAH PUSKESMAS GABUS 1 PATI Nurul Fatimah1*, Nikmah Ayu Ramadhani Amir2, Lina Alfiani 3, Widya Kaharani Putri4, Asmirati Yakob5, Anindita Hasniati Rahmah6, Arie Nursalis7 1,3,4,5,6*Administrasi Kesehatan, 2 Rekam Medis dan Informasi Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Madiun, Politeknik Insan Husada Surakarta nf205@ummad.ac.id Abstrak Latar Belakang: Asuransi adalah suatu institusi yang didirikan untuk menangani risiko. Asuransi kesehatan memiliki peran penting dalam memberikan jaminan kesehatan yang menyeluruh bagi rakyat Indonesia, sehingga penduduk Indonesia dapat hidup sehat, produktif, dan sejahtera. Pengetahuan masyarakat tentang asuransi kesehatan berpengaruh terhadap tingkat sosial ekonomi seperti pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan Berbagai aspek sosial ekonomi, seperti tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan, dipengaruhi oleh pengetahuan masyarakat tentang asuransi Kesehatan Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami pengaruh faktor sosial dan ekonomi, seperti pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan, terhadap kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan di Desa Tanjang, kabupaten pati. Desain Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif yang dilakukan pada masyarakat Desa Tanjang, Puskesmas Gabus, Pati dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 250 orang. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis multivariat dengan tingkat signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 52% masyarakat sudah memiliki asuransi kesehatan dan terdapat pengaruh sosial ekonomi terhadap kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan dengan nilai pada uji regresi linier berganda p-value 0,020 Kata kunci :; pekerjaan;pendidikan; pendapatan; kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan THE SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS RELATED TO THE OWNERSHIP OF HEALTH INSURANCE IN THE COMMUNITY OF TANJANG VILLAGE UNDER THE GABUS 1 PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AREA WERE INVESTIGATED Nurul Fatimah1*,Nikmah Ayu Ramadhani Amir2 Lina Alfiani 3, Widya Kaharani Putri4, Asmirati Yakob5, Anindita Hasniati Rahmah6, 1*Health Administration, 2 Medical RecordsMedical Records and Health Information University Muhammadiyah Madiun, polytechnic Insan Husada Surakarta nf205@ummad.ac.id Abstract Background: Insurance is an institution established to handle risks. Health insurance plays a crucial role in providing comprehensive health assurance for the people of Indonesia, enabling them to live healthy, productive, and prosperous lives. Public knowledge about health insurance influences socioeconomic factors such as education, employment, and income. Various socioeconomic aspects, including education, employment, and income, are affected by public knowledge about health insurance. The aim of this research is to understand the influence of social and economic factors, such as education, employment, and income, on the ownership of health insurance in Tanjang Village, Pati Regency.Research Design: This study employs a quantitative descriptive research design conducted among the residents of Tanjang Village, Community Health Center Gabus, Pati, with a sample size of 250 individuals. The analysis method used is multivariate analysis with a significance level of 5%. Research Findings: The research findings indicate that 52% of the population already possesses health insurance, and there is a socio-economic influence on the ownership of health insurance, as evidenced by the multiple linear regression test with a p-value of 0.020. Key words: education; employment; income; health insurance ownership;
Economic growth is a target that the economy seeks to achieve in the long run, and as closely as possible consistent with economic growth in the short term. Economic growth can explain and simultaneously measure the achievement of an economic development, both within the country. The analysis tool used is a simple linear regression. The result of the analysis shows that education value has a positive effect on economic growth in Indonesia period 2000 - 2015. The contribution given by education to economic growth is 40,9% and the rest is influenced by other variables such as consumption, investment, and government expenditure variable.
Background: Previous health literacy research has often focused on individual functional health literacy, ignoring the cultural contexts through which many people experience health care.
Objective: We aimed to explore the nature of maternal health literacy among ethnic minority women in a low-resource setting in Vietnam.
Methods: Using a qualitative approach, we conducted focus groups with 42 pregnant women, mothers, and grandmothers of children younger than age 5 years from the Thai and Hmong ethnic groups. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants and thematic analysis was performed.
Key Results: The findings of our thematic analysis aligned well with the concept of distributed health literacy. We found that ethnic minority women drew upon family and social networks of health literacy mediators to share knowledge and understanding, assess and evaluate information, communicate with health professionals, and support decision-making. Family members were also involved in making health decisions that had the potential to negatively affect women and children's health.
Conclusions: Family members are an important source of information for ethnic minority women, and they influence decision-making. Relatives and husbands of pregnant women could be included in maternal health education programs to potentially strengthen the health literacy of the whole community. The distributed health literacy concept can be used to strengthen health promotion messages and to reduce the risk of negative health outcomes.
Abstrak Salah satu kebijakan pemerintah dalam percepatan capaian Jaminan Kesehatan Semesta bagi seluruh penduduk adalah memberikan keringanan keuangan dengan membayarkan iuran Jaminan Kesehatan bagi 92.4 juta masyarakat miskin dan rentan kemiskinan yang mewakili sekitar 35% dari total populasi. Kelompok masyarakat ini disebut sebagai Penerima Bantuan Iuran (PBI). Studi ini mengkaji seberapa banyak masyarakat miskin dan rentan yang telah menerima kebijakan pemerintah dalam pemberian subsidi jaminan kesehatan. Data penelitian menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional tahun 2016, khususnya data konsumsi rumah tangga dan status kepemilikan berbagai jenis jaminan kesehatan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa, pada tingkat nasional, bantuan subsidi iuran jaminan kesehatan telah dinikmati oleh mayoritas (51%) rumah tangga miskin dan rentan kemiskinan, terlebih lagi rumah tangga yang tinggal di wilayah Timur Indonesia (58%). Bersama dengan Jamkesda, 59,5% rumah tangga miskin dan rentan kemiskinan (66,4% di wilayah Timur) telah menerima manfaat proteksi jaminan kesehatan. Capaian kebijakan pemerintah ini patutlah dicatat, walaupun level cakupan harus terus ditingkatkan. Janganlah ini ditutupi oleh isu salah sasaran PBI ke sekitar 3% rumah tangga kaya yang dibesar-besarkan untuk menarik perhatian massa. Abstract One of the foremost government policies implemented in achieving Universal Health Coverage for the Indonesian population is the provision of financial assistance through contribution of Social Health Insurance for 92.4 million targeted poor and near poor households. This segment of the population is referred to as Penerima Bantuan Iuran (PBI) and represents about 35% of the total population. This study reveals the government’s progress in protecting the health of this sub-population. The data is derived from the 2016 National Social Economic Survey. The results indicate that, at the national level, the government’s health protection program has reached the majority of poor and near poor household (51%), especially those residing in Eastern part of the country (58%). Together with local government’s support, 59.5% of poor and near poor households (66.4% in Eastern region) have been insured. While improvements in coverage should still be top policy agenda, this achievement of the government deserves more appreciation. We show that misallocation of PBI to wealthy households is only small (3%), yet often broadcasted with much hype to create agitation.
Background
The challenges of universal health coverage (UHC) in developing countries with a significant proportion of the labor force that works in the informal sector include administrative difficulties in recruiting, registering and collecting regular contributions in a cost-effective way. As most developing countries have a limited fiscal space to support the program in the long run, the fiscal sustainability of UHC, such as that in Indonesia, relies heavily on the contributions of its members. The failure of a large proportion of voluntary enrollees/self-enrolled members/informal sector workers (Peserta Mandiri/Pekerja Bukan Penerima Upah [PBPU] members) to pay their premiums may lead to the National Health Insurance System (NHIS) in Indonesia being unable to effectively deliver its services.
Objective
This study aims at exploring the important factors that affect the compliance behavior of informal sector workers (PBPU members) in regularly paying their insurance premium. This analysis may be a basis for designing effective measures to encourage payment sustainability in informal sector workers in the NHIS.
Method
This study utilizes the survey data collected from three regional offices of the Indonesian Social Security Agency for Health (SSAH), which cover approximately 1210 PBPU members, to understand the relationship between members’ characteristics and their compliance behavior regarding the premium payment. We applied an econometric analysis of a logit regression to statistically estimate which factors most affect their compliance behavior in paying the insurance premium.
Results
This study reveals that almost 28% of PBPU members do not pay their insurance premiums in a sustainable way. Our logistic regression statistically confirms that the number of household members, financial hardship, membership in other social protection arrangements, and the utilization of health services are negatively correlated with the compliance rate of informal sector workers in paying their insurance premium. For instance, people who experience financial hardship tend to have a 7.7 percentage point lower probability of routinely paying the premium. In contrast, households that work in agricultural sectors and have income stability, the cost of inpatient care incurred before joining the NHIS, a comprehensive knowledge of the SSAH’s services, and the availability of health professionals are all positively correlated with regular premium payment.
Conclusion
Although there is no single policy that can ensure that informal sector workers (PBPU members) regularly pay their premiums, this study recommends some policy interventions, including (1) flexibility in applying for a government subsidy for premiums (Penerima Bantuan Iuran [PBI]), especially for people who have financial hardship; (2) an intensive promotion of insurance literacy; (3) expanding the quantity and quality of healthcare services; and (4) tailor-made policies for ensuring the sustainability of premium payments for each regional division.
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